Relevant bibliographies by topics / Size differences

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Size differences'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 14 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Size differences"

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Schluter, Dolph. "Brain size differences." Nature 359, no. 6392 (September 1992): 181. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/359181a0.

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Lynn, Richard. "Brain size differences." Nature 359, no. 6392 (September 1992): 181. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/359181b0.

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Tsai, F. C. S. "Brain size differences." Nature 359, no. 6392 (September 1992): 181–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/359181c0.

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Blest, A. David. "Brain size differences." Nature 359, no. 6392 (September 1992): 182. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/359182a0.

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Rushton, J. Philippe. "Brain size differences." Contemporary Psychology: A Journal of Reviews 38, no. 4 (April 1993): 434. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/033288.

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Becker, Brent A. "Differences in brain size." Nature 358, no. 6387 (August 1992): 532. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/358532a0.

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Rushton, J. Philippe. "Differences in brain size." Nature 358, no. 6387 (August 1992): 532. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/358532b0.

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Ankney, C. Davison. "Differences in brain size." Nature 358, no. 6387 (August 1992): 532. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/358532c0.

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Knight, Barry. "Differences in brain size." Nature 358, no. 6387 (August 1992): 532. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/358532d0.

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Peters, Michael. "Race differences in brain size." American Psychologist 50, no. 11 (November 1995): 947–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0003-066x.50.11.947.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Size differences"

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Cai, Wenbiao. "Skill accumulation and international productivity differences across sectors." Diss., University of Iowa, 2012. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/3271.

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Why some countries are so much richer than others is a question of central interest in economics. Low aggregate income per worker in poor countries is mostly accounted for by low labor productivity and high employment in agriculture. This thesis attempts to understand cross-country income difference through examining productivity differences at the sector level - in agriculture and in non-agriculture. Between rich and poor countries, there is a 45-fold difference in agricultural output per worker and a 34-fold difference in mean farm size. In the first chapter, I argue farmer's skill as a plausible explanation for these differences. The model features heterogeneity in innate agricultural skill, on-the-job skill accumulation, and span-of-control in agricultural production. I show that low total factor productivity (TFP) in poor countries not only induces more individuals with low innate skill to choose farming, but also reduces the incentive to accumulate skill. Between rich and poor countries, the model generates substantial difference in farmer's skill, which translates into differences in agricultural productivity and farm size distribution. Quantitatively, the calibrated model explains half of the cross-country differences in agricultural output per worker, and successfully replicates the size distribution of farms in both rich and poor countries. Cross-country productivity differences are asymmetric across sectors. The labor productivity gap between rich and poor countries in agriculture is twice as large as that in the aggregate, and ten times larger than that in non-agriculture. The second chapter shows that these sectoral productivity differences can arise solely from difference in aggregate TFP. I extend the framework in the first chapter to allow for different skill in non-agricultural production as well. Low TFP distorts the allocation of skills across sectors and discourages skill accumulation on the job. To discipline the initial skill distribution and skill accumulation, the model is calibrated to match earnings distribution and age-earnings profiles in both agriculture and non-agriculture in the U.S. The model's implications are then examined using a sample of 70 countries that covers a wide range of development. Between rich and poor countries, the model accounts for most of the productivity differences at the sector level - productivity difference in agriculture in the model is 1.8 times larger than those in the aggregate and 6 times larger than those in non-agriculture. As in the data, the share of farmer in the labor force in the model declines from 85 percent in the poorest countries to less than 2 percent in the richest countries. These results suggest that policy aiming at improving overall efficiency should be prioritized.
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Gonçalves, Fábio Miguel Monteiro. "Firm’s innovative capabilities influence on innovation performance : differences between firm’s age and size." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/19201.

