Relevant bibliographies by topics / Size illusions

Academic literature on the topic 'Size illusions'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 11 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Size illusions"

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Kreutzer, Sylvia, Ralph Weidner, and Gereon R. Fink. "Rescaling Retinal Size into Perceived Size: Evidence for an Occipital and Parietal Bottleneck." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 27, no. 7 (July 2015): 1334–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00784.

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The spatial and temporal context of an object influence its perceived size. Two visual illusions illustrate this nicely: the size adaptation effect and the Ebbinghaus illusion. Whereas size adaptation affects size rescaling of a target circle via a previously presented, differently sized adaptor circle, the Ebbinghaus illusion alters perceived size by virtue of surrounding circles. In the classical Ebbinghaus setting, the surrounding circles are shown simultaneously with the target. However, size underestimation persists when the surrounding circles precede the target. Such a temporal separation of inducer and target circles in both illusions permits the comparison of BOLD signals elicited by two displays that, although objectively identical, elicit different percepts. The current study combined both illusions in a factorial design to identify a presumed common central mechanism involved in rescaling retinal into perceived size. At the behavioral level, combining both illusions did not affect perceived size further. At the neural level, however, this combination induced functional activation beyond that induced by either illusion separately: An underadditive activation pattern was found within left lingual gyrus, right supramarginal gyrus, and right superior parietal cortex. These findings provide direct behavioral and functional evidence for the presence of a neural bottleneck in rescaling retinal into perceived size, a process vital for visual perception.
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Poom, Leo. "Influences of orientation on the Ponzo, contrast, and Craik-O’Brien-Cornsweet illusions." Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics 82, no. 4 (December 24, 2019): 1896–911. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13414-019-01953-8.

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AbstractExplanations of the Ponzo size illusion, the simultaneous contrast illusion, and the Craik-O’Brien-Cornsweet brightness illusions involve either stimulus-driven processes (assimilation, enhanced contrast, and anchoring) or prior experiences. Real-world up-down asymmetries for typical direction of illumination and ground planes in our physical environment should influence these illusions if they are experience based, but not if they are stimulus driven. Results presented here demonstrate differences in illusion strengths between upright and inverted versions of all three illusions. A left-right asymmetry of the Cornsweet illusion was produced by manipulating the direction of illumination, providing further support for the involvement of an experience-based explanation. When the inducers were incompatible with the targets being located at the different distances, the Ponzo illusion persisted and so did the influence from orientation, providing evidence for involvement of processes other than size constancy. As defined here, upright for the brightness illusions is consistent with an interpretation of a shaded bulging surface and a 3D object resulting from a light-from-above assumption triggering compensation for varying illumination. Upright for the Ponzo illusion is consistent with the inducers in the form of converging lines being interpreted as railway tracks receding on the ground triggering size constancy effects. The implications of these results, and other results providing evidence against experience-based accounts of the illusions, are discussed.
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Roberts, James W., Nicholas Gerber, Caroline J. Wakefield, and Philip J. Simmonds. "Dissociating the Influence of Perceptual Biases and Contextual Artifacts Within Target Configurations During the Planning and Control of Visually Guided Action." Motor Control 25, no. 3 (July 1, 2021): 349–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/mc.2020-0054.

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The failure of perceptual illusions to elicit corresponding biases within movement supports the view of two visual pathways separately contributing to perception and action. However, several alternative findings may contest this overarching framework. The present study aimed to examine the influence of perceptual illusions within the planning and control of aiming. To achieve this, we manipulated and measured the planning/control phases by respectively perturbing the target illusion (relative size-contrast illusion; Ebbinghaus/Titchener circles) following movement onset and detecting the spatiotemporal characteristics of the movement trajectory. The perceptual bias that was indicated by the perceived target size estimates failed to correspondingly manifest within the effective target size. While movement time (specifically, time after peak velocity) was affected by the target configuration, this outcome was not consistent with the direction of the perceptual illusions. These findings advocate an influence of the surrounding contextual information (e.g., annuli) on movement control that is independent of the direction predicted by the illusion.
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Woodhouse, J. Margaret, and Steve Taylor. "Further Studies of the Café Wall and Hollow Squares Illusions." Perception 16, no. 4 (August 1987): 467–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p160467.

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The effect of varying the contrast on the apparent convergence is measured for both the Café Wall and the Hollow Squares (Taylor—Woodhouse) illusions. The apparent convergence is dependent on the contrast, and also on the size of the stimulus, and varies in the same way for both illusions. This strengthens the argument that the illusions are not independent, as Taylor and Woodhouse originally claimed. McCourt has discussed brightness induction as a basis of the Café Wall illusion. Consideration of this theory leads to some interesting examples of interactions of the two illusions, and to a further, very strong, variation of the illusion in a real-life situation.
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Howard, Scarlett R., Aurore Avarguès-Weber, Jair E. Garcia, Devi Stuart-Fox, and Adrian G. Dyer. "Perception of contextual size illusions by honeybees in restricted and unrestricted viewing conditions." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 284, no. 1867 (November 22, 2017): 20172278. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.2278.

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How different visual systems process images and make perceptual errors can inform us about cognitive and visual processes. One of the strongest geometric errors in perception is a misperception of size depending on the size of surrounding objects, known as the Ebbinghaus or Titchener illusion. The ability to perceive the Ebbinghaus illusion appears to vary dramatically among vertebrate species, and even populations, but this may depend on whether the viewing distance is restricted. We tested whether honeybees perceive contextual size illusions, and whether errors in perception of size differed under restricted and unrestricted viewing conditions. When the viewing distance was unrestricted, there was an effect of context on size perception and thus, similar to humans, honeybees perceived contrast size illusions. However, when the viewing distance was restricted, bees were able to judge absolute size accurately and did not succumb to visual illusions, despite differing contextual information. Our results show that accurate size perception depends on viewing conditions, and thus may explain the wide variation in previously reported findings across species. These results provide insight into the evolution of visual mechanisms across vertebrate and invertebrate taxa, and suggest convergent evolution of a visual processing solution.
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Peters, Megan A. K., Ling-Qi Zhang, and Ladan Shams. "The material-weight illusion is a Bayes-optimal percept under competing density priors." PeerJ 6 (October 11, 2018): e5760. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5760.

