Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Sites et sols'
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Hlaváčková, Petra Fernandez Maria Aurora Barna Radu. "Evaluation du comportement du cuivre et du zinc dans une matrice de type sol à l'aide de différentes méthodologies." Villeurbanne : Doc'INSA, 2006. http://docinsa.insa-lyon.fr/these/pont.php?id=hlavackova.
Louzon, Maxime. "Développement d’indicateurs chimiques et biologiques pour l’évaluation des risques environnementaux des sites et sols contaminés." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UBFCD040.
In the context of the sustainable management of polluted sites and soils, the overall objective of this thesis was to improve environmental (ERA) and human health (HHRA) risk assessments.Threshold guide values (TGV) were determined ex situ in the land snail for metal(loid)s, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs) as well as global indicators, such as ex situ indices of sum of excess transfer (GSET) and ecotoxicological risk (GERITOXE). These indicators were applied to 68 various contaminated soils and showed that it is not necessarily the most contaminated soils that present the highest risk. In addition, it was highlighted that excess metal(loid) transfers to snail are, unlike non-anomalous transfers from the soil geochemical background, more influenced by the total concentration than by the physico-chemical properties of the soils. Beyond these influences, the question also arose of the influence of site specificities on the bioavailability of contaminants to the snail. This was investigated in an inter-laboratory test leading to the standardization of the in situ and ex situ approaches (ISO 24032). It was evidenced that transfers are generally higher ex situ than in situ, except for few metals (e.g., Cd and Mo). This enable to discern the respective interests of in situ and ex situ ERA methods and the answers obtained according to scientific questions and management perspectives. The relationships between bioavailable concentrations and specific ecotoxicological effects for the snail were studied at different levels of organization (life history traits and genomic stability) to refine the interpretation of the global indicators developed. The relevance of the coupling of the micronucleus assay with the random amplification technique of polymorphic DNA for the assessment of genotoxicity in hemocytes was demonstrated. The study of telomere dynamics in the land snail has been developed and has revealed novel patterns. A strong telomere attrition during growth from the juvenile to the sub-adult stage was characterized, followed by a maintenance of telomere length during adult life. Although genotoxic damage has been identified and associated with health alterations to snails exposed to metal- and PAH-contaminated soils, their telomeres are not shortened in hemocytes. In the context of the applicability of the One health initiative to the management of polluted sites and soils considering both human and environmental health, the study of exposures with the relationships between bioaccessibility to humans and bioavailability to the snails of As, Cd and Pb in contaminated soils revealed strong convergences. Concerning the links between risk levels, it was shown that soils identified as "at risk" for human health could present a low or even absence of transfer of contaminants to snails and therefore an absence of environmental risk, offering alternative management perspectives.In conclusion, the results obtained pave the way towards the research of fundamental relationships between environmental and toxicological bioavailability at different levels of biological organization and the identification of the respective interests of field and laboratory approaches in risk assessments in relation to management issues. Approaches to combine environmental and health assessment methodologies are proposed in the aim to better manage environmental pollutions. Finally, the indicators developed within the framework of this thesis strengthen the positioning of targeted chemical and biological characterization tools at the site scale
Vaudelet, Pierre. "Développement des méthodes géoélectriques : application à la caractérisation des sites et sols pollués." Bordeaux 3, 2011. https://extranet.u-bordeaux-montaigne.fr/memoires/diffusion.php?nnt=2011BOR30075.
Ponthieu, Marie. "Spéciation des éléments traces métalliques dans les sols et les solutions des sols : du modèle au terrain." Aix-Marseille 3, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003AIX30059.
Nowadays, environmental problems related to soil pollution with heavy metals are numerous, therefore, it is important to understand metals behavior in soils and to appreciate their transfer. The fate of the metals in the environment is closely related to their interactions with the major reactive soil compartments (organic matter, iron and manganese oxides, clays). The objective of this work is to develop an approach based on the combination of several model to study metal ion speciation in the soil and the soil solution. Models used to describe the interactions of metals with the main reactive phases in the soil are CD-MUSIC (amorphous and crystallized iron oxides), NICA-Donnarf (organic matter and manganese oxides), cationic ion exchange model (clays). First, this work implies the definition of generic parameters to describe the interactions of the studied metals (Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn) with iron and manganese oxides, a part of this information is missing in the literature. Then, after the validation of the approach by comparison with analytical results, this multi-surface model is applied to two contaminated soils located in the North of France (atmospheric deposits) and in Brittany (intensive pig manure applications)
Blanchet, François. "Gélivité des sols d'infrastructure sur deux sites routiers à St-David et Cap-Santé." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27926/27926.pdf.
Stetten, Lucie. "Spéciation et mobilité de l'uranium dans des sols et des sédiments lacustres en aval d'anciens sites miniers." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS249.
Uranium scavenging in soils and sediments located downstream from former U mines is expected to naturally limit uranium dispersion in downstream waterways. However, uranium mobility in such contaminated sites may depend on the identity of U traps as well as the geochemical conditions. The aim of this thesis was to improve our knowledge on the geochemical behavior and the mobility of uranium in U contaminated lacustrine sediments and wetland soils, whose reducing conditions is expected to mitigate uranium mobility because U(IV) species are less soluble than U(VI) ones. X-ray absorption spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy analyzes combined with geochemical analyzes were carried out. In U contaminated lake sediments, we show that indirect reduction of U(VI) by Fe(II) associated to clay minerals may be a major diagenetic process responsible for the scavenging of uranium. For organic-rich weltand soils, we show a sharp uranium redox boundary mainly controlled by the water-table. For both sites, U(IV) mononuclear species and U(IV)-phosphate minerals were identified as the major species controlling uranium solubility, while uraninite is virtually absent. For the highly U-contaminated wetland soil, we suggest a major uranium redistribution via the oxidative dissolution of U(IV)-minerals followed by U(VI) organic matter complexation. Soil incubation experiments have confirmed these redistribution mechanisms and suggest different geochemical behaviors for lermontovite (U(PO4)(OH)•H2O) and ningyoite (CaU(PO4)2•2H2O). These experiments also highlight the role of organic matter in the control of uranium mobility, favoring the remobilization of U(IV) organic complexes under reducing conditions. Altogether, our results call for the need to consider both non-uraninite U(IV) minerals and mononuclear U(IV) complexes in such anoxic environments as major species controlling uranium solubility
Blondel, Amélie. "Développement des méthodes géophysiques électriques pour la caractérisation des sites et sols pollués aux hydrocarbures." Phd thesis, Université Michel de Montaigne - Bordeaux III, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00988260.
Hallier, Sylvie. "Évaluation microbiologique et moléculaire des potentialités de biodégradation dans des sols pollués par du toluène." Compiègne, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996COMPD871.
Le, Hécho Isabelle. "Décontamination de sols de sites industriels pollués en métaux et arsenic par extraction chimique ou électrocinétique." Pau, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PAUU3010.