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Mestrado em Economia e Gestão de Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação
Esta tese estuda a associação entre as ?innovative capabilities? das empresas e a performance em inovação das mesmas, e se estas variam consoante a idade e dimensão da empresa. O problema é saber quais as variáveis que devem ser incluídas de modo a que se quantifique todas as dimensões discutidas na literatura, e como se deve organizar estas variáveis para que se avalie de forma completa as "firm's innovative capabilities". Este trabalho segue o modelo desenvolvido por Zawislak et al. 2012 focando-se apenas naquelas "capabilities"? que são dinâmicas (Alves et al. 2017). É o principal contributo, pois permitiu a inclusão de muitas variáveis e permitiu perceber como estas variam em relação à idade e dimensão das empresas. O modelo teórico consiste em 17 variáveis distribuídas por 4 factores: "capability" de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Estratégico, Transacional e de Gestão. Para ir de encontro aos objectivos de investigação, um questionário foi enviado para empresas da Indústria Transformadora Portuguesa e foram obtidas 381 respostas. A Análise Fatorial Exploratória originou resultados estatisticamente significativos para três factores, enquanto que a "Capability" de gestão não é significativo sobre as "innovative capabilities" (IC) e sobre a performance da inovação (IP) para as empresas da amostra. A associação entre IC e IP é fraca, mas positiva e, através dos testes não paramétricos, descobriu-se que existem diferenças na distribuição dos factores para as empresas tendo em conta as suas características.
The aim of this thesis is to study the association between firm's innovative capabilities and innovation performance and whether they vary according to certain firm's characteristics. However, one of the major setbacks relies on the choice of variables required to measure all the dimensions discussed in the literature and on how to ensure that these variables represent reliable and interpretable factors in order to obtain a complete assessment of firm's innovative capabilities. Thus, this thesis follows the complementary model developed by Zawislak et al. 2012 but is only focused on dynamic capabilities (Alves et al 2017). The contribution of this thesis is the inclusion of many variables that enable the assessment of how firm's innovative capabilities differ according to their age and size. The theoretical model consisted of 17 variables distributed into 4 factors: Development of Technology, Strategy, Transactional and Management capability. To meet research objectives, a questionnaire was sent to firms in the Portuguese Manufacture Industry and 381 responses were collected. An Exploratory Factor Analysis led to three statically significant factors but the Management Capability is not significant on firms' Innovative Capabilities (IC) and Innovation Performance (IP). The association between IC and IP was weak but positive and nonparametric tests revealed significant differences in distribution of the factors according to firm's age and size.
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
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West, Jane. "Explaining differences in birth size and adiposity between Pakistani and White British babies." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2011. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/4061/.

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There is a growing recognition that being born 'small is associated with an increased risk of poorer adult cardiometabolic health in addition to its known adverse effects on perinatal and infant outcomes. Previous studies have shown markedly lower birth weight among infants of South Asian origin compared to those of White British origin and there is a suggestion that such differences may mask greater central adiposity in South Asians. In this thesis, differences in birth size between 2221 Pakistani origin and 1838 White British origin infants born in the same UK maternity unit are described and whether the magnitude of any differences . changes depending on whether the parents (both mother and father) and grandparents of Pakistani infants were born in the UK or South Asia was investigated. Marked differences in birthweight between Pakistani origin and White British origin infants persisted even after adjustment for a wide range of potential masking and mediating characteristics. Important differences remained whether both parents were UK born, one was South Asian born or both were South Asian born, suggesting that at least over two generations, environmental or lifestyle changes amongst parents who have migrated to the UK and spent all of their life here have not had a major impact on these differences. Despite their smaller birth weight, South Asian infants had more total body fat than White British infants, as indicated by skinfold thickness and cord leptin, which has important implications for any public health interventions aimed at increasing birthweight in South Asian infants, as this could result in greater body fat· and ultimately poorer cardiometabolic health
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Bootland, Lorna H. "Investigation into the involvement of growth hormone in genetic differences in growth and size." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/15225.

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Lines selected high or low on lean body mass (P-Lines) or on carcass fat (F-Lines) for more than 30 generations were treated with recombinant bovine growth hormone (GH) to obtain information about the effects of selection on GH levels and responsiveness. All lines responded to GH with an increase in final body weight. In the lean mass selected lines the high line increased more than the low, but the increase relative to initial weight was similar in both lines (10-15% ). GH did not have a significant effect on gonadal fat percentage. Further investigations involved the lean mass selected lines only. Weights were recorded on a daily basis from birth to weaning at 21 days, to investigate growth before mice become responsive to GH at 14 days. The high line had a mean litter size approximately twice that of the low line, and a mean birth weight approximately 50% greater than the low line. The difference in total litter weight at birth is greater (3 to 4 fold) than the difference in adult body weight (approximately 3 fold) suggesting that there may be between line differences in individual effects on in utero growth rates as well as differences due to maternal effects. Also an increase in the rate of gain was observed for both lines at approximately 18 days of age. An increase was also observed in GH deficient little dwarf mice from the high P-Line, and hence is not due to GH. The increase in the rate of weight gain is greater in the wild type mice than in the little mice suggesting GH acts to magnify the effects of whatever causes the increase. Plasma GH levels were assayed, the high P-Line had lower levels of GH at 4, 5 and 7 weeks of age than the low P-Line. As IGF-I levels become GH inducible at about 14 days of age and the lines experience an increase in the rate of weight gain, which is greater in the high line than in the low line, at about 18 days it appeared possible that IGF-I levels differed between the lines.
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Fisher, Serena Lynn. "Frequency Judgments and Recognition: Additional Evidence for Task Differences." [Tampa, Fla.] : University of South Florida, 2004. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/SFE0000517.

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Hasselbach, Whitney Lynn. "Differences between Third, Fourth, And Fifth Grade Students' Attitudes toward Reading In Relation to Community Size." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1273803572.

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Cotronei, Salvatore. "Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in fish (Somniosus microcephalus, Gadus morhua, Gadus ogac, Reinhardtius hippoglossoides) from Greenland seawaters." Doctoral thesis, Università di Siena, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11365/1037908.

