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1
Murray, John Michael. "Situational Factors in Rape." Thesis, Griffith University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/367084.
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The purpose of this thesis was to investigate rape from the perspective of a situational model of crime. Rape has long been conceptualised almost exclusively from sociocultural and psychopathological perspectives. In the last few decades, situational models of crime have emphasised the role of non-dispositional factors in offending. These models have emphasised opportunity, the role of people’s routine activities in crime as well as conceptualising offenders as reasoning, that is, they will tend offend when expected gains outweigh perceived risks. Situational models of crime, notably situational crime prevention, have proven successful in reducing a wide range of non-sexual offences. Sexual offences have only been investigated from a situational perspective relatively recently and comparatively few studies on rape from this perspective have been published. If situational factors are important then a new armoury of sophisticated crime prevention interventions should be available for use.
Given that the prevalence of rape has generally proven insensitive to traditional interventions such as counselling (Rice & Harris, 2003), investigating new models and frameworks is timely. In the current research, three studies were used to ascertain the role of situational factors in rape. The first study consisted of a secondary data base analysis that compared rape offenders against property, violence and child sexual offenders using Queensland Department of Corrective Services’ prisoner induction information. The aim of this study was to investigate if rape offenders are different from other offenders across a broad range of criminological and sociodemographic variables, and to investigate the viability of applying a situational model in cases of rape. The rape offenders in this study emerged as generally being equally subject to situational factors as the other offender groups. The analysis provided support for a situational interpretation of rape.
The second study explored in more detail the circumstances of rape and its perpetrators by a file content analysis of Director of Public Prosecutions (DPP) documentation and examined differences between stranger and non-stranger rapes. Non-stranger rapes are committed by offenders known to the victim, such as boyfriends, dates or husbands, while stranger rapes are committed by unknown offenders. Utilising prosecution files allowed a close examination of the offence, and different types of offenders from the perspectives of the criminal justice system. Situational factors were evident in the offences but few differences emerged between stranger and non-stranger offenders.
The final study consisted of in-depth interviews with 20 convicted stranger and non-stranger rape offenders to investigate the offence from the perspective of the perpetrators. The results were generally similar to the DPP study with situational factors emerging as important elements of the offence but few differences between stranger and non-stranger offenders groups.
Taken together the studies support a situational model of crime interpretation. The offence can be fitted within these models and offender typologies provided by the approach. The rape offenders in these studies generally behaved in accordance with the way the models indicated. In particular, they proved criminally versatile, opportunistic in their choice of victims and frequently intoxicated while offending. While deep-seated motives for rape have their genesis in psychological or cultural factors, they are " reasoning offenders ". These findings highlight the situational aspects involved in rape and as such provide a new perspective for conceptualising rape as well as providing a range of tried situational crime prevention initiatives that should be applicable to rape.<br>Thesis (PhD Doctorate)<br>Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)<br>School of Criminology and Criminal Justice<br>Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences<br>Full Text
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Brooks, Ian Gregory. "Virtue and situation : effects of situational factors on attention and emotion." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/44916.
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Many psychological studies have results that are difficult to explain in terms of the neo-Aristotelian model of virtue, vice and moral education. This thesis asks whether neo-Aristotelian moral psychology can account for empirical data on the effects that situational factors have on behaviour, specifically studies where situations affect attention and emotion.
Some neo-Aristotelians argue that studies of behaviour are irrelevant to virtue theory; I disagree. John Doris’ situationist critique of virtue ethics has significant flaws, but its central point stands: neo-Aristotelian states of character as usually conceived imply predictions about behaviour that are empirically unreliable, leading to the conclusion that neo-Aristotelian moral psychology is problematic as a model of what human beings are really like. Talk of virtues and vices does not explain or predict the disproportionate effects seen in these studies. Doris argues that only local traits such as “office-party-sociability” are reliable predictors of behaviour. I respond to the situationist critique by looking for ways of supplementing neo-Aristotelian moral psychology to account for the effects of situational factors on behaviour.
The main contribution of my dissertation is to show that there are interpersonal differences in behaviour which are best explained in terms of dispositions that modulate the degree to which situational factors affect attention and emotion. Contrary to situationism, the influence of these dispositions is not restricted to specific situations like office parties.
These dispositions behave like neo-Aristotelian states of character. They are teachable, and they are responsive to reason. I argue that these dispositions are constituents of virtue; each virtue consists of a set of dispositions, and each virtue’s set consists in part of dispositions to pay attention in an appropriately selective manner. Dispositions to pay appropriately selective attention can account for many of the effects of situations on behaviour in a way that most neo-Aristotelians would find unobjectionable.
However, I have one conclusion which may disturb some neo-Aristotelians: it may be impossible for one person to become virtuous in every respect. I suggest that virtue might require not personal perfection but appropriate interpersonal trust.
3
Gavin, Trisha. "Personal and situational factors affecting exercise involvement." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ33379.pdf.
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Ulu, Sinan. "Attitudes Toward Marital Violence: Individual And Situational Factors." Master's thesis, METU, 2003. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12604933/index.pdf.
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The present study aimed at investigating the relationship
between factors that are inherent in the perceiver, inherent in the
situation<br>attitudes toward marital violence, attributions of blame in a
violent incident, and judgments on what the victim should do after a
violent incident. Attitudes are assessed via three beliefs that the
violence can be justified, the husband is not responsible from the
violence, and the blame of the violence can be attributed to the wife.
Factors inherent in the perceiver (named individual factors), which are
thought to be important, were defined as patriarchal and traditional
beliefs about marriage and the family, hostile and benevolent sexism,
beliefs about normative approval of violence, and gender. Factors
inherent in the situation (named situational factors) were existence of
(perceived) provocation in a violent incident, severity of the violence,
and employment status of the wife and the husband. 327 METU students (176 female, 151 male) had filled out a
questionnaire, in which a violent episode between a husband and a
wife was described. The scenario contained manipulations on the
situational factors. Other constructs were assessed via Likert type
scales. Analyses revealed that the sample had held negative views of
marital violence, but tend to disagree with immediate precautions like
calling the police after a violent episode. Both situational and societal
factors had differential effects on the dependent measures, patriarchy
and hostile sexism was found to be especially related with the beliefs
about wife beating whereas severity and provocation was strongly
related with the attributions of blame. Existence of children had
decreased the agreement with reactions that would end up the
marriage. Suggestions for future research, and limitations of the study
are discussed in addition to the findings.
5
Wyatt, Joel D. "Bystander Behavior Intervention in Risky Sexual Assault Situations: An Examination of Social Norms and Situational Factors." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1480437586295345.
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Sorensen, Erik A. "Situational Stress Factors and Secondary Traumatic Stress among Resident Assistants." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1532678812601448.
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Walker, Shannon. "The Role of Situational and Dispositional Factors on Sub-Optimal Performance." TopSCHOLAR®, 2002. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/570.
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Pressure is known to decrease performance for well-practiced tasks. Research has found that pressure decreases performance for those with high self-consciousness when distracted, but the effects of pressure and distraction are not known for those with low self-consciousness. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess whether a distraction would improve the performance of those with low self-consciousness. A 2 (self-consciousness) x 2 (distraction) analysis of covariance (covariates emotional control, performance distance) factorial design was used to assess putting performance for 125 undergraduate participants. Results revealed that distraction negatively affected performance for both self-consciousness groups, but results indicated that there were no performance effects for pressure, level of self-consciousness, or emotional reactivity. Methodological issues are addressed.
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Stirna, Janis. "The Influence of Intentional and Situational factors on Enterprise Modelling Tool Acquisition in Organisations." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Computer and Systems Sciences, DSV, 2001. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-3266.
