Relevant bibliographies by topics / Situational crime

Academic literature on the topic 'Situational crime'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Situational crime"

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Clarke, Ronald V. "Situational Crime Prevention." Crime and Justice 19 (January 1995): 91–150. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/449230.

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Lama, Swikar, and Sikandar Singh Rathore. "Crime Mapping and Crime Analysis of Property Crimes in Jodhpur." International Annals of Criminology 55, no. 2 (November 2017): 205–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cri.2017.11.

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AbstractThis study is based on crime mapping and crime analysis of property crimes in Jodhpur. The property crimes which were selected were house breaking, auto thefts and chain snatching. Data from police stations were used to generate the maps to locate hot spots of crimes. The profile of these hot spots was analyzed through observations supplemented with interviews of police officers and public 100 cases of house breaking and 100 cases of auto thefts were further analyzed to understand the contexts which lead to these crimes. These contexts are in consonance with situational crime prevention theories. This study may help to understand the environmental factors which may be responsible for certain places becoming hot spot areas of property crimes in Jodhpur.
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Lynch, Michael J., Paul B. Stretesky, and Michael A. Long. "Situational Crime Prevention and the Ecological Regulation of Green Crime: A Review and Discussion." ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 679, no. 1 (August 20, 2018): 178–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716218789080.

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Situational crime prevention theory suggests the need for innovative, non-criminal-justice polices to control crime, but that approach has not been widely employed by criminologists addressing the control of environmental crime. Numerous examples of innovative environmental social control practices can be found outside of the criminological literature; but within criminology, such studies have most often been undertaken by conservation criminologists, while green criminologists have undertaken empirical studies illustrating the ineffectiveness of traditional, punitive responses to environmental crime. Here, we briefly review the use of situational crime prevention theory and research by conservation criminologists and provide examples of environmental social control policies used by various nations that are consistent with situational crime prevention arguments. We also note that research and theory in other disciplines suggest that crime is produced by larger structural economic forces, indicating that situational crime prevention alone is likely not sufficient to control environmental crime.
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Korsell, Lars. "Regulating Organized Crime." ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 679, no. 1 (August 20, 2018): 158–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716218782654.

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A significant percentage of organized crime exploits regulated markets by offering services and goods without complying with relevant regulations. This may include offers of “tax-free” goods such as tobacco and alcohol, or unreported employment. Although regulatory schemes may in this way create opportunities for organized crime, situational crime prevention can also be built into, or established ancillary to, regulations. This article discusses the significant opportunities for crime prevention in regulatory schemes by using situational crime prevention as an analytical tool. I show how incorporating crime prevention rules into legislation—a step customarily known as “crime proofing”—combats organized crime by using administrative measures.
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Coyne, Michelle A., and John E. Eck. "Situational Choice and Crime Events." Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice 31, no. 1 (October 13, 2014): 12–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1043986214552605.

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Freilich, Joshua D. "Beccaria and Situational Crime Prevention." Criminal Justice Review 40, no. 2 (September 17, 2014): 131–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734016814550815.

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Wilcox, Pamela, and Francis T. Cullen. "Situational Opportunity Theories of Crime." Annual Review of Criminology 1, no. 1 (January 13, 2018): 123–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-criminol-032317-092421.

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Brantingham, Patricia L., and Paul J. Brantingham. "Situational Crime Prevention in Practice." Canadian Journal of Criminology 32, no. 1 (January 1990): 17–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/cjcrim.32.1.17.

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Kleemans, Edward R., Melvin R. J. Soudijn, and Anton W. Weenink. "Organized crime, situational crime prevention and routine activity theory." Trends in Organized Crime 15, no. 2-3 (August 3, 2012): 87–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12117-012-9173-1.

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Evans, Ieuan, Jon Heron, Joseph Murray, Matthew Hickman, and Gemma Hammerton. "The Influence of Alcohol Consumption on Fighting, Shoplifting and Vandalism in Young Adults." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 7 (March 28, 2021): 3509. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073509.