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The material-weight illusion (MWI) is one example in a class of weight perception illusions that seem to defy principled explanation. In this illusion, when an observer lifts two objects of the same size and mass, but that appear to be made of different materials, the denser-looking (e.g., metal-look) object is perceived as lighter than the less-dense-looking (e.g., polystyrene-look) object. Like the size-weight illusion (SWI), this perceptual illusion occurs in the opposite direction of predictions from an optimal Bayesian inference process, which predicts that the denser-looking object should be perceived as heavier, not lighter. The presence of this class of illusions challenges the often-tacit assumption that Bayesian inference holds universal explanatory power to describe human perception across (nearly) all domains: If an entire class of perceptual illusions cannot be captured by the Bayesian framework, how could it be argued that human perception truly follows optimal inference? However, we recently showed that the SWI can be explained by an optimal hierarchical Bayesian causal inference process (Peters, Ma & Shams, 2016) in which the observer uses haptic information to arbitrate among competing hypotheses about objects’ possible density relationship. Here we extend the model to demonstrate that it can readily explain the MWI as well. That hierarchical Bayesian inference can explain both illusions strongly suggests that even puzzling percepts arise from optimal inference processes.
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Cappellato, Anansi, Maria Elena Miletto Petrazzini, Angelo Bisazza, Marco Dadda, and Christian Agrillo. "Susceptibility to Size Visual Illusions in a Non-Primate Mammal (Equus caballus)." Animals 10, no. 9 (September 17, 2020): 1673. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10091673.

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The perception of different size illusions is believed to be determined by size-scaling mechanisms that lead individuals to extrapolate inappropriate 3D information from 2D stimuli. The Muller-Lyer illusion represents one of the most investigated size illusions. Studies on non-human primates showed a human-like perception of this illusory pattern. To date, it is not clear whether non-primate mammals experience a similar illusory effect. Here, we investigated whether horses perceive the Muller-Lyer illusion by using their spontaneous preference for the larger portion of carrot. In control trials, we presented horses with two carrot sticks of different sizes, and in test trials, carrot sticks of identical size were shown to the subjects together with arrowheads made of plastic material and arranged in a way meant to elicit the Müller-Lyer illusion in human observers. In control trials, horses significantly discriminated between the smaller and larger carrot stick. When presented with the illusion, they showed a significant preference for the carrot that humans perceive as longer. Further control trials excluded the possibility that their choices were based on the total size of the carrot stick and the arrowheads together. The susceptibility of horses to this illusion indicates that the perceptual mechanisms underlying size estimation in perissodactyla might be similar to those of primates, notwithstanding the considerable evolutionary divergence in the visual systems of these two mammalian groups.
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Bressan, Paola. "Vicario's Illusion of Sloping Steps Reexamined." Perception 16, no. 5 (October 1987): 671–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p160671.

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If a few parallel horizontal rows of dots are set diagonally, like steps, across the visual field, the inner rows appear not to be horizontal but sloping up to one side; the effect holds as long as the vertical distances between the rows do not exceed a given visual angle. This illusion, described by Vicario in 1978, was never explained. An experiment is reported in which the illusion was still visible at row separations well in excess of the spatial limits originally considered, provided the stimulus elements were enlarged. The maximum illusion was obtained for length ratios (interrow distance to size of dots) identical to those which have been shown to produce the largest effects in a number of illusions of area and length. This suggests that Vicario's illusion is similar to other illusions of extent, and that it can be explained by a neural extent-coding model.
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McCarthy, J. Daniel, Colin Kupitz, and Gideon P. Caplovitz. "The Binding Ring Illusion: assimilation affects the perceived size of a circular array." F1000Research 2 (April 25, 2013): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.2-58.v2.

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Our perception of an object’s size arises from the integration of multiple sources of visual information including retinal size, perceived distance and its size relative to other objects in the visual field. This constructive process is revealed through a number of classic size illusions such as the Delboeuf Illusion, the Ebbinghaus Illusion and others illustrating size constancy. Here we present a novel variant of the Delbouef and Ebbinghaus size illusions that we have named the Binding Ring Illusion. The illusion is such that the perceived size of a circular array of elements is underestimated when superimposed by a circular contour – a binding ring – and overestimated when the binding ring slightly exceeds the overall size of the array. Here we characterize the stimulus conditions that lead to the illusion, and the perceptual principles that underlie it. Our findings indicate that the perceived size of an array is susceptible to the assimilation of an explicitly defined superimposed contour. Our results also indicate that the assimilation process takes place at a relatively high level in the visual processing stream, after different spatial frequencies have been integrated and global shape has been constructed. We hypothesize that the Binding Ring Illusion arises due to the fact that the size of an array of elements is not explicitly defined and therefore can be influenced (through a process of assimilation) by the presence of a superimposed object that does have an explicit size.
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Jaeger, Ted, and Stephen Long. "Effects of Contour Proximity and Lightness on Delboeuf Illusions Created by Circumscribed Letters." Perceptual and Motor Skills 105, no. 1 (August 2007): 253–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.105.1.253-260.