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<p>Enterprise Modelling (EM) tools are an important part ofevery EM application project. Continuous evolution of modellingmethods therefore requires efficient EM tool support. Extensiveefforts have been devoted to developing new EM tools andmodelling techniques. Considerably less attention has been paidto the aspects of acquiring and introducing EM tools inorganisations. Our grounded theory study shows that thisprocess is far from simple. It is determined by theorganisation's intentions regarding EM and by the situation inthe EM user organisation. As a contribution to this, we presentan EM tool acquisition process, which focuses on selecting anappropriate EM tool acquisition scenario for an organisation.This process has the following stages - assessing theorganisation, choosing an EM tool acquisition strategy, andfollowing the EM tool acquisition strategy. We support theprocess of evaluating the situation at hand by providingguidelines for assessing intentional and situational factorsthat influence the use of EM tools.</p><p>We also outline EM itself, along with its applicationprocess, and describe possible sources for gathering therequirements for an EM tool-set. Major requirements categoriesare discussed and analysed with respect to the goals andproblems regarding EM tools. Each category of requirements canbe satisfied to a certain degree, depending on theorganisational needs and various situational factors.</p><p>This grounded theory study provides two main contributions.Firstly, it proposes a systematic approach for EM toolacquisition supported by a set of guidelines.The approachenables an organisation to assess its needs of EM tools and itsown appropriateness for EM tool usage. As a result, an EM userorganisation is able to choose an EM tool acquisition strategythat meets the situation it faces. This is a contribution tothe overall success of practical use of EM methods and tools.Secondly, it provides an important baseline for future researchand theory building within the area of EM tool adoption andapplication. It also gives valuable information andrequirements for development of new EM tools and relatedservices.</p>
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Gillham, Christine L. "Psychological and situational factors relevant to HIV antibody testing among college students." Virtual Press, 1992. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/834640.
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The purpose of this study was to assess which particular circumstances of HIV antibody testing are most important to Ball State University students when making the decision whether or not to be tested. This study also looked at psychological variables within the individual that may influence one's decision whether or not to be tested. A descriptive correlational study design was used. Subjects were recruited from the psychological science subject pool. These students were enrolled in the Psychology 100 class at Ball State University during the Spring, 1992 Semester. Subjects were also recruited from sororities, fraternities, and business fraternities. A total of 397 subjects (210 males and 187 females) were recruited for the study.Subjects filled out four surveys: an HIV Antibody Testing Inventory, an AIDS Knowledge Survey, the MultiDimensional Health Locus of Control Scale, and the Social Desirability Scale. Results indicated students in this sample preferred going off campus for HIV testing versus on campus. They preferred a medical setting with a medical counselor doing the testing. These subjects did not want peers doing the HIV testing or counseling. The level of AIDS Knowledge subject had did not correlate with their stated likelihood of being tested for HIV. Subjects preferred anonymous testing, but appeared to recognize the benefits of recording basic demographic information.<br>Institute for Wellness
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Chen, Chien-Wei. "New product preannouncement : a model of situational factors, strategic behaviours, and effectiveness." Thesis, University of Warwick, 1999. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/109631/.
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New product preannouncement refers to a firm’s communication of new product-related messages to the market before launch. There is empirical evidence to show that new product preannouncement has become an essential part of prelaunch activities. The purpose of this research is to bridge a gap in our understanding of the nature of new product preannouncing behaviour. Specifically, the research aims to answer two related research questions: (1) What situational factors influence the firm’s adoption of different new product preannouncing behaviours? (2) How can the performance of various preannouncements be measured and linked to the antecedents? A comprehensive model is proposed that depicts the links among the situational factors, strategic behaviours, and effectiveness of new product preannouncement. Data to be used for testing the model were collected by a questionnaire survey. The sampling frame included a wide range of industries, such as consumer durable, industrial goods, and high-tech products, in which new product preannouncing is prevalent and salient. Hypothesised links depicted in the research model were tested using structural equation modelling. The findings show that the characteristics of the brand/product, firm, and market affect new product preannouncing behaviours, which, in turn, influence effectiveness of new product preannouncement. A firm’s characteristics directly influence preannouncing effectiveness as well. In short, a firm is more likely to preannounce a new product with clear and truthful messages if the product is affiliated with a strong brand. However, if the new product is a radical innovation, the firm would tend to convey less uniform messages. Large firms (in terms of the number of employees) preannounce their products earlier but less frequently, with more message cues in ambiguous and untruthful forms. Contrarily, market leading firms (in terms of market share) tend to preannounce new products more frequently and use more message cues. Market-oriented firms are more likely to deliver uniform messages with sufficient cues in their preannouncements. Firms facing high network externalities are more inclined to conduct early preannouncements with abundant message content. In hostile environments, firms tend to avoid early preannouncements, while engaging in frequent preannouncements loaded with more message cues. Firms in technologically turbulent markets are more likely to have fewer messages contained in the preannouncements. Uniform messages enhance effectiveness of new product preannouncement. Likewise, frequent preannouncing also results in higher effectiveness. Another way to increase the effectiveness is to conduct an early preannouncement. Large firms tend to enjoy higher preannouncing effectiveness, ceteris paribus. Market leading or market- orientated firms also have a greater likelihood of achieving higher preannouncing effectiveness. Furthermore, the more favourably the media cover a firm’s new product preannouncement, the more likely the preannouncements will be effective. This research reflects the fact that new product preannouncing strategies vary depending on the characteristics of product, firm, and market. The findings lead to an integrative model that can guide the management of new preannouncement to achieve higher effectiveness. Developing appropriate preannouncing strategies depends on the simultaneous consideration of situational factors and the impacts of different strategies on preannouncing effectiveness. In a sense, this research represents a further step toward dealing with a managerial challenge—to preannounce the right messages to the right audiences through the right communication channels at the right time.
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Bartels, Brandon L. "Heterogeneity in Supreme Court decision making how situational factors shape preference-based behavior /." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1148557321.
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Hobson, Gina. "The impact of personal and situational factors on self-presentation concerns in sport." Thesis, University of Chichester, 2002. http://eprints.chi.ac.uk/800/.
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Leary (1992) suggests a self-presentation perspective could fruitfully be applied to sport. In support of this, early research has revealed that self-presentation concerns underpin a large percentage of competitive anxiety and stress in sport (James & Collins, 1997; Wilson & Eklund, 1998). However, little progress has been made towards the identification of athletes who are most at risk of experiencing self-presentation concerns. The main aim of this thesis was to examine self-presentation concerns in athlete populations. More specifically, the aims were firstly to develop a valid measure of self-presentation concerns in sport. Secondly, the impact of gender, age, skill level and type of sport on self-presentation concerns was examined. To achieve these aims five studies, including three validation, one quantitative and one qualitative study, were conducted. The validation studies provided evidence to suggest that the Self-Presentation in Sport Questionnaire (SPSQ) is a valid and reliable measure of self-presentation concerns in sport, suitable for administration to athletes over the age of eighteen. However, shortened versions ofthe SPSQ, suitable for children and adults, demonstrated a weakened internal structure and consequently these instruments ought not to be administered in their present state. The quantitative study investigated the impact of gender, skill level and type of sport on self-presentation concerns in swimmers, water polo players and divers utilising the SPSQ. The findings indicated that females exhibit consistently higher self-presentation concerns compared to males, as do non-elite athletes when compared to the elite. Furthermore, self-presentation concerns were affected by the situation in different ways dependent on the athletes' gender. Finally, differences in the self-presentation concerns experienced in adolescence and adulthood were qualitatively assessed. Differences were identified across the type of self-presentation concerns experienced, the strategies used to make an impression, and the targets of self-presentation. Overall the research conducted provides a valid measure of self-presentation concerns in sport, which can be utilised in future self-presentation studies. Furthermore, the impact of a number of individual and situational variables on self-presentation concerns has been revealed.