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Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) include several groups of industrial chemicals, pesticides or technical by-products with similar structures and chemical-physical properties. Their occurrence in Arctic wildlife has been documented since the beginning of the 1970s. The Arctic region is reported to be a “cold trap” for these chemicals that have been transported over long distances. In addition, due to the low temperature, limited biological activity and minimal incidence of sunlight, POP degradation is very slow in this remote area. The Greenland Shark Somniosus microcephalus is a top predator of cold seawaters that may reach a total length of up to six metres. For this reason, it is one of largest shark species in the world and presumably the largest fish in the Arctic. Very little is known about its biology including migrations or habitat preferences; however, a number of studies demonstrate that S. microcephalus may extend from the temperate North Atlantic Ocean to the Arctic Ocean, hunting actively throughout the water column in the Arctic Sea. Considering that the S. microcephalus is an opportunistic top predator, extremely long-lived with slow growth, the bioaccumulation process of pollutants generated by human activities might be enhanced. The aims of this thesis were firstly to assess the concentrations of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs), brominated flame retardants (BFRs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) in the liver and muscle samples of S. microcephalus from Greenland seawaters and, secondly, to investigate whether POPs concentration is correlated to lipid content, gender and age. In addition, concentrations of DDT, PCB, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) in the stomach contents of the Greenland shark and in the muscle of its prey (codfish and Greenland halibut) were measured to evaluate if biomagnification processes may occur. In the Greenland shark, the lipid content was 48 ± 10% in the muscle and 43 ± 17% in the liver. The relationships between lipid content and OCP, PCB, PBDE and HBCD concentrations were not statistically significant. Concentrations of DDTs, HCB, PeCB, PCBs and HBCDs were higher in muscle samples than those observed in the liver, while HCHs and PBDEs showed higher concentrations in the liver. Results showed higher concentrations of OCs in female sharks compared to those observed in males. In some cases, OCPs, PBDEs and HBCDs showed higher concentrations, mostly in the livers of the younger sharks, than those observed in almost all of the older sharks studied. TEQ concentrations were also calculated in three muscle samples and one shark liver sample to evaluate the potentially toxic effects of organic halogenated compounds on living organism. The biomagnification factor was calculated among pairs of Greenland shark-stomach content and Greenland shark-prey, where prey included Gadus ogac, Gadus morhua and Reinhardtius hippoglossoides. To our knowledge, this is the first investigation into POP bioaccumulation in the Greenland shark based on age differences and this is one of the few investigations on the transfer of POPs through the Greenland shark food chain. These baseline data on Arctic marine wildlife are particularly important, due to the geological prospect and mining activities which may affect the Arctic marine environments in the near future (Christiansen et al. 2014).
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Teyhan, Alison. "The impact of neighbourhood and school environments on ethnic differences in body size in adolescence." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2012. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/3288/.

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Background: Ethnicity is associated with childhood obesity, with Black African origin girls in particular being more vulnerable to overweight and obesity than their White European peers. In the UK, ethnic minorities often live and attend school in poor urban areas which may influence their opportunity for physical activity and a healthy diet. Aim: To examine neighbourhood and school effects on ethnic differences in Body Mass Index (BMI) and waist circumference trends in adolescence. Methods: Multilevel analysis of longitudinal data on BMI and waist circumference [standard deviation scores (SDS)] from 3401 adolescents in the Determinants of Adolescent Social well-being and Health (DASH) Study (870 White UK, 778 Black Caribbean, 504 Nigerian/Ghanaian, 386 Other African, 418 Indian, and 445 Pakistani/Bangladeshi). Forty-nine London schools participated in the study and the same pupils were surveyed at 11-13yrs and 14-16yrs. Neighbourhood measures included deprivation, crime, and ethnic density; school measures included ethnic density, school socioeconomic status (SES) (academic performance, free school meals, unauthorised absence) and ethos. Individual and family characteristics were also examined (including dietary and physical activity measures, family SES, and parental overweight). Results: Between 11 and 16yrs ethnic differences in BMI emerged in boys and persisted in girls; compared to their White UK peers Black Caribbean and Nigerian/Ghanaian boys and girls, and Other African girls, had a greater mean BMI SDS. These patterns were not observed for waist circumference, signalling ethnic differences in fat distribution or body composition. The DASH pupils overall had large waists compared to the 1990 Growth Reference population. The ethnic minority pupils, with the exception of the Indians, were more likely to live in more deprived, higher crime, less green areas than their White UK peers. However the ethnic minority pupils often attended better performing schools than the White UK pupils. The overall variance in body size at neighbourhood level or school level was small (<4%), and area or school context measures had little or no effect on ethnic differences in body size. Individual characteristics (such as age, pubertal status, and skipping breakfast) and maternal overweight were strong correlates of body size but did not explain the ethnic differences observed. Conclusions: There were significant ethnic differences in BMI in adolescence, emergent in late adolescence for boys. Neighbourhood and school contexts did not explain the ethnic differences in BMI age trends.
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Tomaska, Julie Maureen. "Differences in Breast Cancer Tumor Size, Stage, and Survival by Socioeconomic Position in Young Women." ScholarWorks, 2011. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/967.

