Relevant bibliographies by topics / Sitting behaviour

Academic literature on the topic 'Sitting behaviour'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Sitting behaviour"

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FLEISCHER, A. G., U. RADEMACHER, and H. J. WINDBERG. "Individual characteristics of sitting behaviour." Ergonomics 30, no. 4 (April 1987): 703–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00140138708969762.

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Deeming, D. C. "Effect of Climatic Conditions on the Behaviour of Adult Ostriches (Struthio Camelus) in Britain." Animal Welfare 6, no. 4 (November 1997): 349–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0962728600020054.

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AbstractWelfare is being promoted as a reason why ostriches should not be kept on farms in Europe. It is reasoned that the climate, particularly during winter, is unsuitable for these birds despite there being little scientific evidence to support this claim. This study recorded the frequency of behaviours of male and female adult ostriches kept on a farm in Britain during the spring of 1996. ‘Rainy’, ‘dull and dry’, ‘bright and dry’, and ‘sunny’ weather categories were used to assess the influence of climate on behaviour. Six main behaviours (sitting, standing, pacing, walking, foraging and feeding) were observed together with a variety of low frequency ‘other’ behaviours which were combined for analysis. Gender had no significant effect on any of the behaviour frequencies. During ‘rainy’ periods both males and females showed sitting behaviour five times more than during ‘dull’ and ‘bright’ weather and two and a half times more than during ‘sunny’ weather. Increased sitting behaviour during rainy periods was due to a significant reduction in pacing and ‘other’ behaviours with no significant effect on feeding and foraging behaviours. Sitting during sunny weather also occurred more often than during dull and bright weather but not at the expense of any other particular behaviour. Adult ostriches in Britain alter their behaviour in response to prevailing weather conditions, particularly rain.
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Jacques, Matthew F., Gladys L. Onambele-Pearson, Bryn Edwards, Christian G. De Goede, and Christopher I. Morse. "Quantitative assessment of sitting time in ambulant adults with Muscular Dystrophy." PLOS ONE 16, no. 11 (November 19, 2021): e0260491. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0260491.

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Background Current investigations into physical behaviour in Muscular Dystrophy (MD) have focussed largely on physical activity (PA). Negative health behaviours such as sedentary behaviour (Physical Behaviour) and sitting time (Posture Classification) are widely recognised to negatively influence health, but by contrast are poorly reported, yet could be easier behaviours to modify. Methods 14 ambulant men with MD and 12 healthy controls (CTRL) subjects completed 7-days of free-living with wrist-worn accelerometry, assessing physical behaviour (SB or PA) and Posture Classification (Sitting or Standing), presented at absolute (minutes) or relative (% Waking Hours). Participant body composition (Fat Mass and Fat Free Mass) were assessed by Bioelectrical Impedance, while functional status was assessed by 10 m walk test and a functional scale (Swinyard Scale). Results Absolute Sedentary Behaviour (2.2 Hours, p = 0.025) and Sitting Time (1.9 Hours, p = 0.030 was greater in adults with MD compared to CTRL and Absolute Physical Activity (3.4 Hours, p < 0.001) and Standing Time (3.2 Hours, p < 0.001) was lower in adults with MD compared to CTRL. Absolute hours of SB was associated with Fat Mass (Kg) (R = 0.643, p < 0.05) in ambulatory adults with MD, Discussion This study has demonstrated increased Sedentary Behaviour (2.2 hours) and Sitting time (1.9 Hours) in adults with MD compared to healthy controls. Extended waking hours in sitting and SB raises concerns with regards to progression of potential cardio-metabolic diseases and co-morbidities in MD.
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MacDonald, Bradley, Claire Fitzsimons, and Ailsa Niven. "Using the COM-B model of behaviour to understand sitting behaviour in UK office workers." Sport & Exercise Psychology Review 14, no. 1 (April 2018): 23–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.53841/bpssepr.2018.14.1.23.

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Prolonged sedentary behaviour has established health risks; however many individuals spend long periods of time sitting at work. Qualitative researchers suggest that inconsistent effectiveness of interventions may be linked to an incomplete understanding of the nature of and factors influencing sedentary behaviour in the workplace. Therefore, this study’s aim was to use the COM-B model of behaviour, complimented by the Theoretical Domains Framework, to examine how Capability, Opportunity and Motivation influences sitting behaviour at work in office workers. The study was a qualitative phenomenological analysis in which office workers (n=10) who had predominantly desk-based jobs were interviewed about their sitting behaviour at work. Interview analysis using the Nvivo 10 programme and the Framework Method identified themes and quantified the prevalence of each theme across participants. The analysis incorporated a number of procedures to enhance the trustworthiness including researcher reflexive journal and coding triangulation. Physical capability had minimal influence on behaviour, but psychological capability was influential. Physical and social opportunities were influential in terms of the physical environment, nature of the job, social acceptability and norms related to sitting. Both automatic and reflective motivation emerged as being influential on sitting behaviour. To conclude, the COM-B model, complimented by the Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF), facilitated understanding of factors influencing office workers’ sitting behaviour and highlighted a number of potential areas for future intervention foci.
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Ojo, Samson O., Daniel P. Bailey, David J. Hewson, and Angel M. Chater. "Perceived Barriers and Facilitators to Breaking Up Sitting Time among Desk-Based Office Workers: A Qualitative Investigation Using the TDF and COM-B." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 16 (August 14, 2019): 2903. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16162903.