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Experimental studies support the conventional belief that people behave more aggressively whilst under the influence of alcohol. To examine how these experimental findings manifest in real life situations, this study uses a method for estimating evidence for causality with observational data—‘situational decomposition’ to examine the association between alcohol consumption and crime in young adults from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. Self-report questionnaires were completed at age 24 years to assess typical alcohol consumption and frequency, participation in fighting, shoplifting and vandalism in the previous year, and whether these crimes were committed under the influence of alcohol. Situational decomposition compares the strength of two associations, (1) the total association between alcohol consumption and crime (sober or intoxicated) versus (2) the association between alcohol consumption and crime committed while sober. There was an association between typical alcohol consumption and total crime for fighting [OR (95% CI): 1.47 (1.29, 1.67)], shoplifting [OR (95% CI): 1.25 (1.12, 1.40)], and vandalism [OR (95% CI): 1.33 (1.12, 1.57)]. The associations for both fighting and shoplifting had a small causal component (with the association for sober crime slightly smaller than the association for total crime). However, the association for vandalism had a larger causal component.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Situational crime"

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Gibbs, Stephen. "Applying the theory and techniques of situational criminology to counterinsurgency operations reducing insurgency through situational prevention /." Thesis, Monterey, California : Naval Postgraduate School, 2010. http://edocs.nps.edu/npspubs/scholarly/theses/2010/Jun/10Jun%5FGibbs.pdf.

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Thesis (M.S. in Defense Analysis)--Naval Postgraduate School, June 2010.
Thesis Advisor(s): Hy, Rothstein ; Second Reader: Freeman, Michael. "June 2010." Description based on title screen as viewed on July 13, 2010. Author(s) subject terms: Situational prevention, criminology, environmental criminology, counterinsurgency, counterinsurgency operations, deterrence, crime prevention through environmental design, CPTED, security fence, Israeli security fence, operation cul-de - sac, OCDS, opportunity theory, opportunity structure, targets, tools, weapons, facilitating conditions Includes bibliographical references (p. 55-57). Also available in print.
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Holland, Jill. "Creating safer communities : the value of situational crime prevention." Thesis, Glasgow Caledonian University, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.443223.

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Farina, Katie A. "The effects of situational crime prevention on crime and fear among college campuses and students." Click here for download, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1691866981&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=3260&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Tekin, Derya. "An evaluation of situational crime prevention in football in Turkey." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2017. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.728676.

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The available literature on so-called hooliganism in Europe has been predominantly concerned with explanations in which football violence is assumed to be a manifestation of violent subcultures and with socially-orientated methods of prevention. Unlike the hegemonic theoretical approach in the field, this thesis is concerned with the formation of football-related crime, which it treats as a situated event, rather than criminality, which historically has been regarded as a social, biological or psychological phenomenon. By explicitly favouring the situational approach to crime prevention, the thesis provides an informative insight into how football-related crime prevention strategies are perceived and interpreted by intended targets, namely football fans, in Turkey. Symbolic interaction theory is employed as the assistant theoretical framework when making sense fans’ attitudes towards different situational crime prevention (SCP) techniques. The perspectives of the intended targets in relation to the relevant techniques are revealed through semi-structured interviews conducted with the representatives of the fan groups of Fenerbahge, one of the major football teams in Turkey. Using Fenerbahge as a single-case, the multiple and complex social realities underlying the reactions against and the attitudes towards football-related crime control in Turkey are explained and the core principles of the latest SCP model which are likely to improve fans’ perceptions are outlined. The interactionist approach also explains individual differences in provocation which is acknowledged as an important situational precipitator in relation to violent crime. The value of precipitator-control within the Turkish football context is accordingly revealed.
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Unal, Mehmet. "Application of Situational Crime Prevention to Cross-Border Heroin Trafficking in Turkey." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1258476034.

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Akbas, Halil. "Application of Situational Crime Prevention to Female Trafficking for Sexual Exploitation in Turkey." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1258724618.

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Leontiadis, Nektarios. "Structuring Disincentives for Online Criminals." Research Showcase @ CMU, 2014. http://repository.cmu.edu/dissertations/454.

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This thesis considers the structural characteristics of online criminal networks from a technical and an economic perspective. Through large-scale measurements, we empirically describe some salient elements of the online criminal infrastructures, and we derive economic models characterizing the associated monetization paths enabling criminal profitability. This analysis reveals the existence of structural choke points: components of online criminal operations being limited in number, and critical for the operations’ profitability. Consequently, interventions targeting such components can reduce the opportunities and incentives to engage in online crime through an increase in criminal operational costs, and in the risk of apprehension. We define a methodology describing the process of distilling the knowledge gained from the empirical measurements on the criminal infrastructures towards identifying and evaluating appropriate countermeasures. We argue that countermeasures, as defined in the context of situational crime prevention, can be effective for a long-term reduction in the occurrence of online crime.
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Hardie, Beth Nicole. "Why monitoring doesn't always matter : the situational role of parental monitoring in adolescent crime." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2017. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/269284.