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Although the incidence of breast cancer in women under 40 years of age is somewhat rare, young women tend to present with cancer that is more advanced and with poorer prognostic characteristics. This research will be important to providers, women and their families and those seeking to clarify screening guidelines. The purpose of this quantitative, retrospective, cohort study was to evaluate differences in prognostic characteristics by socioeconomic position (SIP). The cohort was comprised of females aged 18 to 39 with a primary diagnosis of breast cancer. Data were obtained from the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results registry for all primary breast cancers reported between 2001 and 2006 (n = 14,696). Hierarchical regression analysis was performed to assess to what extent SEP had an independent effect on tumor size and cancer summary stage upon diagnosis, and overall survival. SEP was found to be a significant predictor of tumor size and summary stage at the time of diagnosis. As cancer summary stage increases by 1 unit, women were .14 times as likely to have a tumor size of less than 2 cm versus a tumor size of greater than 5 cm. As SEP increases by 1 unit, the likelihood of having a tumor size of less than 2 cm versus greater than 5 cm increases by a factor of 1.14. SEP was not a significant predictor of survival time. The results of this study have the potential to promote positive social change by advancing the understanding of breast cancer in young women, as well as raise awareness of socioeconomic, racial and clinical inequalities. In addition, it may assist researchers and policy makers clearly defined formal screening guidelines for young women in higher-risk subgroups based on socioeconomic position.
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Bundsen, Andreas. "Artificial selection for large and small relative brain size in guppies (Poecilia reticulata) results in differences in cognitive ability." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för biologisk grundutbildning, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-192953.

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Vertebrate brain size is remarkably variable at all taxonomic levels. Brains of mammals forexample, range from 0.1 gram in small bats (Chiroptera) to about 8-9 kilos in Sperm whales(Physeter macrocephalus). But what does this variation in size really mean? The link between brainsize and cognition is debated due to, for instance the difficulties of comparing cognitive ability indifferent species. A large number of comparative studies continue to provide information aboutcorrelations found both within and between species. The relative size of the brain is an example of apopular measurement that correlates with cognitive ability. But to date, no experimental studieshave yielded any proof causality between relative brain size and cognitive ability. Here I usedguppies selected for either large or small relative brain size to investigate differences in cognitiveperformance of a quantity discrimination task. The results from this experiment provideexperimental evidence that relative brain size is important for cognitive ability, and that a differencein cognitive ability could be obtained already after two generations of selection experiments onrelative brain size in a vertebrate.
Artificial Selection on Relative Brain Size in the Guppy Reveals Costs and benefits of Evolving a Larger Brain
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Books on the topic "Size differences"

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Alfaro, Laura. Firm-size distribution and cross-country income differences. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2008.

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J, Fairbairn Daphne, Blanckenhorn Wolf U, and Székely T, eds. Sex, size, and gender roles: Evolutionary studies of sexual size dimorphism. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007.

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illustrator, Motz Mike, ed. Little Jimmy says, "Same is lame". Orlando, Florida: Atlas Press, 2014.

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Davis, Steven J. Explaining national differences in the size and industry distribution of employment. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1997.

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Ács, Zoltán J. Accounting for the differences between large and small-firm innovation. Berlin: Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung, 1986.

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Darren, Lauzon, and Statistics Canada. Analytical Studies Branch., eds. Differences in the distribution of high school achievement: The role of class size and time-in-term. Ottawa: Statistics Canada, 2005.

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National Recreation and Park Association, ed. Playground equipment for public use: Continuum of skills and size differences of children age two to twelve. Arlington, Va: The Association, 1992.

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Gajadharsingh, Joel L. The cognitive profiles of students in multi-grade and single-grade classrooms as a function of gender and locale. Regina, Sask: Research Centre, Saskatchewan School Trustees Association, 1987.

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Poutziouris, P. The demographic differences between family and non-family firms: Evidence from the UK small-medium size enterprising sector. Manchester: Manchester Business School, The University of Manchester, 1997.

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Brenner, Barbara. Mr. Tall and Mr. Small. New York, N.Y: Holt, 1994.

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Book chapters on the topic "Size differences"

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Linebarger, Kimberly L. A. "Adjusting Values for Differences in Size." In Business Valuation Discounts and Premiums, 323–36. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119197539.ch22.

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Bookstein, Fred L. "Modeling Differences in Cranial Form, with Examples from Primates." In Size and Scaling in Primate Biology, 207–29. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-3647-9_10.

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McCarthy, Barry, and Emily McCarthy. "Sexually, One Size Never Fits All: Differences and Diversity." In Couple Sexuality After 60, 131–42. New York: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003044888-11.

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Panke, Diana. "The United Nations General Assembly: Formal Equality and Size Differences." In Unequal Actors in Equalising Institutions, 13–32. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137363275_2.

