Relevant bibliographies by topics / Six-dimensional

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  2. Dissertations / Theses
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Academic literature on the topic 'Six-dimensional'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 24 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Six-dimensional"

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González-Díaz, P. F. "Six-dimensional wormholes." Physics Letters B 247, no. 2-3 (September 1990): 251–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0370-2693(90)90892-a.

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MINAMITSUJI, MASATO. "SIX-DIMENSIONAL BRANEWORLD COSMOLOGY." International Journal of Modern Physics: Conference Series 01 (January 2011): 189–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010194511000262.

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We derive the brane cosmological solutions in the six-dimensional Einstein-Maxwell-dilaton theory, via dimensional reduction from the higher-dimensional Einstein-Maxwell theory. Two extra dimensions are compactified by a magnetic flux and two codimension-two branes are located at the boundaries. All the cosmological solutions approach an attractor in the later times. The attractor represents a simple power-law inflationary Universe whose power is simply given by the dilatonic coupling in the theory. Then, we discuss the properties of our solutions and deduce the cosmological implications.
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Rayski, J., and J. M. Rayski. "A six-dimensional universe." Il Nuovo Cimento A 103, no. 12 (December 1990): 1729–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02887297.

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Boyling, J. B., and E. A. B. Cole. "Six-dimensional Dirac equation." International Journal of Theoretical Physics 32, no. 5 (May 1993): 801–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00671667.

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Rayski, J., and J. M. Rayski. "A six-dimensional universe." Il Nuovo Cimento A 104, no. 3 (March 1991): 457. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02799151.

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Cicalò, Serena, Willem A. de Graaf, and Csaba Schneider. "Six-dimensional nilpotent Lie algebras." Linear Algebra and its Applications 436, no. 1 (January 2012): 163–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.laa.2011.06.037.

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Gersdorff, Gero von. "Anomalies on six dimensional orbifolds." Journal of High Energy Physics 2007, no. 03 (March 19, 2007): 083. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1126-6708/2007/03/083.

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Cheltsov, Ivan, and Constantin Shramov. "Six-dimensional exceptional quotient singularities." Mathematical Research Letters 18, no. 6 (2011): 1121–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4310/mrl.2011.v18.n6.a6.

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Dutour, Mathieu. "The six-dimensional Delaunay polytopes." European Journal of Combinatorics 25, no. 4 (May 2004): 535–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejc.2003.07.004.

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Briggs, William L. "Phenomenology of a six-dimensional mapping." Applied Numerical Mathematics 1, no. 3 (May 1985): 239–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-9274(85)90018-2.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Six-dimensional"

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Descheneau, Julie. "A review of six-dimensional braneworld solutions /." Thesis, McGill University, 2003. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=80251.

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In the last years, brane world scenarios have been studied extensively, but most of these studies have been done in the case of five-dimensional spacetime. It is therefore of interest to investigate which of the particular features observed are proper to one extra dimension and which are generic to any number of dimensions. In this thesis, I present an overview of models and solutions to Einstein's equations for six-dimensional brane world scenarios. Solutions for a simple setup with cylindrically symmetric bulk centered about a three-brane are derived and classified. There are two main kinds of topology: either solutions are compactified in a spherical topology, closed up by another three-brane, or they have a disc topology, which must be terminated by a four-brane. One of the particular features of codimension-two branes is demonstrated, namely that their tension, or vacuum energy, induces a deficit angle in the bulk. Solutions for different arrangements of codimension-one and codimension-two branes are also reviewed. Although the review focuses on topological and cosmological properties of the solutions, models using a field theoretical approach to the brane-world scenario, i.e. considering the brane as a topological defect arising from higher dimensional fields, are also considered.
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Lockhart, Guglielmo Paul. "Self-Dual Strings of Six-Dimensional SCFTs." Thesis, Harvard University, 2015. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:17467387.