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CARNEIRO, PAULO CÉSAR DA COSTA. "TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP AND ITS INTERACTIONS WITH SITUATIONAL FACTORS RELATED TO GOALS AND TASKS." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2016. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=27290@1.
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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO<br>COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOR<br>PROGRAMA DE SUPORTE À PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO DE INSTS. DE ENSINO<br>Este estudo investigou interações entre a liderança e fatores do contexto
organizacional e entre a liderança e características individuais dos seguidores na
predição de atitudes e comportamentos favoráveis ao desempenho organizacional.
A investigação se deu através de dois modelos teóricos. No primeiro modelo,
foram testadas hipóteses de moderação da relação entre a liderança
transformacional e o comprometimento organizacional afetivo pela riqueza das
tarefas e pela necessidade pessoal de estrutura. No segundo, foram testadas
hipóteses de moderação da relação entre a liderança transformacional e a
motivação para o trabalho pelos atributos do estabelecimento de metas e pela
orientação para aprendizado. Os dados para a pesquisa foram coletados através de
questionários respondidos por 194 empregados de uma empresa pública brasileira
do setor de energia. Foram confirmadas as hipóteses de moderação da relação
entre a liderança transformacional e o comprometimento organizacional afetivo
pela riqueza das tarefas e pela necessidade pessoal de estrutura. A pesquisa
identificou ainda efeitos de mediação da relação entre a liderança transformacional
e a motivação para o trabalho pelos atributos do estabelecimento de metas e pela
riqueza das tarefas.<br>This study investigated the interactions between leadership and factors of the organizational context related to goals and individual characteristics of the followers for the prediction of attitudes and behaviors favorable to organizational performance. Two theoretical models have been established. In the first model, hypotheses of moderation of the relationship between transformational leadership and affective organizational commitment by job enrichment and by personal need for structure have been tested. In the second model, hypotheses of moderation of the relationship between transformational leadership and work motivation by goal setting and by goal orientation have been tested. The data for the study have been collected through questionnaires answered by 194 employees of a Brazilian stateowned company of the energy sector. Hypotheses of moderation of the relationship between transformational leadership and affective organizational commitment by job enrichment and by personal need for structure have been confirmed. The study further identified mediation effects of the relationship between transformational leadership and work motivation by goal setting and job enrichment.
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Shaheen, Lina. "The perceived influences of child-related and situational/systemic factors on EAL learners." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2014. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/64118/.
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This research aimed to explore perceptions about the influences of child-related and situational/systemic factors on English as an Additional Language (EAL) children’s learning and language development. The research was carried out in three primary schools in Coventry in England, with a particular focus on year six (Y6) children with EAL. Through a case study approach, two phases of research were employed: the preliminary phase and the main phase. Via the preliminary phase, an exploration of EAL provision and practice was achieved, and decisions were made on the selection of methods and the recruitment of participants by using unstructured observations. By using a mixed method approach in the main phase, qualitative and quantitative data were collected to examine perceptions of EAL children, parents and school practitioners in terms of the influences of child-related and situational/systemic factors on EAL learners. Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems, namely the microsystem, the mesosystem, the exosystem and the macrosystem were used to structure the thesis along four major sections: child-related factors, the schools’ organisational structures of EAL, the wider social and cultural context of EAL and the policy context. The research has made a substantial contribution to knowledge in EAL by arguing that an ecological perspective is necessary to understand EAL children’s needs and to examine perceptions about factors influencing their learning and language development. Through the ecological perspective, it has become evident that gaps and inconsistencies in EAL exist at a number of systems, and that child-related and situational/systemic factors interact, overlap and complement each other, and neither perceptions of child-related nor of situational/systemic factors are sufficient on their own, but rather, a combination of both is necessary to explore the contributory influences on EAL children’s learning. A major contribution that emerged from the study was highlighting different perspectives emerged from different participants and methods which enabled a critical perspective on the participants’ contributions and the identification of different contradictions and inconsistencies in EAL policy, practice and provision. Specifically, the study uncovered different areas of discrepancies across perspectives on several issues such as the use of first language, EAL children’s cultural values, the distinction between EAL and SEN, inclusion and equality issues and the use of EAL materials and resources.
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Palamida, Eftychia. "Determinants of entrepreneurial intentions : the interrelated role of background, situational and psychological factors." Thesis, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/3299.
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The role of entrepreneurial intentions in explaining entrepreneurial behaviours is well-established on a theoretical basis but there is still a need to examine the diverse and interrelated factors that jointly lead to the formation of entrepreneurial intentions and behaviours. Based on a systematic literature review of entrepreneurial intentions three main research questions emerged related to the applicability of psychological models that determine entrepreneurial intentions and, consequently, behaviours. Following these, this thesis undertakes four empirical studies to address the identified questions. Each study is based on a conceptual model that is examined by implementing appropriate quantitative research methods and reflects on the investment context. The first empirical study examines whether the availability of capital and entrepreneurial motivation impact on entrepreneurial intentions at challenging times such as those encountered during the economic recession in Greece. The study provides insights regarding how the environmental factors interact with background and psychological factors in determining entrepreneurial intentions. In doing so, it extends and tests the ecological validity of Bird’s Entrepreneurial Intentionality Model in the investment context. The second empirical study addresses the motivations and the conditions under which the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) psychological constructs relate and interact. It goes beyond the applicability and ecological validity of the TPB by showing the presence of mediating and moderation effects between and among the psychological constructs in the Greek investment context. The third empirical study examines whether background factors indirectly influence entrepreneurial intentions via psychological constructs and whether the relationships differentiate between cultural backgrounds. The study extends Bird’s Entrepreneurial Intentionality Model using the TPB, and the role of culture, by showing that the availability of capital determines intentions differently when it comes to young individuals from a collectivistic culture (Greece) and individualistic culture (England). ii The objective of the above empirical studies was to advance the understanding of entrepreneurial intentions by approaching intentions as a dependent construct. Under each study the contributions to theory and practice are discussed in detail. Overall, this research concludes that entrepreneurial intentions are formed based on i) background factors concerning individuals’ availability of capital and cultural orientation ii) situational/environmental factors related to the recent economic crisis and iii) psychological factors such as motives, personal attitudes, subjective norms and perceived behavioural control. The extension of existing psychological models and theories with the incorporation of additional theoretical lenses provides valuable practical implications and recommendations for policy makers in order to boost venture creation and growth activities on a national or international basis.
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McKillop, Nadine Kylie. "The Origins of Child Sexual Abuse: An Analysis of Developmental and Situational Factors." Thesis, Griffith University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/366213.
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Using an integrated theoretical approach, this research drew upon psychological and criminological perspectives to investigate the origins of child sexual abuse through the person-situation framework. More specifically, it investigated early attachment-related vulnerabilities that may predispose individuals towards engaging in sexually abusive behaviour, and situational factors (e.g., opportunity structures and precipitating conditions) that enable and evoke such behaviour, in a sample of convicted adult male child-sex offenders.<br>Thesis (PhD Doctorate)<br>Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)<br>School of Criminology and Criminal Justice<br>Arts, Education and Law<br>Full Text
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Tichavsky, Lisa. "The Influence of Situational Factors and Domestic Assault Laws on Juvenile Arrests for Assault." NCSU, 2008. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-04152008-173751/.