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Blatchford, Peter. "Three generations of research on class-size effects." In APA educational psychology handbook, Vol 2: Individual differences and cultural and contextual factors., 530–54. Washington: American Psychological Association, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/13274-021.

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Beerepoot, Iris, Inge van de Weerd, and Hajo A. Reijers. "Business Process Improvement Activities: Differences in Organizational Size, Culture, and Resources." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 402–18. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-26619-6_26.

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Ishikawa, Tsuneo. "Interindustry and Firm Size Differences in Job Satisfaction Among Japanese Workers." In Labour Market and Economic Performance, 183–215. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-23612-1_7.

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Krallman, Alexandra, Mark J. Pelletier, and Frank G. Adams. "@Size vs. #Impact: Social Media Engagement Differences Amongst Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram." In Celebrating America’s Pastimes: Baseball, Hot Dogs, Apple Pie and Marketing?, 557–61. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-26647-3_112.

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Sundström, Elias, Bernhard Semlitsch, and Mihai Mihăescu. "Similarities and Differences Concerning Flow Characteristics in Centrifugal Compressors of Different Size." In Springer Proceedings in Physics, 457–64. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-30602-5_57.

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Renard, C. "Effects of feto-maternal major histocompatibility differences on litter size in pigs." In Early Pregnancy Loss, 105–18. London: Springer London, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-1658-5_12.

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Conference papers on the topic "Size differences"

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Gencel, Cigdem, and Onur Demirors. "Conceptual Differences Among Functional Size Measurement Methods." In First International Symposium on Empirical Software Engineering and Measurement (ESEM 2007). IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/esem.2007.43.

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Vandoni, G., C. Félix, C. Massobrio, W. Harbich, R. Monot, and J. Buttet. "Size selected cluster deposition on well characterized surfaces: Ag[sub n]/Pd(100)." In Similarities and differences between atomic nuclei and clusters. AIP, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.54555.

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Silber-Varod, Vered, and Tal Levy. "Intonation Unit Size in Spontaneous Hebrew: Gender and Channel Differences." In 7th International Conference on Speech Prosody 2014. ISCA: ISCA, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.21437/speechprosody.2014-119.

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Hatzfeld, Christian, Johannes Bilz, Sascha Schlemmer, Jan-Eric Adolf, Yangyang Gu, Steffen Elgner, and Mario Kupnik. "Residual analysis to compare measurement series' differences with significance and size measures." In 2017 IEEE SENSORS. IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icsens.2017.8234004.

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Kwan, Marilyn L., Bette J. Caan, Valerie S. Lee, Esther M. John, Scarlett Lin Gomez, Salma Shariff-Marco, Theresa H. Keegan, et al. "Abstract A40: Body size and racial/ethnic differences in breast cancer survival." In Abstracts: Fifth AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; Oct 27–30, 2012; San Diego, CA. American Association for Cancer Research, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.disp12-a40.

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Purwanti, Elly, Wahyu Prihanta, and Ahmad Fauzi. "Differences of seed size between several Dolichos lablab L. accessions in Indonesia." In THE 4TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON LIFE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (ICoLiST). AIP Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0111890.

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Rolland, Jannick P., and Christina A. Burbeck. "Depth and size perception in virtual reality systems." In OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1992.wy1.

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The creation of an effective virtual visual environment requires an understanding of human vision that exceeds current knowledge, and it raises questions whose importance goes far beyond this specific application. In creating a virtual visual space, we must first know how the perceptual effects of that space differ from those of a real environment. Second, we must determine which of those differences are most important to conveying the desired percept. We will describe the differences between the two systems and report results of our studies on the relative importance of some of these differences, focussing on the perception of size and depth. Finally, we will discuss the problems that are unique to see-through helmet-mounted displays where the interaction between the two environments vividly reveals any discrepancies between the two.
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Park, Jae Young, Sophie Triantaphillidou, and Ralph E. Jacobson. "Just noticeable differences in perceived image contrast with changes in displayed image size." In IS&T/SPIE Electronic Imaging, edited by Sophie Triantaphillidou and Mohamed-Chaker Larabi. SPIE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2042534.

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Musha, H., G. R. Chandratilleke, S. L. I. Chan, J. Bridgwater, and A. B. Yu. "Effects of size and density differences on mixing of binary mixtures of particles." In POWDERS AND GRAINS 2013: Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Micromechanics of Granular Media. AIP, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4812037.

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Tang, Ruixuan, Xuanming Zhao, Junshi Wang, Justin Hyde, Bradley Kesser, and Haibo Dong. "Effect of Diameter Size on the Unsteady Characteristics of Pulsatile Flow in Curved Human Blood Vessel." In ASME-JSME-KSME 2019 8th Joint Fluids Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ajkfluids2019-5227.