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32 observers judged the size of a letter, either an “A” or an “S,” which was surrounded by a circle. Both letters were overestimated, but larger surrounding circles reduced the illusion. Decreasing the lightness contrast of the surrounding circle relative to the central letter diminished the illusion. The results suggest that, like the Delboeuf illusion, these circumscribed letters illusions are produced by interactions among size-coding neurons.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Size illusions"

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Yoo, Hyun Seung. "Color Illusions on Liquid Crystal Displays and Design Guidelines for Information Visualization." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/36372.

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The influence of color on size and depth perception has been explored for a century, but there is very limited research on interventions that can reduce the color illusions. This study was motivated to identify interventions and propose design guidelines for information visualization, especially where size judgment is critical.

This study replicated the color size illusion and color depth illusion on an LCD monitor and it was found that yellow is the smallest and farthest color among red, yellow, green, and blue on a white background. Three types of interventions (background brightness, border color, and background grid brightness) were tested to identify the conditions that reduce the color illusions, but all of them were not statistically significant.

Based on the experiment results and literature survey, design guidelines were proposed. To extend the guidelines to the bioinformatics field, design recommendations were proposed and implementation examples were illustrated. Evaluations on design implementations were evaluated by interviewing domain experts.

Additionally, the relationship between the color size illusion and the color depth illusion was explored.


Master of Science
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Knol, Hester. "Aiming for illusions : the perception of size and its influence on motor control." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM4099.

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L’hypothèse des voies visuelles attribue des rôles fonctionnels spécifiques aux réseaux cérébraux ventral et dorsal du système visuel. Ce modèle émet l’hypothèse selon laquelle la voie ventrale sous-tend le traitement de l'information pour la perception (vision-for-perception), alors que la voie dorsale est impliquée dans le traitement de l'information pour l'action (vision-for-action). L'idée de deux réseaux visuels distincts dans le cerveau humain a fait l’objet de très nombreux travaux de recherche au cours des 20 dernières années, mais les résultats apparaissent contradictoires. Cette thèse vise à éclaircir une partie du mystère de la façon dont la perception et l'action s’articulent. La figure d’Ebbinghaus a été utilisée pour distinguer la fonction d’une vision pour la perception, sensible aux illusions visuelles (taille relative), de la fonction d’une vision pour l’action affectée par les propriétés physiques de l’objet. Dans une première étude, nous avons quantifié l’illusion d’Ebbinghaus. Après, une démarche comparable de caractérisation des mouvements visuomoteurs a été implémentée sous des contraintes de précision et de vitesse. La caractérisation des mouvements visuomoteurs et la quantification de la perception des configurations Ebbinghaus ont ensuite permis de concevoir une tâche visuomotrice dont les cibles étaient des figures d’Ebbinghaus.La thèse a démontré que les voies ventrale et dorsale ne sont pas strictement distinctes fonctionnellement. Différentes variables informationnelles sont potentiellement utilisées pour ‘la vision pour la perception’ et ‘la vision pour l’action’ indépendamment du fait que certaines variables causent des illusions
The influential two-visual streams hypothesis ascribes specific functional roles to the ventral and the dorsal network of the visual system. The ventral system has been hypothesized to process information for conscious perception (vision-for-perception), whereas the dorsal stream processes information for action (vision-for-action). The idea of two separate visual networks in the human brain inspired an enormous amount of research over the past 20 or so years. The results are conflicting and divisive about the idea, causing a seemingly insurmountable gap between supporters and opponents. This thesis aims to unravel a part of the jigsaw puzzle of how perception and action are functioning. The Ebbinghaus figure has been used to distinguish vision-for-perception that is susceptible to visual illusions (i.e., relative size) from vision-for-action that remain unaffected by perceptions of relative sizes. Therefore, we quantified the Ebbinghaus figure based on its geometry and systematically assessed its size illusion. Subsequently, a visuomotor task was implemented in which precision and speed of the voluntary movement were investigated. The description of the visuomotor task and of the perception of Ebbinghaus figures lead to combine both visuomotor task and Ebbinghaus figures. A dynamical model was fit to the experimental data to investigate the effect on the behavioral dynamics.This thesis demonstrated that the ventral stream and dorsal stream are not strictly functionally distinct, and that potentially different informational variables are used for ‘vision for perception’ and ‘vision for action’ irrespective of whether certain variables cause (perceptual) illusions
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Yeager, Lauren T. "Assessing Metacognitive Illusions: Fluency, Timing, and Judgments-of-Learning." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1555583016781281.

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後藤, 倬男, and Takuo GOTO. "反復観察にもとづく大きさ錯視 （Size illusions）の刺激条件に関する実験的研究." 名古屋大学文学部, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/10052.

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BELLAN, VALERIA. "Body representation, body localisation and body size perception: a study of bodily modulations." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/69677.