Viard-La, Rocca Bénédicte Pihan Jean-Claude. "Mise au point et validation sur sites contaminés (ETM-HAP) d'un test de biosurveillance en microcosme croissance et bioaccumulation par gastéropode terrestre Helix Aspersa Aspersa /." Metz : Université Metz, 2008. ftp://ftp.scd.univ-metz.fr/pub/Theses/2004/Viard_La%20Rocca.Benedicte.SMZ0435.pdf.
Segues, Céline. "Anciens et nouveaux réactifs pour la décontamination simultanée des métaux et de l'arsenic dans des sols de sites industriels." Pau, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PAUU3020.
Baudrit, Cédric. "Représentation et propagation de connaissances imprécises et incertaines : application à l'évaluation des risques liés aux sites et aux sols pollués." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00011933.
sur une évaluation des risques pour l'homme et l'environnement. Cette évaluation est effectuée à l'aide de modèles qui simulent le transfert de polluant depuis une source de pollution vers une cible vulnérable, pour différents scénarii d'exposition. La sélection des valeurs des paramètres de ces modèles s'appuie autant que possible sur les données recueillies lors des investigations de terrain (phase de diagnostic de site). Or pour des raisons de délais et de coûts, l'information recueillie lors de cette phase de diagnostic est toujours incomplète; elle est donc entachée d'incertitude. De même, les modèles de transferts et d'exposition présentent également des incertitudes à intégrer dans les procédures. Cette notion globale d'incertitude doit être prise en compte dans l'évaluation du risque pour que les résultats soient utiles lors la phase décisionnelle.
L'incertitude sur les paramètres peut avoir deux origines. La première provient du caractère aléatoire de l'information due à une variabilité naturelle résultant de phénomènes stochastiques. On parle alors d'incertitudes de variabilité ou d'incertitudes stochastiques. La seconde est liée au caractère imprécis de l'information lié à un manque de connaissance et qui résulte par exemple d'erreurs systématiques lors de mesures ou d'avis d'experts.
On parle alors d'incertitudes épistémiques. Dans le calcul de risque, ces deux notions sont souvent confondues alors qu'elles devraient être traitées de manière différente.
L'incertitude en évaluation des risques a surtout été appréhendée dans un cadre purement probabiliste.
Cela revient à supposer que la connaissance sur les paramètres des modèles est toujours de nature aléatoire (variabilité). Cette approche consiste à représenter les paramètres incertains par des distributions de probabilité uniques et à transmettre l'incertitude relative à ces paramètres sur celle du risque encouru par la cible, en appliquant en général la technique dite Monte Carlo. Si cette approche est bien connue, toute la difficulté tient à une définition cohérente des distributions de probabilité affectées aux paramètres par rapport à la connaissance disponible. En effet dans un contexte d'évaluation des risques liés à l'exposition aux polluants, l'information dont on dispose concernant certains paramètres est souvent de nature imprécise. Le calage d'une distribution de probabilité unique sur ce type de
connaissance devient subjectif et en partie arbitraire.
L'information dont on dispose réellement est souvent plus riche qu'un intervalle mais moins riche qu'une distribution de probabilité. En pratique, l'information de nature aléatoire est traitée de manière rigoureuse par les distributions de probabilité classiques. Celle de nature imprécise est traitée de manière rigoureuse par des familles de distributions de probabilité définies au moyen de paires de probabilités cumulées hautes et basses ou, à l'aide de théories plus récentes, au moyen de distributions de possibilité (aussi appelées intervalles flous) ou encore au moyen d'intervalles aléatoires utilisant les fonctions de croyance de Dempster-Shafer.
Un des premiers objectifs de ce travail est de promouvoir la cohérence entre la manière dont on représente la connaissance sur les paramètres
des modèles du risque et la connaissance dont on dispose réellement. Le deuxième objectif est de proposer différentes méthodes pour propager l'information de nature aléatoire et l'information de nature imprécise à travers les modèles du risque tout en essayant de tenir compte des dépendances entre les paramètres. Enfin, ces méthodes alternatives ont été testées sur des cas synthétiques puis sur des cas réels simplifiés, notamment pour proposer des moyens de présenter les résultats pour une phase décisionnelle:
- Calcul de dose : Transfert d'un polluant radioactif (le strontium) depuis le dépôt jusqu'à
l'homme, au travers de la consommation d'un aliment (le lait de vache).
- Risque toxique après un déversement accidentel de trichloréthylène (TCE) au dessus d'une nappe d'eau (modèle semi analytique).
- Risque pour la santé liée aux sols pollués par des retombées de plomb.
Hlaváčková, Petra. "Evaluation du comportement du cuivre et du zinc dans une matrice de type sol à l'aide de différentes méthodologies." Lyon, INSA, 2005. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2005ISAL0066/these.pdf.
The usual experimental risk assessment methodologies of polluted soils have been applied for the investigation of the physico-chemical behaviour of Copper and Zinc in a synthetic soil. Two types of batch tests have been performed: continuous stirred reactor for equilibrium and extraction and micro column for kinetic experiments. Equilibrium tests have been performed in parallel with synthetic soil and with peat, main responsible for metal binding in the experimental pH range. Continuous laboratory column tests have been performed at different scales: its good reproducibility is due to strict preparing rules. The soil composition, particularly its carbonate content changes during the tests. This process controls pH and metal distribution in the soil
Batteria, Morgane. "La responsabilité du fait des sites et sols pollués par les installations classées pour la protection de l'environnement (ICPE)." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023UPASH018.
Liability for polluted sites and soils from facilities classified for environmental protection is a cross-cutting issue at the crossroads of fundamental challenges. Soil plays a key role in regulating major natural cycles and the climate. In the current context of global warming, and in light of recent reports on the biodiversity crisis, combating soil pollution and ensuring the best possible soil remediation, in line with the "polluter pays" principle and therefore without the costs being passed on to the community, is a priority. A clear legal framework will help to achieve this. In legal terms, the plurality of liability regimes leaves much to be desired. This research proposes to rationalize and articulate the different foundations of private and public law, in order to strengthen them. Soil is also a vital support for the economic development of territories.The multitude of uncoordinated sanctions (civil, administrative and criminal) is a source of complexity and legal uncertainty. The aim of our work is to simplify and clarify these sanctions. In addition, it is appropriate to consider and strengthen all means of guaranteeing the recovery of environmental claims, with a view to achieving full compensation. To this end, the study aims to provide answers to outstanding questions, notably concerning liability in the event of collective proceedings or in the presence of groups of companies. To this end, the deployment of dedicated mechanisms - such as financial guarantees, the creation of a mutual fund, ecological compensation and real environmental obligations - is proposed
Blanchard, Claire. "Caractérisation de la mobilisation potentielle des polluants inorganiques dans les sols pollués." Lyon, INSA, 2000. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2000ISAL0021/these.pdf.
The specific objective of this study is to characterize metal mobility from contaminated soils through laboratory tests. The literature work consisted in a complete review of leaching/extraction tests in collaboration with French association for normalization. Lab work consisted in carrying out previously chosen leaching tests (sequential extractions, single extractions, column test and Compact Granular Leach Test) over an artificially contaminated soil (fresh and aged) and an industrial soil containing As, Cr, Pb , Zn. Results) comparison allowed to set up a method assessing metal potential mobilization from contaminated coifs
Zahaby, Mohamed El. "Contribution à la définition d'une norme des sites pollués : élaboration d'une méthodologie pour l'évaluation de la contamination d'un sol par éléments tracés." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998INPL045N.