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In this thesis we aim to characterize the self-dual strings of six-dimensional superconformal field theories (SCFTs) and develop a variety of techniques to compute their elliptic genera, which provide information about their spectra. All known N = (1, 0) supersymmetric SCFTs in 6d can be obtained by compactifying F-theory on an elliptic Calabi-Yau threefold with singular, noncompact base B. Resolving the singularity in B and wrapping D3 branes on the exceptional curves leads to strings on the tensor branch of the SCFT. The strings become tensionless at the superconformal fixed point and appear to play an important role in the dynamics of the SCFT. For a number of SCFTs we identify two-dimensional N = (0, 4) quiver gauge theories describing bound states of self-dual strings and obtain their elliptic genera by localization. We achieve this for 6d SCFTs describing M5 or D5 branes at a singularity, as well as n M5 branes probing an M9 plane (corresponding to n small E8 instantons). More generally, we relate the elliptic genera of strings of 6d SCFTs to the counting of supersymmetric (BPS) particles that arise upon compactification to 5d. This enables us to compute elliptic genera by topological string techniques. Following this approach we obtain information about the strings associated to SCFTs with a single tensor multiplet and minimal gauge group. Additionally, for SCFTs whose strings arise from M2 branes suspended between M5 or M9 branes we find a quantum mechanical picture in which M5 branes or M9 planes are represented by domain wall operators or states; in this context, elliptic genera are expressed in terms of suitable correlators which we compute. Finally, we find a non-perturbative completion of the topological string partition function that can be employed to compute five-sphere partition functions of 5d SCFTs and superconformal indices of 6d SCFTs. In the latter case, we argue that the superconformal index can be written in terms of elliptic genera of the self-dual strings, providing further evidence of the important role these strings play in the dynamics of 6d SCFTs.
Physics
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Aghababaie, Yashar. "Six-dimensional supergravity braneworlds and the cosmological constant." Thesis, McGill University, 2005. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=100310.

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We review the lore of effective field theories as a background to hierarchy problems in general and the cosmological constant problem in particular. We outline some of the attempted four-dimensional solutions to the cosmological con stant problem and conclude that ones based upon the usual assumptions of four-dimensiona lfield theory typically do not work. We argue that one way to relax the assumptions is to seek solutions to the cosmological constant problem which rely on the presence of extra dimensions. We explicitly exhibit that standard compactification techniques fail to solve the cosmological constant problem because they reduce the problem to a four-dimensional one.
We argue that brave-world models may be helpful in solving the cosmological constant problem because standard model loops contribute to the tension and not to the vacuum energy directly, and can fulfill our stated aim of constructing a model which uses the extra dimensions to mitigate the cosmological constant problem. We identify necessary (not sufficient) properties a theory must possess to successfully use this observation. These properties are: a scaling symmetry encoded in a dilaton-like scalar, and bulk supersymmetry.
We therefore investigate supersymmetric six-dimensional brave-world models. Our models are imbedded within a 6D supergravity that has many of the features of realistic string models. We explicitly show that the compactification of the 6D theory has many of the same features as string compactifications, including flat four-dimensional space, chiral fermions, rnoduli, moduli-stabilisation using fluxes, and gluino condensation. We show that by calculating the non-perturbative correction to the superpotential and loop-corrections to the Kahler function that a meta-stable deSitter vacuum can be found. The vacuum energy can be tuned to be ∼ 10-6 M4Planck .
We find that all solutions of the supergravity equations of motion, under a symmetry ansatz, have flat braves. This implies that this property is independent of some of the details of the braves, such as their tensions. The source of the branes' flatness is the required classical scaling symmetry of the action.
We consider whether this class of models may provide a solution to the cosmological constant problem within the large extra dimensions scenario, in which the radius r ∼ 0.1mm, and in which the standard-model fields are trapped on a 3-brave. We conclude that it may be possible to produce naturally a cosmological constant that is of order r -4 ∼ (10-3eV)4 due to loops because the supersymmetry-breaking scale in the bulk is MSUSY ∼ r-1; although there remains a great deal of work to be done. We comment on recent extensions to cosmological backgrounds.
Further work within these models is outlined, including higher-dimensional models, use of effective field-theory techniques in theories with sharp boundaries, and the treatment of quantum corrections.
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Laurie, Jason Paul. "Six-wave systems in one-dimensional wave turbulence." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2010. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/34564/.