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High amounts of sedentary behaviour, such as sitting, can lead to adverse health consequences. Interventions to break up prolonged sitting in the workplace have used active workstations, although few studies have used behaviour change theory. This study aimed to combine the Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF) and the Capability, Opportunity, and Motivation to Behaviour system (COM-B) to investigate perceived barriers and facilitators to breaking up sitting in desk-based office workers. Semi-structured interviews with 25 desk-based employees investigated barriers and facilitators to breaking up sitting in the workplace. Seven core inductive themes were identified: ‘Knowledge-deficit sitting behaviour’, ‘Willingness to change’, ‘Tied to the desk’, ‘Organisational support and interpersonal influences’, ‘Competing motivations’, ‘Emotional influences’, and ‘Inadequate cognitive resources for action’. These themes were then deductively mapped to 11 of the 14 TDF domains and five of the six COM-B constructs. Participants believed that high amounts of sitting had adverse consequences but lacked knowledge regarding recommendations and were at times unmotivated to change. Physical and social opportunities were identified as key influences, including organisational support and height-adjustable desks. Future research should identify intervention functions, policy categories and behaviour change techniques to inform tailored interventions to change sitting behaviour of office workers.
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Way, Jonathan G., Dean-Lorenz M. Szumylo, and Eric G. Strauss. "An Ethogram Developed on Captive Eastern Coyotes Canis latrans." Canadian Field-Naturalist 120, no. 3 (July 1, 2006): 263. http://dx.doi.org/10.22621/cfn.v120i3.317.

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We studied capture Eastern Coyotes (Canis latrans) from 27-585 days of age and compiled an ethogram on them. A total of 72247 15-sec samples were taken, amounting to 301 h of field time varying between 59.4–61.3 h per Coyote. A total of 540 behavioral patterns was observed amongst the 16 behaviour categories ranging from 9 (miscellaneous) to 72 (explore/investigate) action patterns per parent category. The 16 parent categories that we believed best described and appropriately sorted the behavioural actions were resting, sitting, sitting1, sitting2, standing, traveling, explore/investigating, hunting, feeding, infantile, greeting, self play, play initiating, playing, agonistic, and miscellaneous. Exploring accounted for >31% of all of the behaviours observed with resting and sitting (combined), standing, traveling, and play as categories decreasing in order of most to least frequent. Despite some omissions in our ethogram and drift associated with its ongoing development, we believe that the large amount of data collected made it rigorous enough to be a useful guide for the species. We argue that although future research will no doubt add to and/or modify components of it, its ease of use in the field (in captivity or in the wild) and it being the first complete ethogram described for the species, make it a useful tool for future researchers.
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Dunstan, David W., Genevieve N. Healy, Takemi Sugiyama, and Neville Owen. "‘Too Much Sitting’ and Metabolic Risk – Has Modern Technology Caught Up with Us?" European Endocrinology 06 (2010): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.17925/ee.2010.06.00.19.

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Recent epidemiological evidence suggests that prolonged sitting (sedentary behaviour: time spent in behaviours that have very low energy expenditure, such as television viewing and desk-bound work) has deleterious cardiovascular and metabolic correlates, which are present even among adults who meet physical activity and health guidelines. Further advances in communication technology and other labour-saving innovations make it likely that the ubiquitous opportunities for sedentary behaviour that currently exist will become even more prevalent in the future. We present evidence that sedentary behaviour (too much sitting) is an important stand-alone component of the physical activity and health equation, particularly in relation to cardio-metabolic risk, and discuss whether it is now time to consider public health and clinical guidelines on reducing prolonged sitting time that are in addition to those promoting regular participation in physical activity.
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Ikogho, O. "SEDENTARY BEHAVIOUR – ARE WE SITTING TOO MUCH?" British Journal of Sports Medicine 50, no. 22 (November 2016): e4.6-e4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2016-096952.14.

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Leskinen, Tuija, Anna Pulakka, Olli J. Heinonen, Jaana Pentti, Mika Kivimäki, Jussi Vahtera, and Sari Stenholm. "Changes in non-occupational sedentary behaviours across the retirement transition: the Finnish Retirement and Aging (FIREA) study." Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 72, no. 8 (April 10, 2018): 695–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech-2017-209958.

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BackgroundRetirement is a major life transition which may influence health behaviours and time use. Little is known about how sedentary behaviour changes as a result of increased time availability after retirement. The aim of this study was to examine changes in non-occupational sedentary behaviours across the retirement transition. In addition, we examined which preretirement characteristics were associated with these changes.MethodsThe study population consisted of 2011 participants from the Finnish Retirement and Aging Study. Repeated postal survey including questions on sedentary behaviour domains (television viewing, computer use at home, sitting in a vehicle and other sitting) were conducted once a year across the retirement transition, covering on average 3.4 study waves. Linear regression with generalised estimating equations was used for the analyses.ResultsTotal sedentary time increased by 73 (95% CI 66 to 80) min/day during the retirement transition. Of the domain-specific sedentary behaviours, television viewing time increased by 28 (95% CI 25 to 32) min/day, computer use at home by 19 (95% CI 17 to 22) min/day and other sitting time by 37 (95% CI 33 to 41) min/day, while time sitting in a vehicle decreased by 6 (95% CI 4 to 9) min/day. Highest increase in total sedentary time was among women and persons who had high occupational sitting time, low physical activity level, sleep difficulties, mental disorders or poor health before retirement (all p values for interaction <0.03).ConclusionTotal and domain-specific sedentary time, except sitting in a vehicle, increased during the retirement transition.
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Hutchinson, Jasmin, Samuel Headley, Tracey Matthews, Greg Spicer, Kristen Dempsey, Sarah Wooley, and Xanne Janssen. "Changes in Sitting Time and Sitting Fragmentation after a Workplace Sedentary Behaviour Intervention." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 6 (June 1, 2018): 1148. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061148.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Sitting behaviour"

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Fazzi, Gómez Caterina Joanna. "Sedentary behaviour in morbidly obese pregnant women." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/33188.