Ranchy, Sophie Lavenue Jean-Jacques. "Le statut juridique des zones industrielles littorales et la pollution des sols état de la réglementation et perspectives /." Villeurbane : TEL, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00355550/fr.
Chatain, Vincent. "Caractérisation de la mobilisation potentielle de l'arsenic et d'autres constituants inorganiques présents dans les sols issus d'un site minier aurifère." Lyon, INSA, 2004. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2004ISAL0071/these.pdf.
Initiated by the doctoral thesis of Claire Blanchard defended in 2000 and by a contractual research program within the framework "polluted soils and sites" between the Association RE. CO. R. D. (Waste Research Cooperative Network, France), and the the L. A. E. P. S. I. (Laboratory of Environmental Evaluation of Industrial Systems and Processes), various complementary methodological tools, based on the use of leaching tests, were developed and carried out, in order to characterize the potential mobilization of arsenic and other inorganic constituents from soils, collected from a gold mining site. Main results shown in this study indicate that arsenic release during contact with deionized water is limited by its very low solubility in the interstitial solution and by the stability of the amorphous solid phases present (mainly arsenate iron (oxy)hydroxides). However, a potential mobilization risk exists over the long term under specific leaching conditions (i. E. , pH or redox gradient …) which can arise in given management scenarios of a contaminated site. Indeed, a significant increase in arsenic mobilization was observed in extremely acidic and alkaline conditions for the selected soils, wich have shown a low buffering capacity. Reductive conditions, either chemically (with the addition of sodium ascorbate or sodium borhydride) or biologically (using appropriate stimulation of the indigenous bacterial activity under anaerobic conditions) induced; also reveal the possibility of a partial arsenic mobilization
Angue, Abane Monique. "Biodynamique des humus et cycles biogéochimiques des éléments dans des sites forestiers et des sites cultivés en cacaoyers du centre-sud Cameroun (réfion d'Akongo)." Nancy 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988NAN10246.
Matera, Virginie. "Etude de la mobilité et de la spéciation de l'arsenic dans les sols de sites industriels pollués : Estimation du risque induit." Pau, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PAUU3017.
Dabas, Michel. "Comportement magnétique des sols dans les domaines fréquentiel et temporel (ARV. ) : application à la prospection de sites archéologiques." Paris 6, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA066581.
Guinle-Thenevin, Isabelle. "Influence des valeurs extrêmes (millennales) des données physiques de l'environnement naturel sur le sol et le proche sous-solApplication aux sites de stockage de déchets." ENSMP, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998ENMP0809.
Li, Yong-tao. "Spéciation de métaux et de leur impact sur les caractéristiques microbiologiques dans un sol pollué par le drainage minier acide." Paris 7, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA077046.
Soil samples were collected from two agricultural sites near Dabao Shan poly-metallic mine of China. Our aim was to characterize activity and speciation of Cu, Pb, Zn and Cd in soil and solution, and their relationships with soil mineralogical, physical and chemical properties. We further were to assess long-term impact of metals on microbial biomass, hydrolyses, organic matter mineralization, bacterial and fungal composition in relation to organic C, N and P turnover. The results indicate acid mine drainage irrigation resulted in strong soil acidity and metal solubility. Fe and Mn oxides bound metals were the major extractable fractions. Free and complexed cations were related to exchangeable, partially to oxides bound fractions. Hydrous oxides and clay minerais were pre-eminent sorbents controlling cation exchange and specific adsorption. Moreover, the metal variables were correlated to microbiological datasets. They inhibited microbial biomass C, N and P, FDA and C-related polysaccharidases and heterosidases, nitriflcation and P mineralization, while activated N-related enzymes, ammonification, total N mineralization and metabolic quotient. Furthermore, Metal stress inhibited fungal and bacterial populations and caused a decreased ratio of bacteria to fungi. The inhibition was more significant on bacterial DNA bands diversity than fungal taxa. Dissolved metal cations showed higher bio-availability than total contents. We demonstrate that linked microbiological and biochemical indices and their combined uses are reliable indicators of change in soil organic nutrient cycles exposed to long-term acid metal stress
Madi, Belkacem. "Contribution à l'étude des méthodes de traitement des sols pollués par des hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques (HAP) : application de la désorption thermique et de l'extraction par solvant." Compiègne, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006COMP1658.
The thesis is a contribution for the methodology to be applied for the treatment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) contaminated soils. The aspects covered are the soil bulk handling, analysis for monitoring the cleanup, the treatability study, the conduct of laboratory testing ant the mathematical modeling of the treatment
Gleyzes, Christine. "Conditions de solubilisation et mise au point de schémas de caractérisation chimique de métaux et d'arsenic dans des sols de sites industriels et miniers." Pau, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PAUU3027.
Ricardo, Rhenals Garrido David. "Impact de l'interaction CO2 supercritique/H2O sur la structure poreuse et les propriétés de transport d'un analogue de roche de couverture des sites de stockage géologique du CO2." Ecole nationale d'ingénieurs (Saint-Etienne), 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ENISE027.
CO₂geological storage is considered as a technique which reduces large quantities of CO₂rejeted in the atmosphere because of many human activities. The effectiveness of this technique is mainly related to the storage capacity as well as its safety. The safety of this operation is primarily based on the conservation of petro-physical properties of the caprock, which prevents CO₂migration towards the surface. However, when CO₂reaches the reservoir / caprock interface due to buoyancy effects, the interaction between interstitial fluid and injected fluid creates a serie of geochemical reactions affecting the properties of containment of the caprock, which is generally characterized by low transport properties. This work aims to evaluate the geochemical impact of supercritical CO₂/H₂O interaction on the porous structure and transport properties by using a combined experimental and modeling approach. Batch experiments at representatives storage geological conditions have conducted for 6. 87 months. The assessment changes of the porous structure and the transport properties of the samples before and after degradation have been conducted by gas adsorption techniques. Porous structure and transport properties analysis have been conducted by using classical thermodynamics models and probabilistic approaches. The results suggest an overall increase of the porous volume of the samples during all degradation experiment. Otherwise, the serults obtained by the probabilistic approach suggest that the increase of the samples porous volume was not correlated with a permeability increase. The geochemical modeling interpretation of the degradation experiments suggests that a combination of dissolution and precipitation reactions was the primarily cause of this phenomenon. Finally, the evolution of the porous volume of our samples has been correctly predicted by geochemical modeling suggesting that the increase of the porous volume was mainly consequence of calcite dissolution
Delafoulhouze, Maximilien. "Développement et application de l’analyse dirigée par l’effet pour la recherche et l’identification de contaminants à risque présents dans les sols des sites pollués." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BORD0384/document.