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Between 1996 and 2005, Uniform Crime Reports show an increase in girlsâ arrests for assaults. Previous research has suggested two possible reasons for this increase. Some suggest that girls are becoming more violent, while others argue that increases in girlsâ arrests for assaults may be an artifact of changes in parentsâ and police response to girlsâ conflicts in the home. To test these possibilities, this study uses data for 445 agencies (N=128,787) which continuously reported to the National Incident Based Reporting System (NIBRS) during the years 1996-2005 and information on state domestic violence arrest laws. Bivariate analyses, which assessed the patterns of female violence across years, failed to find evidence of increasing female violence. Through logistic regression analyses, support is found for increasing social control practices despite the fact that after controlling for injury, weapon use, and other characteristics of the incident, state arrest policies appear to equally increase the odds of arrest for boys and girls. Further, an unexpected finding is that African American girls were more likely to be arrested than white girls until arrest laws were introduced into the model indicating that the effect of race was mediated by domestic violence laws. Directions for future research are discussed.
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Geers, Andrew L. "EFFECTS OF AFFECTIVE EXPECTATIONS ON AFFECTIVE EXPERIENCE: THE MODERATING ROLE OF SITUATIONAL AND DISPOSITIONAL FACTORS." Ohio : Ohio University, 2001. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou987622506.
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Park, ChongWoo. "Bad news reporting on troubled IT projects the role of personal, situational, and organizational factors /." unrestricted, 2007. http://etd.gsu.edu/theses/available/etd-12032007-191347/.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Georgia State University, 2007.<br>Title from file title page. Mark Keil, committee chair; Arjan Raven, Detmar Straub, Arun Rai, committee members. Electronic text (144 p. : col. ill.) : digital, PDF file. Description based on contents viewed Feb. 4, 2008. Includes bibliographical references (p. 138-144).
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Park, Chongwoo. "Bad News Reporting on Troubled IT Projects: The Role of Personal, Situational, and Organizational Factors." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2007. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/cis_diss/17.
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An individual’s bad news reporting behavior has been studied from a number of perspectives and has resulted in a variety of research streams including the MUM effect (or reluctance to transmit bad news), whistle-blowing, and organizational silence. While many scholars in different areas have studied reporting behavior, it has not been widely discussed in the information systems literature. This dissertation research addresses an individual’s bad news reporting behavior (and its antecedents) in the troubled IT project context. Many social phenomena are multi-causal (Hollander 1971). The silence phenomenon involved in an individual’s bad news reporting behavior is multi-causal too. While prior research has identified many antecedents to the bad news reporting behavior, it has not provided any systematic approach for categorizing them. In this dissertation, the antecedents are categorized into three different levels: personal factors (i.e., individual-level factors), situational factors (i.e., project-level factors), and organizational factors. This research empirically investigates how the antecedents at different levels affect (i.e., encourage or discourage) an individual’s decision to report or not report bad news in the IT project context. The dissertation follows a multi-paper model, and includes three independent, empirical studies, each with its own research model focusing on personal, situational, and organizational factors.
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Dardis, Christina M. "Sexual Assault Acknowledgment Among College Women: Situational, Individual, and Social Network Factors and Psychological Adjustment." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1306335136.
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Tsukada, Karen Y. "How you look depends on where you are: individual and situational factors in body image." The Ohio State University, 2003. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1060363686.
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Siegel, Natalie M. Song Samuel Young. "Kids helping kids the influence of situational factors on peer intervention in middle school bullying /." Chapel Hill, N.C. : University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2008. http://dc.lib.unc.edu/u?/etd,1918.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2008.<br>Title from electronic title page (viewed Dec. 11, 2008). "... in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the School of Education School Psychology." Discipline: Education; Department/School: Education.
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Tsukada, Karen Yuki. "How you look depends on where you are individual and situational factors in body image /." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2003. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1060363686.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2003.<br>Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains x, 105 p. Includes abstract and vita. Advisor: W. Bruce Walsh, Dept. of Psychology. Includes bibliographical references (p. 92-101).
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Ahmad, Syahrul A. "Internal auditor and internal whistleblowing intentions : a study of organisational, individual, situational and demographic factors." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2011. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/152.
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Whistleblowing is a type of ethical decision-making behaviour, and it has been one ofthe positive outcome behaviours investigated in the ethical decision-making literature.The issue has garnered widespread attention since the collapse of global multinationalcompanies which lead to the passage of the renowned Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.Since then a vast amount of research has been conducted in the whistleblowing stream,though it is still predominantly taking place largely in western countries. Such studiesas have been undertaken in Asian countries neglect to consider how Malaysianrespondents might play their roles in undertaking this type of ethical decision-makingbehaviour.
There have been arguments in the whistleblowing literature on whether the internalreporting of corporate wrongdoings should be considered as an internal whistleblowingact, and whether internal auditors should also be regarded as whistleblowers. Despitethe fact that internal auditors hold a unique position in their organisations to prevent,deter and detect corporate wrongdoings, the role of this profession in investigatingethical decision-making behaviour has been much neglected. Hence, there is littleresearch concerning internal auditors’ internal whistleblowing intentions in theliterature. The purpose of this study is to investigate internal auditors’ internalwhistleblowing intentions on corporate wrongdoings in Malaysia.
Theoretically, the study explored individual’s prosocial behaviour theory andorganisational ethical climate theory to provide the general framework for predictinginternal auditors’ internal whistleblowing intentions. The model developed for thisstudy included four levels of factors that can influence an internal auditor’s internalwhistleblowing intentions: organisational, individual, situational and demographicfactors. The organisational factors are ethical climate, size of organisation and job level.The individual factors are ethical judgment, locus of control, and organisationalcommitment. The situational factors include seriousness of wrongdoing and status ofwrongdoer. The individual demographics include gender, age and tenure. This researchis the first to examine the effect of these four factors in the internal auditing professionin Malaysia.
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Nonyane-Mathebula, Beauhania Thobisile. "Engineers as entrepreneurs : entrepreneurial orientation of engineers in South Africa." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/25619.
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A positive relationship between economic growth and entrepreneurship has been established as derived from the body of knowledge in the domain of entrepreneurship. In acknowledgement of this relationship, governments have embarked on schemes and policies that encourage entrepreneurship in their economic development policies. The individual entrepreneur is a key player in new entrepreneurial venture process. The entire society is responsible for shaping an environment within which a behaviour pattern that promotes or hinders entrepreneurship is developed. The study mainly focused on understanding the behavioural phenomenon which is termed entrepreneurial orientation (EO) of engineers within the South African context. The assumed EO of entrepreneurial engineers was expected to be higher than that of non-entrepreneurial engineers. Cronbach Alpha’s tests found the prestructured EO scale to be reliable. T-test results for mean difference confirmed that entrepreneurs have a higher EO on the overal EO construct as well as on the autonomy, proactiveness and risk taking dimemensions.Factor analysis results supported the view that the EO construct is unidimensional. Situational factors that shaped the social environment alluded to above were studied as a secondary objective. Chi-square tests did not confirm the expectation that entrepreneurial engineers would be exposed to situational factors that promote entrepreneurship than their non-entrepreneurial counter parts. Lack of entrepreneurial education and finance have been identified as the key factors that hamper entrepreneurship. Recommendations are included in this report.Copyright<br>Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2011.<br>Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS)<br>unrestricted
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Remle, Christian, and Carl-Philip Bertilsson. "Corporate Recycling Behavior Through the Lens of Situational Factors : Case study at Tarkett AB in Ronneby." Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Institutionen för industriell ekonomi, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-16756.