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Introduction: Obesity during pregnancy is linked to many negative health effects for mothers and offspring. The majority of interventions with obese pregnant women based on physical activity have had limited success suggesting alternative approaches are needed. Sedentary behaviour is defined as waking activities that expend very low energy, 1.5 metabolic equivalents or below, while reclining, lying or sitting. Spending too much time sedentary has been identified as a risk factor for health, regardless of physical activity levels. We hypothesised that targeting sedentary behaviour may be a suitable alternative to reduce health risks during gestation among pregnant women who are morbidly obese (defined as body mass index, BMI > 40 Kg/m²). Aim and objectives: The aim was to explore sedentary behaviour among obese pregnant women and to propose an intervention to reduce the time obese pregnant women spend sedentary, through an active sitting exercise intervention. To conduct a systematic review of the literature to determine the proportion of time spent in sedentary behaviour among pregnant women, and the association of sedentary behaviour with pregnancy outcomes in mothers and offspring. To estimate total energy expenditure, and energy expended in sedentary activities in morbidly obese and lean pregnant women. To assess the feasibility of an active sitting exercise intervention for morbidly obese pregnant women, designed using a patient involvement in research method. Systematic Review: A systematic review of the literature reporting sedentary behaviour during pregnancy and its effects on pregnancy outcomes was conducted. Twenty six publications were included in the systematic review up until October 2015, and a further 18 were identified in the update completed in April 2018. Pregnant women spent at least 50% of their time in sedentary activities. Associations between increased time sedentary and higher risk of macrosomia, higher risk of pre-eclampsia, higher risk of developing gestational diabetes mellitus, and larger new-born abdominal circumference were observed, as the main findings. Most of included studies scored an intermediate quality, only two of the 44 studies scored a good quality. Cross-sectional study. A cross-sectional study was conducted, using the Pregnancy Physical Activity Questionnaire (PPAQ), and the Actical accelerometer, to assess energy expenditure, and energy expended in sedentary behaviour. Based on the PPAQ, women who were morbidly obese expended significantly more energy per day, as total expenditure, than lean pregnant women, which was confirmed by the Actical. During sedentary behaviour lean pregnant women expended significantly less energy than morbidly obese pregnant women, based on the PPAQ. No differences were observed between lean and morbidly obese pregnant women in the proportion of time spent in sedentary activities, nor in time sedentary. Exercise Intervention Design A patient involvement in research approach was used to design an active sitting exercise intervention for morbidly obese pregnant women. Twenty three women took part in the design of the intervention, enabling design of a final protocol including six exercises, to be performed in two sets of 10 repetitions. Active sitting exercise intervention An intervention based on active sitting exercises for morbidly obese pregnant women to reduce sedentary time was conducted to assess the feasibility. Thirty morbidly obese pregnant women were recruited of whom 20% completed the exercise intervention. The main reason not to complete the intervention was lack of time. Conclusion: A better understanding of sedentary behaviour is needed for the design of effective interventions to help to reduce the adverse effects of morbid obesity on pregnancy, especially as prevalence is growing. More time spent in light intensity activities rather than in sedentary behaviour may play a role as contributing to reduce those risks associated with obesity during pregnancy, and to reduce time spent sedentary. Participants have shown real interest in helping to design an effective exercise intervention. Involving and empowering participants in how to take care of themselves as part of the intervention helps to increase their commitment. Giving participants the tools to take care of their own health and their babies' should be considered as part of the intervention with very obese pregnant women. Providing the information in how and why exercise might help, and basing the intervention in giving participants easy and realistic tasks that they could do on their own and around their own environment, will help to increase their commitment. This appears to be a feasible and effective strategy.
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Wallmann-Sperlich, B., J. Bucksch, S. Hansen, Peter Schantz, and I. Froboese. "Sitting time in Germany : An analysis of socio-demographic and environmental correlates." Mittuniversitetet, Institutionen för hälsovetenskap, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-18977.

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Background: Sedentary behaviour in general and sitting time in particular is an emerging global health concern. The aim of this study was to provide data on the prevalence of sitting time in German adults and to examine socio-demographic and environmental correlates of sitting time. Methods. A representative sample of German adults (n = 2000; 967 men, 1033 women; 49.3 ±17.6 years of age) filled in the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire, including one question on overall sitting time and answered questions about the neighbourhood environment, as well as concerning demographics. Daily sitting time was stratified by gender, age group, BMI, educational and income level, as well as physical activity (PA). To identify socio-demographic and environmental correlates of sitting time, we used a series of linear regressions. Results: The overall median was 5 hours (299 minutes) of sitting time/day and men sat longer than women (5 vs. 4 hours/day; p < 0.05). In both genders age and PA were negatively and the educational level positively associated with sitting time. The level of income was not a correlate of sitting time in multivariate analyses. Sitting time was significantly positively associated with higher neighbourhood safety for women. The variance of the multivariate model ranged from 16.5% for men to 8.9% for women. Conclusions: The overall sitting time was unequally distributed in the German adult population. Our findings suggest implementing specific interventions to reduce sitting time for subgroups such as men, younger aged adults and adults with a higher education and lower PA. Future studies should enhance our understanding of the specific correlates of different types and domains of sitting in order to guide the development of effective public health strategies.

:doi 10.1186/1471-2458-13-196

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Nagy, Liana C. "Ethnic differences in sedentary behaviour and physical activity among primary school age children. Towards a movement behaviour intervention for primary school age children." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/18334.

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High levels of sedentary behaviour (SB) and low levels of physical activity (PA) in primary school children are a health concern especially for the South Asians (SA) because of increased cardiovascular risk. The study investigated ethnic differences in movement behaviours among primary school children in three studies: 1) inclinometer and accelerometer measured movement behaviours in White British (WB) vs. SA 6-8-year-old children; 2) qualitative studies with children, parents and teachers explored barriers and facilitators to reducing SB; and, 3) accelerometer measured movement behaviours in children aged 8-11-years. The inclinometer outcomes were: total SB, SB from bouts >30 minutes and breaks in SB, while accelerometry considered: SB, light PA and moderate to-vigorous PA and counts per minute. 525 children, eight parents and six teachers participated. No ethnic differences were identified in inclinometer outcomes except for SB breaks. SA children had 25 fewer breaks compared to WB. Accelerometry identified higher SB for SA children vs. WB in study one but no ethnic differences in study three; a pattern for higher SB/lower PA for SA children vs. WB was consistent in studies. Reasons for engagement in SB included: knowledge and beliefs about SB, child characteristics, cultural norms, parenting, educational system and the built environment. A large proportion of movement behaviour interventions components were related to education and policy. Children’s levels of SB were similar to office workers regardless of ethnicity. Interventions to reduce SB need to consider SB breaks and PA, especially for SA children who were less active and more sedentary than WB.
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Taylor, Frances C. "Interrupting prolonged sitting with intermittent physical activity in adults with abnormal glucose metabolism : Effects on vascular function." Phd thesis, Australian Catholic University, 2022. https://acuresearchbank.acu.edu.au/download/58950fa6cda81af1cf022c50d98b5feed1d096061a1126ab0a4b2ead35833405/12689873/Taylor_2022_Interrupting_prolonged_sitting_with_intermittent_physical.pdf.