The soil is a scarce resource fulfilling many functions necessary for the proper functioning of ecosystems and societies. Nevertheless, it suffers human pressures causing its deterioration. In Europe, 16% of the territory is subject to soil degradations. One of the threats to the soil homeostasis is the chemical contamination from industrial activity sites. These contaminated sites, estimated to number of 2.5 million in Europe are causing a risk to human and environmental health. Unfortunately, at present there is no common European regulatory framework for the management of these sites, whose diagnoses are made only on short lists of molecules and priority pollutants. However, soil contamination generally comes from complex mixtures whose toxicity is due to a combination of contaminants. The aim of this work concerns the identification of compounds responsible for the toxicity of the contaminated soil by applying an effect-directed analysis (EDA), a technique which combines biological and chemical analyzes to a physico-chemical fractionation. After the development of EDA on the solid matrices, this approach has been used on polluted sites to identify the compounds binding to the aryl hydrocabon receptor (AhR). This allowed to highlight contaminants with a biological activity not included in the diagnoses of polluted soils such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons non-priority according to US-EPA, their oxidation products and compounds containing N -, S-, O-heterocycles
Viglianti, Christophe. "Approche alternative du lavage de sols pollués par des hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques : utilisation des cyclodextrines avec procédés de recyclage." Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Saint-Etienne, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00784723.
Boulangé, Marine. "Mobilisation et transfert des composés aromatiques polycycliques (HAP et CAP polaires) dans les sols historiquement contaminés par des goudrons de houille : expérimentations au laboratoire et in situ." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORR0138/document.
In industrial countries, many sites have been diagnosed polluted by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). In addition to the regulated 16 US-EPA PAHs, other polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs), especially polar PACs (oxygenated and nitrogenated) occur. They come from the same sources as PAHs but they may also be formed due to PAH degradation under biotic or abiotic processes (natural attenuation or remediation treatment). These PACs, more polar than the 16 US-EPA PAHs, are more soluble in water, resulting in a potentially increased mobility in soils and a higher risk for Humans and Environment. Thus, there is a need to increase our knowledge on polar PAC mobility in soils and their transfer to the groundwater. Combining laboratory and in situ works, this project aimed at identifying the mechanisms involved in the release and transfer mode of polar PACs in soils compared to the 16 US-EPA PAHs. Our works confirm a preferential release of polar PACs compared with PAHs. Polar PACs and low molecular weight PAHs (LMW-PAHs) are mainly released according to a coal tar dissolution mechanism (Raoult law). While satisfactory predictions are obtained for polar PAC release when the pollution is “fresh”, availability is a major parameter that needs to be taken into account for historical contamination impacted by aging. Indeed, whatever the leaching conditions (static-batch and dynamic-column), the PAC concentration in water is highly dependent on the availability level of the pollution. In addition, for a high level of PAC availability, the other parameters studied in the project (ionic strength and temperature) have a limited impact on the PAC release whereas at low availability level, these parameters can show a greater influence. Moreover, the PAC release in association with colloids seems limited for polar PACs but dominating for high molecular weight PAHs (HMW-PAHs), especially under low ionic strength conditions. Leaching tests performed on a lysimeter column (2 m3) filled with a contaminated soil in the 2/3 upper part and with a non-contaminated soil in the 1/3 lower part, both soils being sampled on a former coking plant site, confirm a release of PACs according to a coal tar dissolution mechanism although PAC concentrations are widely lower compared to those predicted by the Raoult law. Whatever the experimental scale studied (batch, laboratory or lysimeter column), a clear influence of the biological compartment has been evidenced. Once the PAHs and polar PACs are dissolved into water, they are highly biodegraded. No by-products - especially oxygenated PACs - were detected
Regnier, Julie. "Variabilité de la réponse sismique : de la classification des sites au comportement non-linéaire des sols." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00906072.
Boulangé, Marine. "Mobilisation et transfert des composés aromatiques polycycliques (HAP et CAP polaires) dans les sols historiquement contaminés par des goudrons de houille : expérimentations au laboratoire et in situ." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORR0138.
In industrial countries, many sites have been diagnosed polluted by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). In addition to the regulated 16 US-EPA PAHs, other polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs), especially polar PACs (oxygenated and nitrogenated) occur. They come from the same sources as PAHs but they may also be formed due to PAH degradation under biotic or abiotic processes (natural attenuation or remediation treatment). These PACs, more polar than the 16 US-EPA PAHs, are more soluble in water, resulting in a potentially increased mobility in soils and a higher risk for Humans and Environment. Thus, there is a need to increase our knowledge on polar PAC mobility in soils and their transfer to the groundwater. Combining laboratory and in situ works, this project aimed at identifying the mechanisms involved in the release and transfer mode of polar PACs in soils compared to the 16 US-EPA PAHs. Our works confirm a preferential release of polar PACs compared with PAHs. Polar PACs and low molecular weight PAHs (LMW-PAHs) are mainly released according to a coal tar dissolution mechanism (Raoult law). While satisfactory predictions are obtained for polar PAC release when the pollution is “fresh”, availability is a major parameter that needs to be taken into account for historical contamination impacted by aging. Indeed, whatever the leaching conditions (static-batch and dynamic-column), the PAC concentration in water is highly dependent on the availability level of the pollution. In addition, for a high level of PAC availability, the other parameters studied in the project (ionic strength and temperature) have a limited impact on the PAC release whereas at low availability level, these parameters can show a greater influence. Moreover, the PAC release in association with colloids seems limited for polar PACs but dominating for high molecular weight PAHs (HMW-PAHs), especially under low ionic strength conditions. Leaching tests performed on a lysimeter column (2 m3) filled with a contaminated soil in the 2/3 upper part and with a non-contaminated soil in the 1/3 lower part, both soils being sampled on a former coking plant site, confirm a release of PACs according to a coal tar dissolution mechanism although PAC concentrations are widely lower compared to those predicted by the Raoult law. Whatever the experimental scale studied (batch, laboratory or lysimeter column), a clear influence of the biological compartment has been evidenced. Once the PAHs and polar PACs are dissolved into water, they are highly biodegraded. No by-products - especially oxygenated PACs - were detected
Bouzid, Iheb. "Développement et évaluation d’une méthode à base de mousse pour l’oxydation améliorée de sols insaturés contaminés par des hydrocarbures." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019UBFCD001.
Soil and water pollution by persistent organic contaminants is a worldwide concern, given health and environmental hazards. Hence, the remediation of sites polluted by these toxic and recalcitrant contaminants is a major issue. Many heavy hydrocarbons, like tars, are often tightly adsorbed onto soils, the latter becoming hydrophobic, restricting access of water-based amendments during in situ treatments. In situ chemical oxidation combined with the use of surfactants (S-ISCO) is effective to overcome this problem. However, S-ISCO is limited by the short contact time between oxidant solution and low available contaminants, especially in permeable vadose due to gravity effects. This work is part of the ANR MOUSTIC project. It aimed to develop an injection method for the distribution degradation reagents, compatible with the presence of surfactant and for the selective degradation of pollutants, going beyond gravity effects and permeability or wettability contrasts of the contaminated medium. A preliminary study was carried out in PAH-contaminated solutions, to study the effect of surfactants and temperature on the selective oxidation of targeted pollutants by persulfate. Then, we have developed a foam-based method, which allows to distribute persulfate uniformly and persistently in anisotropic, unsaturated soils contaminated by coal tar, while preserving the selective oxidation of hydrocarbons. This method was successfully assessed in 2D-sandbox using tar-contaminated model soils consisting of glass beads and soil material. Oxidant distribution using this method was systematically compared to traditional liquid solutions to assess its efficiency. At last, the interest of this new method was checked in columns in disadvantageous conditions and compared to usual methods
Foltête, Anne-Sophie. "Effets génotoxiques et systèmes de détoxication chez Vicia Faba (Fabaceae) dans le cadre de l'évaluation des sols pollués." Thesis, Metz, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010METZ020S/document.