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People are generally quite good at adapting to changes in body shape and size because of the flexibility of the body representation. By means of bodily illusions, it is possible to experimentally induce updating of body representation and, thus, manipulate the sense of self. The main aim of this thesis is to investigate the sense of self through bodily illusions. Firstly, we investigated the relationship between the sense of ownership and self-localisation (Study 1). The results from this study are taken to suggest that the proprioceptive drift (i.e. a bias in the localisation of a given body part) is more likely triggered by and related to the visual capture of touch than it is a reliable measure of a shift in the sense of body ownership. In fact, our data show that the proprioceptive drift occurs not only in the absence of a shift in the sense of ownership, but even in the absence of a body-like object. Secondly, we investigated self-localisation of body parts by means of a novel illusion, the Disappearing Hand Trick. In particular, we explored the role of vision and proprioception (Study 2), as well as the role of attention and motor acts (Study 3), in locating one’s own hands when visual and proprioceptive information regarding the body are incongruent. Our data (Study 2) are in line with previous research, confirming a predominant role of vision over proprioception. In addition, they show that, after a certain amount of time, proprioception is weighted more heavily than vision. That is, our results demonstrate that the cortical proprioceptive representations can be updated even when there is no real need to do it (i.e. no movement is required). This might be seen as an evolutionarily convenient response to keep the body ready for a possible quick reaction. In Study 3, we ruled out the possibility that this effect was only driven by spatial attention being directed towards the side of the space where the hand was actually located. In fact, no difference in the localisation accuracy was found when the direction of spatial attention was manipulated. Finally, by asking the participants to reach across for their hidden right hand (Study 3), we confirmed that a motor act accelerates the reliance on proprioception, most likely by aligning the motor and perceptual coordinates in order to plan the movement. In the first three studies, a modification of the body representation was intentionally induced – namely, the purpose of the illusions was to change how the participants perceived their body. However, we wondered whether this same change might also occur at a more implicit level and how rapidly this may occur. We designed two different studies in which we tried to manipulate the participants’ perceived body size by providing incongruent information about the position of their limb (Study 4) or by showing the participants images of unrealistic bodies (Study 5). In Study 4 we showed that incongruent proprioceptive information coming from the same joint does not affect the perceived size of that body part, but does lead to a more accurate estimation of its position. On the other hand, the results of Study 5 would seem to suggest that body perception is more vulnerable to change in women than in men after exposure to same-sex ideal bodies. Taken together, these results suggest that, by manipulating the body representation, both explicitly, by means of a variety of bodily illusion, and even implicitly, by generating subtle incongruence between one’s own real body and how the body ‘should’ be, we were able to shed some light on the mechanisms behind the computation of body position and size, both of which are important elements for the definition of the self.
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Altini, Enrico. "Tactile perception - Perception of tactile distance changes with body site: a neural network modelling study." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2012. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/3481/.

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La distorsione della percezione della distanza tra due stimoli puntuali applicati sulla superfice della pelle di diverse regioni corporee è conosciuta come Illusione di Weber. Questa illusione è stata osservata, e verificata, in molti esperimenti in cui ai soggetti era chiesto di giudicare la distanza tra due stimoli applicati sulla superficie della pelle di differenti parti corporee. Da tali esperimenti si è dedotto che una stessa distanza tra gli stimoli è giudicata differentemente per diverse regioni corporee. Il concetto secondo cui la distanza sulla pelle è spesso percepita in maniera alterata è ampiamente condiviso, ma i meccanismi neurali che manovrano questa illusione sono, allo stesso tempo, ancora ampiamente sconosciuti. In particolare, non è ancora chiaro come sia interpretata la distanza tra due stimoli puntuali simultanei, e quali aree celebrali siano coinvolte in questa elaborazione. L’illusione di Weber può essere spiegata, in parte, considerando la differenza in termini di densità meccano-recettoriale delle differenti regioni corporee, e l’immagine distorta del nostro corpo che risiede nella Corteccia Primaria Somato-Sensoriale (homunculus). Tuttavia, questi meccanismi sembrano non sufficienti a spiegare il fenomeno osservato: infatti, secondo i risultati derivanti da 100 anni di sperimentazioni, le distorsioni effettive nel giudizio delle distanze sono molto più piccole rispetto alle distorsioni che la Corteccia Primaria suggerisce. In altre parole, l’illusione osservata negli esperimenti tattili è molto più piccola rispetto all’effetto prodotto dalla differente densità recettoriale che affligge le diverse parti del corpo, o dall’estensione corticale. Ciò, ha portato a ipotizzare che la percezione della distanza tattile richieda la presenza di un’ulteriore area celebrale, e di ulteriori meccanismi che operino allo scopo di ridimensionare – almeno parzialmente – le informazioni derivanti dalla corteccia primaria, in modo da mantenere una certa costanza nella percezione della distanza tattile lungo la superfice corporea. E’ stata così proposta la presenza di una sorta di “processo di ridimensionamento”, chiamato “Rescaling Process” che opera per ridurre questa illusione verso una percezione più verosimile. Il verificarsi di questo processo è sostenuto da molti ricercatori in ambito neuro scientifico; in particolare, dal Dr. Matthew Longo, neuro scienziato del Department of Psychological Sciences (Birkbeck University of London), le cui ricerche sulla percezione della distanza tattile e sulla rappresentazione corporea sembrano confermare questa ipotesi. Tuttavia, i meccanismi neurali, e i circuiti che stanno alla base di questo potenziale “Rescaling Process” sono ancora ampiamente sconosciuti. Lo scopo di questa tesi è stato quello di chiarire la possibile organizzazione della rete, e i meccanismi neurali che scatenano l’illusione di Weber e il “Rescaling Process”, usando un modello di rete neurale. La maggior parte del lavoro è stata svolta nel Dipartimento di Scienze Psicologiche della Birkbeck University of London, sotto la supervisione del Dott. M. Longo, il quale ha contribuito principalmente all’interpretazione dei risultati del modello, dando suggerimenti sull’elaborazione dei risultati in modo da ottenere un’informazione più chiara; inoltre egli ha fornito utili direttive per la validazione dei risultati durante l’implementazione di test statistici. Per replicare l’illusione di Weber ed il “Rescaling Proess”, la rete neurale è stata organizzata con due strati principali di neuroni corrispondenti a due differenti aree funzionali corticali: • Primo strato di neuroni (il quale dà il via ad una prima elaborazione degli stimoli esterni): questo strato può essere pensato come parte della Corteccia Primaria Somato-Sensoriale affetta da Magnificazione Corticale (homunculus). • Secondo strato di neuroni (successiva elaborazione delle informazioni provenienti dal primo strato): questo strato può rappresentare un’Area Corticale più elevata coinvolta nell’implementazione del “Rescaling Process”. Le reti neurali sono state costruite includendo connessioni sinaptiche all’interno di ogni strato (Sinapsi Laterali), e connessioni sinaptiche tra i due strati neurali (Sinapsi Feed-Forward), assumendo inoltre che l’attività di ogni neurone dipenda dal suo input attraverso una relazione sigmoidale statica, cosi come da una dinamica del primo ordine. In particolare, usando la struttura appena descritta, sono state implementate due differenti reti neurali, per due differenti regioni corporee (per esempio, Mano e Braccio), caratterizzate da differente risoluzione tattile e differente Magnificazione Corticale, in modo da replicare l’Illusione di Weber ed il “Rescaling Process”. Questi modelli possono aiutare a comprendere il meccanismo dell’illusione di Weber e dare così una possibile spiegazione al “Rescaling Process”. Inoltre, le reti neurali implementate forniscono un valido contributo per la comprensione della strategia adottata dal cervello nell’interpretazione della distanza sulla superficie della pelle. Oltre allo scopo di comprensione, tali modelli potrebbero essere impiegati altresì per formulare predizioni che potranno poi essere verificate in seguito, in vivo, su soggetti reali attraverso esperimenti di percezione tattile. E’ importante sottolineare che i modelli implementati sono da considerarsi prettamente come modelli funzionali e non intendono replicare dettagli fisiologici ed anatomici. I principali risultati ottenuti tramite questi modelli sono la riproduzione del fenomeno della “Weber’s Illusion” per due differenti regioni corporee, Mano e Braccio, come riportato nei tanti articoli riguardanti le illusioni tattili (per esempio “The perception of distance and location for dual tactile pressures” di Barry G. Green). L’illusione di Weber è stata registrata attraverso l’output delle reti neurali, e poi rappresentata graficamente, cercando di spiegare le ragioni di tali risultati.
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Gueirard, Ninuwe. "Recherches sur la géométrie de l'espace visuel : le cas particulier de l'appréciation de la distance." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0478.