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We investigate one-dimensional (1D) wave turbulence (WT) systems that are characterised by six-wave interactions. We begin by presenting a brief introduction to WT theory - the study of the non-equilibrium statistical mechanics of nonlinear random waves, by giving a short historical review followed by a discussion on the physical applications. We implement the WT description to a general six-wave Hamiltonian system that contains two invariants, namely, energy and wave action. This enables the subsequent derivations for the evolutions equations of the one-mode amplitude probability density function (PDF) and kinetic equation (KE). Analysis of the stationary solutions of these equations are made with additional checks on their underlying assumptions for validity. Moreover, we derive a differential approximation model (DAM) to the KE for super-local wave interactions and investigate the possible occurrence of a fluctuation relation. We then consider these results in the context of two physical systems - Kelvin waves in quantum turbulence (QT) and optical wave turbulence (OWT). We discuss the role of Kelvin waves in decaying QT, and show that they can be described by six-wave interactions. We explicitly compute the interaction coefficients for the Biot-Savart equation (BSE) Hamiltonian and represent the Kelvin wave dynamics in the form of a KE. The resulting non-equilibrium Kolmogorov-Zakharov (KZ) solutions to the KE are shown to be non-local, thus a new non-local theory for Kelvin wave interactions is discussed. A local equation for the dynamics of Kelvin waves, the local nonlinear equation (LNE), is derived from the BSE in the asymptotic limit of one long Kelvin wave. Numerical computation of the LNE leads to an agreement with the nonlocal Kelvin wave theory. Finally, we consider 1D OWT. We present the first experimental implementation of OWT and provide a comparable decaying numerical simulation for verification. We show that 1D OWT is described by a six-wave process and that the inverse cascade state leads to the development of coherent solitons at large scales. Further investigation is conducted into the behaviour of solitons and their impact to the WT description. Analysis of the fluxes and intensity PDFs lead to the development of a wave turbulence life cycle (WTLC), explaining the coexistence between coherent solitons and incoherent waves. Additional numerical simulations are performed in non-equilibrium stationary regimes to determine if a pure KZ state can be realised.
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Biggs, James D. "Integrable Hamiltonian systems on six dimensional Lie groups." Thesis, University of Reading, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.443934.

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Kohl, Finn Bjarne. "F-theory on six-dimensional symmetric toroidal orbifolds." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Teoretisk fysik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-446617.

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In this thesis, compactifications of F-theory on six dimensional symmetric toroidalorbifolds are explored. These orbifold geometries have been mathematically classified and it is natural to ask what the physical implications of string theorycompactifications on those geometries are. Since compactifications of string theory to six dimensions describe a sweet spot in terms of developed methods andrich model-building possibilities, it is interesting to investigate the landscape ofthese theories opposed to the swampland of only apparently consistent quantumtheories of gravity. Additionally, superconformal field theories can exist in at mostsix dimensions. These emerge naturally in the considered F-theory constructions. The present work explores effects of compactifications on such orbifolds buildingon the work of [arXiv:1905.00116v1 [hep-th]]. It constitutes a step towards extendingthe geometric classification of these orbifolds to a classification of the physical models. Beyond [arXiv:1905.00116v1 [hep-th]], roto-translations have severe effects on thegeometry and thus the field theory and the spectrum. These effects are discussedin this thesis and include, amongst others, twisted affine folding of gauge groups, the emergence of superconformal points away from intersecting branes as well assuperconformal sectors related to the multiple fibre.
In dieser Thesis werden Kompaktifizierungen von F-Theorie auf sechs dimensionalen symmetrischen, toroidalen Orbifaltigkeiten untersucht. Da diese Orbifaltigkeiten mathematisch klassifiziert wurden, stellt sich auf natürliche Weisedie Frage nach den physikalischen Implikationen von Kompaktifizierungen vonString Theorie auf diesen. In Kompaktifizierungen von String Theorie zu sechs Dimensionen balancieren sich der Fortschritt der Methoden und die Möglichkeitenphysikalische Theorien zu modellieren optimal. Daher ist es wichtig das "Landscape" dieser Theorien zu untersuchen, im Gegensatz zu dem so genannten "Swampland" von vermeintlich konsistenten Quantentheorien der Gravitation. Darüber hinaus stellt sich heraus, dass superkonforme Feldtheorien höchstens insechs Dimensionen existieren können. Die vorliegende Arbeit erkundet die Effekte von Kompaktifizierungen auf solchen Orbifaltigkeiten aufbauend auf der Arbeit von [arXiv:1905.00116v1 [hep-th]]. Sie stellt einen wichtigen Schritt dar auf dem Weg zu einer Ausweitung der geometrischen Klassifikation dieser Orbifaltigkeiten zu einer Klassifikation der physikalischen Modelle. Über [arXiv:1905.00116v1 [hep-th]] hinaus resultieren Roto-Translationen in Effekten auf die Feldtheorie sowie deren Spektrum. Diese Effekte werden in dieser Thesis diskutiert. Beispiele reichen von getwisteten affinen Faltungen von Eichgruppen, zu dem Auftreten von superkonformen Punkten ohne sich schneidende Branen und superkonforme Sektoren in Verbindung mit dem "mehrfach Faser"-Phänomen.