In the context of optimizing plant tests for polluted soil materials bioassessment, the objectives of this thesis were firstly the development of two genotoxicity tests on the secondary roots of a plant model, the broad bean Vicia faba. The first test was the micronucleus assay and gave promising results that lead to an international ISO standardizing process. The second test named comet assay and brought us less encouraging results because of problems with feasibility and precision. .To improve our knowledge about the consequences of micronuclei formation on plant life cycle, we studied life-history traits of beans developing from germination in a soil containing a sufficient quantity of genotoxic (cadmium, copper and maleic hydrazide) to induce micronuclei without provoking short-term (48h) growth retardation. The obtained results evoked a link between micronuclei presence after 48h and plant life cycle change or impairments.Besides, the micronucleus assay was applied among other assays or biomarkers to evaluate ecotoxicity of liquid or solid contaminated matrix. As part of the French Scientific Interest Group on Industrial Wasteland (GISFI), we evaluated the genotoxicity of soils polluted by a former coke-factory. Furthermore, we took part to the project “Ecotoxicity of nanomaterial alteration byproducts”, also called Nanoalter. Our goal was to assess the potential hazards attached to the environmental degradation of titanium dioxide-containing sunscreen nanocomposites. Then, the tolerance mechanisms of plants towards chemicals were studied by phytochelatins and oxidative stress enzymes measurements
Lespagnol, Geoffrey. "Lixiviation du Chrome, du Cuivre et de l'Arsenic (CCA)à partir de sols contaminés sur des sites de traitement du bois." Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Saint-Etienne, 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00012129.
souvent à une forte contamination des sols de ces sites industriels, et leur lixiviation naturelle
par les eaux de pluie constitue un risque potentiel pour les nappes phréatiques et pour la
chaîne alimentaire. Afin de contribuer à mieux évaluer ce risque, nous nous proposons de
quantifier expérimentalement et de modéliser statistiquement les concentrations en CCA
lixiviables à partir de ces sols.
Dans le but de concilier les conditions du terrain avec les contraintes du laboratoire,
nous avons choisi d'expérimenter la lixiviation des CCA sur des colonnes de sols pollués et
non déstructurés, prélevées sur des sites industriels ayant connu une longue activité.
Toutefois, des prélèvements de sol déstructuré (plus simples) effectués simultanément, ont été
expérimentés en batch (plus aisés à mettre en oeuvre que les colonnes), afin d'évaluer la
pertinence d'un diagnostic effectué en batch en lieu et place des colonnes. A partir de cinq
sites préalablement reconnus, quatorze zones parmi les plus contaminées ont été
sélectionnées, représentant quatorze sols différents. Sur chaque zone, nous avons délimité une
surface d'environ 800 cm2 pour y échantillonner 3 ou 4 répliques du sol conditionné en
colonnes (10 cm de diamètre et de hauteur).
La gamme des teneurs initiales en CCA dans ces sols s'étend de quelques dizaines à
plusieurs milliers de mg/kg de sol sec, et montre généralement la prépondérance du Cu devant
le Cr et l'As (Cu > Cr > As). De fortes variations latérales des teneurs et une atténuation
verticale très rapide du signal (> 10 fois) ont été observées. De telles hétérogénéités dans le
sol peuvent résulter de l'association d'une fixation rapide le long d'une verticale dans les
macropores, et d'une diffusion plus lente dans les micropores opérant dans toutes les
directions du sol.
Les évènements pluvieux ont été simulés en enchaînant plusieurs cycles de lixiviation
en conditions de circulation saturée en eau. Les concentrations en CCA mesurées dans chacun
de ces cycles atteignent rapidement un état quasi-stationnaire qui permet de proposer une
moyenne des concentrations pour chaque élément, pour chacun des 14 sols.
En mesurant les concentrations de différentes espèces de CCA en solution aqueuse
(spéciation), nous avons constaté que l'ordre des concentrations en CCA lixiviés est le
suivant : Cr(VI) < Cutot / Cu2+ < As(V). La plupart des concentrations en Cr(VI) restent en
dessous de la limite de la valeur-guide de 50 μg/l. Les proportions de Cu2+ restant variables
suivant les sols (elles peuvent atteindre plusieurs mg/l pour les sols dont les teneurs sont les
plus élevées). L'As(V) présente de fortes concentrations (> 50 μg/l) pour la majorité des sols.
L'analyse statistique par régressions linéaires multiples nous a permis de relier les
concentrations en CCA lixiviés avec certaines des caractéristiques essentielles des sols. Les
concentrations en Cu et en As lixiviés sont systématiquement corrélées aux teneurs initiales
du sol et aux pH du sol. Le meilleur modèle a été établi pour le Cu, expliquant 96% des
variations en commun, alors que le Cr n'a pu être modélisé. Le modèle de l'As explique
quant-à lui 94 % des variations en commun avec néanmoins de fortes variations possibles
entre les valeurs mesurées et les valeurs calculées par le modèle. Des relations ont aussi pu
être proposées pour relier les résultats des batchs à ceux des colonnes. Avec certaines
précautions et vérifications, ces modèles pourraient être utilisés pour estimer les quantités de
CCA lixiviés par la simple mesure de quelques paramètres du sol.
Viard-La, Rocca Bénédicte. "Mise au point et validation sur sites contaminés (ETM-HAP) d'un test de biosurveillance en microcosme : croissance et bioaccumulation par gastéropode terrestre Helix Aspersa Aspersa." Metz, 2004. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/UPV-M/Theses/2004/Viard_LaRocca.Benedicte.SMZ0435.pdf.
Ecotoxicology is important for the evaluation of ecosystem quality : she studies interactions between chemical and environment and includes several endpoints like establishment of the bioindicator Helix aspersa aspersa. In order to tramspose on field the snail growing test (AFNOR), microcosms previously used were improved to allow the transfer of snails on adverse sites. In the same time, different food combinations were tested to detemine the best compromise between growth and metal bioaccumulation : the combination clover-snail feed was chosen. Several experiments of active biomonitoring were realised on different sites in order to test the efficacy of this new transfer protocol on microcosms: growing rates were significant and accumulation of metals occured Moreover, Helix aspersa aspersa seerns to present interesting capacities for PAH bioindication. In addition to these field experiments, an ecotoxicological study on copper was performed. Results obtained food but don't allow us to conclude on the relationship between metal levels in snail viscera, bacateriological profile evolution and methality. At cellular level, copper intake occurs in degestive cells of the digestive gland then it is transported by some blood cells (phagocytosis and sulphur formation), before excretion by apica vacuoles of nephrocytes
Qasim, Bashar Hussein. "Détermination, spéciation et biodisponibilité des éléments traces métalliques dans les sols contaminés et technosols." Thesis, Orléans, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ORLE2069/document.