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Parental monitoring of settings is not always relevant for the prevention of adolescent crime because adolescents with strong personal moral rules and the ability to exercise self control are unlikely to offend even when they are unsupervised and know that their parents have little knowledge about their activities. Parental monitoring, commonly operationalised as parental supervision or parental knowledge, is often shown to have a negative relationship with crime involvement. However, research often ignores both the mechanism by which these relationships occur and the conditions under which they might (and might not) be found. This thesis uses specialist Space-Time Budget data (from the Peterborough Adolescent and Young Adult Development Study) to allow the comparison of adolescent crime rates in settings characterised by the of convergence of i) the physical presence or absence of parents and other guardians, ii) the psychological presence or absence of parents (represented by adolescent-perceived generalised parental knowledge of the circumstances of unsupervised activity) and iii) personal crime propensity (moral rules and ability to exercise self control). The conclusion derived from the results is that the physical presence of parents and other guardians in settings reduces the rate of adolescent crime committed in those settings; and the psychological presence of parents reduces the criminogenic impact of unsupervised time. Crucially however, these effects of parental monitoring are almost irrelevant for adolescents with a lower personal crime propensity, who are not likely to offend in settings irrespective of the physical or psychological absence of parents and other guardians. These findings provide support for person-environment interactions inherent in the causal model of Situational Action Theory, and provide a novel addition to evidence that could be used in future to inform policy-relevant recommendations concerning parenting behaviour and adolescent offending. Although this thesis provides new evidence about the relationship between parental monitoring and crime, the bulk of its contribution is relevant to a much wider audience. It contributes to the debate on approaches to the study of crime and crime prevention, adds clarity to key concepts and develops theoretical arguments in the field of parental monitoring and crime, develops a novel application of Situational Action Theory, extends theoretical and methodological discussions surrounding situational analysis, applies novel data and analytical methods to the study of the psychological and physical presence of guardians, generates and situates unique findings about the situational role of aspects of parental monitoring and crime, and makes some policy recommendations and suggestions about the nature and direction of future research.
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HURLEY, DAVID C. "CLOSED CIRCUIT TELEVISION: THE CINCNNATI EXPERIENCE." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2003. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1043678850.

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Christensen, Warren. "Nipped in the bud : a situational crime prevention approach to the prevention of bushfire arson /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2006. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe19432.pdf.

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Books on the topic "Situational crime"

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Situational preventionof organised crimes. Portland: Willan, 2003.

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Reducing terrorism through situational crime prevention. New York: Criminal Justice Press, 2009.

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Prevention of organised crime : a situational approach. Netherlands: Boom Juridische Uitgevers (NL), 2003.

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J, Lurigio Arthur, and Davis Robert C, eds. The prevention of crime: Social and situational strategies. Belmont, CA: West/Wadsworth Pub., 1998.

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Nicholson, L. What works in situational crime prevention?: A literature review. Edinburgh: Scottish Office Central Research Unit, 1995.

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Vigne, Nancy G. La. Visibility and vigilance: Metro's situational approach to preventing subway crime. [Washington, DC]: U.S. Dept. of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, National Institute of Justice, 1997.

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Everyday violence in contemporary Sweden: Situational and ecological aspects. Stockholm, Sweden: National Council for Crime Prevention, Sweden, Research Division, 1985.

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Yi, Sŏng-sik. Pŏmjoe ŭi sanghwangjŏk yoin e kwanhan yŏnʼgu =: The situational analysis of crime. Sŏul: Hanʼguk Hyŏngsa Chŏngchʻaek Yŏnʼguwŏn, 1996.

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Guerette, Rob T. Migrant death: Border safety and situational crime prevention on the U.S.-Mexico divide. New York: LFB Scholarly Pub., 2007.

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Stalans, Loretta J. When do we think about detection?: The effects of situational opportunities. Chicago, IL: American Bar Foundation, 1988.

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Book chapters on the topic "Situational crime"

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Lab, Steven P. "Situational Crime Prevention." In Crime Prevention, 192–217. New York : Routledge, 2020. | Revised edition of the author’s Crime prevention, 2016. |: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429423420-12.

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Tilley, Nick, and Aiden Sidebottom. "Situational Crime Prevention." In Encyclopedia of Criminology and Criminal Justice, 4864–74. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-5690-2_549.

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Shariati, Auzeen, and Rob T. Guerette. "Situational Crime Prevention." In Preventing Crime and Violence, 261–68. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-44124-5_22.

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Brewer, Russell, Melissa de Vel-Palumbo, Alice Hutchings, Thomas Holt, Andrew Goldsmith, and David Maimon. "Situational Crime Prevention." In Cybercrime Prevention, 17–33. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-31069-1_2.