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Abstract Pulse-synchronous tinnitus (PST) has been linked to multiple anatomical variants of the venous outflow tract, including transverse sinus (TS) stenosis and sigmoid sinus (SS) dehiscence. It is unknown if the size of diameter in the TS part at the symptomatic side will result in PST. In this study, a combined experimental and computational approach is adopted to study the blood flow during PST. A parametric study is performed on the diameter size of one PST patient at the symptomatic side. A Reynold-averaged-Navier-Stokes (RANS) flow solver is employed in ANSYS Fluent to simulate the symptomatic side at different TS diameter sizes. Results have shown distinct differences in the flow characteristics (including pressure, turbulent kinetic energy (TKE), velocity and shear stress) between the symptomatic side at different TS diameter sizes. The result provides evidence to the hypothesis that anatomic differences can be an important element in affecting blood flow in the venous outflow tract. Resulted findings reveal the strong connection between the flow characteristics of a dehiscent SS and resultant PST. The findings help to understand the flow physics of PST and provide insightful guidance for surgical interventions.
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Reports on the topic "Size differences"

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Alfaro, Laura, Andrew Charlton, and Fabio Kanczuk. Plant-Size Distribution and Cross-Country Income Differences. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, June 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w14060.

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Davis, Steven, and Magnus Henrekson. Explaining National Differences in the Size and Industry Distribution of Employment. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, October 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w6246.

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Fabra, Natalia, Eduardo Gutiérrez, Aitor Lacuesta, and Roberto Ramos. Do Renewables Create Local Jobs? Madrid: Banco de España, January 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.53479/29475.

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We investigate whether investments in renewable energy – solar and wind plants – create jobs in the municipality where they are located. Using 13 years of monthly data, we exploit the variation in the timing and size of investment projects across more than 3,200 municipalities in Spain, a country with substantial investments in this area. We use a new estimator for staggered differences-in-differences analysis that extends the local projections approach with clean controls (Dube et al., 2022). We find strong heterogeneity in the magnitude and pattern of the impacts of solar and wind investments. On average, solar investments increase employment by local firms, but the effects on the unemployment of local residents are weak. The effects of wind investments on local employment and unemployment are mostly non-significant. These findings have important implications for public policy.
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Kott, Phillip S. Better Coverage Intervals for Estimators from a Complex Sample Survey. RTI Press, February 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3768/rtipress.2020.mr.0041.2002.

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Coverage intervals for a parameter estimate computed using complex survey data are often constructed by assuming the parameter estimate has an asymptotically normal distribution and the measure of the estimator’s variance is roughly chi-squared. The size of the sample and the nature of the parameter being estimated render this conventional “Wald” methodology dubious in many applications. I developed a revised method of coverage-interval construction that “speeds up the asymptotics” by incorporating an estimated measure of skewness. I discuss how skewness-adjusted intervals can be computed for ratios, differences between domain means, and regression coefficients.
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Sherman, Amir, Rebecca Grumet, Ron Ophir, Nurit Katzir, and Yiqun Weng. Whole genome approach for genetic analysis in cucumber: Fruit size as a test case. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7594399.bard.

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The Cucurbitaceae family includes a broad array of economically and nutritionally important crop species that are consumed as vegetables, staple starches and desserts. Fruit of these species, and types within species, exhibit extensive diversity as evidenced by variation in size, shape, color, flavor, and others. Fruit size and shape are critical quality determinants that delineate uses and market classes and are key traits under selection in breeding programs. However, the underlying genetic bases for variation in fruit size remain to be determined. A few species the Cucurbitaceae family were sequenced during the time of this project (cucumber was already sequenced when the project started watermelon and melon sequence became available during the project) but functional genomic tools are still missing. This research program had three major goals: 1. Develop whole genome cucumber and melon SNP arrays. 2. Develop and characterize cucumber populations segregating for fruit size. 3. Combine genomic tools, segregating populations, and phenotypic characterization to identify loci associated with fruit size. As suggested by the reviewers the work concentrated mostly in cucumber and not both in cucumber and melon. In order to develop a SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) array for cucumber, available and newly generated sequence from two cucumber cultivars with extreme differences in shape and size, pickling GY14 and Chinese long 9930, were analyzed for variation (SNPs). A large set of high quality SNPs was discovered between the two parents of the RILs population (GY14 and 9930) and used to design a custom SNP array with 35000 SNPs using Agilent technology. The array was validated using 9930, Gy14 and F1 progeny of the two parents. Several mapping populations were developed for linkage mapping of quantitative trait loci (QTL) for fruit size These includes 145 F3 families and 150 recombinant inbred line (RILs F7 or F8 (Gy14 X 9930) and third population contained 450 F2 plants from a cross between Gy14 and a wild plant from India. The main population that was used in this study is the RILs population of Gy14 X 9930. Phenotypic and morphological analyses of 9930, Gy14, and their segregating F2 and RIL progeny indicated that several, likely independent, factors influence cucumber fruit size and shape, including factors that act both pre-anthesis and post-pollination. These include: amount, rate, duration, and plane of cell division pre- and post-anthesis and orientation of cell expansion. Analysis of F2 and RIL progeny indicated that factors influencing fruit length were largely determined pre-anthesis, while fruit diameter was more strongly influenced by environment and growth factors post-anthesis. These results suggest involvement of multiple genetically segregating factors expected to map independently onto the cucumber genome. Using the SNP array and the phenotypic data two major QTLs for fruit size of cucumber were mapped in very high accuracy (around 300 Kb) with large set of markers that should facilitate identification and cloning of major genes that contribute to fruit size in cucumber. In addition, a highly accurate haplotype map of all RILS was created to allow fine mapping of other traits segregating in this population. A detailed cucumber genetic map with 6000 markers was also established (currently the most detailed genetic map of cucumber). The integration of genetics physiology and genomic approaches in this project yielded new major infrastructure tools that can be used for understanding fruit size and many other traits of importance in cucumber. The SNP array and genetic population with an ultra-fine map can be used for future breeding efforts, high resolution mapping and cloning of traits of interest that segregate in this population. The genetic map that was developed can be used for other breeding efforts in other populations. The study of fruit development that was done during this project will be important in dissecting function of genes that that contribute to the fruit size QTLs. The SNP array can be used as tool for mapping different traits in cucumber. The development of the tools and knowledge will thus promote genetic improvement of cucumber and related cucurbits.
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Kistler, Harold Corby, Talma Katan, and Dani Zamir. Molecular Karyotypes of Pathogeic Strains of Fusarium oxysporum. United States Department of Agriculture, June 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7604927.bard.