This thesis was conducted under the regulations of Heidelberg University under the joint supervision of Professor Luca Amendola (University of Heidelberg) and Assistant Professor Magdalena Larfors (Uppsala University) during a one-year ERASMUS-exchange.

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Merkx, Peter R. "Global Symmetries of Six Dimensional Superconformal Field Theories." Thesis, University of California, Santa Barbara, 2017. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10620639.

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In this work we investigate the global symmetries of six-dimensional superconformal field theories (6D SCFTs) via their description in F-theory. We provide computer algebra system routines determining global symmetry maxima for all known 6D SCFTs while tracking the singularity types of the associated elliptic fibrations. We tabulate these bounds for many CFTs including every 0-link based theory. The approach we take provides explicit tracking of geometric information which has remained implicit in the classifications of 6D SCFTs to date. We derive a variety of new geometric restrictions on collections of singularity collisions in elliptically fibered Calabi-Yau varieties and collect data from local model analyses of these collisions. The resulting restrictions are sufficient to match the known gauge enhancement structure constraints for all 6D SCFTs without appeal to anomaly cancellation and enable our global symmetry computations for F-theory SCFT models to proceed similarly.

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Brown, James Ryan. "Complex and almost-complex structures on six dimensional manifolds." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/4466.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2006.
The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file viewed on (February 26, 2007) Vita. Includes bibliographical references.
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Schuster, Theodor. "Scattering amplitudes in four- and six-dimensional gauge theories." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät I, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/17034.

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Streuamplituden der Quantenchromodynamik (QCD), N = 4 Super-Yang-Mills-Theorie (SYM-Theorie) und der sechsdimensionalen N = (1, 1) SYM-Theorie werden untersucht, mit einem Fokus auf die Symmetrien und Relationen zwischen den Streuamplituden dieser Eichtheorien auf dem Baum-Niveau. Die Baum-Niveau- und Ein-Schleifen-Farbzerlegung beliebiger QCD-Amplituden in primitive Amplituden wird bestimmt und Identitäten hergeleitet, welche den Nullraum unter den primitiven Amplituden aufspannen. Anschließend wird bewiesen, dass alle farbgeordneten Baum-Niveau-Amplituden der masselosen QCD aus der N = 4 SYM-Theorie erhalten werden können. Analytische Formeln für alle für die QCD relevanten N = 4 SYM-Amplituden werden bestimmt und die Effizienz und Genauigkeit der numerischen Auswertung der analytischen Formeln für farbgeordnete QCD-Baum-Niveau-Amplituden mit einer effizienten numerischen Implementierung der Berends-Giele-Rekursion verglichen. Die Symmetrien der massive Amplituden auf dem Coulomb-Zweig der N = 4 SYM-Theorie werden hergeleitet. Diese können durch eine dimensionale Reduktion der masselosen Baum-Niveau-Amplituden der sechsdimensionalen N = (1, 1) SYM-Theory erhalten werden. Darüber hinaus wird bezeigt, wie es mit Hilfe einer numerischen Implementierung der BCFW-Rekursion möglich ist analytische Formeln für die Baum-Niveau-Superamplituden der N = (1, 1) SYM-Theory zu erhalten und die Möglichkeit eines Uplifts der masselose Baum-Niveau-Amplituden der N = 4 SYM-Theory untersucht. Schließlich wird eine Alternative zur dimensionalen Regularisierung der N = 4 SYM-Theorie untersucht. Die Infrarotdivergenzen werden hierbei durch Massen regularisiert, die durch einen Higgs-Mechanismus erhalten wurden. Die korrespondierende Stringtheorie-Beschreibung deutet auf eine exakte duale konforme Symmetrie der Streuamplituden hin. Durch explizite Rechnungen wird dies bestätigt und Vorteile des Regulators werden demonstriert.
We study scattering amplitudes in quantum chromodynamics (QCD), N = 4 super Yang-Mills (SYM) theory and the six-dimensional N = (1, 1) SYM theory, focusing on the symmetries of and relations between the tree-level scattering amplitudes in these three gauge theories. We derive the tree level and one-loop color decomposition of an arbitrary QCD amplitude into primitive amplitudes. Furthermore, we derive identities spanning the null space among the primitive amplitudes. We prove that every color ordered tree amplitude of massless QCD can be obtained from gluon-gluino amplitudes of N = 4 SYM theory. Furthermore, we derive analytical formulae for all gluon-gluino amplitudes relevant for QCD. We compare the numerical efficiency and accuracy of evaluating these closed analytic formulae for color ordered QCD tree amplitudes to a numerically efficient implementation of the Berends-Giele recursion. We derive the symmetries of massive tree amplitudes on the coulomb branch of N = 4 SYM theory, which in turn can be obtained from N = (1, 1) SYM theory by dimensional reduction. Furthermore, we investigate the tree amplitudes of N = (1, 1) SYM theory and explain how analytical formulae can be obtained from a numerical implementation of the supersymmetric BCFW recursion relation and investigate a potential uplift of the massless tree amplitudes of N = 4 SYM theory. Finally we study an alternative to dimensional regularization of N = 4 SYM theory. The infrared divergences are regulated by masses obtained from a Higgs mechanism. The corresponding string theory set-up suggests that the amplitudes have an exact dual conformal symmetry. We confirm this expectation and illustrate the calculational advantages of the massive regulator by explicit calculations.
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Park, Daniel Sung-Joon. "Lessons from the landscape of six-dimensional supergravity theories." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/77073.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Physics, 2012.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 217-232).
Comparing the set of supergravity theories allowed by low-energy consistency conditions with the set of string vacua provides useful insights into quantum gravity and string theory. In fact, such a "landscape analysis" for ten-dimensional supergravity theories was at the core of the exciting series of developments that is now referred to as the first superstring revolution. In this thesis, we discuss the lessons we learn about quantum supergravity and string theory by carrying out such an analysis for the space of six-dimensional supergravity theories with minimal supersymmetry. We first review six-dimensional supergravity theories and explain why the space of these theories is an ideal place to carry out the landscape analysis. We then describe how anomaly constraints bound the space of consistent theories, i.e., we map the space of theories T that satisfy known low-energy consistency conditions. We then go on to describe string constructions that give six-dimensional string vacua with minimal supersymmetry, i.e., we map the space of theories S c T that come from string vacua. Finally, we compare the space of theories T and S and explore its implications. We first find that there is a large discrepancy between T and S. Among the set T - S, we identify some theories that are potentially new string vacua, but also identify many theories that cannot be embedded in any known string vacua. These theories may potentially be ruled out by yet undiscovered low energy constraints. Understanding these theories is an important step in addressing the question of string universality in six dimensions. We also find some surprising equalities that hold for Calabi-Yau threefolds that follow from demanding that F-theory string vacua should be consistent.
by Daniel Sung-Joon Park.
Ph.D.
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Books on the topic "Six-dimensional"