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Introduction: The unsustainable recycling patterns of various companies in Sweden lead to a waste of possible resources. These resources can create value through re-production in circular processes. The issue that this study address is the recycling behavior among workplaces. There is a gap in the research of understanding influences to recycling behaviors among industrial companies, which is the target in this study. Theory & Purpose: This thesis employs behavioral theories on recycling activity through a framework developed by the authors with the aim of determining factors that affect the present recycling behavior within industries. Therefore, the purpose will be to investigate recycling behavior of companies within the flooring industry in Sweden. Furthermore, its purpose is to broaden the knowledge about recycling among companies and what situational factors that affect recycling behavior. Methodology: For data gathering, the thesis followed a quantitative method through conducting an online survey. The survey was sent out to 190 companies, and this resulted in 55 respondents which is a response rate of 28.9%. The survey data were collected to evaluate the prediction of behavior by the use of statistical regression analyses in STATA. Ordinal and binary data were the primary data types collected and used. Analysis & Results: A Probit regression model tested the survey data followed by calculations of the marginal effects. Marginal effect is used to conclude how much each situational factor provoked the probability of RECYCLING BEHAVIOR when the other factors are unchanged. The analysis made the support that RECYCLING BEHAVIOR is significantly related to the factors INFRASTRUCTURE, CONVENIENCE and ORGANIZATION COMMITMENT. Furthermore, there is an existence of latent factors affecting recycling behavior. This existence is because the statistical model partly explains the connection. Alternative factors should be investigated in further research since there are limited studies done on the topic. Conclusions: Considered benefits are for; the flooring industry as well as other industries and society at large. The understanding of enablers for influencing RECYCLING BEHAVIOR is one of the benefits of this study. Changes in arrangement and mobility of recycling stations, together with an increase of social norms and recycling policies, suggests being practical goals. Moreover, communicating these standpoints are important for companies to gain value. Nonetheless, protecting the environmental boundaries by decreasing the use of raw material in a growing global production market. Understanding how situational factors affect RECYCLING BEHAVIOR will help actors move towards more sustainable and circular acts. Regarding recycling among industries, this study can be used to understand how to gain more value in existing circular economy systems as well as waste management systems. Both economic value and ecological value can be determined, from putting waste material into new products instead of incinerating it. Future Research: Directions for future research include qualitative case studies, experimental testing, and models including internal factors, attitude, habits and subjective norms. Extending this thesis with other approaches will benefit to find further correlations and predictions regarding recycling behavior among companies. Further research should also include economic aspects of the material gained through recycling behavior.
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Summers, David F. (David Frederic) 1948. "An Empirical Investigation of Personal and Situational Factors That Relate to the Formation of Entrepreneurial Intentions." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1998. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc279175/.
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New entrepreneurial organizations emerge as a result of careful thought and action. Therefore, entrepreneurship may be considered an example of planned behavior. Previous research suggests that intentions are the single best predictor of planned behavior. Given the significance of intentions, the purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships between the personal characteristics of the entrepreneur and perceived environmental factors, and entrepreneurial intentions.
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Smith, Nicholas S. "Toward an Understanding of Moderate Argumentativeness: Assessing and Identifying The Impact of Trait and Situational Factors." Akron, OH : University of Akron, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=akron1247771226.
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Thesis (M.A.)--University of Akron, School of Communication, 2009.<br>"August, 2009." Title from electronic thesis title page (viewed 11/11/2009) Advisor, Andrew S. Rancer; Committee members, Carolyn M. Anderson, Phil R. Hoffman; School Director, Carolyn M. Anderson; Dean of the College, James M. Lynn; Dean of the Graduate School, George R. Newkome. Includes bibliographical references.
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SCHEPP, KAREN GULSETH. "FACTORS INFLUENCING THE COPING EFFORT OF PARENTS OF HOSPITALIZED CHILDREN (UNCERTAINTY, SITUATIONAL CONTROL, ANXIETY, ADAPTATION, PREDICTABILITY)." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/187917.
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The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of three factors, the expectation of events, situational control and situational anxiety, on the coping effort of parents of acutely ill hospitalized children. A secondary purpose was to determine the influence of the parents' locus of control orientation on the parents' coping effort. Coping effort was defined as the amount of behavior, both action oriented and intrapsychic, employed by parents to master, tolerate, reduce or minimize stressful events encountered during their child's hospitalization. The study utilized a mathematical correlational design with a causal modeling approach to assess a four-stage theory. The convenience sample selected for the study was 45 Anglo mothers of acutely ill hospitalized children between the ages of one and 24 months. A four-scale instrument based on magnitude estimation measurement strategy was constructed to index the theoretical concepts. Reliability, validity and cross modality matching were conducted to estimate the psychometric properties of the instrument. The theory was estimated using correlational and multiple regression statistical techniques. Residual analysis was conducted to estimate violations of the causal model and statistical assumptions. Expectation of events showed a direct effect on situational anxiety (R² = .35) and thus, an indirect impact on parental coping effort. Situational anxiety had a strong, direct, positive influence on coping effort (R² = .97). Situational control did not significantly influence the parents' coping effort directly nor indirectly and was not influenced by the expectation of events. The impact of the parents' locus of control orientation on their coping effort could not be determined since the locus of control index was found to be psychometrically inadequate for this sample. Parents who knew what events to expect experienced less anxiety and, as a result, expended less effort to cope with the stresses of their child's hospital experience. By knowing what factors influence the parents' coping effort, the pediatric nurse is able to manipulate the parents' hospital experience to provide as therapeutic an environment for the child and the parents as possible.
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Kehrberg, Jason E. "CHANGING AMERICA: THE IMPACT OF IMMIGRATION ON WELFARE ATTITUDES AND WELFARE REFORM." UKnowledge, 2013. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/polysci_etds/6.
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The purpose of my dissertation is to further our understanding of why some states restricted immigrant access to welfare in the 1990s while other states granted immigrants access to social programs. With the passage of the Personal Responsibility Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PRWORA), many states diverged from equal access to welfare programs, such as Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF), for immigrants arriving after 1996. Very little scholarly work examines the variance in immigrants’ access to welfare programs. Current research studying welfare attitudes and policy has largely failed to investigate whether and how the influx of immigrants over the last three to four decades has decreased public support for welfare programs and resulted in policies that both decrease benefit levels and restrict access to programs based on citizenship. This is a serious shortcoming because immigration since the 1970s represents the largest population shift since the early 20th century, a change that has increased the size of the underclass and transformed the cultural and racial makeup of theUnited States. Accordingly, in my dissertation, I will examine how changes to the American political environment, immigration levels and the increasing number of immigration media stories, trigger authoritarian attitudes that in turn form a breeding ground supporting restrictive welfare programs. The results from the individual-level analysis provide strong evidence that authoritarians prefer less welfare spending, fewer immigrants, and a waiting period before immigrants can access welfare programs. In addition, authoritarians view immigrants as a threat due to their perceived failure to socially conform to American society. Building on these individual-level results, I find that states with large authoritarian populations are more likely to adopt restrictive welfare policies.
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Causgrove, Dunn Janice. "Individual differences in personal and situational factors related to motivation and achievement behaviour in physically awkward children." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/nq22962.pdf.
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Melin, Anton. "How do situational factors influence performance? Regulatory focus and handball penalty taking at a World Cup stage." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för hälsa och välfärd, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-45274.