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Sedentary behaviours, defined as waking behaviours undertaken in a sitting/lying posture with low energy expenditure (i.e., ≤ 1.5 metabolic equivalent of tasks [METS]), are now recognised as being strongly associated with all-cause and cardiovascular disease (CVD)-related mortality. Specifically, acute experimental studies have reported prolonged uninterrupted sitting to exacerbate postprandial cardiometabolic risk biomarkers [1] and decrease vasodilatory function [2-4] People with abnormal glucose metabolism (which refers to a combination of clinical disorders that increase the risk for diabetes and cardiovascular disease) are disproportionally affected by the risks associated with prolonged uninterrupted sitting, owing partly to vascular dysfunction and consequent predisposition to atherosclerosis. Lifestyle modification remains a cornerstone treatment for the prevention and management of CVD, and recent World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines have been expanded to include a recommendation to reduce and regularly replace sedentary time (sedentary behaviour) with activity. Despite this, relatively little is known about the effects of prolonged sitting on vascular function in those with abnormal glucose metabolism. Additionally, it is currently unknown whether reducing and interrupting sitting time with activity positively influences vascular function in these population groups. The primary aim of this Thesis was to examine the extent and nature of vascular impairment in response to prolonged sitting across the abnormal glucose spectrum; with a focus on reducing and interrupting time spent sitting with activity in clinical populations. Study 1 aimed to determine the dose-response relationship between acute prolonged uninterrupted sitting and vascular function through a systematic review and meta-analysis. Additional sub-group analyses examined the effect of prolonged sitting in healthy adults relative to those with abnormal glucose metabolism. A secondary aim was to compare the acute effects of uninterrupted prolonged sitting to interventions involving acute light activity interruptions. The findings revealed that lower-limb vascular function is progressively impaired as time spent in prolonged sitting increases. Moreover, it was observed that prolonged sitting decreased lower-limb vascular function in healthy adults, who had higher a priori vascular function, but not in those with metabolic and vascular dysfunction. However, the limited number of studies in those with abnormal glucose metabolism make it difficult to draw conclusive findings. Additionally, while interrupting sitting with brief bouts of physical activity improved vascular function, considerable heterogeneity was reported between trials, likely due to differing experimental design (mode, frequency, and duration of breaks). Study 2 compared the acute effects of interrupting sitting with two different activity protocols of equivalent activity duration on vascular function in a clinical population with abnormal glucose metabolism - those with type two diabetes (T2D). Femoral flow-mediated dilation (FMD) averaged across 7h significantly increased when prolonged sitting was interrupted with 3 min of SRAs every 30 min. However, relative to prolonged sitting, interrupting sitting every 60 min with 6 min simple resistance activities (SRAs) did not result in significant changes in vascular function. Vascular shear rate and blood flow were also enhanced by interrupting sitting with SRAs, regardless of frequency. These findings suggest that more frequent, shorter interruptions may be more beneficial than longer, less frequent breaks for vascular improvement in those with T2D. Further, the study provides new insights into the frequency and duration of activity breaks that may be required to improve vascular function during prolonged sitting. In addition to identifying a lack of studies assessing vascular function and sedentary behaviour in populations with metabolic dysfunction, study 2 also reported a lack of female participants in the trials conducted to date. Study 3 sought to address this gap by examining the effect of prolonged uninterrupted sitting on femoral vascular function in young women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Relative to 3.5h prolonged sitting, interrupting sitting with 3 min of SRAs every 30 min significantly increased mean femoral resting shear and blood flow. However, no change was observed in FMD between conditions. Collectively, this Thesis has contributed new knowledge to the sedentary behaviour and vascular function research field, specifically: by 1) highlighting the progressive impairment of lower-limb vascular function in response to prolonged uninterrupted sitting; 2) demonstrating that interrupting prolonged sitting with more frequent and shorter activity breaks may be more beneficial than longer, less frequent breaks, for vascular health, in those with T2D, and 3) demonstrating that interrupting prolonged sitting with activity breaks improves blood flow and shear rate for women with PCOS. Future research could build on these findings to focus on three key areas: 1. Obtaining a greater understanding of how vascular function changes over time in response to prolonged sitting. This includes free-living and longer-term studies, in addition to acute studies that measure vascular function at multiple time points across the day. 2. Assessing varying modes, duration, and frequency of interruptions in prolonged sitting to identify optimum activity interruptions. 3. Inclusion of female participants and older and clinical populations into clinical trials to enhance the generalisability of public health recommendations.
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Hall, Jennifer. "Sit-stand desks as a strategy to reduce sitting and increase standing and physical activity in office-based employees : a pilot RCT and process evaluation of a multicomponent workplace intervention intervention." Thesis, Brunel University, 2017. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/16227.