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Genetic diversity of pathogenic strains of the fungus Fusarium oxysporum was determied by analysis of electrophoretic karyotype, as well as by DNA variation detected by Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms (RFLPs) and Random Amplified Polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs). The electrophoretic karyotypes for 130 isolates of the fungus pathogenic to tomato, melon, and banana were analyzed. Electrophoretic karyotype variation, reflected in differences in apparent chromosome number and genome size, was observed even among isolates from the same host and sub specific category. Sub specific categories studied were forma specialis, vegetative compatibility group (VCG) and race. Chromosome number and genome size variation was less for isolates within the same VCG than for the collection of isolates as a whole. RFLP and RAPD analysis were performed on 62 isolates of F. oxysporum from tomato and melon. Polygenetic trees were constructed from genetic diversity data. The results support the hypothesis that isolates belonging to the same VCG originate from a single ancestor compared to other isolates. The results do not support the hypothesis that all isolates belonging to the same forma specialis originate from a common ancestor. These conclusions have profound implication for breeding resistance to diseases caused by particular formae speciales of F. oxysporum.
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Villamizar-Villegas, Mauricio, Lucía Arango-Lozano, Geraldine Castelblanco, Nicolás Fajardo-Baquero, and Maria A. Ruiz-Sanchez. The effects of Monetary Policy on Capital Flows: A Meta-Analysis. Banco de la República de Colombia, July 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/be.1204.

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We investigate whether central banks are able to attract or redirect capital flows, by bringing together the entire empirical literature into the first quantitative meta-analysis on the subject. We dissect policy effects by the type of flow and by the origin of the monetary shock. Further, we assess whether policy effects depend on factors that drive investors to either search for yields or fly to safety. Our findings indicate a mean effect size of inflows in the amount of 0.09% of quarterly GDP in response to either a 100 basis point (bp) increase in the domestic policy rate or a 100bp reduction in the external rate. However, the effect size under a random effect specification is much lower (0.01%). Factors that significantly attract inflows include foreign exchange reserves, output growth, and financial openness, while factors that deter flows include foreign debt, capital controls, and departures from the uncovered interest rate parity. Also, both local and global risks matter (global risks exerting a larger pressure). Finally, we shed light on differences across the different types of flows: banking flows being the most responsive to monetary policy, while foreign direct investment being the least responsive.
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Datta, Sandip, and Geeta Kingdon. Class Size and Learning: Has India Spent Too Much on Reducing Class Size? Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-wp_2021/059.

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This paper examines the efficacy of class-size reductions as a strategy to improve pupils’ learning outcomes in India. It uses a credible identification strategy to address the endogeneity of class-size, by relating the difference in a student’s achievement score across subjects to the difference in his/her class size across subjects. Pupil fixed effects estimation shows a relationship between class size and student achievement which is roughly flat or non-decreasing for a large range of class sizes from 27 to 51, with a negative effect on learning outcomes occurring only after class size increases beyond 51 pupils. The class-size effect varies by gender and by subject-stream. The fact that up to a class-size of roughly 40 in science subjects and roughly 50 in non-science subjects, there is no reduction in pupil learning as class size increases, implies that there is no learning gain from reducing class size below 40 in science and below 50 in non-science. This has important policy implications for pupil teacher ratios (PTRs) and thus for teacher appointments in India, based on considerations of cost-effectiveness. When generalised, our findings suggest that India experienced a value-subtraction from spending on reducing class-sizes, and that the US$3.6 billion it spent in 2017-18 on the salaries of 0.4 million new teachers appointed between 2010 and 2017 was wasteful spending rather than an investment in improving learning. We show that India could save US$ 19.4 billion (Rupees 1,45,000 crore in Indian currency) per annum by increasing PTR from its current 22.8 to 40, without any reduction in pupil learning.
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Campoverde, Jose Israel, María Granda, and José Luis Saboin. The Impact of ICT Capital on Firm Output and Productivity: Evidence for Ecuadorian firms. Inter-American Development Bank, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004664.