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Pressure-performance relationship in sport situations was investigated within a self-regulatory focus framework (regulatory focus theory; Higgins, 1997). To that end, the role of regulatory fit in different ecologically valid handball penalty situations taken in the 2021 World Cup was examined. Competition data available from 102 games was collected; from 743 penalties taken in total, 716 penalties were finally included for analysis (those within the original game time of 60 minutes; handball match consists in two parts of 30 minutes each). A series of univariate and multivariate logistic regressions were performed; no significant effects were found on performance (goal or save/miss; in points) for neither situational focus (critical and non-critical moment), reward structure (losses [team taking the penalty is behind] and gains [team taking the penalty is ahead or score is tied]), or when the goalkeeper was substituted or not by the defending team. Furthermore, penalty shot placements were gathered to examine ‘safe’ versus ‘risky’ shooting options taken by players when under different situations (critical vs noncritical); it was found that players in general choose ‘safe’ penalty shot options under both situations. Findings are discussed considering pressure performance and regulatory fit frameworks.<br>Relationen mellan press och prestation i sportsituationer undersöktes inom ett självregulatoriskt fokusramverk; regulatoriskt fokus teorin (Higgins, 1997). Därav studerades rollen av regulatoriskt fit i olika ekologiskt valida handbollsstraffs situationer tagna under världsmästerskapet 2021. Tävlingsdata från 102 matcher samlades in, totalt sköts 743 straffar och 716 straffar var inkluderade för vidare analys: straffarna var tvungna att vara tagna inom ordinarie matchtid (60 minuter, två halvlekar om 30 minuter). Ett flertal univariate och multivariate logistiska regressioner genomfördes och ingen signifikant effekt av situationsfokus (kritiskt och icke kritisk situation), belöningsstruktur (losses [laget ligger under] och gains [laget leder eller lika]) och målvaktsbyte (byte innan straff sköts eller inget byte) på prestation (mål eller miss) hittades. Vidare undersöktes om skottplacering indikerade på om straffskyttarna valde att placera straffarna på ’säkra’ eller ’osäkra’ ställen i olika situationer, denna undersökning visade att spelarna generellt valde att skjuta på ett ’säkert’ ställe oavsett situation.
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Alfredson, Jens. "Differences in Situational Awareness and How to Manage Them in Development of Complex Systems." Doctoral thesis, Linköping : Department of Management and Engineering, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-10205.
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Evagelopoulos, Ioannis C. "An Analysis of the Psychographic Characteristics and Situational Factors That Influence the Behavior of Sport consumers in Greece." The Ohio State University, 1993. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1392214000.
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Oke, Adekunle. "Understanding waste recycling behaviour in the UK : home-work consistency." Thesis, Robert Gordon University, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10059/3122.
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Despite the increasing attention being paid to waste recycling, there is a dearth of both empirical evidence on recycling at work and examination of any spillover effects of recycling behaviour from home to work. Situated at the confluence of three social science debates (the study of recycling set within the waste management literature; the examination of spillover in the social psychology literature, and the work on pro-environmental behaviour at work in the organisational behaviour literature), this research seeks to understand recycling at work and the relationship between recycling behaviour at home and recycling at work using a sequential mixed methods approach. Due to the complexity of human behaviours including the heterogeneity of the factors underpinning recycling, this research adopts a sequential mixed methods approach with its pragmatic philosophical assumptions to examine recycling at work. Initially, semi-structured interviews with 15 key informants from different organisations including environmental/waste organisations in the UK were conducted. The findings from the interviews were used along with the evidence from the literature to develop the conceptual model and the research hypotheses. The quantitative data were collected, using a web-based questionnaire survey, from 367 respondents representing 43 different organisations across the UK. The collected quantitative data were analysed using SPSS for windows and IBM AMOS for path and causal analyses. Based on the findings, this research demonstrates that contextual factors such as organisational support are better determinants of recycling at work than personality/psychological factors such as attitudes that have dominated empirical and theoretical studies on pro-environmental behaviours for decades. Also, the findings of this research suggest that the concept of spillover of recycling from home to work is complex and inconsistent. Whilst there is a tendency for spillover of recycling behaviour, there is a significant difference between recycling at home and at work with regards to the volume of materials, the range of materials, and frequency of recycling. Nonetheless, the PROCESS macro allows the identification of various conditions that are likely to facilitate spillover of recycling from home to work. As a result, factors that are likely to determine recycling at work including the possible spillover of recycling from home to work are classified into personal/psychological and situational factors. These findings contribute to the existing bodies of knowledge on recycling behaviour, spillover effects, and organisational citizenship behaviour for the environment (OCBE). Also, the findings could assist businesses in finding proactive measures to increase recycling within their organisations. This would consequently reduce the total amount of resources being disposed of in the UK landfill sites.
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D'Angelo, Jeremy Martin. "Identifying factors of millennial publics risk information seeking and processing strategies of genetically modified food." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/36256.
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Master of Science - Agricultural Education and Communication<br>Department of Communications and Agricultural Education<br>Jason D. Ellis<br>Genetically modified crops have been beneficial to farmers in terms of saved time, money, and energy while increasing yields and often times reducing pesticide dependency. These benefits outweigh the increased costs, allowing genetically modified crops to become one of the fastest adopted farm technologies in history. Despite overwhelming approval of genetically modified crops among farmers, consumers have been hesitant to consume genetically modified food. Consumers see genetically modified food as a risk without immediate reward. Millennial consumers are a powerful population segment that rivals or overtakes other population segments in terms of size, influence, and purchasing abilities. Yet, they are often lumped into one homogenous group by marketers when they are a diverse group comprised of unique segments.
The purpose of this study was to better understand how millennial consumers find and process risk information about genetically modified food so that agricultural communicators can better strategize communication efforts. Applying the Situational Theory of Publics and the Risk Information Seeking and Processing Model, this study went one step further by differentiating between Supportive and Non-supportive publics. The research objectives of this study are as follows: 1) Identify the individual characteristics of both Supportive and Non-supportive millennial publics of genetically modified food; 2) Examine relevant channel beliefs of Supportive and Non-supportive millennial publics of genetically modified food; 3) Identify and describe the information gap of Supportive and Non-supportive millennial publics of genetically modified food; 4) Define the perceived information gathering capacity of Supportive and Non-supportive millennial publics of genetically modified food; and 5) Characterize the information seeking and processing behavior of Supportive and Non-supportive millennial publics of genetically modified food. An Internet survey was distributed to individuals between the ages of 18 and 36 within the United States.
The majority of Non-supportive publics had a high level of issue involvement and the majority of Supportive publics had a low level of issue involvement. Meaning, the majority of Non-supportive publics are more active about the issue than Supportive publics. Age was found to be correlated with systematic processing and information avoidance with older millennials more likely to systematically process information and less likely to avoid information. Additionally, this study found that regardless of knowledge level, wealthier individuals who do not support genetically modified food are more likely to be actively involved in the issue and wealthier individuals who support the technology are more likely to be passive about the issue. The majority of millennial publics in all eight groups reported a knowledge deficit to some degree. The research also found that heuristic processing was negatively correlated to systematic processing and higher levels of information avoidance were negatively correlated with lower levels of active information seeking. Non-supportive Active publics (high issue involvement/high knowledge) were found to have the highest mean active information seeking and systematic processing scores and lowest mean heuristic processing and information avoidance scores; supporting past findings that knowledge does not always equate to support and that communication practitioners may have trouble changing the opinion of a large portion of Non-supportive publics.
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Sosa, Medina Ricardo. "Computational Explorations of Creativity and Innovation in Design." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/614.