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Farrell, Michael. "Understanding Situational Crime Prevention." In Homicide and Severe Mental Disorder, 34–48. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003172727-3.

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Bowers, Kate J., and Shane D. Johnson. "Situational Prevention." In Springer Series on Evidence-Based Crime Policy, 111–35. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-3477-5_4.

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Benson, Michael L., and Tamara D. Madensen. "Situational Crime Prevention and White-Collar Crime." In International Handbook of White-Collar and Corporate Crime, 609–26. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-34111-8_31.

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Grove, Louise, and Ken Pease. "A Situational Approach to Heritage Crime Prevention." In Heritage Crime, 107–27. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137357519_7.

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Ekblom, Paul. "Crime, situational prevention and technology." In The Routledge Handbook of Technology, Crime and Justice, 353–74. Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY: Routledge, 2017. | Series:: Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315743981-21.

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Bowers, Kate J., and Rob T. Guerette. "Effectiveness of Situational Crime Prevention." In Encyclopedia of Criminology and Criminal Justice, 1318–29. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-5690-2_553.

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Conference papers on the topic "Situational crime"

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Radosteva, Yu V. "To the Issue of Situational Crime Prevention." In XVII International Research-to-Practice Conference dedicated to the memory of M.I. Kovalyov (ICK 2020). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.200321.088.

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Me, G., and P. Spagnoletti. "Situational Crime Prevention and Cyber-crime investigation: the Online Pedo-pornography case study." In EUROCON 2005 - The International Conference on "Computer as a Tool". IEEE, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/eurcon.2005.1630133.

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Saran, Jordan Ferreira, and Leonardo Botega. "Development of a Semantic Representation Model of Criminal Information to Support the Assessment of Risk Situations." In III Workshop de Computação Urbana. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação - SBC, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/courb.2019.7473.

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Situational Awareness (SAW) refers to the level of consciousness that an individual or team holds over a situation. In the area of ​​risk management and criminal data analysis, SAW failures can induce human operators to make mistakes in decision making and pose risks to life or property. In this context, risk assessment processes, which commonly involves data mining, fusion and other methods, present opportunities to generate better information and contribute to the improvement of the SAW of crime and risk analysts. However, the characterization of complex scenarios is subject to problems of representation and expressiveness of the information, which may influence its interpretation due to their quality and significance, generating uncertainties. The state-of-the-art in representation of information on risk situations and related areas presents approaches with limited use of information quality. In addition, the solutions are restricted to syntactic mechanisms for the determination of relations between information, negatively restricting the assertiveness of the results. Thus, this paper aims to develop a new approach to semantic representation of information of risk situations, more specifically creating domain ontologies, instantiated with crime data and information quality. In a case study, real information on crimes, represented by the new semantic model and consumed by computational inference processes, was be processed, aiming to characterize robbery and theft situations.
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Bin Wan, Wan Mohd Farhan, Noor Maizura Mohamad Nor, and Masita Abdul Jalil. "Identification of Potential Crime Tactical Path-Finding Using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) in Situational Crime Prevention." In The 7th International Conference on Information Technology. Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.15849/icit.2015.0116.

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Noor, Noor Maizura Mohamad, Wan Mohd Farhan Wan Nawawi, and Ahmad Faiz Ghazali. "Supporting decision making in situational crime prevention using fuzzy association rule." In 2013 International Conference on Computer, Control, Informatics and Its Applications (IC3INA). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ic3ina.2013.6819178.

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Walanda, Garnadi, and Muhamad Syauqillah. "Preventing Terrorists’ Misuse of Charitable Foundations: A Situational Crime Prevention Approach." In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Strategic and Global Studies (ICSGS 2018). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icsgs-18.2019.2.

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Bhutto, Zulfiqar, Kamran Dahri, Iqra Lakho, and Shahzad Memon. "Social Video Streaming (SVS): A prototype application for street crime reporting." In 2015 International Conference on Cyber Situational Awareness, Data Analytics and Assessment (CyberSA). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cybersa.2015.7166131.

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Joo, Minhee, Junwoo Seo, Junhyoung Oh, Mookyu Park, and Kyungho Lee. "Situational Awareness Framework for Cyber Crime Prevention Model in Cyber Physical System." In 2018 Tenth International Conference on Ubiquitous and Future Networks (ICUFN). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icufn.2018.8436591.

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Oduor, Collins, Freddie Acosta, and Everlyne Makhanu. "The adoption of mobile technology as a tool for situational crime prevention in Kenya." In 2014 IST-Africa Conference & Exhibition. IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/istafrica.2014.6880669.

