Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Site specific weed management'
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Goudy, Heather Jayne. "Evaluation of site-specific weed management and implications for spatial biology of weeds." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape2/PQDD_0022/MQ51068.pdf.
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Ritter, Carina. "Evaluation of weed populations under the influence of site-specific weed control to derive decision rules for a sustainable weed management." [S.l. : s.n.], 2008. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:100-opus-2687.
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Gutjahr, Christoph [Verfasser], and Roland [Akademischer Betreuer] Gerhards. "Investigations on site-specific weed management for a decision support system for patch spraying / Christoph Gutjahr. Betreuer: Roland Gerhards." Hohenheim : Kommunikations-, Informations- und Medienzentrum der Universität Hohenheim, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1033108227/34.
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Eddy, Peter R., and University of Lethbridge Faculty of Arts and Science. "Development of remote sensing techniques for the implementation of site-specific herbicide management." Thesis, Lethbridge, Alta. : University of Lethbridge, Faculty of Arts and Science, 2007, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10133/631.
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Selective application of herbicide in agricultural cropping systems provides both economic and environmental benefits. Implementation of this technology requires knowledge of the location and density of weed species within a crop. In this study, two image classification techniques (Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) and Maximum Likelihood Classification (MLC)) are compared for accuracy in weed/crop species discrimination. In the summer of 2005, high spatial resolution (1.25mm) ground-based hyperspectral image data were acquired over field plots of three crop species seeded with two weed species. Image data were segmented using a threshold technique to identify vegetation for classification. The ANNs consistently outperformed MLC in single-date and multitemporal classification accuracy. With advancements in imaging technology and computer processing speed, these network models would constitute an option for real-time detection and mapping of weeds for the implementation of site-specific herbicide management.xii, 106 leaves : ill. (col. ill.) ; 29 cm
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Stabile, Marcelo de Castro Chaves. "Site-specific strategies for cotton management." Texas A&M University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/2288.
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The use of site-specific data can enhance management decisions in the field.
Three different uses of site-specific data were evaluated and their outcomes are
promising. Historical yield data from yield monitors and height data from the HMAP
(plant height mapping) system were used to select representative areas within the field,
and areas of average conditions were used as sampling sites for COTMAN, a cotton
management expert system. This proved to be effective, with predicted cutout dates and
date of peak nodal development similar to the standard COTMAN approach. The
HMAP system was combined with historical height data for variable rate application of
mepiquat chloride, based on the plant growth rate. The system performance was
evaluated, but weather conditions in 2004 did not allow a true evaluation of varying
mepiquat chloride. A series of multi-spectral images were normalized utilizing the soil
line transformation (SLT) technique and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI)
was calculated from the transformed images, from the raw image and for the true
reflectance images. The SLT technique was effective in tracking the change in true
reflectance NDVI in some images, but not all. Changes to the soil line extraction
program are suggested so that it more effectively determines soil lines.
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Surjandari, Isti. "Three essays on site specific management /." The Ohio State University, 2002. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1486402544591182.
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Wood, Gavin Adam. "Remote sensing methods for the site-specific management of cereal." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.269522.
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Colaço, André Freitas. "Mobile terrestrial laser scanner for site-specific management in orange crop." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11152/tde-23012017-151317/.
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Sensors based on LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) technology have the potential to provide accurate 3D models of the trees retrieving information such as canopy volume and height. This information can be used for diagnostics and prescriptions of fertilizers and plant protection products on a site-specific basis. This research aimed to investigate the use of LiDAR sensors in orange crops. Orange is one of the most important tree crop in Brazil. So far, research have developed and tested LiDAR based systems for several tree crops. However, usually individual trees or small field plots have been used. Therefore, several aspects related to data acquisition and processing must still be developed for large-scale application. The first study reported in this document (Chapter 3) aimed to develop and test a mobile terrestrial laser scanner (MTLS) and new data processing methods in order to obtain 3D models of large commercial orange groves and spatial information about canopy geometry. A 2D laser sensor and a RTK-GNSS receiver (Real Time Kinematics - Global Navigation Satellite System) were mounted on a vehicle. The data processing was based on generating a georeferenced point cloud, followed by the filtering, classification and surface reconstruction steps. A 25 ha commercial orange grove was used for field validation. The developed data acquisition and processing system was able to produce a reliable point cloud of the grove, providing high resolution canopy volume and height information. The choice of the type of point cloud classification (by individual trees or by transversal sections of the row) and the surface reconstruction algorithm is discussed in this study. The second study (Chapter 4) aimed to characterize the spatial variability of canopy geometry in commercial orange groves. Understanding such variability allows sensor-based variable rate application of inputs (i.e, applying proportional rates of inputs based on the variability of canopy size) to be considered as a suitable strategy to optimize the use of fertilizers and plant protection products. Five commercial orange groves were scanned with the developed MTLS system. According to the variability of canopy volume found in those groves, the input savings as a result of implementing sensor-based variable rate technologies were estimated in about 40%. The second goal of this study was to understand the relationship between canopy geometry and several other relevant attributes of the groves. The canopy volume and height maps of three groves were analyzed against historical yield maps, elevation, soil electrical conductivity, organic matter and clay content maps. The correlations found between canopy geometry and yield or soil maps varied from poor to strong correlations, depending on the grove. When classifying the groves into three classes according to canopy size, the yield performance and soil features inside each class was found to be significantly different, indicating that canopy geometry is a suitable variable to guide management zones delineation in one grove. Overall results from this research show the potential of MTLS systems and subsequent data analysis in orange crops indicating how canopy geometry information can be used in site-specific management practices.Sensores baseados em tecnologia LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) têm o potencial de fornecer modelos tridimensionais de árvores, provendo informações como o volume e altura de copa. Essas informações podem ser utilizadas em diagnósticos e recomendações localizadas de fertilizantes e defensivos agrícolas. Este estudo teve como objetivo investigar o uso de sensores LiDAR na cultura da laranja, uma das principais culturas de porte arbóreo no Brasil. Diversas pesquisas têm desenvolvido sistemas LiDAR para culturas arbóreas. Porém, normalmente tais sistemas são empregados em plantas individuais ou em pequenas áreas. Dessa forma, diversos aspectos da aquisição e processamento de dados ainda devem ser desenvolvidos para viabilizar a aplicação em larga escala. O primeiro estudo deste documento (Capítulo 3) focou no desenvolvimento de um sistema LiDAR (Mobile Terrestrial Laser Scanner - MTLS) e nova metodologia de processamento de dados para obtenção de informações acerca da geometria das copas em pomares comerciais de laranja. Um sensor a laser e um receptor RTK-GNSS (Real Time Kinematics - Global Navigation Satellite System) foram instalados em um veículo para leituras em campo. O processamento de dados foi baseado na geração de uma nuvem de pontos, seguida dos passos de filtragem, classificação e reconstrução da superfície das copas. Um pomar comercial de laranja de 25 ha foi utilizado para a validação. O sistema de aquisição e processamento de dados foi capaz de produzir uma nuvem de pontos representativa do pomar, fornecendo informação sobre geometria das plantas em alta resolução. A escolha sobre o tipo de classificação da nuvem de pontos (em plantas individuais ou em seções transversais das fileiras) e sobre o algoritmo de reconstrução de superfície, foi discutida nesse estudo. O segundo estudo (Capítulo 4) buscou caracterizar a variabilidade espacial da geometria de copa em pomares comerciais. Entender tal variabilidade permite avaliar se a aplicação em taxas variáveis de insumos baseada em sensores LiDAR (aplicar quantias de insumos proporcionais ao tamanho das copas) é uma estratégia adequada para otimizar o uso de insumos. Cinco pomares comerciais foram avaliados com o sistema MTLS. De acordo com a variabilidade encontrada, a economia de insumos pelo uso da taxa variável foi estimada em aproximadamente 40%. O segundo objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a relação entre a geometria de copa e diversos outros parâmetros dos pomares. Os mapas de volume e altura de copa foram comparados aos mapas de produtividade, elevação, condutividade elétrica do solo, matéria orgânica e textura do solo. As correlações entre geometria de copa e produtividade ou fatores de solo variaram de fraca até forte, dependendo do pomar. Quando os pomares foram divididos entre três classes com diferentes tamanhos de copas, o desempenho em produtividade e as características do solo foram distintas entre as três zonas, indicando que parâmetros de geometria de copa são variáveis úteis para a delimitação de unidades de gestão diferenciada em um pomar. Os resultados gerais desta pesquisa mostraram o potencial de sistemas MTLS para pomares de laranja, indicando como a geometria de copa pode ser utilizada na gestão localizada de pomares de laranja.
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Peng, Wei. "Improving Nitrogen Management in Corn- Wheat-Soybean Rotations Using Site Specific Management in Eastern Virginia." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/29485.
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Nitrogen (N) is a key nutrient input to crops and one of the major pollutants to the environment from agriculture in the United States. Recent developments in site-specific management (SSM) technology have the potential to reduce both N overapplication and underapplication and increase farmers' net returns. In Virginia, due to the high variability of within-field yield-limiting factors such as soil physical properties and fertility, the adoption of SSM is hindered by high gridsampling cost. Many Virginia corn-wheat-soybean farms have practiced generating yield maps using yield monitors for several years even though few variable applications based on yield maps were reported. It is unknown if the information generated by yield monitors under actual production situations can be used to direct N management for increased net returns in this area.
The overall objective of the study is to analyze the economic and environmental impact of alternative management strategies for N in corn and wheat production based on site-specific information in eastern Virginia. Specifically, evaluations were made of three levels of site-specific information regarding crop N requirements combined with variable and uniform N application. The three levels of information are information about the yield potential of the predominant soil type within the field, information about yield potentials of all soils within the field (soil zones), information about yield potentials of smaller sub-field units which are aggregated into functional zones. Effects of information on expected net returns and net N (applied N that is not removed by the crop) were evaluated for corn-wheat-soybean fields in eastern Virginia. Ex post and ex ante evaluations of information were carried out.
Historical weather data and farm-level yield data were used to generate yield sequences for individual fields. A Markov chain model was used to describe both temporal and spatial yield variation. Soil maps were used to divide a field into several soil management units. Cluster analysis was used to group subfield units into functional zones based on yield monitor data. Yield monitor data were used to evaluate ex post information and variable application values for 1995-1999, and ex ante information and variable application values for 1999.
Ex post analysis results show that soil zone information increased N input but decreased net return, while functional zone information decreased N input and increased net returns. Variable application decreased N input compared with uniform application. Variable application based on soil zone information reduced net return due to cost of overapplication or underapplication. Variable application based on functional information increased net return.