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This thesis addresses creativity in design as a property of systems rather than an attribute of isolated individuals. It focuses on the dynamics between generative and evaluative or ascriptive processes. This is in distinction to conventional approaches to the study of creativity which tend to concentrate on the isolated characteristics of person, process and product. Whilst previous research has advanced insights on potentially creative behaviour and on the general dynamics of innovation in groups, little is known about their interaction. A systems view of creativity in design is adopted in our work to broaden the focus of inquiry to incorporate the link between individual and collective change. The work presented in this thesis investigates the relation between creativity and innovation in computational models of design as a social construct. The aim is to define and implement in computer simulations the different actors and components of a system and the rules that may determine their behaviour and interaction. This allows the systematic study of their likely characteristics and effects when the system is run over simulated time. By manipulating the experimental variables of the system at initial time the experimenter is able to extract patterns from the observed results over time and build an understanding of the different types of determinants of creative design. The experiments and findings presented in this thesis relate to artificial societies composed by software agents and the social structures that emerge from their interaction. Inasmuch as these systems aim to capture some aspects of design activity, understanding them is likely to contribute to the understanding of the target system. The first part of this thesis formulates a series of initial computational explorations on cellular automata of social influence and change agency. This simple modelling framework illustrates a number of factors that facilitate change. The potential for a designer to trigger cycles of collective change is demonstrated to depend on the combination of individual and external or situational characteristics. A more comprehensive simulation framework is then introduced to explore the link between designers and their societies based on a systems model of creativity that includes social and epistemological components. In this framework a number of independent variables are set for experimentation including characteristics of individuals, fields, and domains. The effects of these individual and situational parameters are observed in experimental settings. Aspects of relevance in the definition of creativity included in these studies comprise the role of opinion leaders as gatekeepers of the domain, the effects of social organisation, the consequences of public and private access to domain knowledge by designers, and the relation between imitative behaviour and innovation. A number of factors in a social system are identified that contribute to the emergence of phenomena that are normally associated to creativity and innovation in design. At the individual level the role of differences of abilities, persistence, opportunities, imitative behaviour, peer influence, and design strategies are discussed. At the field level determinants under inspection include group structure, social mobility and organisation, emergence of opinion leaders, established rules and norms, and distribution of adoption and quality assessments. Lastly, domain aspects that influence the interaction between designers and their social groups include the generation and access to knowledge, activities of gatekeeping, domain size and distribution, and artefact structure and representation. These insights are discussed in view of current findings and relevant modelling approaches in the literature. Whilst a number of assumptions and results are validated, others contribute to ongoing debates and suggest specific mechanisms and parameters for future experimentation. The thesis concludes by characterising this approach to the study of creativity in design as an alternative 'in silico' method of inquiry that enables simulation with phenomena not amenable to direct manipulation. Lines of development for future work are advanced which promise to contribute to the experimental study of the social dimensions of design.
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Sosa, Medina Ricardo. "Computational Explorations of Creativity and Innovation in Design." University of Sydney. College of Sciences and Technology, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/614.
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This thesis addresses creativity in design as a property of systems rather than an attribute of isolated individuals. It focuses on the dynamics between generative and evaluative or ascriptive processes. This is in distinction to conventional approaches to the study of creativity which tend to concentrate on the isolated characteristics of person, process and product. Whilst previous research has advanced insights on potentially creative behaviour and on the general dynamics of innovation in groups, little is known about their interaction. A systems view of creativity in design is adopted in our work to broaden the focus of inquiry to incorporate the link between individual and collective change. The work presented in this thesis investigates the relation between creativity and innovation in computational models of design as a social construct. The aim is to define and implement in computer simulations the different actors and components of a system and the rules that may determine their behaviour and interaction. This allows the systematic study of their likely characteristics and effects when the system is run over simulated time. By manipulating the experimental variables of the system at initial time the experimenter is able to extract patterns from the observed results over time and build an understanding of the different types of determinants of creative design. The experiments and findings presented in this thesis relate to artificial societies composed by software agents and the social structures that emerge from their interaction. Inasmuch as these systems aim to capture some aspects of design activity, understanding them is likely to contribute to the understanding of the target system. The first part of this thesis formulates a series of initial computational explorations on cellular automata of social influence and change agency. This simple modelling framework illustrates a number of factors that facilitate change. The potential for a designer to trigger cycles of collective change is demonstrated to depend on the combination of individual and external or situational characteristics. A more comprehensive simulation framework is then introduced to explore the link between designers and their societies based on a systems model of creativity that includes social and epistemological components. In this framework a number of independent variables are set for experimentation including characteristics of individuals, fields, and domains. The effects of these individual and situational parameters are observed in experimental settings. Aspects of relevance in the definition of creativity included in these studies comprise the role of opinion leaders as gatekeepers of the domain, the effects of social organisation, the consequences of public and private access to domain knowledge by designers, and the relation between imitative behaviour and innovation. A number of factors in a social system are identified that contribute to the emergence of phenomena that are normally associated to creativity and innovation in design. At the individual level the role of differences of abilities, persistence, opportunities, imitative behaviour, peer influence, and design strategies are discussed. At the field level determinants under inspection include group structure, social mobility and organisation, emergence of opinion leaders, established rules and norms, and distribution of adoption and quality assessments. Lastly, domain aspects that influence the interaction between designers and their social groups include the generation and access to knowledge, activities of gatekeeping, domain size and distribution, and artefact structure and representation. These insights are discussed in view of current findings and relevant modelling approaches in the literature. Whilst a number of assumptions and results are validated, others contribute to ongoing debates and suggest specific mechanisms and parameters for future experimentation. The thesis concludes by characterising this approach to the study of creativity in design as an alternative �in silico� method of inquiry that enables simulation with phenomena not amenable to direct manipulation. Lines of development for future work are advanced which promise to contribute to the experimental study of the social dimensions of design.
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Disha, Ilir. "Anti-Arab hate crimes in the aftermath of September 11, 2001 assessing the influence of geographic and situational factors /." [Tampa, Fla.] : University of South Florida, 2005. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/SFE0001045.
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Saleh, Lena Denise. "Sexual risk behaviors of African American men who have sex with men : implication of situational factors and partner dynamics." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.669838.
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Tanner, Amanda E. "Social and situational factors influencing use of a microbicide surrogate implications for young women's sexual health / Amanda E. Tanner." [Bloomington, Ind.] : Indiana University, 2007. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3274270.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Indiana University, Dept. of Allied Health of the School of Hper, 2007.<br>Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 68-07, Section: B, page: 4422. Adviser: Michael D. Reece. Title from dissertation home page (viewed Apr. 21, 2008).
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Wachauf-Tautermann, Sebastian, and Stefanie Weichert. "Impact of External Situational Factors on the Agility of Humanitarian Supply Chains : A Case Study of Haiti Earthquake 2010." Thesis, Internationella Handelshögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, IHH, Företagsekonomi, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-26515.
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Background Developing, emerging and developed countries are vulnerable to disasters and might require external assistance to cope with their aftermaths. It is forecasted that disasters will increase five-fold over the next 50 years. In an environment, which is characterized by many uncertainties, humanitarian supply chains are created to provide disaster relief in a highly complex and dynamic setting. This environment is unique for every disaster, where infrastructure, government, physical, socio-economic and security situational factors can either facilitate or restrict humanitarian operations. Agile supply chain principles enable humanitarian organizations to quickly respond to disasters. Purpose The purpose of this thesis is to explore and analyze the impact of external situational factors on the agility of humanitarian supply chains and humanitarian organizations’ actions taken to address those external situational factors during the immediate response phase of an emergency event. Methodology For the purpose of this study a combination of an inductive and deductive research approach was applied. The study was of exploratory and qualitative nature with a single case study in its focus. Empirical data was collected by conducting semi-structured interviews with nine respondents involved in the disaster relief operations of Haiti Earthquake 2010. Empirical findings were analyzed by using the template analysis. Conclusion External situational factors have a strong impact on capabilities enabling humanitarian supply chains to be agile during the immediate response phase. Humanitarian organizations are able to reduce the negative impact of external situational factors while in other cases the negative impact of external situational factors is further intensified by actions taken by humanitarian organizations. Furthermore, humanitarian organizations are able to utilize and enhance some of the positive impacts of external situational factors. However, the initially positive impact of some external situational factors may be reduced by inappropriate actions taken by humanitarian organizations. Therefore, understanding the context of the disaster’s broader environment is a prerequisite to an effective emergency response.
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Zhang, Ke. "Exploring the effects of situational factors on deception : from the forming of intentions to the exhibition of nonverbal behaviours." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2014. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/61714/.