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Ohmori, Kantaro. Six-Dimensional Superconformal Field Theories and Their Torus Compactifications. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-3092-6.

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Lambek, Joachim. Six-Dimensional Lorentz Category. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198748991.003.0014.

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Joachim Lambek had a longstanding interest in the use of quaternions as a tool for explaining fundamental aspects of special relativity, dating from his days as a doctoral student to the end of his career. It is known (since the beginning of the twentieth century) that many areas of theoretical physics may be represented by quaternions with complex coefficients (so called “biquaternions”). This posthumous chapter illustrates how time may (or even should) be represented by three dimensions, so that space–time is represented by a six-dimensional Lorentz category (three space coordinates and three temporal coordinates).
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Ohmori, Kantaro. Six-Dimensional Superconformal Field Theories and Their Torus Compactifications. Springer, 2018.

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do Rosário, Maria Conceição, Marcelo Batistutto, and Ygor Ferrao. Symptom Heterogeneity in OCD. Edited by Christopher Pittenger. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190228163.003.0008.

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This chapter reviews the most relevant studies using the dimensional approach to describe the range of OCD symptomatology. Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) is a clinically and etiologically heterogeneous condition. This heterogeneity is problematic because it can make it difficult to interpret the results of clinical, genetic and neuroimaging studies and limits the development of more effective treatment strategies. Recently, a dimensional approach to dealing with the OCD heterogeneity has been proposed. Factor analytic studies have found from three to six obsessive compulsive symptom (OCS) dimensions (or factors), which represent groups of obsessions and compulsions that tend to co-occur. Many authors have reported that these OCS dimensions are similar in children, adolescents, and adults and are temporally stable. The usefulness and validity of this dimensional approach has been proven by studies reporting the association between the OCS dimensions and various genetic, neuroimaging and treatment response variables.
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Williams, Donald C. The Elements and Patterns of Being. Edited by A. R. J. Fisher. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198810384.001.0001.