Ex ante results show that information on spatial variability was not able to increase farmers?net return due to the cost of variable N application and information. Variable rate application decreases N input relative to uniform application. However, imprecision in the spatial predictor makes the variable application unprofitable due to an imbalance between costs of under- and over-application of N. Sensitivity analysis showed that value of information was positive when temporal uncertainty was eliminated.
The ex post results of this study suggest there is potential to improve efficiency of N use and farmers?net returns with site specific management techniques. The ex ante results suggest that site specific management improvements should be tested under conditions faced by farmers including imperfect information about temporal and spatial yield variability.Ph. D.
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Falkenberg, Nyland Ray. "Remote sensing for site-specific management of biotic and abiotic stress in cotton." Thesis, Texas A&M University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/478.
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This study evaluated the applicability of remote sensing instrumentation for site- specific management of abiotic and biotic stress on cotton grown under a center pivot. Three different irrigation regimes (100%, 75%, and 50% ETc) were imposed on a cotton field to 1) monitor canopy temperatures of cotton with infrared thermometers (IRTs) in order to pinpoint areas of biotic and abiotic stress, 2) compare aerial infrared photography to IRTs mounted on center pivots to correlate areas of biotic and abiotic stress, and 3) relate yield to canopy temperatures. Pivot-mounted IRTs and IR camera were able to differentiate water stress between the irrigation regimes, however, only the IR camera was effectively able to distinguish between biotic (cotton root rot) and abiotic (drought) stress with the assistance of groundtruthing. The 50% ETc regime had significantly higher canopy temperatures, which were reflected in significantly lower lint yields when compared to the 75% and 100% ETc regimes. Deficit irrigation up to 75% ETc had no impact on yield, indicating that water savings were possible without yield depletion.
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Keller, Martina [Verfasser], and Roland [Akademischer Betreuer] Gerhards. "Effects of weeds on yield and determination of economic thresholds for site-specific weed control using sensor technology / Martina Keller. Betreuer: Roland Gerhards." Hohenheim : Kommunikations-, Informations- und Medienzentrum der Universität Hohenheim, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1061069257/34.
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Powers, Laura A. "IMPROVING FARM MANAGEMENT DECISIONS BY ANALYZING SITE-SPECIFIC ECONOMIC DATA DEVELOPED FROM YIELD MAPS." UKnowledge, 2002. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/gradschool_theses/167.
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This thesis examines the use of precision agriculture data, specifically yield maps, for makingsite-specific economic decisions for improved farm management. The adoption of precisionagriculture on farms has allowed producers to collect a greater quantity and more specificinformation about production than ever before. With such information, site-specific decisions canbe made. Incorporating economic data with yield map data, two primary decision examples aredeveloped: defining areas of production and nonproduction and managing temporal risk spatiallyacross a field. Included with the production/ nonproduction decision are the effects that landtenure arrangements and risk aversion levels have on the decision. The risk maps are developedusing break-even analysis, the coefficient of variation, and a mean-variance framework, all based ona twenty year average of temporal net returns, measured spatially. The risk maps are repeatedincorporating a crop insurance option, a commonly used risk management tool. Results show thatdeveloping these maps can be used by agricultural producers to help with their decision making. Byincorporating these maps into the decision-making process, decisions can be made to increase farmprofitability.
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Hay, Ronald Timothy. "A legal proposal for the site-specific management of scarce ground water resources in Alberta." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape9/PQDD_0005/MQ40130.pdf.
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Hong, Nan. "Spatial Analysis of In-Season Site-Specific Nitrogen Management Effects on Groundwater Nitrate and Agronomic Performance." NCSU, 2004. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-10142004-170424/.
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In-season, site-specific (SS) N management based on remote sensing (RS) has been suggested as a way of reducing groundwater NO3-N contamination. In-season N management seeks to match the temporal variability of crop N needs by applying appropriate amounts of N at critical crop growth stages. Site-specific N management attempts to match the spatial variability of crop N requirements by applying appropriate, spatially variable N rates within fields. We evaluated the environmental and agronomic benefits of two in-season, RS-informed N management strategies applied on a uniform field-average (FA) or SS basis. We compared these to current uniform N recommendations based on "Realistic Yield Expectations" (RYE) in a typical coastal plain cropping system. We also sought to understand the spatial and temporal dynamics of shallow groundwater NO3-N. An additional objective was to develop a statistical procedure for the analysis of spatially dense, georeferenced subsample data in randomized complete block designs, a common characteristic of precision agriculture research. The experiment was established in a 12-ha North Carolina field with a 2-yr winter wheat double-crop soybean-corn rotation. The three N management treatments were applied to 0.37 ha plots in a randomized complete block design with 10 replications. Groundwater NO3-N and water table depth were measured every two weeks at 60 well nests (two per plot) sampling 0.9- to 1.8-, 1.8- to 2.7-, and 2.7- to 3.7-m depths from 2001 to 2003. We developed a statistical procedure for selecting an appropriate covariance model in randomized complete block analyses in the presence of spatial correlation. When warranted, incorporating spatial covariance in the statistical analysis provides greater efficiency in estimating treatment effects. Elevations, soil organic matter (SOM), and water table elevations (WTE) were spatial covariates used for explaining NO3-N spatial correlation. Compared to RYE, SS achieved: (i) less groundwater NO3-N by reducing fertilizer N and increasing the harvest N ratio (the ratio of N harvested in grain or forage to the total fertilizer N applied) for wheat in 2001; (ii) increased yield associated with higher N applied and decreased harvest N ratio for corn in 2002; and (iii) increased yield associated with similar fertilizer N and increased harvest N ratio for wheat in 2003. Overall, FA performed similarly to SS for wheat, but differed greatly for corn due to an overapplication of N at tasselling. These results indicate that RS-informed SS and FA might improve groundwater quality with no sacrifice in yield, or increase grain yield with similar fertilizer N compared to RYE-based N recommendations in the Coastal Plain. Mean NO3-N concentrations averaged over sampling depth at each well nest showed clear temporal fluctuations and were positively correlated with WTE. Groundwater NO3-N was frequently spatially correlated and spatial covariance structure changed periodically. The spatial correlation range varied over time from 46 to 551 m, and appeared to follow the trend of the mean water table depth. Blocking alone or together with elevation, SOM, and WTE frequently explained NO3-N spatial correlation. Our data suggest that to assess the environmental efficacy of N management, frequent and periodic monitoring of groundwater NO3-N, especially after significant rainfall, is essential to capture in-season treatment effects. Simultaneous measurement of precipitation and water table depth facilitate understanding of these effects. The traditional sampling of NO3-N only at or after harvest is likely to be insufficient to capture the entirety of treatment effects throughout the growing season. This is especially true in coastal plain and other coarse-textured soils where in-season NO3-N leaching may be pronounced. Our data also suggest that residual effects of differential N management may appear long after N application, even on these coarse-textured soils, indicating a need for longitudinal sampling.
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Portz, Gustavo. "Use of crop canopy sensors in the measurement of sugarcane parameters aiming site-specific nitrogen fertilization management." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11152/tde-17092015-101022/.
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Plant canopy sensors have emerged as a new tool for in field on-the-go spatially localized prediction of plant biomass and nitrogen (N) uptake by crops in an indirectly and plant indestructible way as base for N variable rate fertilization. Sensors based on the combination of specific reflectance bands from the electromagnetic spectrum constitute the vast majority of canopy sensors, and this principle has already been validated in many crops. Alternatively to this concept, the use of ultrasonic distance sensors to measure crop canopy height has been presented as an option to estimate biomass. Based on that, the aim of this thesis was to validate and refine canopy sensor systems on automated diagnosis of plant parameters aimed the application of N fertilizer according sugarcane needs. Therefore, it was necessary to: 1) validate the prior calibration made for the reflectance sensor (Portz et al., 2012) and to establish the best time to use the sensor over the crop; 2) test the use of the reflectance sensor in comparative strips trials of uniform and sensor based N variable rate application testing algorithms with positive and negative slope and measuring productivity at the end of the season; 3) obtain the relationship between crop canopy height with accumulated biomass and N uptake by the crop during the initial growing season; 4) explore the plant height measured with an ultrasonic sensor comparing the results of biomass and N uptake prediction with those obtained with the reflectance sensor. The experiments were conducted on commercial sugarcane fields, and in strips of the crop with N variable rate application. The experiments were installed over clayey and sandy soils in dry and rainy seasons being all evaluated with the reflectance sensor Yara N-Sensor model ALS (N-Sensor® ALS, Yara International ASA) and partly in comparison with an ultrasonic sensing system Polaroid 6500 (Polaroid, Minnetonka, MN, USA), when the crop had stalk height between 0.2 and 0.9 m. The reflectance sensor calibration fitted with the previous published data showing the interval between 0.3 - 0.5m as the most appropriate to use this sensor over sugarcane. The positive slope algorithm was superior to the negative, except in the situation of clayey soil in rainy season where the response from the negative slope algorithm was higher. The sugarcane plant height was highly correlated with biomass and N uptake by the crop, being possible to estimate the plants canopy height indirectly by the use of an ultrasonic sensor. Comparing the sensor systems, canopy reflectance was better in the early stages of crop as canopy height was more suitable for estimating the cultural parameters when the plants already covered soil in between the rows (+ 0.6 m stalk height), being the sensor systems complementary when fertilization is widely spread in the early crop growth period.Sensores de dossel tem se apresentado como uma nova ferramenta para a predição espacialmente localizada, em tempo real, de forma indireta e indestrutiva da biomassa vegetal e extração de nitrogênio (N) pelas culturas como base para a aplicação de fertilizantes nitrogenados em taxas variáveis. Sensores baseados na combinação de faixas específicas de reflectância do espectro eletromagnético constituem a grande maioria dos sensores de dossel sendo este princípio já validado para uso em muitas culturas. Alternativamente a este conceito, a medição da altura do dossel cultural com o uso de sensor ultrassónico se apresenta como uma alternativa para a estimativa de biomassa vegetal. Com base nisso o objetivo desta tese foi de validar e aperfeiçoar sistemas sensores para a automação do diagnóstico visando à aplicação de fertilizante nitrogenado em função da necessidade da cana-de-açúcar. Para tanto, foi necessário: 1) validar a previa calibração feita ao sensor de reflectância (PORTZ et al., 2012) assim como estabelecer o melhor momento para uso do sensor na cultura; 2) ensaiar o uso do sensor em faixas comparativas entre taxa fixa e variável testando algoritmos de aplicação com inclinação positiva e negativa para dose de N mensurando produtividade; 3) obter a relação entre altura de dossel da cultura com, biomassa acumulada e extração de nitrogênio pela planta; 4) explorar a altura de plantas mensurada com um sensor ultrassónico comparando os resultados de predição de biomassa e extração de nitrogênio com aqueles obtidos com sensor de refletância. Os experimentos foram conduzidos em talhões comerciais de cana-de-açúcar e em forma de faixas da cultura, com aplicação em taxa variada de doses de N. Os experimentos foram instalados em solos de textura argilosa e arenosa nas épocas seca e chuvosa do ano sendo todos avaliados com o sensor Yara N-Sensor, modelo ALS (N-Sensor® ALS, Yara International ASA), e em parte comparando com um sistema sensor ultrassónico Polaroid 6500 (Polaroid, Minnetonka, MN, EUA) quando a cultura apresentava altura de colmos entre 0,2 e 0,9 m. Os dados coletados para a calibração do sensor de reflectância se encaixaram exatamente aos dados já publicados mostrando-se o intervalo entre 0.3 e 0.5 m o mais indicado ao uso deste sensor. O algoritmo com inclinação positiva se mostrou superior ao negativo exceto na situação de solo argiloso em estação chuvosa onde a resposta do algoritmo negativo foi maior. A altura de planta de cana-de-açúcar se mostrou altamente correlacionável com biomassa e extração de nitrogênio pela cultura, sendo possível estimar a altura do dossel das plantas de forma indireta pelo uso do sensor ultrassónico. Comparando-se os sistemas sensores, reflectância de dossel se mostrou melhor em estádios iniciais da cultura enquanto altura de dossel se mostrou mais indicada para estimar os parâmetros culturais quando as plantas já recobriam as entrelinhas (+0.6 m colmo), mostrando-se os sistemas sensores complementares quando o período de fertilização for mais amplo na fase inicial da cultura.