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The present research, conducted with the ultimate goal of preventing, detecting, and controlling harmful deception, aims to understand deceptive behaviour by exploring the potential effects of situational factors on interpersonal deception. Given the deliberateness of the deception targeted in this research, the first part focuses on how situational factors influence the early stage of deception, i.e. the forming of intentions and the second part focuses on how situational factors alter the late stage of deception, i.e. the exhibition of behaviours (in this study I target nonverbal behaviours). By conducting six experimental studies in diverse research contexts, this research contributes to the knowledge of deceptive behaviour in four major areas: (1) It reveals that the situational factor of the probability associated with receiving negative outcomes for deceiving influences deception from the forming of intentions to the exhibition of nonverbal behaviours. (2) It shows that situational factors enhancing the fundamental psychological processes of deception (i.e. emotion, cognitive effort, and attempted behavioural control) can consequently alter deceptive intentions as well as elicit nonverbal indicators associated with these processes. (3) Specifically, the findings suggest that people tend to deceive when they perceive serious negative impact for themselves if not doing so, and such a trend is moderated by the extent of the negative impact in relation to the victims of their deception. (4) The findings also partially support my proposition that explains deception leakages using the failure of self-regulation of behaviour led by ego-depletion, which suggests that self-regulation failure is a key part of the cognitive mechanism behind the behavioural leakages of deception. This research also benefits practitioners with the understanding regarding deceptive behaviour in a range of contexts, as well as providing useful information about the situational factors that can influence deceptive intentions and behaviours.
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Raulerson, April E. "Hurricane Forecasting, Warning and Response Systems: A Lake Wales Public Perception Study." [Tampa, Fla.] : University of South Florida, 2007. http://purl.fcla.edu/usf/dc/et/SFE0002051.
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George, Richard. "The personal and situational factors influencing decision-making by long-haul travellers' in relation to crime-risk : an empirical investigation." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/5885.
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Ellis, Kyle Kent Edward. "Eye tracking metrics for workload estimation in flight deck operations." Thesis, University of Iowa, 2009. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/288.
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Flight decks of the future are being enhanced through improved avionics that adapt to both aircraft and operator state. Eye tracking allows for non-invasive analysis of pilot eye movements, from which a set of metrics can be derived to effectively and reliably characterize workload, this research will generate quantitative algorithms to classify pilot state through eye tracking metrics. Through various metrics within the realm of eye tracking, flight deck operation research is used to determine metric correlations between a pilot's workload and eye tracking metric patterns. The basic metrics within eye tracking, such as saccadic movement, fixations and link analysis provide clear measurable elements that experimenters analyzed to create a quantitative algorithm that reliably classifies operator workload.
The study conducted at the University of Iowa's Operator Performance Lab 737-800 simulator was outfit with a Smarteye remote eye-tracking system that yielded gaze vector resolution down to 1 degree across the flight deck. Three levels of automation and 2 levels of outside visual conditions were changed on a KORD ILS approach between CAT II and CAT III visual conditions, and varying from full autopilot controlled by the pre-programmed flight management system, flight director guidance, and full manual approach with localizer and glide slope guidance. Initial subjective results indicated a successful variation in driving pilot workload across all 12 IFR pilots that were run through the 7 run testing sequence.
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Wicker, Adrienne Hamcke. "The relationship of demographic, aspirational, situational, employment, and commuting factors to commuter students' perceptions of mattering at a large public university." College Park, Md. : University of Maryland, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/1569.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (Ph. D.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2004.<br>Thesis research directed by: Counseling and Personnel Services. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.
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McDevitt, Ralph. "Studying possible influences of situational, stimulus driven and pre-stimulus brain state factors on multisensory interaction in the double flash illusion." Thesis, Goldsmiths College (University of London), 2014. http://research.gold.ac.uk/10851/.
Full textAbstract:
Multisensory integration is essential for our perception of the world. Multisensory illusion provide a unique opportunity to study the integration process. In particular, the double-flash paradigm – in which a single flash, paired with two auditory beeps causes perception of an illusory second flash – has often been used as a test bed for multisensory integration. The research reported here examines the effect of situational, stimulus driven and pre-stimulus brain state influence on the phenomenon to cast light on (i) whether we can have control over the integration (ii) what mechanisms account for the dominance of one modality (in this case auditory) and can the dominance change (iii) do ongoing changes in brain activity not related to the stimuli predict the rate of the illusion. Chapter 3 tests whether impairment of cognitive influences through working memory load alters illusion rates. In chapter 4 the reliability of the auditory stimuli were reduced to see if modality dominance might switch. Chapter 5 examines whether incentives for correct responses using paid feedback can alter illusion rates. Working memory load had no effect on rates of illusion. Paid feedback did, however, produce a resistance to the illusion. The resistance appeared to be learned. When auditory reliability was reduced, an auditory illusion was detected, alongside the standard visual illusion. EEG data for the visual illusion with near threshold sound was consistent with previous literature for full intensity sound. For the auditory illusion, EEG interaction was found to occur later than in the standard paradigm. These findings suggest that, firstly, multisensory interaction takes place early in sensory processing, too early to be affected by top down attentional processes. However, it does not appear to be immune to adaption or learning, as evidenced by the reduction in illusions and change in multisensory ERP components when participants are paid for correct answers. Secondly, reduction in auditory reliability does not appear to change the visual illusion in terms of illusion rate or ERP profile. It does however produce a simultaneous auditory illusion with apparently different neural mechanisms which occur later. Finally, ongoing changes in pre-stimulus activity appear to be associated with perception of the illusion.
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Mårtensson, Andreas, and David Wadelius. "Situationellt intresse i klassrummet : Hur elever arbetar med och upplever ett undervisningsmaterial inom fysik som är baserat på situationellt intresse." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskaplig kommunikation och lärande (ECE), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-211258.
Full textAbstract:
I den här rapporten visar vi att ett undervisningsmaterial, som är framtaget utifrån faktorer som enligt tidigare forskning ökar det situationella intresset för något som ska läras, triggar ett situationellt intresse för materialet hos flera av eleverna i den gymnasieklass som deltog i undersökningen och håller det situationella intresset hos vissa av dessa elever. Intresse är en faktor som påverkar elevers framtida val av yrke och utbildning och således kan lärare som lyckas skapa intresse för fysik hos elever vara med och bidra till en mer jämlik skola. Situationellt intresse är den typ av intresse som på kort sikt går att påverka i klassrummet, och med rätt stöd kan ett situationellt intresse vara grunden för att ett mer långvarigt individuellt intresse ska uppstå. Det finns flera olika faktorer som påverkar det situationella intresset i klassrummet och inte direkt beror av läraren, och utifrån dessa designade vi ett undervisningsmaterial som implementerades i en fysikklass under tre lektioner. Syftet med undersökningen var att se om det uppstod situationellt intresse för materialet hos eleverna genom att titta på hur eleverna har arbetat med och hur de har upplevt materialet. Utifrån observationer, elevintervjuer och elevenkät går det att fastställa att ett situationellt intresse för materialet har uppstått hos flera elever i klassen. Därmed kan det situationella intresset i klassrummet ökas utan att läraren förändrar sitt sätt att undervisa.<br>In this report, we show that an education material, which is produced according to factors that previous research has shown increases the situational interest for things to be learnt, triggers a situational interest for the material within several of the students that took part in the study and maintains the situational interest for some of these students. Interest is a factor that affects students’ future choice of occupation and education and therefore teachers who successfully create interest for physics within students can contribute to a more equal school system. Situational interest is the kind of interest that with a short-term view can be affected in the classroom, with the right support situational interest can be the foundation for a more long-term individual interest. There are multiple factors that can affect the situational interest in the classroom which do not directly depend on the teacher, and we designed an education material, which was implemented in a physics class during three lessons, according to those factors. The purpose of this study was to see if situational interest arose for the material within the students by looking at how the students work with the material and what they experienced when working with it. From observations, survey answers and interviews one can determine that a situational interest for the material has arisen within many students in the study. One can conclude that the situational interest can be increased in the classroom without the teacher having to change his or her way of teaching.