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This book collects six influential articles and six previously unpublished essays in metaphysics by Donald C. Williams. The first chapter is a defense of metaphysics. The second chapter is the classic statement of the ontology of abstract particulars or tropes. The third and fourth chapters expound a realist theory of universals based on trope ontology. The fifth is a systematic presentation of actualism—the view that the world is a four-dimensional manifold of actual ‘qualitied contents’. The sixth is an articulation of an objectivist account of necessity and possibility, given actualism and trope ontology. The seventh dispenses with existence because existence is merely the sum of actual existents, as per actualism. Chapters 8–12 expound the four-dimensionalist metaphysics of time in connection with the problems of determinism, fatalism, future contingents, the passage of time, time’s arrow, and time travel. These essays, as ordered by the editor, convey for the first time the systematic vision of Williams’s metaphysics. This book comes with an informative Introduction to the major aspects of Williams’s metaphysics in its historical context.
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Ruxton, Graeme D., William L. Allen, Thomas N. Sherratt, and Michael P. Speed. Countershading. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199688678.003.0004.

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Countershading is a coloration pattern where the exterior surfaces most exposed to light, typically dorsal surfaces, are more darkly coloured than those oriented away from light, typically ventral surfaces. Countershading is widely discussed as a camouflage defence, although other functions—such as thermoregulation, abrasion resistance, and protection from ultraviolet light—may also select for countershading. In terms of camouflage, countershading is thought to work by up to six distinct mechanisms. We discuss several key examples of countershading and counterillumination that give insight into some of this complexity, before reviewing the evidence for the effectiveness of each of the six mechanisms. These include relatively simple effects, such as background matching dorsal surfaces against dark oceanic depths when viewed from above and ventral surfaces against downwelling light when viewed from below, but also more complex mechanisms, such as the concealment of cues to three-dimensional shape created by an animal’s self-cast shadows. Following this are sections on the evolution and genetics of countershading, before the chapter concludes with ecological considerations and suggestions for future research.
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Brooker, Paul, and Margaret Hayward. McDonald’s: Kroc’s Grinding it Out. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198825395.003.0004.

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Kroc established an iconic global fast-food empire even though he did not found his firm, McDonald’s, until in his fifties. An innovative franchising system was crucial to McDonald’s success, together with a two-dimensional marketing strategy which was quality and family oriented and stressed the formula QSC&V (Quality, Service, Cleanliness, and Value). While his emphasis was on innovative adaptation, strategic (marketing) calculation, and diverse deliberation, Kroc used all six of the rational methods. For example, he and his ‘numbers man’ Sonneborn created the leasing financial base for McDonald’s nation-wide expansion. Kroc’s emphasis on diverse deliberation included allowing his managers to argue with him as well as sell him policy proposals—often through informal deliberation. The final section describes his pioneering international joint-venture system that helped McDonald’s spread around the globe and be adapted to different cultures and markets worldwide.
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Chekhov, Leonid. Two-dimensional quantum gravity. Edited by Gernot Akemann, Jinho Baik, and Philippe Di Francesco. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198744191.013.30.

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This article discusses the connection between large N matrix models and critical phenomena on lattices with fluctuating geometry, with particular emphasis on the solvable models of 2D lattice quantum gravity and how they are related to matrix models. It first provides an overview of the continuum world sheet theory and the Liouville gravity before deriving the Knizhnik-Polyakov-Zamolodchikov scaling relation. It then describes the simplest model of 2D gravity and the corresponding matrix model, along with the vertex/height integrable models on planar graphs and their mapping to matrix models. It also considers the discretization of the path integral over metrics, the solution of pure lattice gravity using the one-matrix model, the construction of the Ising model coupled to 2D gravity discretized on planar graphs, the O(n) loop model, the six-vertex model, the q-state Potts model, and solid-on-solid and ADE matrix models.
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Camacho, Alejandro, and Robert Glicksman. Reorganizing Government. NYU Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9781479829675.001.0001.