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Current UK public health policy and research identifies potential health risks of physical inactivity and high levels of sitting. This is a particularly pertinent issue for office workers, who spend, on average, over two-thirds of the work day sitting. This thesis reports on the design and evaluation of a multicomponent sit-stand desk intervention, delivered within two not-for-profit office-based organisations in London, England. A mixed method study design was employed. A pilot randomised controlled trial examined the efficacy of the intervention on reducing sitting and increasing standing and physical activity, using wearable monitors to measure outcome variables at baseline, and at four additional timepoints up to 12-months following the onset of the intervention. A process evaluation, including in-depth qualitative interviews and participant observation, investigated the processes that influenced the feasibility, acceptability and efficacy of the intervention. Mixed-model ANOVA indicated that the intervention reduced workplace sitting, on average, by 38 minutes, however there was no significant influence on workplace physical activity, or any of the outcome variables across the whole day. The process evaluation revealed that discourses surrounding employee health and organisational effectiveness, and employees' health-focused occupational identities increased the acceptability of sit-stand desk provision, whereas monetary concerns, a centralised organisational structure and incompatibility of the sit-stand desks with the workplace environment negatively influenced implementation feasibility. The sit-stand desk design, expectations and outcomes related to health and productivity, and the organisational culture and interpersonal relationships positively and negatively influenced sit-stand desk experience to differing degrees between participants. Mixed method analyses of outcome and process data illustrated the potential for integrating findings to enhance understanding of 'what works' within behavioural intervention research. Sit-stand desks are not a one-size-fits-all solution to reducing sitting and increasing physical activity, however, they should be available to office-based employees as part of a wider workplace health strategy.
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Quronfulah, Baraa Sami A. "Development and implementation of a health promotion intervention to reduce sedentary behaviour among male office workers in Saudi Arabia: The slim (sit less, impress and motivate) study." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2019. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/134422/1/Baraa%20Sami%20A_Quronfulah_Thesis.pdf.

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Office workers spend most of their workdays sitting, which contributes to poor health outcomes. This thesis aimed to design, implement and evaluate a health promotion intervention to help office workers in Saudi Arabia reduce their sedentary behaviour and increase their physical activity. The intervention, named The SLIM (Sit Less, Impress and Motivate), resulted in a significant improvement in sedentary and physical activity behaviours. This research will support one of the main elements of the Saudi Government 2030 vision, by helping Saudis to adopt and maintain more physically active and healthy lifestyle.
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Askander, Gloria. "What significance does physical activity and sedentary behaviour have for members of online health promoting communities? Learning from AustraIia’s HeartNET community." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2015. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/1669.

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My study used the HeartNET (HN) community to investigate the significance of physical activity and sedentary behaviour for members of online health-promoting communities by using online surveys and netnography. It found concerns about heart health and general health can be both a barrier and an enabler to increasing physical activity or reducing sedentary behaviour. Gentle efforts to address sedentary behaviour could build confidence to increase physical activity. By offering role models and encouraging friendly rivalry, peer support via an online community (or other type of social networking sites) can increase physical activity and reduce sedentary behaviour. Fun, laughter and peer support can assist in challenging and reducing the tendency to underestimate sedentary behaviour and its health hazards as well as the fear and uncertainty and the perceived constraints to engage with physical activities. My study highlighted both the value of netnography as an analytic tool and its potential use for strategic and tailored health promoting interventions in online communities and for interventions in other online environments to promote desired behaviours stipulated by community guidelines. Such gentle and respectful interventions would need to take careful account of factors such as age, gender and the individual’s role within the online community. This study has particular relevance for users of online health-promoting communities and organisations engaged in health promoting activities, especially those operating online and seeking to minimise risks to their members’ health. This research may also encourage online communities and other social networks not focused on health promotion to consider developing strategies to reduce prolonged sitting time and encourage healthier behaviours. Follow-up studies are needed to determine the sustainability and applicability of my conclusions and recommendations in emerging online communities, where smartphones and ‘apps’ are the primary means of internet access, and where wristbands can conveniently and unobtrusively monitor physical activity and sedentary behaviour.
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Soltani, Nejad Farideh. "SitLight : a Wearable Intervention for Improving Sitting Behavior." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för informatik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-149740.

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Various studies have taken different approaches to persuade users into adopting a healthy sitting posture. In addition to the sedentary lifestyles we have come to adopt, the importance and reasoning of these studies stem from the adverse effects of poor posture on our health and mood. However, studies approaching this area with real-time visual modality integrated into clothing are rather sparse. Utilizing this integration might potentially fulfill the requirements of the ubiquitous computing era and inform the users in a calmer way. To evaluate various aspects of this concept, a mid-fidelity prototype was developed and tested with users. Semi-structured interviews were then conducted to obtain their thoughts and opinions on such an approach. In addition to the approval of the concept, further concerns, advantages and disadvantages were disclosed, and used to inform a design space for similar concepts. Although requiring more research, the results of this study outline a primary design space consisting of essential characteristics one needs to be aware of when designing a similar concept.
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Jiang, Xianghan. "Decreasing Prolonged Sedentary Behaviors In The Office: An Office Workstation Design." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1593269651727554.

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Cage, Kailyn. "Exploring New Work Options for Emergency Dispatchers." The Ohio State University, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1386081992.

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Books on the topic "Sitting behaviour"

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Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons. Standing Committee G. Anti-social behaviour bill: Sixth sitting 13 May 2003(afternoon). London: The Stationery Office, 2003.

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Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons. Standing Committee G. Anti-Social Behaviour Bill: Tenth sitting Tuesday 20 May 2003(afternoon). London: Stationery Office, 2003.

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Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons. Standing Committee G. Anti-social behaviour bill: Twelfth sitting Thursday 22 May 2003(afternoon). London: Stationery Office, 2003.

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Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons. Standing Committee G. Anti-social behaviour bill: Third sitting Thursday 8 May 2003(morning). London: The Stationery office, 2003.

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Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons. Standing Committee G. Anti-Social Behaviour Bill: Seventh sitting Thursday 15 May 2003(morning). London: Stationery Office, 2003.

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Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons. Standing Committee G. Anti-social behaviour bill: Fifth sitting Tuesday 13 May 2003(morning). London: The Stationery office, 2003.

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G, Great Britain Parliament House of Commons Standing Committee. Anti-social behaviour bill: Eleventh sitting Thursday 22 May 2003(morning). London: The Stationery Office, 2002.

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Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons. Standing Committee G. Anti-Social Behaviour Bill: Eighth sitting Thursday 15 May 2003(afternoon). London: Stationery Office, 2003.

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Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons. Standing Committee G. Anti-social behaviour bill: Fourth sitting Thursday 8 May 2003(afternoon). London: The Stationery Office, 2003.

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Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons. Standing Committee G. Anti-Social Behaviour Bill: Ninth sitting Tuesday 20 May 2003(morning). London: Stationery Office, 2003.