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Mashego, Suzan. "Maize grain yield under conventional and site-specific nutrient management in a dryland farming system : Agronomic implications." Thesis, University of Limpopo (Turfloop campus), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/1120.
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Thesis (M.Sc. (Soil Science)) --University of Limpopo, 2013Large amount of pre-plant nitrogen (N) fertilizer results in low nutrient-use-efficiency due to poor synchrony between soil N supply and maize demand, especially during N sensitive growth stages. Optimum maize production is dependent on adequate N availability to the crop during the critical vegetative and reproductive growth stages. High N fertilizer prices and maize yield decline are the main challenges faced by the Limpopo Province farmers. The objectives of this study were to compare growth and yield of maize under conventional and site-specific N management in a dryland farming system. The study was conducted in Leeukraal, Towoomba, Ga-Marishane and Radium in the Limpopo Province, South Africa. Experimental plots were laid out in a randomized complete block design, with four replications. Phosphorus was applied through band placement using a planter in all plots at a rate of 42 kg P/ha. Hybrid maize SNK 2147 was planted on a 20 by 20 m plot with Inter-row and Intra-row spacing of 0.9 and 0.35 m respectively. Treatments consisted of 3 N management strategies as follows, (i) No N application (N0), (ii) Site-specific N at a rate ranging between 18 and 33 kg N/ha (N1) and (iii) Conventional N application at 58 kg N/ha (N2). Treatment N2 was applied at a uniform rate during maize planting. Sufficiency index as an indication for N deficiency was determined using CCM-200 for treatment N1. The sufficiency index was determined during leaf stage V6, V10 and V14, and thereafter N was applied only when needed. Data were subjected to analysis of variance through Statistical Analysis System package. Mean separation tests were computed using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test. Maize grain yield at Leeukraal of 5.2 t/ha for N1 was higher than 3.2 and 4.0 t/ha of N0 and N2, respectively. There was no difference amongst the three N management approaches on the grain yield at Towoomba. The grain yield at Ga-Marishane for N1 of 2.2 t/ha was significantly higher than 1.7 t/ha of the N0. Conventional management approach, which is a traditional approach used by farmers in the Limpopo Province, had 2.6 t/ha grain yield that was significantly higher than the N0 and N1. The maize growth and yield under N2 and N1 was compared, N1 required between 43 and 69% lesser N fertilizer as compared to N2. Therefore site-specific nutrient management approach sustains and improves growth and yield of maize using minimal inputs of N compared to conventional approach. This therefore saves input costs and avoids unnecessary environmental consequences. Key words: maize yield, nitrogen management, site-specific approach
Vlaamse Interuniveritatire Raad and Limpopo Department of Agriculture
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Jones, Brian Paul. "Determination and Manipulation of Leaf Area Index to Facilitate Site-Specific Management of Double-Crop Soybean in the Mid-Atlantic, U.S.A." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/31566.
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Double cropping soybean after small grain harvest does not always allow sufficient canopy growth to maximize photosynthesis and seed yield. This is due to a shorter growing season and moisture deficits common to the Mid-Atlantic USA. Leaf area index (LAI) is the ratio of unit leaf area of a crop to unit ground area and is a reliable indicator of leaf area development and crop biomass. An LAI of 3.5 to 4.0 by flowering is required to maximize yield potential. Soybean LAI will vary within and between fields due to soil differences, cultivar selection, and other cultural practices. Site-specific management strategies such as varying plant population may be used to manipulate LAI and increase yield in leaf area-limited systems. Furthermore, methods to remotely sense leaf area are in order to facilitate such management strategies in large fields. The objectives of this research were to: i) determine the effect of plant population density on soybean LAI and yield; ii) determine the relationship between LAI measured at different reproductive stages and yield; iii) investigate and validate relationships between LAI and yield for two cultivars in three crop rotations across varying soil moisture regimes; iv) validate relationships found in previous work between soybean LAI and yield across soil moisture regimes in grower fields; and v) determine if normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) values obtained from aerial infrared images can be used to estimate LAI and soybean yield variability. Increasing plant population increased LAI for cultivars at Suffolk in 2000 and 2001, but LAI increased with plant populations on soils with lower plant available water holding capacity (PAWHC) at Port Royal in 2001. In 2000 at Suffolk, seed yield increased quadratically with increasing population and cultivar did not affect the response. In 2001, no relationship occurred between yield and plant population at either Suffolk or Port Royal, but the relationship of yield and LAI depended on soybean development stage at both sites. However, this relationship was not consistent between sites or years. In another study, crop rotation affected LAI and yield one out of two years. However, LAI and yield in both study years were negatively impacted on soil types with lower PAWHC. Where significant, a linear relationship was observed between yield and LAI for all soil types. Studies on grower fields showed similar linear relationships between yield and LAI. Remote sensing techniques showed promise for estimation of LAI and yield. When obtained at an appropriate development stage, vegetation indices correlated to both LAI and yield, and were observed to be effective as a predictor of LAI until plants achieved LAI levels of 3.5 to 4.0.Master of Science
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Leo, Stephen. "Potential of remote and proximal sensing, publicly available datasets and machine learning for site-specific management in Australian irrigated cotton systems." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2022. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/235383/1/Stephen%2BLeo%2BThesis%281%29.pdf.
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Agricultural fields are inherently variable across both space and time but are commonly managed uniformly. Uniform management can simultaneously lead to an under and over-application of resources (e.g. fertiliser) within the same field, resulting in poor resource efficiency and reduced profit margins. This research demonstrated the potential of publicly available datasets (i.e. remote sensing, digital soil maps, weather), machine learning techniques and crop models to inform management at a sub-paddock scale. These findings will help provide a cost-effective and efficient approach to improving farm productivity, profitability and sustainability in Australian irrigated cotton systems.
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Smith, Adam N. "Reduced Chemical Weed Control Options in Virginia for Corn and Turfgrass and Characterization of Sorghum halepense Expressing Multiple Resistance to Nicosulfuron and Glyphosate." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/56957.
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Sustainable weed control in managed agricultural systems requires the judicious use of multiple weed control tactics and prevents over-reliance on any one tactic. In this context, sustainable weed management plays a critical role in the mitigation of one of agriculture's most pressing problems- herbicide resistance. Research conducted in Virginia sought to explore the effects of integrating multiple weed management tactics in corn and cool-season turfgrass. Additionally, research was conducted to confirm nicosulfuron and glyphosate herbicide resistance in Virginia johnsongrass and elucidate the molecular mechanisms conferring those resistances. Rye and hairy vetch cover crop residues, combined with reduced rates of preemergence herbicide and postemergence glyphosate applications, were shown to provide sufficient weed control and corn yield. Cover crop type or residue level did not augment weed control in corn production systems, but the use of glyphosate was essential for late-season weed control. Rye and vetch biculture as a cover crop increased corn yield compared to rye cover crop alone. In cool-season turfgrass, the addition of reduced preemergence herbicide rates to corn gluten meal, an organic herbicide product, reduced crabgrass 25%. Moreover, control was dependent on herbicide choice. Herbicides applied at half of recommended labeled rates or less did not control crabgrass at a commercially-acceptable level, regardless of corn gluten meal addition. In field experiments, Virginia johnsongrass expressed resistance to nicosulfuron and glyphosate. Glyphosate at 0.88 kg ae ha-1 controlled johnsongrass 65%. Nicosulfuron at 0.14 kg ai ha-1 controlled the same population 10%. Greenhouse experiments confirmed differential sensitivity of putative herbicide-resistant johnsongrass seedlings to nicosulfuron and glyphosate when compared to a susceptible population. Herbicide resistance was not conferred via target-site mutation. Five ALS-gene site mutations were confirmed absent in Virginia johnsongrass, while three others were located in coding regions that could not be elucidated in johnsongrass. Further investigations showed glyphosate resistance was not conferred via reduction in herbicide absorption or translocation. The susceptible johnsongrass caused an increase in a polar metabolite at Rf = 0.17 with concomitant reduction in glyphosate over time. Although the mechanism is not clear, these data suggests that glyphosate resistance in johnsongrass may be associated with differential metabolism.Ph. D.
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Halvorsen, David Lars. "An Investigation of Employee Satisfaction and Employee Empowerment Specific to On-Site Supervisors in the Residential Construction Industry." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2005. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd1140.pdf.
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Talozi, Samer A. "Developing a new design procedure for microirrigation laterals with unequal emitter spacings and/or unequal emitter discharge rates to allow for site-specific irrigation management /." For electronic version search Digital dissertations database. Restricted to UC campuses. Access is free to UC campus dissertations, 2003. http://uclibs.org/PID/11984.