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Cette thèse se propose d’étudier la difficulté de l’estimation de la distance dans le cadre de la géométrie de l’espace visuel. En philosophie de la perception, cette thèse est d'abord discutée au plan épistémologique : comment savoir que cette distance n'est pas connue ou connaissable, quoique perçue et discutée. Les travaux de Berkeley nous servent de point de départ et fixent un cadre spéculatif, puisque Berkeley soutient en effet que le jugement porté sur la distance résulte entièrement de l'expérience, quoique cette distance ne puisse être vue phénoménalement. La thèse se propose d'examiner une question essentielle supportée par cette alternative centrale mais au plan ontologique cette fois : comme déterminer de quel type est la distance : est-elle inconsciemment visible ? tangible ? ou visible et tangible à la fois ? Peut-elle être une entité assignable dans un espace hyperbolique, ou sphérique, un espace strictement euclidien, ou hyperbolique et sphérique en même temps qu'euclidien ? Pour appuyer notre propos et notre recherche nous mettrons à l’épreuve différents textes et expériences en passant de Berkeley à I. Rock ou de T. Reid à M. Wagner. Notre but aura été d'explorer les limites argumentatives et de montrer ce qui est impliqué par ces différentes appréciations et assignations de la distance dans tel ou tel espace déterminé. A chaque fois s'affrontent la géométrie de l’espace visuel et l’optique physiologique, mais au sein d'un même débat de fond qui consiste à savoir comment définir philosophiquement l’estimation de la distance ?
This thesis examines the difficulties in estimating the geometrical distance of visual space. Submitted in the field of Philosophy of Perception, this thesis is first discussed from an epistemological standpoint: how does one know that this distance is unknown or unknowable despite being perceived and discussed. The various works of Berkeley serve as a point of depart and establish a speculative framework as Berkeley held that judgment of distance results entirely from experience despite the fact that this distance cannot be seen in a phenomenal way. This thesis examines an essential question supported by this central problem, this time from an ontological position: how is the type of distance to be determined: is it unconsciously visible?tangible? or both visible and tangible at the same time? Can it be categorized in a hyperbolic space, or spherical space, or a strictly Euclidean space, or hyperbolic and spherical at the same time as Euclidean? In support of the thesis and research, various texts and experiences have been examined and contrasted, including those of Berkeley and I. Rock as well as T. Reid and M. Wagner. The goal has been to explore the limits of argumentation and to show what is implicated by these different accounts and assignment of distance in one, versus another, determined space; additionally studying subjects including the experience of the alleys or the so-called the moon illusion, which appeared to be demonstrative examples. In each instance, geometry of visual space and physiological optics confront one another, but at the center of this same fundamental debate is the question of how to define the estimation of distance philosophically?
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AlKhars, Mohammed. "Decision Makers’ Cognitive Biases in Operations Management: An Experimental Study." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2016. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc849675/.

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Behavioral operations management (BOM) has gained popularity in the last two decades. The main theme in this new stream of research is to include the human behavior in Operations Management (OM) models to increase the effectiveness of such models. BOM is classified into 4 areas: cognitive psychology, social psychology, group dynamics and system dynamics (Bendoly et al. 2010). This dissertation will focus on the first class, namely cognitive psychology. Cognitive psychology is further classified into heuristics and biases. Tversky and Kahneman (1974) discussed 3 heuristics and 13 cognitive biases that usually face decision makers. This dissertation is going to study 6 cognitive biases under the representativeness heuristic. The model in this dissertation states that cognitive reflection of the individual (Frederick 2005) and training about cognitive biases in the form of warning (Kaufmann and Michel 2009) will help decisions’ makers make less biased decisions. The 6 cognitive biases investigated in this dissertation are insensitivity to prior probability, insensitivity to sample size, misconception of chance, insensitivity to predictability, the illusion of validity and misconception of regression. 6 scenarios in OM contexts have been used in this study. Each scenario corresponds to one cognitive bias. Experimental design has been used as the research tool. To see the impact of training, one group of the participants received the scenarios without training and the other group received them with training. The training consists of a brief description of the cognitive bias as well as an example of the cognitive bias. Cognitive reflection is operationalized using cognitive reflection test (CRT). The survey was distributed to students at University of North Texas (UNT). Logistic regression has been employed to analyze data. The research shows that participants show the cognitive biases proposed by Tversky and Kahneman. Moreover, CRT is significant factor to predict the cognitive bias in two scenarios. Finally, providing training in terms of warning helps participants to make more rational decisions in 4 scenarios. This means that although cognitive biases are inherent in the mind of people, management of corporations has the tool to educate its managers and professionals about such biases which helps companies make more rational decisions.
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SPERANDIO, Irene. "A reaction time approach to size constancy and visual illusions." Doctoral thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11562/337445.