This thesis dealt with the determination and study of the ecodynamics of trace metals in technosols highly contaminated in metals and metalloids in the context of natural revegetalisation or phytoremediation. Two sequential extraction schemes were used jointly with selective extractions in parallel with the determination of the total metals concentration in soils, the total dissolved metals concentration in the soil pore water, the metals labile pool (DGT) and germination tests with dwarf beans to investigate the speciation, mobility and phytoavailability of (Zn, Pb, Cd, As and Sb) for technosols of two post-mining (La Petite Faye) and industrial (Mortagne du Nord) sites. Additionally, young plants of P. euramericana Dorskamp were cultivated in rhizobox on Mortagne du Nord technosols to investigate the rhizospheric effect on the mobility of metals. Moreover, the effect of nitrogen addition under nitrate and ammonium on the behavior of these metals has been investigated for P. euramericana Dorskamp for the same soils. Despite the high total metals and metalloids concentration in the La Petite Faye soils, the mobility of these potentially toxic elements is limited because of their association with the residual fraction. The phytoavailability is also limited and correlated with the labile pool of technosols. The culture of P. euramericana Dorskamp generated a rhizospheric effect characterized by an increase of the pH and concentration of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in the soil pore water and a decrease in the total dissolved concentration of metals (Zn, Pb et Cd) in the soil pore water. The addition of nitrogen under nitrate or ammonium respectively increased and decreased the soil pore water pH and in the case of ammonium the DOC also increased and stabilized metals in the rhizosphere in comparison to control soils
Juillot, Farid. "Localisation et speciation de l'arsenic, du plomb et du zinc dans des sites et sols contamines. Comparaison avec un sol developpe sur une anomalie geochimique naturelle en plomb." Paris 7, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA077231.
Fourment, Nathalie. "La question des sols et niveaux d'habitat du Paléolithique supérieur au Mésolithique : développement d'approches méthodologiques pour l'analyse spatiale de quatre sites entre Massif central et Pyrénées." Toulouse 2, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002TOU20017.
Spatial analyses in settlements generally allows a reconstruction of human activities. However, all prehistoric sites, because of differences in formation process (open-air site, cave or rockshelter, single occupation site) do not permit this type of research. The study of the solutrean levels from Cuzoul de Vers (Lot), the epipaleolithic open-air site of Cardonnier (Auribail, Haute-Garonne), yhe epipaleolithic sequence from Grotte gazel (Sallès-Cabardès, Aude), and the magdalenian, azilian, sauveterrian levels from Troubat involves an appliactiono different spatial analysis methods in order to better understand the nature of artifacts'accumulation and settlement organisation. Fabric analysis (Troubat) allows an evaluation of the deposit's conservation while different analysis of stratigraphic distributions show clearly the archaeological composition of the deposit and the spatial organisation of the artifacts. Lithic refitting gives informations about the spatial organisation of human occupation and indicates the existence of vertical disturbances. The study of habitation structures is essential because, this kind of evidence reflects the structuration of settlements and represents the localised conservation of an occupation floor. Using these different methods of analysis permits an evaluation of their capabilities, interests and limits; so, suggestions for improvements can be made. Comparing the result obtained from the analysed sites with other sites included in the same geographical and cultural context is difficult because few of them have been studied using such analysis. Nevertheless, there are some trends in the variation of the recurrence and the intensity of the occupation during these different cultural periods. This kind of research qualifies the distinction between different cultural phases in a stratigraphy and gives general informations about prehistoric settlements. So, it may be desirable to expand it to additional archaeological fields
Cavalcante, Fraga Luis Henrique. "Caractérisation des sols pollués via des méthodes géophysiques : couplage entre le diagnostic conventionnel et les méthodes géophysiques pour estimer la distribution spatiale des polluants à l’aide du formalisme géostatistique." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS645.
The spatial characterization of pollution sources is a key step for estimating the costs of the rehabilitation of contaminated sites. Geochemical sampling is costly and time-consuming and only allows punctual information about contamination levels. This PhD work evaluated the electromagnetic mapping method (EMI) for imaging the physical properties of the subsoil to (1) define geophysical measurement protocols and (2) exploit spatialized geophysical and geochemical data for a better estimation of hydrocarbon-polluted soil volumes through geostatistical formalism. The results at the Poitiers’ site, located in a peri-urban context with an unknown backfill coverage, highlighted the sensitivity of the EMI method for determining the geometry of the backfill layer. The new geophysical measurement strategy applied at the Rouen’s site, which is heavily polluted with hydrocarbons and located in an urban environment, has been modified with exhaustive EMI mapping, electrical resistivity and polarization tomography, ground penetrating radar and physical measurements at sample scale. The multivariate statistical analysis indicated an overall correlation between the hydrocarbon levels and the apparent electrical conductivities measured by the EMI method. Nevertheless, the heterogeneity of the urban fill, surface facilities and a discontinuous aquifer have severely disrupted EMI measurements. Despite the decrease in the variance of estimation error when geophysical data have been integrated into geostatistical models, linear correlations are still weak. A novel geophysical measurement protocol has been designed and demonstrated its potential for assessing contaminated sites
Zayani, Hayfa. "Estimations spatiale et temporelle des teneurs en carbone organique des sols agricoles par proxy- détection et télédétection satellitaire : Application à deux sites d’étude en Bretagne et en Tunisie centrale." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023NSARD104.
Proxy-detection and remote sensing sensors in different spectral ranges can contribute to regular quantification of soil organic carbon (OC) content. The aim of this thesis was to assess the ability of Vis-NIR spectroscopic proxy-detection data and/or optical and radar satellite data to predict the spatial distribution and/or temporal evolution of OC content in agricultural soils in two contrasting pedoclimatic contexts, in France and Tunisia. At the study site in Brittany (France), Vis-NIR spectroscopy allowed to identify the direction of variation in OC content over time, as soon as the range of temporal variation was > 2 g.kg-1. In the same study context, the radar signal from Sentinel-1 (S1) could be used to estimate volumetric soil moisture of soils using a linear model (R² = 0.47 - 0.72), with rather high errors (RMSE = 6.1 - 6.5%) but allowing mapping the broad soil moisture conditions within this agricultural landscape.The performance of OC content prediction models, based on Sentinel-2 (S2) images acquired on different dates, appears to be optimal when considering dates corresponding to intermediate (15-18%) to high (>25%) mean volumetric soil moisture content. The use of a time series of S2 data trained by machine-learning models on ground measurements, improved the accuracy of predictions both in Brittany and Tunisia. Furthermore, the coupling of remote sensing data with indices calculated from spectra obtained under laboratory conditions improved OC content prediction performance, particularly in situations where remote sensing time series are not widelyavailable
Matsodoum, Nguemte Pulchérie. "Phytoremédiation des sols pollués par les hydrocarbures : inventaires floristiques, évaluation des performances des espèces végétales et modélisation du transfert sol-plante des HAP." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019STRAD015/document.