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Dellamea, Ricardo Batista Cerezer. "Eficiência da adubação a taxa variável em áreas manejadas com AP no Rio Grande do Sul." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2008. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/5484.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível SuperiorThis research aim to evaluate the efficiency of variable fertilizer rate in croplands under precision agriculture (PA) in Rio Grande do Sul State with different level of technologies adoption. In the first chapter was evaluated the PF performance in a small farm with 19 ha in which was cropped soybean in 2005/06 and 2006/07 located in central of Rio Grande do Sul State. In this cropland were used the equipments and technology available in this farm. It was determined the spatial variability of soil attributes by grid sampling with 100 x 100 m also the yield map was done by manual sampling of crop and variable fertilizer rates by soil management zones. The PA increased in average 8% the soybean yield.The soil attribute that had better correlation with yield was soil organic matter. The economic analysis show a return of R$ 72,05 ha-1 due inputs save and increase yields. Also, the PA had a 29% increase of fertilizer use efficiency. In the second chapter were evaluated 6 farms totalizing 138 ha of soybean and 96 ha of maize linked to Aquarius Project of PA located in different counties of Alto Jacui, RS. The main activities evaluated were yield map with a Massey Ferguson combine, model MF 34, fertilizer variable rate with centrifuge force distribution Hercules 10.000 from STARA. The average of result shows decrease of 33.1 and 36.8% in fertilizer inputs and increase of 10 and 14% in soybean and maize yields, respectively. The efficiency use of fertilizer was increased in 47.2 and 62.8% allowing a return of R$ 143.34 ha-1 to soybean and R$ 312.44 ha-1 to maize.
Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a eficiência da adubação a taxa variável em áreas manejadas com agricultura de precisão (AP) no Rio Grande do Sul, com diferentes níveis tecnológicos. No capítulo 1 foram analisados 19 ha cultivados com soja nas safras 2005/06 e 2006/07, localizados em uma pequena propriedade no município de Silveira Martins, região central do estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Nessa área foram utilizados os recursos tecnológicos disponíveis na propriedade. Com isso, foram determinadas as variabilidades espaciais dos atributos do solo através de um grid com 100 x 100 m, confeccionados mapas de produtividade de forma manual, aplicados os insumos em diferentes doses por zonas de manejo. O manejo localizado proporcionou uma economia de 17% na quantidade total dos insumos e um aumento de 8% na produtividade da soja, o que representou um retorno financeiro bruto de R$ 72,05 ha-1 e um aumento na eficiência de 29% em relação ao manejo tradicional. No capítulo 2 foram analisados 138 ha com a cultura da soja e 96 ha com a cultura do milho na safra 2006/07, distribuídos em 6 áreas pertencentes a produtores ligados ao Projeto Aquarius de AP e localizadas em diferentes municípios na região do Alto Jacuí RS. A colheita georreferenciada foi realizada com o auxílio de uma colhedora marca Massey Ferguson modelo MF34 e as aplicações, a taxas variáveis de insumos, foram realizadas através do distribuidor centrífugo Hércules 10000, marca Stara. Para realizar a análise da eficiência do uso de fertilizantes foram comparadas as entradas e saídas de fertilizantes e grãos nos talhões com AP, com a estimativa média de entradas e saídas dos talhões com AC que serviram de testemunhas dentro das propriedades correspondentes. Os resultados evidenciam uma redução média de 33,1 e 36,8% no uso dos insumos e um aumento de 10 e 14% no rendimento das culturas da soja e milho, respectivamente. A eficiência do uso de fertilizantes foi incrementada em 47,2 e 55,1% com o uso da AP, quando consideradas as quantidades totais de fertilizantes, passando para 31,3 e 62,8%, quando considerados os recursos financeiros, proporcionando um retorno de R$ 143,34 ha-1 para a cultura da soja e R$ 312,44 ha-1para a cultura do milho.
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Venturini, Evandro Ferigolo. "TÉCNICAS DE AGRICULTURA DE PRECISÃO APLICADAS AO MANEJO DA ADUBAÇÃO NA ROTAÇÃO ARROZ IRRIGADO COM SOJA." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2014. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/4805.
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The irrigated rice is common and important to the agricultural scenario of RS, however the spatial variability and low fertility of soils associated with some difficult weed control in this crop provided the use of crop rotation practices with soybean. The rotation with soybean can increase the production and to improve the soil fertility by fertility maps, fertility adjustment in site specific and others sustainable practices of the precision agriculture, therefore, equalizing the costs and expanding the profitability. The objective of this study was to evaluate the technical and economic efficiency of the site specific fertilization in the crop rotation between irrigated rice and soybean. The study was conducted in the farm Formosa Agropecuária, in São Gabriel - RS, during three years. In 2009 was determined the edge of the field with the navigation GPS and, following a grid sampling of 1 ha, was evaluated the soil variability. The fertility maps were made by CR Campeiro 7.0® software, and after this, the field was divided in two plots, the first with precision agriculture practices and the other kept the conventional management. The adjust of fertility in site specific was through of the maps of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. The new sampling of soil in 2012, following a grid sampling of 1 ha, allowed identify the exportation of nutrients and to evaluate the fertility strategy and recommendation. In the years 2010 and 2011 by the SMS Ag Leader® software was made the maps of productivity, increasing the rice productivity in 3% in 2010 and 2,2% in 2012, besides 13% more in soybean productivity in 2011. These increases mean approximately U$ 225.00 per hectare. The use of precision agriculture techniques improves the soil fertility, identifying the spatial variability of soil resulting in a rise of production in the rotation between irrigated rice and soybean, specially by the maps of variation of nitrogen in rice. The cost of production was biggest with precision agriculture practices, but the relationship between benefits and cost was positive to this technology. Precision agriculture is practicable technical and economically in lowland.A lavoura de arroz irrigado do RS tem grande importância no cenário agrícola, porém a alta variabilidade do solo, a baixa fertilidade e ocorrência de invasoras como o arroz vermelho prejudicam esta cultura. A rotação de culturas com a soja vem auxiliar no controle de plantas e no aumento da fertilidade, porém, ainda não é suficiente para alcançar os patamares de produtividade das variedades disponíveis. Assim é necessário ao produtor buscar alternativas para aumentar a produtividade e lucratividade, tendo na Agricultura de Precisão (AP) mais uma ferramenta para auxiliar no processo, através dos mapas de fertilidade, a realização das correções localizadas para racionalizar os custos das lavouras tornando o sistema mais sustentável. Com o objetivo de avaliar a eficiência técnica e econômica da taxa variável de aplicação na cultura do arroz irrigado e da soja, foi desenvolvido o trabalho no município de São Gabriel na propriedade Formosa Agropecuária, por um período de três anos. Inicialmente em 2009 a área foi vetorizada com GPS de navegação e estabelecido uma malha de coleta com grid de 1,0 ha, para avaliar a variabilidade química do solo. Foi utilizado o software CR Campeiro 7 para gerar os mapas de atributos químicos. A partir destes resultados a área foi dividida em dois talhões, um deles para o uso das técnicas de AP, e o outro para o manejo habitual da lavoura. Foram gerados mapas de aplicação à taxa variável de N, P e K para a área destinada a AP. Os mapas de fertilidade foram repetidos em 2012, através de novas coletas de solo nos mesmos pontos, para verificar os efeitos das correções e das exportações de nutrientes. Foram gerados mapas de produtividade nos anos de 2010 e 2011 com o auxilio do software SMS Ag Leader para avaliação. Nas avaliações de produtividade, tivemos um resultado positivo de produção na safra 2010 de 3% no arroz, 2011 de 13% na soja e 2012 de 2,2% novamente no arroz, estas diferenças corresponderam a incremento financeiro nas safras de R$ 489,15 ha-1. A utilização da AP proporcionou além de aumento de produtividade, uma redução da diferença de fertilidade entre as áreas. A utilização das técnicas de mapeamento de AP foi eficiente para identificação da variabilidade do solo. A adubação variável proporcionou aumento de produção, com destaque para o N variável, com maior correlação positiva com a produção. O uso da técnica aumentou o custo total de produção, porém melhorou o custo benefício do investimento realizado por unidade de produção. O balanço de nutrientes foi negativo para K devido à retirada da palha do arroz. A utilização de AP foi favorável, técnica e economicamente a lavoura de várzea.
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Hörbe, Tiago de Andrade Neves. "Agricultura por ambiente: manejo sítio específico da população de milho." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2012. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/5554.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível SuperiorPrecision agriculture (PA) is based on site-specific interventions, according to the spatial variability of productive factors. This strategy tends to decrease the spatial variability of yield in relation to that obtained with the uniform management and optimize the resources used. The objective of this study was to assess the population of corn plants using as a parameter, management zones. Thus, the work was composed of two experiments conducted in different locations and crop years, the municipality of Non-Touch-Me-RS, and experimental areas close together. In experiment 1 (A), conducted in 2009/2010, management zones were delineated through knowledge of the production history through observations of the farmer, separating the plot of study in areas of low (ZB), medium (ZM ) and high productivity (ZA). As for the second experiment (B) in 2010/2011 harvest yield maps standard nine (seven + two crops of soybeans, maize) were superimposed generating three management zones. The areas were classified as presenting relative productivity ZB <95% of the average productivity of the crop, ZM between 95-105 and ZA > 105%. The experiment was a factorial with five seeding rates ranging from 50,000 to 90,000 seeds ha-1 consists of three management zones (ZB, ZM and ZA) under Oxisol. For the second experiment, was added as an assessment of the effect of setting the maize population management zones and their relation to the demand of N by the crop, using as parameter the readings with chlorophyll and N in dry matter in full bloom culture. In both experiments, the maize population was related to productivity in the areas of management, with a correlation coefficient of 0.89 (p> 0.0004), 0.81 (p> 0.0002), 0.97 (p > 0.0002) for ZB, ZM and ZA, respectively. The adjustment of the population of maize plants, parts management provided increases in productivity as compared with the fixed population (70,000 plants ha-1). This increase in ZB due to reduction of the population, Mg is 1.20 h -1 and 1.90 h-1 Mg, resulting in increased economic 19.8 and 28.7% for (A) and (B ), respectively. In the ZA, due to increased population, increased production was 0.89 Mg ha-1 and 0.94 Mg ha-1 providing an economic growth of 5.6 and 6.6% for (A) and (B ), respectively. Evaluations of N in the second experiment, the population growth of maize ZB caused a decrease of 49% for the evaluation of chlorophyll and 44% for N absorbed compared to ZA. However the adjustment of the maize population led to a better use of N fertilizer, and the increase in N uptake by corn of 8.40 and 15% in ZA and ZB when compared to fixed population of 70,000 plants ha-1.