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Per costanza di grandezza si intende la capacità del sistema visivo di mantenere costante la percezione delle dimensioni di un oggetto, malgrado le modificazioni dell'immagine retinica con la distanza. In letteratura il rapporto tra grandezza dello stimolo e tempo di reazione (TR) è ben noto: all'aumentare della grandezza i TR diminuiscono. Con il presente progetto si è voluto verificare se questo effetto sui TR dipenda dalla grandezza percepita dagli stimoli oppure dalla grandezza che questi producono sulla retina, manipolando sia la dimensione degli stimoli, sia la distanza stimolo-soggetto. E' stato ottenuto un TR più rapido per gli stimoli più grandi rispetto a quelli più piccoli, anche se presentati a distanze diverse in modo tale da produrre sempre la stessa immagine retinica. Questo effetto può essere attribuito al meccanismo della costanza di grandezza che ha agito sui TR. Per confermare questo dato sono stati condotti ulteriori esperimenti in condizioni di riduzione percettiva, dove il ruolo della costanza di grandezza può essere notevolmente compromesso. Per questo motivo, quando gli indizi necessari alla costanza di grandezza sono stati rimossi attraverso l'utilizzo di uno spioncino per l'osservazione (pinhole), il TR è stato determinato esclusivamente dalle dimensioni dell'immagine retinica. Infine, in altri esperimenti sono state utilizzate illusioni ottiche come quella di Ponzo o di Ebbinghaus per indurre una mispercezione della grandezza. Ancora una volta, stimoli che per effetto dell'illusione sono stati percepiti come più grandi hanno prodotto TR più rapidi, nonostante la grandezza retinica fosse sempre la stessa. In conclusione, tutti questi risultati dimostrano che i TR rispondono alla grandezza percepita dagli stimoli, anzichè quella retinica.
Size constancy is a property of the visual perceptural system that can keep relatively constant the perceived size of an object despite changes of the size of the retinal image with distance. The relationship between size and reaction time (RT) is well known: RT is faster in response to larger than smaller stimuli. Here i Wanted to verify whether this effect depends upon retinal or perceived size, by changing both stimulus size and the observer-object distance. I found that when the size of stimuli positioned at a different distance was adjusted so as to subtend the same retinal image, the larger stimuli were responded to faster than the smaller ones. This effect can be attributed to size constancy affecting RT. In keepeing with that, when size constancy cues were removed by using a pinhole for stimulus viewing, RT reflected stimulus retinal size only. In further experiments I employed visual illusion, such as Ponzo's and Ebbinghaus' to induce misperception of size. In accord with the size constancy result, stimuli perceived as larger were responded to faster than those perceived as smaller, despite retinal size was the same. In sum, all these results demonstrate that simple RT reflects perceiver rather than retinal stimulus size.
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HUANG, JIAN-HAO, and 黃健豪. "The effect of Chinese wok size on size-weight illusion of cooks." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/13827519478533263115.

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碩士
華梵大學
工業工程與經營資訊學系碩士班
105
The larger of two equally weighted objects is judged to be lighter when lifted. This phenomenon is commonly known as the size-weight illusion. Size-weight illusion could be important for the study of flipping tasks, since any decrease in perceived heaviness accompanying larger woks could lead the cook to exceed the limits of safety. Though size-weight illusion has been studied extensively in experiment psychology, empirical study on flipping tasks until now has not been conducted. Therefore, this study intent to investigate the effects of wok size on the size-weight illusion of stir flipping tasks for Chinese cooks. This study recruited 16 subjects to conduct flipping task, and to investigate the perceived heaviness, perceived volume, and perceived exertion of the different combinations of object size (Diameter of 32, 37, 40 cm) and mass (1.5, 2.1 and 2.4 kg). The mass affects significantly on the perceived heaviness, and perceived exertion however, couldn’t affect significantly on the perceived volume. The effects of the wok size on the perceived heaviness, perceived volume, and perceived exertion is significant. The result showed that the size-weight illusion exists in the Chinese wok. As the volume of the wok’s diameter from 32 to 40 cm, the reports of perceived heaviness decreased 27 % and 13 % repectively for the Chinese wok.
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Books on the topic "Size illusions"

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Maurice, Hershenson, ed. The Moon illusion. Hillsdale, N.J: L. Erlbaum Associates, 1989.

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Cornelis, Plug, ed. The mystery of the moon illusion: Exploring size perception. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.

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Nørretranders, Tor. The user illusion: Cutting consciousness down to size. London: A. Lane, 1998.

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Nørretranders, Tor. The user illusion: Cutting consciousness down to size. New York: Viking, 1998.

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Nørretranders, Tor. The user illusion: Cutting consciousness down to size. New York: Viking, 1998.

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The user illusion: Cutting consciousness down to size. New York: Viking, 1998.

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The user illusion: Cutting consciousness down to size. New York, N.Y: Penguin Books, 1999.

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Visual illusion quilts: Full-size templates for 12 patchwork projects. New York: Dover Publications, 1990.