To propose the implementation of phytoremediation process to clean up oil spill sites in Cameroon requires verified scientific arguments. The main objective of this thesis is to (i) carry out a floristic study of anarchic oil spill sites in Cameroon, (ii) test the phytoremediation potential of some plant species in soils contaminated with fuel oil, (iii) evaluate the effect of different hydrocarbon concentrations on morpho-anatomy and plant physiology, (iv) modelling the soil-plant transfer of PAHs. Floristic surveys of oil spill sites carried out in 4 Cameroonian cities have identified 106 species belonging to 76 genera and 30 families; amoung which 15 species are qualified as polluo-tolerant. Experiments have shown that the (C. dactylon, E. indica and A. sessilis) are involved into rhizodegradation of TPHs and PAHs; E. indica and C. dactylon having promoted a better phytoextraction of some PAHs compared to A. sessilis. Mechanistic modelling of the soil-plant transfer of PAHs confirmed these observations. Tolerance to PAHs is higher for both E. indica and C. dactylon than A. sessilis. The mixed cropping of E. indica and C. dactylon is highly impacted by PAHs. Cropping alone, the slowing down of C. dactylon's physiological processes in polluted soils does not have a significant impact on its phytoremediation potentialities. This makes it possible to recommend C. dactylon in the sustainable management of hydrocarbon-polluted soils worldwide in general, and particularly in Cameroon; for soil pollution not exceeding 33500 ppm
Leblanc, Philippe. "Méthode de classification de la difficulté des terrains en fonction des obstacles jonchant le sol des sites forstiers à dégager." Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/24157/24157.pdf.
Darricau, Louise. "Spéciation et mobilité des éléments chimiques stables associés aux minéralisations uranifères." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPASJ001.
French uranium (U) deposits were exploited from 1948 to 2001 to ensure self-sufficiency for the development of civilian and military nuclear activities. These U deposits often contain a mixture of primary and secondary minerals, which also include other trace chemical elements (TEs), potentially toxic. Although U mining and ore processing have ceased in France, environments near mining sites may have been affected, leading to contamination by radionuclides exceeding natural background geochemical levels. The aim of this thesis is to study the mobility of TEs associated with U mineralization, particularly in two systems impacted by past uranium mining activities, to improve their management.U was studied alongside TEs at two study sites located in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes: the first site was the artificial reservoir of Saint-Clément, , downstream from the former Bois-Noirs-Limouzat U mine and the former copper-tin mine of Charrier. The second site was a wetland downstream from the former U extraction and processing sites of Rophin.For the Saint-Clément site, the results reveal a significant enrichment of copper (Cu), tin (Sn), and bismuth (Bi) in lake sediments, linked to past extraction activities in Charrier. Reoxidation and drying of initially anoxic sediments led to a solid metal speciation dominated by i) inherited sulfide minerals such as chalcopyrite (CuFeS2), ii) metals associated with natural organic matter (NOM), and iii) refractory cassiterite grains (SnO2). Furthermore, limited remobilization of metals was observed, confirming the stability of U, Cu, and Bi associated with NOM.For the Rophin site, the results show anthropogenic inputs of U, lead (Pb), and Cu in wetland soils. The highest contamination levels are related to the legacy deposit from past uranium mining activities. Along a soil profile, the solid speciation of Pb is partly linked to stable phosphates (plumbogummite - PbAl3(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)6). In ancient and recent layers rich in NOM, sorption processes on NOM mainly govern TE speciation. In the mining deposit, the solid speciation of U, Cu, and Pb appears to be influenced by adsorption on particle surfaces and, to a lesser extent, by the precipitation of authigenic phases and/or the deposition of inherited phases (e.g., U oxides, chalcopyrite, plumbogummite, anglesite - PbSO4- and Pb-baryte (Ba,Pb)SO4). Only a small fraction of these elements is mobilizable (such as Cu and U). In conclusion, these results highlight contrasting reactivities of diverse TE-bearing phases under oxidizing conditions
Ranchy, Sophie. "Le statut juridique des zones industrielles littorales et la pollution des sols : état de la réglementation et perspectives." Phd thesis, Université du Droit et de la Santé - Lille II, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00355550.
Hattab, Nour. "Ecodynamique des éléments traces et caractérisation de l’exposition des sols contaminés : expérimentation et modélisation par les réseaux de neurones artificiels." Thesis, Orléans, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ORLE2020/document.
Soils contaminated with potentially toxic trace elements (PTTE) often have serious consequences for terrestrial ecosystems. Several phytoremediaction have been developped to reclaim contaminated soils; however the efficiency and capacity of these techniques to reduce excessive concentrations of trace elements or their (phyto) availability in contaminated soils have to be assessed. The present work is focused on studying the effectiveness of two phyoremediation options such as phytostabilisation and phytoextraction assisted by organic and inorganic amendments to remediatethe high concentrations of PTTE in contaminated natural soils and technosoils. Total PTTE concentrations were determined in soil pore water (SPW) sampled by Rhizon soil moisture samplers. The soil exposure intensity was assessed by DGT (diffusive gradient in thin films) probes. The PTTE phytoavailability was characterized by growing dwarf beans on potted soils and analyzing their foliar PTTE concentrations. Then a model of artificial neural network was applied to understand the factors most relevant for the variability on the phytoavailability of trace elements. Both options were found to be able to reduce the concentrations or phytoavailability of PTTE in the presence of amendments. The artificial neural network has been very effective to predict missing results and to determine the control parameters of the variability of the PTTE phytoavailoability from the soil parameters
Clesse, Margaux. "Étude multi-sites de la réponse de la fertilité chimique des écosystèmes forestiers dans un contexte de changements (dépôts atmosphériques et substitution d’essences)." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023LORR0009.