A agricultura de precisão (AP) baseia-se em intervenções sitio-especifico, de acordo com a variabilidade espacial dos fatores produtivos. Essa estratégia tende a diminuir a variabilidade espacial da produtividade em relação ao obtido com o manejo uniforme e otimiza os recursos utilizados. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o ajuste da população de plantas de milho utilizando como parâmetro, zonas de manejo. Para tanto, o trabalho foi composto por dois experimentos conduzidos em locais e anos agrícolas distintos, no município de Não-Me-Toque-RS, sendo as áreas experimentais próximas entre si. No experimento 1 (A), conduzido na safra 2009/2010, as zonas de manejo foram delimitadas através do conhecimento do histórico de produção através de observações do produtor rural, separando o talhão de estudo em zonas de baixa (ZB), média (ZM) e alta produtividade (ZA). Já para o segundo experimento (B), na safra 2010/2011 nove mapas de produtividade normalizados (sete safras de soja + duas de milho) foram sobrepostos gerando três zonas de manejo. As zonas foram classificadas em ZB apresentando produtividade relativa < 95% da produtividade média da lavoura, ZM entre 95-105 e ZA > 105%. O experimento foi um bifatorial com cinco taxas de semeadura variando de 50.000 a 90.000 sementes ha-1 constituído de três zonas de manejo (ZB, ZM e ZA) sob Latossolo Vermelho Distrófico típico. Para o segundo experimento, acrescentou-se como avaliação o efeito do ajuste da população de milho às zonas de manejo e sua relação com a demanda de N pela cultura, utilizando-se como parâmetro as leituras com clorofilômetro e N na massa seca na floração plena da cultura. Em ambos experimentos, a população de milho foi relacionada com a produtividade nas zonas de manejo, com coeficiente de correlação de 0,89 (p>0,0004); 0,81 (p>0,0002); 0,97 (p>0,0002), para ZB, ZM e ZA, respectivamente. O ajuste da população de plantas de milho às zonas de manejo proporcionou incrementos na produtividade quando comparada com a população fixa (70.000 plantas ha-1). Esse incremento na ZB, devido a redução da população, foi de 1,20 Mg ha-1 e 1,90 Mg ha-1, resultando em incremento econômico de 19,8 e 28,7% para (A) e para (B), respectivamente. Já na ZA, devido ao incremento da população, o incremento produtivo foi de 0,89 Mg ha-1 e 0,94 Mg ha-1 proporcionando um incremento econômico de 5,6 e 6,6% para (A) e (B), respectivamente. Para as avaliações de N no segundo experimento o aumento da população de milho na ZB ocasionou um decréscimo de 49% para as avaliações de clorofilômetro e 44% para o N absorvido quando comparado a ZA. No entanto o ajuste da população de milho ocasionou um melhor aproveitamento do N fertilizante, sendo o incremento do N absorvido pelo milho de 8,40 e 15% nas ZB e ZA quando comparado a população fixa de 70.000 plantas ha-1.
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Schwalbert, Raí Augusto. "FERTILIZAÇÃO A TAXA VARIÁVEL DE NITROGÊNIO EM TRIGO INTEGRANDO SENSORIAMENTO DE CULTURA E ZONAS DE MANEJO NA REGIÃO SUL DO BRASIL." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2016. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/7627.
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There are basically two approaches for variable rate of nitrogen prescription, the first one based on management zones (predictive) and the second one based on remote sensing (reactive). These approaches have complementary characteristics and when they are integrated can result in a more efficient N prescription. The main of this study was to delimitate management zones with different nitrogen responses in relation to the nitrogen fertilization and then to compare the different strategies for N prescription, including approaches based on management zones, remote sensing and the integration of both. Management zones were delineated using yield maps, topographic features and soil apparent electric conductivity and were classified as low, medium and high yield potential zone. There was significant interaction between nitrogen rates and management zones for N uptake (p<0.05) and for grain yield (p<0.05). The low yield potential zone showed the highest limitation in relation to nitrogen response. The strategy integrating management zones and remote crop sensing was the one that showed the highest grain yield and economic return for both investigated areas. Fine-tuning of variable rate of nitrogen in wheat by combining crop remote sensing and management zones approaches is a promising tool for precision agriculture in southern Brazil.Existem basicamente duas abordagens para a prescrição da taxa variável de nitrogênio, a primeira baseada em zonas de manejo (preditivas) e a segunda baseada em sensoriamento remoto (reativas). Essas abordagens possuem características complementares e quando integradas podem resultar em uma prescrição de N mais eficiente. O objetivo desse estudo foi a delimitação de zonas de manejo com diferentes respostas a fertilização nitrogenada e a comparação diferentes estratégias para prescrição de nitrogênio, incluindo abordagens baseadas em sensores de cultura, zonas de manejo e integração de ambas. As zonas de manejo foram delimitadas usando mapas de produtividade, atributos topográficos e condutividade elétrica aparente do solo e foram classificadas em zonas de alto, médio e baixo potencial produtivo. Houve interação significativa entre doses de N e zonas de manejo para a absorção de N (p<0.05) e para a produtividade de grãos (p<0.05), sendo que a zona de baixo potencial produtivo apresentou as maiores limitações quanto a resposta ao fertilizante nitrogenado. A estratégia integrando zonas de manejo e sensoriamento remoto foi a que apresentou as maiores produtividades e maiores retornos econômicos para as duas áreas experimentais. O ajuste fino da taxa variável de nitrogênio em trigo baseada em uma abordagem combinando sensoriamento remoto e zonas de manejo é uma ferramenta promissora para agricultura de precisão na região sul do Brasil.
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Silva, Diego Armando Amaro da. "ESTRATÉGIAS DE AGRICULTURA DE PRECISÃO PARA DEFINIÇÃO DE PLANOS DE MANEJO INTELIGENTES." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2016. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/4950.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível SuperiorThis study used precision agriculture (AP) techniques to understand the dynamics of physical, chemical and biological soil for different winter management systems after three years of cultivation, to serve as the basis of the definition and indication of Intelligent Management Plans (PMI) in an efficient and practical way. The work was conducted in the city of Frederico Westphalen, RS, were evaluated ten winter management systems - fallow (PO), wild oat (Ap), white oat (AB), ryegrass (AZ), forage turnip (NF) vetch (E), white lupine (TB) and consortiums ApNFE, ApNF and ApE - with samples collected at the intersection points of a grid of 5 x 2.5 m, totaling 100 sampling points, so that there were ten points by sampling winter management system. The study was based on the evaluation of the effects of systems on the dynamics of spatial and horizontal distribution of physical, chemical and biological indicators of soil quality, an integrated analysis by proposing a soil quality index (IQS), providing support for future directions of PMI. In addition, it assessed the efficiency of the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) for estimating the production of the dry matter of winter management systems in order to provide a practical tool to assist in monitoring the operation of selected systems. The tools provided by AP facilitate the understanding of the dynamics of soil quality indicators in the tested systems, serving as a valuable tool in the definition and indication of PMI, providing greater knowledge of the ecology and behavior of soil biology, being possible to determine soil quality bioindicators. Based on the results, not recommended to opt for a system based in isolated benefits (indicators), requiring the joint evaluation of the variables, which was facilitated by the proposed IQS. In general, the systems that provide soil quality were ApNFE, ApE and NF, highlighting the facilitated root growth, in addition to greater nutrient supply afforded by these systems. The use of grass monocultures causes deterioration of chemical properties, due to low C/N and C/P ratios these systems, acting as nutrients immobilizers, must be rotated or consorted with other species over the years. The PO should be avoided in practice or even extinct, based on physical and biological degradation provided by this system. The NDVI was able to determine the dry matter produced by cover crops, except systems with visible flowers or consorted. The objectives proposed by this study were considered solved, since the answers obtained in the articles proposed by the latter, in order to make the multi-plant management or PMI proposition, more grounded and specialized.
Este trabalho usou de técnicas de agricultura de precisão (AP) para compreender a dinâmica de atributos físicos, químicos e biológicos do solo em função de diferentes sistemas de culturas de inverno após três anos de cultivo dos mesmos, visando servir como base na definição e indicação de Planos de Manejos Inteligentes (PMI) de forma eficiente e prática. O trabalho foi realizado no município de Frederico Westphalen, RS, sendo avaliados dez sistemas de culturas de inverno - pousio invernal (PO), aveia preta (Ap), aveia branca (AB), azevém (AZ), nabo forrageiro (NF), ervilhaca (E), tremoço branco (TB) e consórcios de ApNFE, ApNF e ApE -, com amostras coletadas nos pontos de cruzamento de uma malha de 5 x 2,5 m, totalizando 100 pontos de amostragem, de modo que houvessem dez pontos amostrais por sistema de cultura de inverno. O estudo baseou-se na avaliação dos efeitos de destes sistemas sobre a dinâmica de distribuição espacial e horizontal dos indicadores físicos, químicos e biológicos do solo, fazendo por fim, uma análise integrada através da proposição de um índice de qualidade do solo (IQS), dando suporte com embasamento firme para futuras indicações de PMI. Além disso, foi avaliada a eficiência do índice de vegetação por diferença normalizada (NDVI) na estimativa da produção de matéria seca pelos sistemas de culturas de inverno, de modo a fornecer uma ferramenta prática que auxilie no monitoramento do funcionamento dos sistemas escolhidos. Os instrumentos proporcionados pela AP facilitaram a compreensão da dinâmica dos indicadores da qualidade do solo nos sistemas testados, servindo como ferramenta valiosa na definição e indicação de PMI, além de ter proporcionado maior conhecimento da ecologia e comportamento da biologia do solo, sendo possível determinar bioindicadores da qualidade do solo. Com base nos resultados, não recomenda-se optar por determinado sistema baseado em benefícios isolados (indicadores), sendo necessária a avaliação conjunta das variáveis, o que foi facilitado pelo IQS proposto. De forma geral, os sistemas que proporcionaram maior qualidade do solo foram ApNFE, ApE e NF, destacando o crescimento radicular facilitado, além do maior suprimento de nutrientes propiciado por estes sistemas. O uso de gramíneas monocultivadas ocasiona a deterioração dos atributos químicos, devido a baixa relação C/N e C/P destas, funcionando como imobilizadores de nutrientes, devendo ser rotacionados ou consorciados com outras espécies ao longo dos anos. O PO deve ser evitado na prática ou até mesmo extinto, com base na degradação física e biológica proporcionada por este sistema. O NDVI foi capaz de determinar a matéria seca produzida pelos sistemas de forma satisfatória, com exceções de sistemas que apresentem flores visíveis, em consórcio. Os objetivos propostos ao início deste trabalho foram considerados sanados, visto as respostas obtidas nos artigos propostos por este, visando tornar a proposição de manejo multi-plantas ou PMI, mais fundamentada e especializada.