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Blue blood mirage: On the other side of illusion. [S.l.]: Iuniverse Inc., 2011.

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Nesti, Arnaldo, ed. Il multiculturalismo e il pluralismo religioso fra illusione e realtà. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/88-8453-477-1.

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Multiculturalism confirms that peoples of different roots can coexist beyond the boundaries of race, language and religion. In recent times, with the accentuation of new migratory processes, the West has however come to find itself between integration and conflict. New political and religious fundamentalisms have emerged that are threatening the encounter between different cultures. On the one side is fear, and on the other the values of tolerance and respect. This book contains a number of reflections presented at the XII International Summer School on Religions (San Gimignano, 27-31 August 2005) organised by the International Centre for Studies on Contemporary Religion.
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Book chapters on the topic "Size illusions"

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Franceschiello, B., A. Sarti, and G. Citti. "A Neuro-Mathematical Model for Size and Context Related Illusions." In Lecture Notes in Morphogenesis, 91–113. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57227-3_5.

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Parrish, Audrey E., and Michael J. Beran. "Size Illusion." In Encyclopedia of Animal Cognition and Behavior, 1–5. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47829-6_584-1.

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Parrish, Audrey E., and Michael J. Beran. "Size Illusion." In Encyclopedia of Animal Cognition and Behavior, 6459–63. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-55065-7_584.

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Walter, Sven. "›… denn sie wissen nicht, was sie tun‹: Schränken unbewusste situationale Einflüsse unsere Freiheit ein? Und wenn ja, warum?" In Illusion freier Wille?, 329–54. Stuttgart: J.B. Metzler, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-476-05445-6_12.

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Ueyama, Yuki. "A Computational Model of Anti-Bayesian Sensory Integration in the Size-Weight Illusion." In Neural Information Processing, 76–83. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-12640-1_10.

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Greene, Robert. "Gesetz 14: Vermischen Sie Wunsch und Wirklichkeit – Die perfekte Illusion." In Die 24 Gesetze der Verführung, 152–57. München: Carl Hanser Verlag GmbH & Co. KG, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.3139/9783446440623.023.

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Hofmann, Jan, Thomas J. Jäger, Thorben Deffke, and Heiner Bubb. "Measuring an Illusion: The Influence of System Performance on Size Perception in Virtual Environments." In Eurographics, 13–22. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-6221-7_2.

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Opp, Karl-Dieter. "Warum denken normale Leute, sie seien politisch einflußreich? Die Erklärung einer kognitiven Illusion." In Jahrbuch für Handlungs- und Entscheidungstheorie, 9–47. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-663-10417-9_1.

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Schmieden, Susanne. "II.3 Wie denken Sie darüber? Diderot und die Illusionen der anderen." In Theater, 74–114. Bielefeld, Germany: transcript Verlag, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.14361/9783839459638-004.

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Pym, Anthony, Judith Raigal-Aran, and Carmen Bestué Salinas. "Non-standard court interpreting as risk management." In Introducing New Hypertexts on Interpreting (Studies), 108–25. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/btl.160.06pym.

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Most codes of ethics stipulate that court interpreters should give verbatim renditions, should not have side conversations with the witness or the defendant, and should use the alien-I. However, when we find these maxims flouted by outsourced interpreters working in trials in Barcelona, the observed practices may be considered non-standard and yet constitute an expected and even accepted social practice. Here we attempt to understand why interpreters sometimes abandon all illusion of equivalence, why side conversations occur in certain hearings, and why interpreters sometimes speak in their own voice, becoming direct participants in discursive exchanges. Risk analysis enables us to model ways in which these practices can ensure that cooperation is achieved and time is not wasted. In one case study, side conversations between the defendant and the interpreter serve to inform the defendant of the possible consequences of a plea. Such a practice nevertheless requires that the officers of the court trust interpreters to exceptionally high degrees. In a second case study, disagreements between the judge and the interpreter, technically over issues of translation equivalence, lead to distrust in the interpreter to the point where cooperation becomes impossible. In this instance, a non-standard practice that might be efficient elsewhere leads to communicative failure. It is thus found that non-standard interpreting can be efficient when the participants’ risk-management strategies are aligned and trust is operative; on the other hand, it can also convert trivial differences into high-stakes disputes that throw risk-management strategies out of alignment.
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Conference papers on the topic "Size illusions"

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Schmidtler, Jonas, and Klaus Bengler. "Size-weight illusion in human-robot collaboration." In 2016 25th IEEE International Symposium on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/roman.2016.7745222.

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Smy, Tom J., and Shulabh Gupta. "Electromagnetic Illusions created using Metasurface Holograms with Finite-Sized Unit Cells." In 2020 IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation and North American Radio Science Meeting. IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ieeeconf35879.2020.9329861.

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Lin, Lorraine, Aline Normoyle, Alexandra Adkins, Yu Sun, Andrew Robb, Yuting Ye, Massimiliano Di Luca, and Sophie Jorg. "The Effect of Hand Size and Interaction Modality on the Virtual Hand Illusion." In 2019 IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces (VR). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/vr.2019.8797787.

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Chao, Gung-Mei, and J. Vernon Odom. "Effects of stereo illusion induced by binocularly presented gratings." In OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1988.thee5.