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Ciotti, Silvia. "THE MULTILEVEL ANALYTIC PROCESS FOR SITUATIONAL PREVENTION (MAPS): IMPLEMENTING A NEW METHODOLOGY FOR SECURITY AND CRIME PREVENTION." In The International Symposium on the Analytic Hierarchy Process. Creative Decisions Foundation, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.13033/isahp.y2011.015.

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Reports on the topic "Situational crime"

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Ochab, Ewelina U. Addressing Religious Inequalities as a Means of Preventing Atrocity Crimes: The Case of the Uyghur Genocide. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/creid.2021.009.

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There is a big distance between religious inequalities and atrocity crimes. Indeed, religious inequalities do not necessarily lead to atrocity crimes; however, in certain cases they can. Examples of cases that portray this progression are those of Yazidis and Christian minorities in Iraq, and the Rohingya community in Myanmar. In certain situations, analysing religious inequalities can help to identify risk factors of genocidal atrocities, so a question that naturally arises is: can addressing religious inequalities help to mitigate and prevent atrocity crimes based on religion or belief? This paper focuses on the situation of the Uyghur population in China, where they are being persecuted for their religion or belief. It considers the law on freedom of religion or belief and other laws affecting the enjoyment of rights by Uyghurs in China as the foundation of religious inequalities. The paper further considers the deterioration of the Uyghurs’ circumstances by analysing some of the recent reported treatment of them against frameworks relevant to atrocity crimes, namely the UN Framework of Analysis for Atrocity Crimes and the Jacob Blaustein Institute for the Advancement of Human Rights Compilation of Risk Factors and Legal Norms for the Prevention of Genocide.
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Amanda, Haynes, and Schweppe Jennifer. Ireland and our LGBT Community. Call It Hate Partnership, September 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.31880/10344/8065.

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Basic figures: – A large majority of respondents agreed or strongly agreed that gay men and lesbians (88%), bisexual people (87%) and transgender people (85%) “should be free to live their own life as they wish”. – Women were significantly more likely than men to agree with the above statement in respect to every identity group. People aged 25-34 years were significantly more likely than the general population to disagree with the statement. – On average, respondents were comfortable having people with a minority sexual orientation or gender identity as neighbours. Responses were significantly more positive towards having lesbians (M=8.51), bisexual people (M=8.40) and gay men (M=8.38) as neighbours compared to transgender people (M=7.98). – High levels of empathy were expressed with crime victims across all identity categories. Respondents were similarly empathetic towards heterosexual couples (M= 9.01), lesbian couples (M=9.05) and transgender persons (M=8.86) who are physically assaulted on the street. However, gay couples (M= 8.55) attracted significantly less empathy than a lesbian couple in similar circumstances. – Respondents were significantly more likely to intervene on behalf of a victim with a disability (M=7.86), than on behalf of an LGBT victim (M=6.96), but significantly more likely to intervene on behalf of an LGBT victim than an Irish Traveller (M= 5.82). – Respondents reported similar willingness to intervene on behalf of a lesbian pushed and slapped on the street by a stranger (M=7.38) and a transgender person (M= 7.03) in the same situation. Respondents were significantly more unlikely to intervene on behalf of a gay man (M=6.63) or bisexual person (M= 6.89) compared to a lesbian. – A third of respondents (33%) disagreed that violence against lesbians, gay men, bisexual and transgender people is a “serious problem in my country”, but more than half (58%) agreed that hate crimes hurt more than equivalent, non-bias, crimes.
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Herbert, Siân. Maintaining Basic State Functions and Service Delivery During Escalating Crises. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.099.

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This rapid literature review explores how to maintain essential state functions and basic service delivery during escalating conflict situations. It draws on literature and ideas from various overlapping agendas including development and humanitarian nexus; development, humanitarian and peacebuilding nexus (the “triple nexus”); fragile states; state-building; conflict sensitivity; resilience; and conflict prevention and early warning. There has been an extensive exploration of these ideas over the past decades: as the international development agenda has increasingly focussed on the needs of fragile and conflict-affected contexts (FCAS); as violent conflicts have become more complex and protracted; as the global share of poverty has become increasingly concentrated in FCAS highlighting the need to combine humanitarian crisis strategies with longer-term development strategies; as threats emanating from FCAS increasingly affect countries beyond those states and regions e.g. through serious and organised crime (SOC) networks, migration, terrorism, etc; and as global trends like climate change and demographic shifts create new stresses, opportunities, and risks.
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