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Bellé, Gustavo Luiz. "AGRICULTURA DE PRECISÃO: MANEJO DA FERTILIDADE COM APLICAÇÃO A TAXA VARIADA DE FERTILIZANTES E SUA RELAÇÃO COM A PRODUTIVIDADE DE CULTURAS." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2009. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/7518.
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The agriculture of precision has been an important tool for the characterization of the spatial variability of soil attributes and crops. Thus, there is many options to elaborate thematic digital maps that can improve the soil and crop management. In this work, two croplands that has been managed with precision agriculture during several years were selected. One of them was called field Lagoa, it is a 132 ha, and the other, is field Schmidt, it is a 125 ha. In both croplands soil samples were collected
with regular grid of 100 x 100 m. In the field Lagoa three soil sampled were done while in the field Schmidt two soil sampled were done along four years of evaluation. In order to investigate the crop yield variability, the yields data were collected with a combine MF34, equipped with yield sensor, GPS (Global Position System), board computer (Datavision). In the field Talhao, the yield maps were
made to corn 2004/05, wheat 2005, soybean 2005/06, soybean 2006/07, corn 2007/08 and, in the field Schmidt, crop data were collected to soybean 2004/05, soybean 2005/06, soybean 2006/07 and corn 2007/08. The yield data and soil data were processed in the softwares SGIS® and Campeiro 6.0. The variable rate fertizer was done with equipment Hércules 10.000 equipped with disks system to immediate change the fertilizer rate . The evolution of soil fertility indicate that, in areas with high phosporus and potassium levels, the range of variation was maintained through the years, although, with a decrease in extreme values. The correlations of soil attributes with crop yield maps were higher in the field Schmidt mainly to CEC, Mg, organic matter, Ca, and, in the field Lagoa there was
correlation, mainly, with organic matter. The match distribution and potassium the varied rate allowed
that the nutrient supply was enlarged e/ou above below the export of the cultures, not interfering in the revenue. The crop yield map was an efficient tool to define yield zones driving the site specific management of fertilizers and soil management.A agricultura de precisão tem se mostrado uma ferramenta importante, principalmente, para a caracterização da variabilidade espacial de atributos de solo e das culturas. Assim, há varias possibilidades de elaboração de mapas temáticos que poderão melhorar as intervenções de manejo no solo e ou na cultura. Neste trabalho foram avaliadas duas áreas que vem sendo manejadas com técnicas de AP ao longo dos anos, sendo uma delas, denominada talhão Lagoa, contendo 132 ha, e a outra, talhão Schmidt, contendo 125 ha. Em ambos os talhões foram coletadas amostras de solo com grade regular de 100 x 100 m, sendo que, no talhão lagoa foram três coletas de solo e no talhão Schmidt foram duas coletas de solo ao longo de quatro anos de avaliação. Para a caracterização da variabilidade das culturas, foi utilizada a coleta de dados através de uma colhedora MF34, equipada com sensor de rendimento, GPS (Sistema de Posicionamento Global), computador de bordo (Datavision). No talhão Lagoa, foram confeccionados mapas de colheita nas culturas de milho 2004/05, trigo 2005, soja 2005/06, soja 2006/07, milho 2007/08 e, no talhão Schmidt, foram coletados dados de colheita nas culturas de soja 2004/05, soja 2005/06, soja 2006/07 e milho 2007/08. Os resultados de colheita e solo foram processados nos softwares SGIS® e Campeiro 6.0. As aplicações a taxa variada foram realizadas com o equipamento Hércules 10.000 equipado com sistema de disco para distribuição a lanço dos fertilizantes com variação instantânea das doses. Os resultados de fertilidade indicaram que, em áreas com altos teores de fósforo e potássio, a amplitude de variação foi mantida ao longo dos anos, porém, com a diminuição de valores extremos. As correlações de atributos de solo com mapas de colheita foram maiores no talhão Schmidt para os atributos Schmidt para os atributos CTC, magnésio, matéria orgânica e cálcio e, no talhão Lagoa houve correlação positiva, principalmente, com matéria orgânica, ao longo das safras agrícolas. A distribuição de fósforo e potássio a taxa variada permitiu que fosse ampliado o fornecimento de nutriente acima e/ou abaixo da exportação das culturas, não interferindo no rendimento. Com isso, o mapeamento do rendimento da cultura foi uma ferramenta eficiente na definição de zonas com potencial produtivo, orientando as intervenções localizadas de fertilizantes e de manejo do solo.
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Schossler, Diego Schmidt. "RELAÇÕES DE ATRIBUTOS QUÍMICOS DO SOLO E A PRODUTIVIDADE DAS CULTURAS DE SOJA E MILHO." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2013. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/7587.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível SuperiorWith the advance the adoption of precision agriculture in Brazil, growing use the technological tools georeferenced soil sampling and crop yield. Relations and crossing data information between these two tools can assist in improving the management of crops through specific recommendations of each element with reduced costs, efficient use of inputs, increasing productivity and profitability of crops. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of soil chemical properties on grain yield of soybean and corn in two experimental fields southern Brazil through principal component analysis and hierarchical cluster. The research happened in two experimental areas of 132 and 124 hectares in typical Oxisol. The soil samples were taken with a grid sampling of one hectare in the 0-0.10 m layer. The yields of the cultures were related at the same point each soil analysis using the annual average productivity at a radius of 25 m around each sampling point. At the first experimental area of 132 hectares, were investigated yield maps soybean harvest crop 2008/09; soybean crop 2009/10; soybean crop 2010/11 and corn crop 2011/12. In the second study area of 124 hectares, were investigated yield maps soybean harvest crop 2009/10, corn harvest 2010/11 and soybean crop 2011/12. The selection of yield maps followed the criterion to evaluate crops with less than two years of the completion of soil sampling, where only occurred fertilization of crop maintenance. Both areas had high fertility, the first area to saturation (V) average 65.16% and 83.03% in the second area. At the first experimental area the increase in productivity is being explained by the increase of the attributes: saturation of calcium and magnesium in the cation exchange capacity (Sat Ca, Mg Sat), V, and the calcium: magnesium (Ca: Mg). In the second experimental area the increase attribute chemical Sat Mg committed crop yields. In both experiments the elevation of attributes Sat Ca, V and Ca: Mg contributed to raising crop yields. The balance of cations in the exchange complex was the chemical attributes that best explained the variability in crop investigated.
Com o avanço da adoção da agricultura de precisão no Brasil, cresce a utilização de ferramentas tecnológicas de amostragem de solo georreferenciadas e mapas de produtividade das culturas. As relações e o cruzamento de dados entre as informações destas duas ferramentas podem auxiliar no aprimoramento do manejo das lavouras através de indicações específicas de cada elemento com redução de custos, uso eficiente de insumos, aumento da produtividade e rentabilidade das culturas. O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a influência de atributos químicos do solo na produtividade das culturas de soja e milho em duas áreas comerciais no planalto do RS, através da análise de componentes principais e o agrupamento hierárquico - cluster. A investigação ocorreu em duas áreas experimentais de 132 e 124 ha em Latossolo Vermelho distrófico típico. As amostragens de solo foram realizadas baseadas em uma malha regular de 100 metros por 100 metros na camada de 0-0,10 m. As produtividades das culturas foram relacionadas no mesmo ponto de cada análise de solo utilizando-se a média de produtividade anual em um raio de 25 m ao redor de cada ponto amostral. Na primeira área experimental de 132 ha, foram investigados os mapas de colheita de soja-safra 2008/09; soja-safra 2009/10; soja-safra 2010/11 e milho-safra 2011/12. Na segunda área investigada, de 124 ha, foram estudados os mapas de colheita de soja-safra 2009/10; milho-safra 2010/11 e soja-safra 2011/12. A escolha dos eventos de colheita analisados seguiu o critério de avaliar safras com período inferior a dois anos da realização da amostragem de solo, em que apenas ocorreram as adubações de manutenção das culturas. Ambas as áreas apresentavam fertilidade elevada, sendo a primeira com a saturação de bases (V) média de 65,16% e a segunda com 83,03%. Na primeira área experimental, o acréscimo de produtividade está sendo explicado pela elevação dos atributos: saturação de cálcio e de magnésio na capacidade de troca de cátions (Sat Ca; Sat Mg), V e relação cálcio: magnésio (Ca:Mg). Na segunda área experimental, a elevação do atributo químico Sat Mg comprometeu a produtividade das culturas. Em ambos os experimentos a elevação dos atributos Sat Ca, V e Ca: Mg contribuíram para elevar a produtividade das culturas. O equilíbrio de cátions no complexo de troca foi o atributo químico que melhor explicou a variabilidade da produtividade das culturas investigadas.
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Lake, Neal J. "Evaluating the health of bridge structures." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2001.
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Barreto, Herlon Bruno Ferreira. "Variabilidade espacial de atributos do solo que influenciam a produção de arroz vermelho no Vale do Apodi - RN." Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, 2012. http://bdtd.ufersa.edu.br:80/tede/handle/tede/497.