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Vertical square-wave gratings were binocularly presented to subjects on a video monitor. The stereo illusion of several discontinuous levels of depth was seen as previously reported.1 We examined the parameters of this illusion. (1) The number of levels seen varied as a function of spatial frequency at a constant viewing distance of 63 cm and a constant visual field size of 18.5 × 23.3°. Spatial frequencies were varied from 0.8 to 8.8 cycles/deg in 1-cycle/deg steps. (2) If the vertical gratings were reversed there was no significant change in the number of levels seen within the examined range from 0 to 15 Hz at a spatial frequency of 4 cycles/deg. (3) The contrast of 3-cycle/deg gratings affected the probability of seeing the stereo illusion. When the contrast is 10%, ~50% of the time two or more levels of depth were seen. When contrast reached 30%, 100% of the time two or more levels of depth were seen. The monitors had mean luminance of 106 cd/m2for above-mentioned studies (1) and (2) and 164 cd/m2 for study (3).
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Leibowitz, H. W., and D. A. Owens. "The moon illusion and relevant perceptual mechanisms." In Light and Color in the Open Air. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/lcoa.1990.fa1.

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The larger apparent size of the moon when viewed near the horizon as compared to its appearance at higher altitudes is perhaps the oldest perceptual phenomenon in the literature. The earliest known reference is associated with the Assyrian king Assurbanipal (668-626 B.C.). In modern times, it has been a challenging phenomenon for behavioral as well as optical scientists. A recent book illustrates the diverse approaches to this challenging phenomenon (Hershenson, 1989).
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Costello, E., R. E. Williamson, R. Isaac, and A. Doblas. "Upgrading the conventional Pepper Ghost holographic device to a full-parallax three-dimensional tunnel display." In 3D Image Acquisition and Display: Technology, Perception and Applications. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/3d.2022.3f3a.1.

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We have upgraded the Pepper ghost illusion to create two simultaneous three-dimensional (3D) holograms with parallax using four LCDs and two transparency sheets to be viewed from each side of the tunnel.
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May, James G. "Temporal factors affecting the square-wave illusion." In OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1990.tuy29.

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Viewing a vertical triangle-wave grating often gives rise to the perception of a corrugated surface with alternating bars that approximate a square-wave luminance profile. This square-wave illusion contains other bistable aspects. Adjacent bars appear to be offset in depth, and the corrugated surface appears to be illuminated from one side or the other. Drifting the grating to the right or left biases the direction of apparent illumination. In the present investigation, a triangle-wave with a spatial frequency of 0.25 c/d was phase-alternated (180) at various rates. The first finding was that the square-wave illusion was totally suppressed at alternation rates greater than 3 Hz. At slower rates, observers reported that all aspects of the illusion could be perceived, but a bias in the direction of apparent illumination did not appear to be linked to the occurrence of a phase shift. At very slow rates of alternation (Hz), observers reported two possible perceptual experiences: (1) alternate bars appeared to move back and forth in counter-phase; or 2) bars appeared stationary and the direction of illumination appeared to change with each phase shift.
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Rinkenauer, Gerhard, Jai Prakash Kushvah, and Marc Grosjean. "Psychophysics and user experience: Perceptual differences in the effort required to operate virtual push-buttons." In 13th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2022). AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1002143.

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Perceptual physical aspects of controls, such as interaction forces during operation, are important for ergonomic design. However, controls with equivalent physical properties may be perceived as functioning differently depending on their visual or acoustic appearance. To address this issue, the present study investigated how the size, brightness and loudness of pushbutton switches affect the perceived operating force. Two simple pushbuttons (standard and test) were presented side by side in a virtual environment and actuated with a 3D haptic device. The simulated mechanical properties of the pushbuttons (force-displacement characteristics) corresponded to those of real switch buttons. Three experiments were conducted with different groups of subjects. Physical characteristics of the standard button were kept constant and physical size, brightness and loudness of the test button were systematically varied respectively in all 3 experiments. Participants were instructed to press the standard and the test push-button one by one and to judge the perceived force for test push-button compared to the standard one in a 2-alternative-forced-choice task. Based on these judgments, the required operating force of the test key was adjusted using a simplified adaptive staircase procedure until the force of the test key varied by the point of subjective equality. Based on the subjective equality, the perceived operating force for the experimental condition was calculated. The results showed main effects of key size, brightness and loudness on perceived operating force. Consistent with findings from basic research (size-weight illusion), perceived operating force was higher for smaller keys. Additionally, perceived operating force was reported higher for higher brightness or higher loudness. Overall, the results suggest that psychophysical methods are suitable for objectively measuring the user experience of interacting with controls in application contexts.
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Bulthoff, Heinrich H., James J. Little, and Tomaso Poggio. "Parallel motion algorithm explains barber pole and motion capture Illusions without tricks." In OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1987.my4.

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A new parallel and fast algorithm for computing the optical flow and its implementation on the Connection Machine has been described.1,2 This algorithm is based on a regularization technique that exploits a simple assumption, that the optical flow is locally uniform. It can be easily translated into the following description. Consider a network of elementary motion detectors holding the results of multiplying (or logical “anding”) image features (intensity or edges) for different displacements. Each detector collects a vote indicating support that a patch of surface exists at a certain displacement in the second image. The final step is to choose the velocity v(x,y) out of a finite set of allowed values that has maximum vote (nonmaximum-suppression or winner-take-all scheme). The corresponding v(x,y) is taken as the velocity of the point (x,y). While the true velocity vectors for a rotating barber pole are strictly horizontal, our algorithm computes a vertical velocity field which is consistent with the well-known barber pole illusion. If a moving sine-wave grating is superimposed on a pair of alternating and uncorrelated random-dot patterns, most of the dots in the display appear to move as a uniform sheet in synchrony with the sine-wave grating (motion capture3). The voting scheme described computes a similar result without using any trick as suggested by others.3
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Teranishi, Taiki, Satoshi Nishikawa, and Kazuo Kiguchi. "A study on the generation of kinesthetic illusion, tonic vibration reflex, and antagonist vibratory response in the shoulder joint extension direction by vibration stimulation to the origin and insertion in the biceps brachii muscle." In 2023 IEEE/SICE International Symposium on System Integration (SII). IEEE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sii55687.2023.10039145.

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