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Book chapters on the topic "Sitting behaviour"

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Healy, Genevieve N., and Ana D. Goode. "Workplace Programmes Aimed at Limiting Occupational Sitting." In Sedentary Behaviour Epidemiology, 445–57. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-61552-3_18.

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Ferguson-Pell, Martin W., Debra E. Hurwitz, Thomas G. Burn, and R. Masiello. "Remote Monitoring of Wheelchair Sitting Behaviour." In Pressure Sores - Clinical Practice and Scientific Approach, 261–73. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-10128-3_20.

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Hadders-Algra, Mijna, and Kirsten R. Heineman. "Assessment of motor behaviour in the sitting position." In The Infant Motor Profile, 72–89. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2021.: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429341915-6.

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Netten, Matthijs P., L. H. M. van der Doelen, and Richard H. M. Goossens. "Chair Based Measurements of Sitting Behavior a Field Study of Sitting Postures and Sitting Time in Office Work." In Digital Human Modeling and Applications in Health, Safety, Ergonomics, and Risk Management. Human Body Modeling and Ergonomics, 261–68. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-39182-8_31.

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Maruyama, Tsubasa, Haruki Toda, Yui Endo, Mitsunori Tada, Hiroyuki Hagiwara, and Koji Kitamura. "Digital Human Simulation for Fall Risk Evaluation When Sitting on Stepladders." In Digital Human Modeling and Applications in Health, Safety, Ergonomics and Risk Management. Human Body, Motion and Behavior, 58–66. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-77817-0_5.

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Byrnes, Jennifer H., and Adam C. Payne. "Treatment Adherence from the Perspective of Dialectical Behavior Therapy: Sitting in the Boat and Staying the Course." In Psychiatric Nonadherence, 145–64. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-12665-0_10.

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Graf, M., U. Guggenbühl, and H. Krueger. "THE DYNAMICS OF SITTING BEHAVIOUR." In Advances In Industrial Ergonomics And Safety V, 251–56. CRC Press, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781482272413-35.

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Jia, Bochen. "The Application of EMG-Based Methods in Evaluating the Impact of Prolonged Sitting on People’s Health." In Sedentary Behaviour - A Contemporary View [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.95254.

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This chapter demonstrates a practical application of electromyography (EMG) technology in assessing the potential negative impacts of new trends (i.e., prolonged sitting) in life and work on people’s health. With the development of advanced technologies, prolonged sitting, have become more frequent at work and in everyday life. The potential risks associated with prolonged sitting can be assessed by evaluating localized muscle states using various EMG-based methods. However, due to the unique characteristics of prolonged sitting (i.e., sustained low-load condition), there are several challenges in applying traditional EMG methods to estimate the prolonged sitting related risks. Therefore, from the following aspects, this chapter discusses the potential applications and challenges of using surface EMG-based methods in identifying the effects of prolonged sitting: (1) what are the unique characteristics of the task conditions involved in prolonged sitting; (2) what are the available EMG-based methods; and (3) the advantage and disadvantage of each method in evaluating the impacts of prolonged sitting on people’s health;
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López Torres, Olga, Pablo Lobo, Valeria Baigún, and Gabriela F. De Roia. "How to Reduce Sedentary Behavior at All Life Domains." In Sedentary Behaviour - A Contemporary View [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.97040.

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Lifestyle has changed in the last century increasingly promoting sedentary behaviors. Prolonged sitting time is related to increased all-cause mortality risk. Therefore, scientific research aimed at understanding the effects of sitting on health has increased to find effective interventions that can be carried out in life domains (study, work, transport, and free time). The interaction between physical activity and sitting time plays a key role in the development of strategies to promote physical activity practice and reduce sedentary behavior. Accepting that the modern societies incite to spend long periods seated, the aim seems to find a balance between all the areas during the 24 h of the day. Maintaining sleep time, reducing screen leisure time to 3 h/day, and breaking prolonged sedentary time for 2–3 min every 30 min-1 h of sitting, as well as reaching the physical activity recommendation may help counteract the potential negative effect of too much sitting time. Governments must provide active free time options to promote active leisure time and help reduce screen time. At workplaces, managers and companies should encourage sitting breaks and work standing options, and for the special population such as children or older adults, new strategies must be considered to reduce sitting time.
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Ali Mir, Imtiyaz. "Sedentary Behavior, Cardiovascular Risk and Importance of Physical Activity and Breaking-Up Sedentary Behavior." In Sedentary Behaviour - A Contemporary View [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.96118.

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Sedentary behavior (SB) is one of the common leading modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular (CV) morbidity and all-cause mortality. However, not much is known concerning the relationship between SB and CV risk factors. This chapter aimed to explore the scientific knowledge that examines the association between SB and CV risk factors and its association with the development of CVD. Besides, the focus on preventing the SB by avoiding prolonged sitting and breaking-up the extended periods of sitting, and participating in physical activity (PA) are usually highlighted in this chapter, explaining how these intervention protocols can reduce the burden of CVD due to SB. Regardless of the known benefits of both PA and taking frequent breaks when engaging in sedentary tasks, the adaptation of a physically active lifestyle has remained very low because of various reasons; habitual behavior, insufficient or lack of time, misconceptions of CVD related health benefits from PA. Thus, it is very important to break these barriers associated with PA and encourage the physically inactive population, especially those who practice prolonged sitting to actively participate in PA and break the prolonged sitting time with regular interval breaks. Therefore, promotion of PA and limiting the sedentary tasks which would lead to improved levels of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and better quality of living is necessary among all age groups, gender and ethnicities to prevent many chronic illnesses, specifically CVD and its associated risks related to SB.
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Conference papers on the topic "Sitting behaviour"

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Porta, Micaela, Bruno Leban, and Massimiliano Pau. "Simultaneous assessment of upper limb usage and sedentary behavior time among white- and blue-collar workers using wrist-worn accelerometers." In 13th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2022). AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1001479.