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Previous issue date: 2012-06-29Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Irrigated red rice has been cultivated for decades in Apodi Valley, Brazil, where it is a cash crop and main economic resource for many small farm families. However, in other regions of Brazil red rice is little known and little cultivated. This study had as objective to assess spatial variability of soil attributes that influence irrigated red rice production in Apodi Valley, and characterize spatial dependence of those attributes and also of rice yield. The work was carried out in two farms of the county of Apodi, RN, Brazil, in a lowland region where is established the Apodi Valley Association of Red Rice Growers. Each farm had a production area divided in fifteen subareas, from which were determined soil chemical and physical-hydric characteristics. Samples were taken at 0 - 15 and 15 30 cm depths, according to a grid with regular spacing of 20 x 20 m in Area 1 and 10 x 10 m in Area 2. Sampling spots were georeferenced according to Cartesian coordinates that allowed the use of geostatistics in the study of spatial variability. Physical-hydric determinations included soil texture, permanent wilting point, field capacity, soil density, particle density and available water content. Soil chemical determinations included organic matter content and contents of Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, Na+, P, Cu2+, Mn2+, Fe2+ and Zn2+. Rice yield components determined were panicle number per area, mass of hundred grains and yield. Descriptive statistics was used for analyzing data general behavior and to identify outliers. Spearman correlation and multiple linear regression analysis were used for identifying probable causes of variability. Mean yields obtained were 7527 kg ha-1 and 3832 kg ha-1, in areas 1 e 2, respectively. Soil physical-hydric variables correlated to production components were: available water content, permanent wilting point, soil density and contents of clay and silt. Soil chemical variables correlated to rice yield components were: calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, zinc, copper, manganese, iron and organic matter
O arroz vermelho vem sendo cultivado há dezenas de anos no Vale do Apodi, onde gera renda e é o principal sustentáculo econômico para muitas famílias de pequenos agricultores. Entretanto, o arroz vermelho, é pouco conhecido e, portanto, pouco cultivado em outras regiões. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi o de determinar a variabilidade espacial de atributos físico-hídricos e químicos do solo que influenciam a produção do arroz vermelho irrigado na região do Vale do Apodi, e caracterizar a dependência espacial dos atributos do solo e da produção visando fornecer subsídios para um posterior planejamento da produção. O trabalho foi realizado no município de Apodi, RN, na região conhecida como várzea do rio Apodi, compreendendo a área de abrangência da Associação dos Produtores de Arroz do Vale do Apodi. O trabalho foi realizado em duas propriedades, nas quais foi delimitada uma área, subdividida em quinze subáreas, sendo cada caracterizada em suas características químicas e físico-hídricas do solo. As amostragens e coletas foram realizadas nas profundidades de 0-15 e 15-30 cm, segundo malhas de amostragem com espaçamento regular, o qual foi de 20x20 m na Área 1, na comunidade Santa Rosa, e 10x10 m na Área 2, na comunidade Reforma. Os pontos de amostragem foram referenciados segundo coordenadas cartesianas (x,y), permitindo assim o uso da geoestatística para estudar a variabilidade espacial das características. A determinação das características físico-hídricas do solo foi realizada a partir de amostras deformadas e indeformadas, as quais foram obtidas em anéis volumétricos de aço. As determinações físico-hídricas do solo foram análise textural, ponto de murcha permanente, capacidade de campo, densidade aparente, densidade de partículas e água disponível. As determinações químicas do solo foram os teores de matéria orgânica, Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, Na+,P, Cu2+, Mn2+, Fe2+ e Zn2+. Os componentes de produção determinados foram número de panículas por área, massa de 100 grãos e produtividade. A estatística descritiva foi empregada para analisar o comportamento geral dos dados e identificar possíveis valores discrepantes. O coeficiente de correlação de Spearman e a análise de regressão linear múltipla foram utilizados para identificar causas prováveis de variabilidade. As produtividades médias foram de 7.527 kg ha-1 e 3.832 kg ha-1, para área 1 e 2, respectivamente. As variáveis físico-hídricas do solo que se correlacionaram com os componentes de produção foram: água disponível, ponto de murcha, densidade aparente, argila e silte. As variáveis químicas do solo que se correlacionaram com os componentes de produção foram: cálcio, magnésio, fósforo, sódio, potássio, zinco, cobre, manganês, ferro e matéria orgânica
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Hunt, Philip Duncan. "Analysis of roughness deterioration of bitumen sealed unbound granular pavements for use in road asset management modeling." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2002. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/36178/1/36178_Hunt_2002.pdf.
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The road system under the care and control of the State of Queensland, Australia has an estimated replacement value of $23 Billion (US$12 billion), excluding structures. Pavement management systems for recording, rating, and predicting a pavement's condition are used to prudently manage this large asset. Tne of the fundamental components of a pavement management system is the method
of determining a pavement's rate of deterioration over time. Throughout the world, "pavement roughness" is one of the most widely used methods of measuring the
performance of a pavement.
Queensland is a large State, having an approximate area of 1.7 million square
kilometres, and incorporates many small communities separated by vast distances. The majority of bitumen sealed pavements exist in low traffic volume rural areas, and consist of either a flexible unbound granular pavement or a semi-rigid modified granular pavement. This study has focussed on the roughness progression of these
pavement types. Roughness data has been collected at varying frequencies since 1987, across the State's road network. In order to understand roughness progression behaviour, this research has considered 16,000 pavement segments (each lkm) from all parts of the
State. This number is significant, as many previous research efforts, which form the basis of the current roughness progression models, have been based on the study of typically between forty and several hundred pavement segments. This extensive database has been used in this study to investigate trends in roughness pogression over time (~R). Traditionally, roughness progression has been represented in many road asset management models as an exponential relationship, providing rapidly increasing roughness values as the pavement approaches the end of its theoretical life. However, this relationship has not been commonly observed in the State's pavement asset. Investigations revealed that a linear relationship, termed the Linear Roughness Progression Rate (LRPR), represented the roughness progression of the pavement segments very well, and thereby assists in the identification of poor performing pavement segments. Pavement maintenance costs can also be used to identify poor performing pavement segments, based on excessive use of pavement maintenance funds to maintain functionality. This information assists in 'unmasking' pavements that may possess an umepresentative LRPR. For this reason, the effects of pavement maintenance costs (~PMC) on roughness progression have also been examined. Independent variables which are typically considered to affect roughness progression, have been examined with LRPR in this study. These variables include traffic volume, traffic loading, pavement type, subgrade soil classification, climate (rainfall, temperature, Thomthwaite Index), pavement age, and width of bitumen surface (seal width). It has been established that the roughness progression of each individual pavement segment is unique. No particular formula or model has been identified, which can accurately predict the roughness progression of any particular pavement segment from a population, based upon known values of the independent variables. In order to develop an understanding of the effects of these variables on pavement
performance, a means of rating a pavement's condition using a combination of LRPR and excessive pavement maintenance expenditure has been established. Subsequently, a discrete rating scale from "Good", "Fair" to "Poor" has been used. The effects of the independent variables on pavement rating have been examined
across the population of study pavement segments, using summary charts. This has enabled the proportions of pavement rated within each category to be examined with
changes in each independent variable, to establish whether that variable has a global influence on pavement rating. For instance, whether the proportion of pavements
rated "Poor" varies with Annual Average Daily Traffic.
These summary charts provide the basis of a Network Performance Profile, which has yielded a better understanding of the variables globally influencing pavement rating across the State's road network. Further, the Network Performance Profile provides insight into the inbuilt risk of the past and current pavement design and delivery system. The knowledge gained from a whole of network analysis of condition may form a catalyst for the assessment of material quality, design methods, construction technology, and contract delivery, to ensure that pavements have the best chance of
performing well.
Currently, road network performance is commonly defined only by a measure of the
road network's 'Absolute Condition'. The Network Performance Profile developed in this study will add new measures of pavement performance to the current definition. By including a Current Network Profile, and a more robust method for predicting mid term (five year) roughness values, asset managers will have a suite of information on historic, current, and estimated future road network condition, to use in evaluating the
impact of previous and current management decisions.
Pavement roughness prediction analysis, based on site-specific extrapolation of
LRPR, has shown that at least six time-series roughness data points are required if an
accurate short term prediction (4 to 6 year) is to be achieved. It is believed that the research of roughness progression has highlighted the unique nature of pavement segment deterioration. It is interesting to note that all categories of pavements suffer from a range of good to poor performance, and this finding is considered to be one of the keys in understanding pavement behaviour. At a network level, the study of performance has been considered very successful and has not only provided a robust methodology for quantifying road network performance, but also provides information for input into the improvement of technical policies and funding
distribution decisions.
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Aita, Valmir. "MANEJO DE LAGARTAS E PERCEVEJOS DA SOJA COM CONTROLE LOCALIZADO." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2013. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/3605.
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Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] is the most important crop grown in Brazil and worldwide. Nevertheless, the yield is still limited by several issues in which the damages by caterpillars and stink bugs are main ones if not controlled efficiently. The pest control is usually achieved by insecticide application, which results in an increased production cost, disturb biological control, and causes contamination in harvest and environment, so it is necessary to develop news techniques aiming to reduce the amount of sprayed insecticides. The preset study was carried out in five soybean grown areas during 2010/11 and 2011/12. This experiment aimed to analyze the spatial and temporal distribution in order to perform site-specific control of caterpillars and stink bugs by using agriculture-precision tools for mapping and control of insects. In addition, the technical and economic effects of this approach were surveyed. The first chapter shows the site-specific control for caterpillars while the chapter two for stink bugs. The population of soybean caterpillars can be suppressed by site-specific approach where the population exceeds the economic threshold and therefore saving insecticide. The site-specific control for stink bugs in soybean allows save insecticide and decreases the bugs population, but causes outbreaks far beyond the economic threshold. Economically speaking, the site-specific control of caterpillars and stink bugs is possible, but requires further studies to optimize the sampling procedure.A soja [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] é uma cultura de grande expressão no Brasil e no mundo, no entanto a sua produtividade ainda é limitada por diversos fatores, onde destacam-se os danos significativos causados pelas lagartas e percevejos quando não manejadas eficientemente. O controle destes insetos é geralmente feito com aplicações de inseticidas, o que ocasiona o aumento dos custos da lavoura, prejudica o controle biológico pela morte de inimigos naturais, e deixa resíduos tóxicos no produto colhido e no ambiente, por isso, se faz necessário desenvolver técnicas visando a sua utilização mais eficiente, que resulte em menores quantidades aplicadas. Este estudo foi realizado em cinco áreas de cultivo com soja nas safras 2010/11 e 2011/12 objetivando analisar a distribuição espacial e temporal e realizar o controle localizado de lagartas e percevejos em soja, utilizando técnicas de agricultura de precisão para o mapeamento e controle dos insetos. Também foi realizada a análise técnica e econômica deste sistema de manejo. O primeiro capítulo apresenta o estudo do controle localizado de lagartas e o segundo capítulo o estudo do controle localizado de percevejos em soja. A população de lagartas da soja pode ser controlada de forma localizada nos pontos onde a população ultrapassa o nível de controle, proporcionando economia de inseticida. O controle localizado de percevejos em soja permite economia de inseticida e reduz a população, mas não impede a reinfestação da área acima do nível de controle. Em termos econômicos, o controle localizado de lagartas e percevejos é viável, porém são necessários estudos para aperfeiçoar o sistema de amostragem.
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Trengove, Samuel Peter. "Potential for site specific management of Lolium rigidum (annual ryegrass) in Southern Australia." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/91309.