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Reorganizing Government seeks to transform how policymakers and scholars understand relationships between government institutions, and offers a pioneering model for constructing and assessing government authority. Regulation is frequently less successful than it could be. This is at least partly because the relationships among regulatory institutions are poorly understood and regulatory structures are routinely poorly designed. The book advances a framework for assessing how governmental authority may be structured along three dimensions-centralization, overlap, and coordination-and demonstrates how differentiating among these dimensions and among particular governmental functions (e.g., standard setting, enforcement) better illuminates the tradeoffs of organizational alternatives. It illustrates these neglected dimensional and functional aspects of interjurisdictional relations through six in-depth explorations involving securities and banking regulation, food safety, environmental protection, and terrorism prevention. In each case study, the authors explore how differentiating among dimensions, and among particular governmental functions, better illuminates the advantages and disadvantages of available structural options. (Re)Organizing Government thus offers a way for officials and scholars to evaluate both adopted and contemplated allocations of authority and to structure intergovernmental authority more effectively. It uses the lens of climate change, an emerging and vital global policy challenge, to illustrate the practical value of applying the book's novel analytical framework to future reorganization efforts. The book concludes by proposing an "adaptive governance" infrastructure that provides a way for policymakers to embed the creation, evaluation, and adjustment of the organization of regulatory institutions into the democratic process itself.
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Field, Clive D. Periodizing Secularization. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198848806.001.0001.

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Moving beyond the (now somewhat tired) debates about secularization as paradigm, theory, or master narrative, this book focuses upon the empirical evidence for secularization, viewed in its descriptive sense as the waning social influence of religion, in Britain. Particular emphasis is attached to the two key performance indicators of religious allegiance and churchgoing, each subsuming several sub-indicators, between 1880 and 1945, including the first substantive account of secularization during the fin de siècle. A wide range of primary sources is deployed, many relatively or entirely unknown, and with due regard to their methodological and interpretative challenges. On the back of them, a cross-cutting statistical measure of ‘active church adherence’ is devised, which clearly shows how secularization has been a reality and a gradual, not revolutionary, process. The most likely causes of secularization were an incremental demise of a Sabbatarian culture and of religious socialization (in the church, at home, and in the school). The analysis is also extended backwards, to include a summary of developments during the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries; and laterally, to incorporate a preliminary evaluation of a six-dimensional model of ‘diffusive religion’, demonstrating that these alternative performance indicators have hitherto failed to prove that secularization has not occurred. The book is designed as a prequel to the author’s previous volumes on the chronology of British secularization – Britain’s Last Religious Revival? (2015) and Secularization in the Long 1960s (2017). Together, they offer a holistic picture of religious transformation in Britain during the key secularizing century of 1880–1980. [250 words]
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Book chapters on the topic "Six-dimensional"

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Ohmori, Kantaro. "Six-Dimensional Superconformal Field Theories." In Six-Dimensional Superconformal Field Theories and Their Torus Compactifications, 9–55. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-3092-6_2.

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van Smaalen, Sander. "Six-Dimensional Atoms for a Decorated Three-Dimensional Penrose Tiling." In Geometry and Thermodynamics, 39–48. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-3816-5_4.

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Lelyukhin, V. E., O. V. Kolesnikova, and E. V. Ruzhitskaya. "Geometry of Six-Dimensional Space for Engineering." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 386–94. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-54817-9_45.

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Torra, J., X. Luri, F. Figueras, C. Jordi, and E. Masana. "GAIA: A Six-Dimensional View of Our Galaxy." In Highlights of Spanish Astrophysics II, 349–52. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1776-2_82.

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Ohmori, Kantaro. "Introduction." In Six-Dimensional Superconformal Field Theories and Their Torus Compactifications, 1–7. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-3092-6_1.

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Ohmori, Kantaro. "Circle and Torus Compactifications." In Six-Dimensional Superconformal Field Theories and Their Torus Compactifications, 57–111. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-3092-6_3.

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Ohmori, Kantaro. "Conclusion." In Six-Dimensional Superconformal Field Theories and Their Torus Compactifications, 113–15. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-3092-6_4.

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Nesterenko, Maryna, and Severin Posta. "Contraction Admissible Pairs of Complex Six-Dimensional Nilpotent Lie Algebras." In Springer Proceedings in Mathematics & Statistics, 539–49. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-2636-2_41.

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Nguyen, Thanh Dung, T. T. Dieu Phan, and Ivan Zelinka. "Using Differential Evolution Algorithm in Six-Dimensional Chaotic Synchronization Systems." In Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 215–24. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-33227-2_23.

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Bai, Shaoping. "Dimensional Synthesis of Six-Bar Linkages with Incomplete Data Set." In New Trends in Mechanism and Machine Science, 3–11. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-09411-3_1.

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Conference papers on the topic "Six-dimensional"

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Mehdi, Sadiq A., and Zaydon L. Ali. "A New Six-Dimensional Hyper-Chaotic System." In 2019 International Engineering Conference (IEC). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iec47844.2019.8950634.