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The use of wrist-worn accelerometers to perform assessment of physical activity features and posture recognition, has significantly increased in the last decades, but remains limited in ergonomic contexts. In particular, to our knowledge, no studies employed them to investigate symmetry of use of upper limb (UL) during actual work shifts, even though such information would be useful to identify potentially unbalanced use of dominant and non-dominant limb. In the present study we aimed to estimate intensity and symmetry of use of UL while, at the same time, analyzing the amount of time spent in sedentary behavior in workers engaged in physically demanding and sedentary tasks.2.MethodsTwenty-two full-time workers employed in a metalworking company were recruited for the study and divided into two groups (n=11 each) according to the task they usually performed as follows:1)Machine tools operators, who are required to perform several kinds of machining processes such as cutting, turning, milling, etc.2)Administrative staff, who spend most of their shift time on a desk, in a sitting position using a PC, mouse and keyboard. Upper limb activity was measured for 4 consecutive hours of a regular working shift using two wrist-worn tri-axial accelerometers (Actigraph GT3X-BT, Acticorp Co., USA). The raw accelerations were processed to calculate the following parameters:a) vector magnitude (VM) counts, a composite measure of the accelerometric counts on the three planes of motion;b) Bilateral Magnitude (BLM), which is the sum of the VM values of dominant and non-dominant limb;c) Use Ratio (UR): is the ratio between the minutes of use calculated for the non-dominant and the dominant limb respectively. UR = 1 indicates an equal use of dominant and non-dominant limb, while UR < 1 (>1) indicates longer periods of use for the dominant (non-dominant) limb;d) Magnitude Ratio (MR) is the natural logarithm of the ratio between the VM counts calculated for the non-dominant and the dominant limbs respectively. A value of MR = 0 indicates perfect symmetric use of both limbs in terms of movement intensity. MR < 0 (> 0) denotes higher intensity activity of the dominant (non-dominant) limb;e) Time spent in sedentary (sitting) behaviour calculated according to the procedure proposed by Straczkiewicz et al. (2020)We performed one-way MANCOVA and ANCOVA using the number of steps as covariate because the arm swing associated with walking represents a source of accelerometric counts. The independent variable was the group (i.e. machine tools operator or administrative staff), while the dependent variables were: 1.The three UL activity parameters (i.e., BLM, MR and UR); 2.The time spend in sedentary (sitting) behavior.The level of significance was set at p = 0.05 and the effect of size was assessed using the eta-squared coefficient. Univariate ANOVAs were carried out as a post-hoc test on the adjusted group means.3.ResultsAfter controlling for number of steps, MANCOVA detected a significant main effect of group on UL activity and symmetry parameters [F(3,17) = 5.512; p = 0.008 Wilks’ λ = 0.507; η2 = 0.493]. In particular, the follow-up analysis revealed that machine tool operators performed a more asymmetrical activity in favor of their dominant limb with respect to those engaged in office tasks both in terms of intensity (MR = -0.18 vs. -0.02, p=0.004) and minutes of use (UR = 0.89 vs. 0.99, p=0.001). As regards the sedentary behavior, the ANCOVA revealed that the administrative staff spent significantly longer time in sitting position with respect to machine tools workers (158 minutes vs. 70, p=0.021). This value represents approximately 66% of the monitoring period.4.Discussion and conclusionThe results obtained from the experimental analysis identified the existence of significant asymmetry in the machine tools workers in terms of both duration of UL use and activity intensity. In particular, their markedly higher intensity of use of dominant limb is probably due to the fact that during activities such as cutting, turning, milling, etc. the dominant arm tends to perform dynamic tasks, while the non-dominant is devoted more to stabilizing position by contrasting the forces imposed by the dominant limb. Also, as expected, they spend little time in sitting position (30% of the monitoring period) compared with administrative staff, which perform a typical sedentary work. The findings of the present study, although carried out on a restricted sample in terms of working activities and number of subjects tested, suggest that accelerometer-based data allow discriminating among important features of different job occupations, at the same time highlighting potentially harmful conditions associated with the asymmetrical use of the dominant and non-dominant limbs. This can be extremely important in properly planning suitable ergonomic interventions.
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Tessendorf, B., B. Arnrich, J. Schumm, C. Setz, and G. Troster. "Unsupervised monitoring of sitting behavior." In 2009 Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iembs.2009.5334620.

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Suzuki, Shunsuke, Mineichi Kudo, and Atsuyoshi Nakamura. "Sitting posture diagnosis using a pressure sensor mat." In 2016 IEEE International Conference on Identity, Security and Behavior Analysis (ISBA). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isba.2016.7477236.

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Petrone, Nicola, Francesco Trabacchin, and Fausto Panizzolo. "Development of a Servohydraulic Roller Test Bench for Indoor Evaluation of the Vibrational Comfort of Bicycle Components." In ASME 2015 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2015-47824.

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One of the most important parameters evaluated by racing and trekking cyclists is vibrational comfort: as generally accepted, it is closely correlated to the response of bicycle components in combination with the cyclist’s characteristics. Vibration transmissibility of wheels and saddles was recently studied during lab tests using a wooden dummy bottom resting on the saddle or in road tests on an instrumented racing bicycle at different speeds on different surfaces. The use of shakers is also well established in the evaluation of cyclist’s posture effects on the overall bicycle behaviour. In fact, in previous works, either a servohydraulic actuator was applied to the seatpost of a bicycle frame hinged at the front wheel axle with a cycling tester, or two electrodynamic shakers were applied under the wheels of a fully equipped bicycle, with a cyclist sitting statically on the saddle. In the present study, the combination of a servohydraulic actuator and a roller type bench allowed to overcome the limitations of the former experiences. Random vibrations were input to the bicycle-cyclist complex by means of rollers supporting the rear wheel while cyclists were cycling unrestrained on the rollers. The test bench setup and tuning approach are presented for comparison with results available from previous bench and road tests.
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Song-Lin, Wu, and Cui Rong-Yi. "Human behavior recognition based on sitting postures." In 2010 International Symposium on Computer, Communication, Control and Automation (3CA). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/3ca.2010.5533871.