Forest ecosystems often grow on acidic, nutrient-poor soils. In many places, high acidic atmospheric deposition (sulfuric and nitric acids) has significantly accelerated the acidification of soils and surface waters during the second half of the 20th century, frequently leading to soil fertility degradation and forest decline. In addition, species selection and/or substitution by forest management can also have a significant effect on the biogeochemical functioning of soils and forest ecosystems. In this context, their sustainability is questioned and it is necessary to quantify the evolution of the chemical fertility of forest ecosystems in the face of these pressures and to better understand their biogeochemical functioning, in order to ensure sustainable forest management. The main objectives of this thesis are i) to quantify the evolution of chemical fertility of forest ecosystems using four diagnosis methods: soil resampling, monitoring of soil solutions, foliar concentrations and calculation of the "input-output" budget, ii) to understand the mechanisms underlying this evolution and iii) to compare the results obtained by the different methods, taking into account the uncertainty surrounding the budget. To do this, we quantified the evolution of fertility over a period of 20 to 30 years by these 4 methods, on monospecific plots of the Breuil-Chenue site and on 8 level III plots of the RENECOFOR network. The results showed that the species had an effect on soil acidification and on the pools of exchangeable nutritive cations in the soil. Hardwoods appear to acidify soils less intensely than coniferous. A restoration of pH is observed under oak and beech, whereas acidification seems to continue under coniferous, especially under Douglas fir and pine, and even more under Nordmann fir and spruce. Soil acidification and associated nutrient losses have also been demonstrated on some RENECOFOR sites. Nitrate and sulphate seem to be the main drivers of acidification. However, their origin depends on the site studied: they are sometimes derived from current atmospheric deposition, but internal sources to the ecosystem may also intervene via excess nitrification (especially under Douglas fir, pine, oak at Breuil and CPS 77) or desorption of S into the soil (especially on RENECOFOR sites). Leaching of S and N and associated cations tends to acidify soils. However, the response of sites to acidification can vary, depending on the predominance of either biological or geochemical cycling. Sites identified with predominant geochemical cycling (CHS 41, CPS 77, HET 30, and SP 38) have nutrient pools supported more by weathering and atmospheric deposition fluxes, whereas the sites dominated by biological cycling (EPC 08, EPC 87, PS 67a, SP 57) have nutrient pools supported primarily by recycling fluxes. Finally, the results showed that the comparison between the different fertility diagnosis methods is not easy. Differences were highlighted, with sometimes contradictory results. Taking into account the uncertainty around the budget does not alone explain the differences observed by the soil resampling approach. Uncertainty in the choice of model could perhaps partly explain the origin of the discrepancies. This work highlights the importance of continuing research on i) understanding the response of forest ecosystems to changes in atmospheric deposition and species substitution and ii) assessing the uncertainties surrounding the different approaches to fertility diagnosis
Lejay, Mathieu. "Approche archéologique et expérimentale des structures de combustion au Paléolithique supérieur ancien : analyse multiscalaire (micromorphologie et géochimie organique) appliquée aux sites de Régismont-le-Haut et des Bossats." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulouse 2, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOU20005.
This study treats a selection of combustion structures from Régismont-le-Haut (Hérault, France) and les Bossats (Seine-et-Marne, France) using a multiscalar approach. These two open-air sites provide an extremely rich archaeological documentation of, respectively, a recent phase of the Aurignacian and an early phase of the Gravettian (among others). Methodologically the study entails treating three scales of analysis, beginning with field data (macroscopic scale), followed by micromorphological investigation (meso- and microscopic scales), and finishing with geochemical analyses (molecular scale). An experimental program was also developed in order to refine our tools for interpreting our archaeological datasets, as well as to propose novel avenues of reflexion. The concomitant application of these complementary approaches and subsequent cross-examination of their respective results underlines the important role of organic matter in the combustion structure sediments. The results obtained allow for a better understanding of fire structure operation and use, as well as the taphonomic evolution. For primary structures questions regarded additional construction of the structures, intensity of use, types of fuel, and their function, while secondary structures brought to the table information regarding maintenance activities. The contextualization of results obtained from these two particularly well-preserved sites allows us to reflect more widely upon the role of combustion structures in the Early Upper Palaeolithic, a period during which pyrotechnology remains a little explored sphere of human behaviour
Testiati, Eti. "Contamination de sols par des éléments traces métalliques en zone méditerranéenne côtière : études de leur mobilité et du transfert à la phytocénose." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM4804/document.
The overall objective of this thesis was to contribute to the assessment of the level of contamination by trace metals and metalloids (TMM) on the site of Escalette (a former lead smelter in southeastern Marseille). The study of TMM transfer and transport processes on this site, taking into account their mobility in the soil and their transfer to plants, was a specific objective. The mapping of TMM contamination in an extended area around the factory site (on Calanques zone) has clearly highlighted the impact of the former industry. So, on the Escalette site, forms and levels of soil contamination differ from one area to another. Soils formed on the surface of the slag deposits are characterized by high levels of Cu, Zn and Pb, whose mobilizable fractions are significant (2-30%), showing a clear influence of slag. Soils collected near a chimney creeping uphill the slope, present the highest contamination levels in Pb, Sb and As, with from 10 to 30 % of mobilizable fractions. This contamination is linked to emissions through the damaged chimney but also to the degradation of this latter. The potential release of As and Sb from the soils of these two areas requires that these soils must be disposed of in landfills for hazardous wastes and their solubilization in acid medium have highlighted the health risks by ingestion for Pb and As. On areas in near periphery of the smelter, soils are less affected but must be still considered heavily contaminated. G. alypum and R. officinalis were observed on the site. They are tolerant and can accumulate TMM. Concentrations in roots were significantly correlated with the concentrations in soils, except for Cu
Camizuli, Estelle. "Impact des anciens sites miniers et métallurgiques sur les écosystèmes terrestre et aquatique actuels : étude comparative des deux moyennes montagnes : le Morvan et les Cévennes." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Dijon, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013DIJOL035.
The Morvan and the Cevennes Massifs are nowadays protected for their outstanding landscape and biodiversity. However since Prehistory, these regions experienced mining and smelting activities. Because of remnant properties, locating these ancient sites is capital and then impact on fauna and flora must be estimated. This present work is based in on a pluridisciplinary approach combining archeology, geochemistry, ecology and ecotoxicology. Statistical methods, from modern prospection technique, have been applied in order to delineate geochemical anomalies, potentially due to mining exploitation and thus facilitate the archeological prospection. Spatial distribution maps of trace metals were built on six sites (three in each park). Biodisponibility was assessed thanks to the analyses of wood mice, trout and bryophytes. Even if it seems that most of these elements belong to the non-extractible fraction of soil, the remaining bioavailable trace metals can be detected in the bioindicators. A negative relationship between Pb concentrations in animals and their body condition indices was found, and in some cases developmental instability was higher, suggesting deleterious effect on current wildlife. As a consequence, the impact of past mining and smelting works is still traceable in ecosystems. For this reason, these sites should be monitored, particularly in protected areas thought to be relatively free of anthropogenic contamination
Séré, Geoffroy. "Fonctionnement et évolution pédogénétiques de Technosols issus d'un procédé de construction de sol." Thesis, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007INPL033N/document.
Human activities induce growing impacts on soils. This has produced derelict lands that need thorough reclamation to minimize their negative effect on the environment. A better knowledge and control of the evolution of highly anthropized soils is needed in order to achieve a sustainable management of these sites. This work emphasizes on both the development of a process of soil construction with wastes and by-products (paper sludge, treated industrial soil, compost) and the study of the functioning and pedogenic evolution of the constructed soils. The project relies on both in situ pilot scale application and lab-scale experiments. The characterization of the parent materials and their compounding highlighted their properties and their originalities compared to geological or pedological materials. The study of the functioning of constructed soils demonstrated that they could fulfil the soil basic functions. In this way, the process has been able to achieve the reclamation of the pedological cover and initiate the ecological resilience. The nature, the intensity and the kinetics of the pedogenic processes have been identified. It appeared that the reactions were very fast and that they sometimes strongly differ from the natural local pedo-climate (e.g. dissolution of gypsum, amorphous silica). We suggest that they will spontanuously evolve to analogous natural form of soils. Our results are confronted with the present classification of the Technosols and some propositions are made in favour of a more genetic-oriented way. Some thoughts about the modelling of the pedogenesis of very anthropized soils are proposed. At last, this work evocates the basis for the development of a decision tool for the pedo-engineering approach