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Jiao, Yang, and Stephen S. T. Yau. "Structure theorem for six-dimensional estimation algebras." In 2010 49th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control (CDC). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cdc.2010.5717661.

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PETER, PATRICK, CHRISTOPHE RINGEVAL, and JEAN-PHILIPPE UZAN. "FINE-TUNING FOR THE SIX DIMENSIONAL HYPERSTRING." In Proceedings of the MG10 Meeting held at Brazilian Center for Research in Physics (CBPF). World Scientific Publishing Company, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812704030_0183.

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SIMMONS, RONALD, EDWARD BERGMANN, BRUCE PERSSON, and WALTER HOLLISTER. "Six dimensional trajectory solver for autonomous proximity operations." In Guidance, Navigation and Control Conference. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.1990-3459.

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Ximin, Zhang, and Wan Wanggen. "Six dimensional clustering segmentation of color point cloud." In 2016 International Conference on Audio, Language and Image Processing (ICALIP). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icalip.2016.7846670.

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Poole, G., C. Davison, and A. Lafram. "Data Reconstruction Using a Six-dimensional Model Space." In 77th EAGE Conference and Exhibition 2015. Netherlands: EAGE Publications BV, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.201412976.

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Tsai, Meng-Che, Pin-Hao Hu, and Yung-Hsing Wang. "SIX-DIMENSIONAL JOYSTICK BASED ON DETECTION OF OPTICAL SPOT." In Computational Optical Sensing and Imaging. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/cosi.2009.jtuc8.

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Brindfeldt, E., M. Muur, and E. Pettai. "Description of learning methods using six-dimensional space framework." In 2012 EPE-ECCE Europe Congress. IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/epepemc.2012.6397358.

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Wan, Changhuang, Chaoying Pei, Ran Dai, Gangshan Jing, and Jeremy R. Rea. "Six-Dimensional Atmosphere Entry Guidance based on Dual Quaternion." In AIAA Scitech 2021 Forum. Reston, Virginia: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2021-0507.

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Li, Xiaoteng, Jiangbin Wang, Ling Liu, Yan Wang, and Chongxin Liu. "Controlling Chaos in a Six-Dimensional Power System Model." In 2019 Chinese Automation Congress (CAC). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cac48633.2019.8997047.

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Reports on the topic "Six-dimensional"

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Lee S. Y. and S. Tepikian. SIX DIMENSIONAL TRACKING SIMULATION FOR H- INJECTION. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1150528.

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Fermi Research Alliance, LLC. Development and Demonstration of Six-Dimensional Muon Beam Cooling (Same). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1617222.

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Lee, S. Y., and S. Tepikian. Six dimensional tracking simulator for H{sup {minus}} injection in AGS Booster. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10165222.

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Parzen, George. Normal Mode Tunes for Linear Coupled Motion in Six Dimensional Phase Space. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1119385.

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Lee, S. Y., and S. Tepikian. Six dimensional tracking simulator for H[sup [minus]] injection in AGS Booster. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/7368734.

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Parzen, G. Normal mode tunes for linear coupled motion in six dimensional phase space. Informal report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/32499.

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Dixon, Lance. The One-Loop Six-Dimensional Hexagon Integral and its Relation to MHV Amplitudes in N=4 SYM. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1022466.

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Briggs, D. Six-Dimensional Modeling of Coherent Bunch Instabilities and Related Feedback Systems using Power-Series Maps for the Lattice. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/813329.

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Drive modelling and performance estimation of IPM motor using SVPWM and Six-step Control Strategy. SAE International, April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2021-01-0775.

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This paper presents a comprehensive evaluation of the performance of an interior permanent magnet (IPM) traction motor drive, and analyses the impact of different modulation techniques. The most widely used modulation methods in traction motor drives are Space vector modulation (SVPWM), over-modulation, and six-step modulation have been implemented. A two-dimensional electromagnetic finite element model of the motor is co-simulated with a dynamic model of a field-oriented control (FOC) circuit. For accurate tuning of the current controllers, extended complex vector synchronous frame current regulators are employed. The DC-link voltage utilization, harmonics in the output waveforms, torque ripple, iron losses, and AC copper losses are calculated and compared with sinusoidal excitation. Overall, it is concluded that the selection of modulation technique is related to the operating condition and motor speed, and a smooth transition between different modulation techniques is essential to achieve a better performance.
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