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We estimate the effects of ICT capital and ICT use on firm output and total factor productivity in Ecuador, using a capital augmented production function. We study heterogeneities across 2 dimensions: (i) economic sectors and (ii) firm characteristics (size, export orientation, age, location, technological intensity, and knowledge intensity). Using a novel and comprehensive data set of 27,489 Ecuadorian formal firms and using 2 identification strategies, we find positive and statistically significant effects of ICT capital and ICT use on output and TFP across economic sectors, controlling for firm characteristics. For robustness, we use four alternative measures of (i) ICT capital intensity and (ii) ICT use by the firm, finding, for the former, interesting industry differences on the effect of ICT capital and, for the latter, a positive effect of digital training on firms TFP.
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McDonagh, Marian, Andrea C. Skelly, Amy Hermesch, Ellen Tilden, Erika D. Brodt, Tracy Dana, Shaun Ramirez, et al. Cervical Ripening in the Outpatient Setting. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepccer238.

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Objectives. To assess the comparative effectiveness and potential harms of cervical ripening in the outpatient setting (vs. inpatient, vs. other outpatient intervention) and of fetal surveillance when a prostaglandin is used for cervical ripening. Data sources. Electronic databases (Ovid® MEDLINE®, Embase®, CINAHL®, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews) to July 2020; reference lists; and a Federal Register notice. Review methods. Using predefined criteria and dual review, we selected randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and cohort studies of cervical ripening comparing prostaglandins and mechanical methods in outpatient versus inpatient settings; one outpatient method versus another (including placebo or expectant management); and different methods/protocols for fetal surveillance in cervical ripening using prostaglandins. When data from similar study designs, populations, and outcomes were available, random effects using profile likelihood meta-analyses were conducted. Inconsistency (using I2) and small sample size bias (publication bias, if ≥10 studies) were assessed. Strength of evidence (SOE) was assessed. All review methods followed Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality Evidence-based Practice Center methods guidance. Results. We included 30 RCTs and 10 cohort studies (73% fair quality) involving 9,618 women. The evidence is most applicable to women aged 25 to 30 years with singleton, vertex presentation and low-risk pregnancies. No studies on fetal surveillance were found. The frequency of cesarean delivery (2 RCTs, 4 cohort studies) or suspected neonatal sepsis (2 RCTs) was not significantly different using outpatient versus inpatient dinoprostone for cervical ripening (SOE: low). In comparisons of outpatient versus inpatient single-balloon catheters (3 RCTs, 2 cohort studies), differences between groups on cesarean delivery, birth trauma (e.g., cephalohematoma), and uterine infection were small and not statistically significant (SOE: low), and while shoulder dystocia occurred less frequently in the outpatient group (1 RCT; 3% vs. 11%), the difference was not statistically significant (SOE: low). In comparing outpatient catheters and inpatient dinoprostone (1 double-balloon and 1 single-balloon RCT), the difference between groups for both cesarean delivery and postpartum hemorrhage was small and not statistically significant (SOE: low). Evidence on other outcomes in these comparisons and for misoprostol, double-balloon catheters, and hygroscopic dilators was insufficient to draw conclusions. In head to head comparisons in the outpatient setting, the frequency of cesarean delivery was not significantly different between 2.5 mg and 5 mg dinoprostone gel, or latex and silicone single-balloon catheters (1 RCT each, SOE: low). Differences between prostaglandins and placebo for cervical ripening were small and not significantly different for cesarean delivery (12 RCTs), shoulder dystocia (3 RCTs), or uterine infection (7 RCTs) (SOE: low). These findings did not change according to the specific prostaglandin, route of administration, study quality, or gestational age. Small, nonsignificant differences in the frequency of cesarean delivery (6 RCTs) and uterine infection (3 RCTs) were also found between dinoprostone and either membrane sweeping or expectant management (SOE: low). These findings did not change according to the specific prostaglandin or study quality. Evidence on other comparisons (e.g., single-balloon catheter vs. dinoprostone) or other outcomes was insufficient. For all comparisons, there was insufficient evidence on other important outcomes such as perinatal mortality and time from admission to vaginal birth. Limitations of the evidence include the quantity, quality, and sample sizes of trials for specific interventions, particularly rare harm outcomes. Conclusions. In women with low-risk pregnancies, the risk of cesarean delivery and fetal, neonatal, or maternal harms using either dinoprostone or single-balloon catheters was not significantly different for cervical ripening in the outpatient versus inpatient setting, and similar when compared with placebo, expectant management, or membrane sweeping in the outpatient setting. This evidence is low strength, and future studies are needed to confirm these findings.
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