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Anwary, Arif Reza, Michael Vassallo, and Hamid Bouchachia. "Monitoring of Prolonged and Asymmetrical Posture to Improve Sitting Behavior." In 2020 International Conference on Data Analytics for Business and Industry: Way Towards a Sustainable Economy (ICDABI). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icdabi51230.2020.9325598.

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Schwartz, Bernhard, Andreas Schrempf, Kathrin Probst, Michael Haller, and Josef Glöckl. "Recognizing Static and Dynamic Sitting Behavior by Means of Instrumented Office Chairs." In Biomedical Engineering. Calgary,AB,Canada: ACTAPRESS, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2316/p.2013.791-142.

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Joshi, Divyanshu, and Anindya Deb. "Effect of Sitting Occupancy on Lateral Dynamics and Trajectory of a Passenger Car." In ASME 2015 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2015-47528.

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In the current work, the effects of sitting locations and combinations of occupants on handling performance of a four-wheeled passenger car have been investigated. A new multi-occupant nonlinear lumped parameter model (LPM) is developed by coupling 1-DOF longitudinal vehicle model, 2-DOF lateral vehicle model, 13-DOF nonlinear vehicle ride model including seats, 6-DOF nonlinear human occupant model, and 1-DOF tire model. The combined model with a maximum of 50 degrees-of-freedom (in case of all five seats occupied) is simulated in MATLAB/SIMULINK environment. Model subsystems i.e. occupant and vehicle models including tires are validated independently by comparing biodynamic responses of seated occupants, vehicle vertical response and handling behavior with published results. The coupled model can facilitate the study of vehicle dynamics considering the combined effects of road inputs, vehicle maneuvering and seat occupancy while taking into account the nonlinear behavior of vehicle suspension. Further the yaw rate and vehicle trajectories are compared and studied for various cases of sitting occupancies at a given vehicle velocity with a road input representing harsh and abrupt scenario. The current study shows that appreciable changes in yaw rate and vehicle trajectory can be caused due to varying sitting occupancies and vehicle velocities.
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van Almkerk, Marc, Bart L. Bierling, Nono Leermakers, Jeroen Vinken, and Annick A. A. Timmermans. "Improving posture and sitting behavior through tactile and visual feedback in a sedentary environment." In 2015 37th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/embc.2015.7319411.

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Lee, Geunho, Soe Htet Hein, and Takanori Ohnuma. "Distance-based Interface for Standing/Sitting Behaviors for a Lower-Limb Assist Robot." In 2018 IEEE 7th Global Conference on Consumer Electronics (GCCE). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/gcce.2018.8574815.

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Reports on the topic "Sitting behaviour"

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Patston, L. L. M., A. N. Henry, M. McEwen, J. Mannion, and L. A. Ewens-Volynkina. Thinking While Standing: An exploratory study on the effect of standing on cognitive performance. Unitec ePress, September 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.34074/ocds.32017.

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Sedentary behaviour is extremely prevalent in Western societies and is significantly associated with an elevated risk of all-cause mortality that cannot be mitigated by physical activity. The introduction of standing desks into the workplace offers a solution to this inactivity, but there is limited investigation regarding the effects of standing on cognition, which is a major consideration in much office-based work. In this study we aimed to provide an exploratory investigation on the effect on cognitive performance of standing while working. We tested 30 office-based adults on a battery of 19 cognitive tasks (tapping five cognitive domains) in a randomised, repeatedmeasures crossover design study. Two conditions (standing versus sitting) were investigated over two 7.5-hour work days including morning, midday and afternoon sessions (Time of Day). Effects were analysed using multivariate two-way repeated-measures ANOVAs (Condition by Time of Day) for five cognitive domains. Overall, after correcting for multiple comparisons, there were no differences in performance between sitting and standing. At an uncorrected level, however, significant effects of Condition were found in three of the 19 tasks, with all demonstrating better performance while standing. Importantly, these results suggest that there is no detriment to cognitive performance through standing. They also provide an initial indication that there may be cognitive benefits of standing in the attention and working memory domains, which may be a promising avenue for future inquiry.
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SEREDINA, E. V., E. V. KISLITSYNA, and E. F. BEKH. JOE BIDEN’S NICKNAMES IN POLITICAL CARTOON. Science and Innovation Center Publishing House, April 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12731/2077-1770-2021-14-1-3-83-90.

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The article examines unofficial nicknames for Joe Biden, sitting president of the USA, in the light of political humour. All of the used nicknames express popular public opinion, highlighting the individual characteristics of the president and emphasizing his particular behavior. The common feature of the illustrated nickname is a mockery on the president constructed by adding vivid adjectives to his name.
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Volunteer Kinematics and Reaction in Lateral Emergency Maneuver Tests. SAE International, November 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2013-22-0013.

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It is important to understand human kinematics and muscle activation patterns in emergency maneuvers for the design of safety systems and for the further development of human models. The objective of this study was to quantify kinematic behavior and muscle activation in simulated steering tests in several realistic conditions. In total 108 tests were performed with 10 volunteers undergoing purely lateral maneuvers at 5 m/s2 deceleration or simulated lane change maneuvers at 5 m/s2 peak acceleration and peak yaw velocity of 25 °/s. Test subjects were seated on a rigid seat and restrained by a 4-point belt with retractor. Driver subjects were instructed to be relaxed or braced and to hold the steering wheel while passenger subjects were instructed to put their hands on their thighs. Subjects were instrumented with photo markers that were tracked with 3D high-speed stereo cameras and with electromyography (EMG) electrodes on 8 muscles. Corridors of head displacement, pitch and roll and displacement of T1, shoulder, elbow, hand and knee were created representing mean response and standard deviation of all subjects. In lane change tests for the passenger configuration significant differences were observed in mean peak of head left lateral displacement between the relaxed and the braced volunteers, i.e. 171 mm (σ=58, n=21) versus 121 mm (σ=46, n=17), respectively. Sitting in a relaxed position led to significantly lower muscle activity of the neck muscles. It was concluded that significantly more upper body motion and lower muscle activity was observed for relaxed subjects than for braced subjects.
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