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Weed spatial distribution is typically patchy and Lolium rigidum (annual ryegrass) distribution is no exception. The potential for site specific management of annual ryegrass was assessed to increase farmers’ financial returns through reduced herbicide costs while maintaining weed control in commercial paddocks near Bute and Tarlee, SA. Commercially available sensors N-Sensor, Greenseeker, Crop Circle and digital RGB camera were assessed for their ability to detect annual ryegrass patches in growing lentil, pea, canola and wheat crops at various growth stages. The best platform for annual ryegrass detection was the digital camera with an Excess Red – Excess Green algorithm applied to the image to delineate plant matter from background soil. The best relationship for this system was an R² of 0.85 and 0.86 in Ronnies and Stones North paddock respectively when the lentils and peas were at the 10-12 node stage and the annual ryegrass was at early-mid tillering. The N-Sensor was used to map annual ryegrass in lentil, pea and canola crops with R² values from 0.15 to 0.88. Poor correlations were related to misclassification due to the presence of other weed species or variability in crop growth. When these effects were accounted for, the correlations improved with R2 from 0.27 to 0.86. Four paddocks were monitored in three seasons between 2006 and 2009 to determine stability of annual ryegrass populations at fixed locations. Annual ryegrass populations were relatively stable with high density locations typically staying high between seasons and low density locations typically staying low. The relationships between seasons ranged from R² 0.53 to 0.94. Of the locations that changed ranking from being relatively low density to relatively high between seasons many could be explained by their proximity to the patch boundary. Herbicide efficacy dependence on population density was assessed by counting a wide range of annual ryegrass densities and recounting the surviving plants after the application of herbicide. It was found that efficacy of clethodim, imazapic and imazapyr was independent of annual ryegrass density between zero and 1600, 2000 and 6000 annual ryegrass plants m⁻² in three respective paddocks. However, there were more plants surviving at the high density locations, due to the higher initial population. This greater number of survivors is likely important for patch persistence. Small plot herbicide trials were targeted at high and low density annual ryegrass sites in lentils and wheat to assess the potential for variable applications of clethodim in lentils and pre-emergence herbicides in wheat. Economic returns from variable rate applications over a uniform application cannot exceed the cost of the herbicide used uniformly at the maximum rate unless it causes yield loss due to phytotoxic crop effects. The maximum herbicide saving that could be achieved with clethodim in lentils was $5.42 ha⁻¹ and this declined as high density patch area increased. The value of applying pre-emergence herbicides site specifically was much greater, reducing herbicide costs by $14.60 and $15.30 ha⁻¹ in two paddocks where high density weed infestations affected 30 and 35% of the paddock respectively. This is including additional application costs of $7.50 ha⁻¹ for variable rate applications. Savings increased as high density patch area decreased. Targeting patches reduces the risk of return from high cost treatments and makes it economic to treat smaller patches, as low as an infestation level of 5.6% of the paddock. Where cheaper herbicides or nil treatments were applied to low density sites there were no significant differences in annual ryegrass densities in the year of application or the following year. Site specific management of annual ryegrass has merit with pre-emergence herbicides. The patches are able to be mapped in crop and patch stability means the map can be used in subsequent seasons to target pre-emergence herbicides.Thesis (M.Ag.Sc.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, 2014
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Ritter, Carina [Verfasser]. "Evaluation of weed populations under the influence of site-specific weed control to derive decision rules for a sustainable weed management / presented by Carina Ritter." 2008. http://d-nb.info/989005917/34.
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Oliveira, Carlos Wagner. "Delineation of management units for site-specific irrigation." 2003. http://etd.utk.edu/2003/OliveiraCarlosWagner.pdf.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 2003.Title from title page screen (viewed Oct. 15, 2003). Thesis advisor: Ronald E. Yoder. Document formatted into pages (xvii, 199 p. : ill. (some col.)). Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 128-141).
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Kanyane, Pholosho Mmateko. "Site-specific soil pH management across spatially variable soils." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/2569.
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Thesis (M.Sc. Agric (Soil Science)) -- University of Limpopo, 2013Knowledge and management of soil pH, particularly soil acidity across spatially variable soils is important, although this is greatly ignored by farmers in the Limpopo Province of South Africa. The significance of understanding spatial variability of soil acidity is the implementation of best and site-specific management strategies because when soil acidity is poorly managed, toxicity and nutrient deficiency problems in the soil are inevitable. The objective of the study was to evaluate in-field spatial variability of soil pH, and compare the efficiency of managing soil pH through site-specific method vs. uniform lime application. The study was conducted in 3 site years (23o50’ S; 29 o40’ E and 23o59’ S and 28o52’ E) with site year I, and II adjacent to each other in the semi-arid regions of the Limpopo Province, South Africa. Soil samples were taken in four replicates within a 1 m radius from geo-referenced locations in 3 study sites to sampling depths of 0-20 cm on a regular grid of 30m using differential Global Positioning System (DGPS). Soils were analyzed for pH, and SMP buffer pH for lime recommendations. Lime requirement to achieve a soil pH of 6.5 for a 20 cm plough layer per hectare was calculated using CalciumCarbonateequivalent, efficiency factor (fineness factor), and neutralizing index of the liming materials. The spatial maps for SMP buffer pH and lime requirement maps were produced with surfer version 8.0 (Surfer Version 8, Golden Software, Golden, CO). The soil pH datasets from systematic unaligned randomly sampled soils on a 30-m grid were interpolated using inverse distance weighing (IDW) in Surfer software version 8.0 (Surfer Version 8, Golden Software, Golden, CO). Soil pH varied from strongly acidic to slightly acidic with minimum values of 4.22, 3.93, and 4.74 and maximum values of 6.11, 7.00, and 6.82 in site I, II, and II respectively. In Site I, II, and III, the areas of the field that had soil pH values of less than 6.0 were 99.43, 82.61, and 62.89% of the field. When lime was recommended for application using a conventional method of uniform lime application based on an average value derived from samples collected in the whole field, the results of the study showed a waste of lime in excess of lime recommended for individual grids. An excess amount of lime as high as 10, 30, and 7 tons/ha recommended on sites I, II and III respectively under uniform application. These recommendations were in excess on field areas that needed little or no lime applications. Again, the fields showed under applications of lime as much as 30, 35, and 13 tons/ha in site I, II, and III respectively for uniform liming applications. This under- and over recommendations of lime based on average soil pH values suggests that uniform soil acidity management strategy is not an appropriate strategy to be adopted in these fields. Again, in both of these sites as shown in the maps, the areas that required high amount of lime and those that require little or no lime are clearly defined, such that the fields can be divided into lime application zones. When a field is divided into lime application zones, management of soil acidity becomes easier because instead of applying variable rates of lime for every grid, lime rates are applied per zone. These zones could be areas in a field that require, (i) high rates of lime, (ii) low rates of lime, and (iii) areas that requires no lime at all. Agricultural fields that exhibit spatial variability of soil acidity must not be managed or treated as uniform when lime is applied in the field. Keywords: Lime requirement, Site specific management and Soil pH.
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Eis, Martin Leroyce. "An intelligent chemical recommendation and applicator control system for site-specific crop management." 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/22479.
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Liu, Ten-Lin, and 劉天麟. "Estimation of Spatial-Temporal Distribution of Soil Properties Applied on Soil Site-Specific Management." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/22752612397545246206.
Full textAbstract:
博士國立臺灣大學
農業化學研究所
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To mitigate the impact on the environment from agriculture and to improve the efficiency of fertilizer application, soil site-specific management is needed. The site-specific phosphorus management is proposed in this study by delineating management zones for variable rate fertilizer application to manage in-field variability. The quality of mapping soil properties would impact the performance of soil site-specific management. Thus, a kriging model combined with soil map-delineation (KSMD), taking into account the variation components of soil type effect and residual to improve the estimation of soil properties, was proposed. The KSMD estimation was based on the soil map-delineation of soil types to group the sampled observations, and separated the variation of soil properties into two parts: one between soil types and the other within each soil type. When comparing KSMD and ordinary kriging (OK), the mean errors (ME) of KSMD and OK estimations were similar. However, decreases in estimation of imprecision for KSMD relative to OK (DIP %) for sand, silt, and clay contents, pH, and Mehlich-3 Ca and P were 34 %, 40 %, 48 %, 20 %, 42 %, and 3 % respectively. These results suggested that the proposed KSMD method could increase the precision of the interpolation of soil properties and improve the estimation of soil properties. In addition to spatial variability of soil properties, some soil properties have temporal variability, such as fertilizer-P availability index (Fp). The Fp is a ratio of the increase in extractable soil P to amount of P added, which represents the fixation tendency of soils. In chapter 2 of this dissertation, the estimation of Fp at different incubation time was performed by using the kriging-prior-to-Elovich-fitted and the Elovich-fitted-prior-to-kriging estimations. The results showed that the parameter a and b of the kinetics of Fp had bias prior to the kriging estimation of spatial distribution of Fp and hereafter could lead to a deviation of the Elovich-fitted-prior-to-kriging estimation. Compared to the Elovich-fitted-prior-to-kriging estimation, the kriging-prior-to-Elovich-fitted estimation was an unbiased estimator, and thus was a more robust and suitable estimating method for the estimation of Fp at different incubation time under the constraint of limited temporal data. Traditional recommendation for fertilizer P application was based on the soil test result to evaluate the soil fertility level for the recommendation of fertilizer application for different crops. This way of recommendation for fertilizer P application considered the effect of amounts of fertilizer applied on crop yield only, but didn’t evaluate the change of availability of P in soil after fertilizer P applied. For improving the efficiency of fertilizer P application, site-specific P management zones should take into account the maintainability of desired crop yield and the variation of available P in soil after fertilizer P applied. In the last chapter of this dissertation, site-specific P management zones were delineated by dividing the amounts of P needed (Pneed) with equal range. The Pneed was calculated from the amount of available P (P0) in soil prior to fertilizer applied and fertilizer-P availability index (Fp) under different criteria concentration of P (Pc) in soil for various crops. Both of the optimal crop yields and the variance of availability of P in soil after fertilizer P applied were considered, and then the efficiency of site-specific P management could be improved.
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Ruland, Michael. "Site-specific adaptation by natural selection. A case study with lentil." Doctoral thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-002E-E3B2-A.
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McBride, Robert Graber. "Relationships between soil properties and yield variability and the potential for establishing management zones for site-specific management in North Carolina." 2003. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-04132004-113044/unrestricted/etd.pdf.
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Nelson, John Randall. "Site-specific management and remote sensing based plant growth regulator application decisions in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)." 2006. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-08172006-121041/unrestricted/etd.pdf.
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Bang, JiSu. "Characterization of soil spatial variability for site-specific management using soil electrical conductivity and other remotely sensed data." 2005. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-12142005-033857/unrestricted/etd.pdf.
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Kwon, Ho-Young. "An approach to using labile soil nitrogen measurements for calibration of the DSSAT-CENTURY agroecosystem model for site-specific nitrogen fertilizer management in Illinois, USA /." 2006. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3250273.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2006.Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 68-02, Section: B, page: 0861. Adviser: Robert J. M. Hudson. Includes bibliographical references. Available on microfilm from Pro Quest Information and Learning.
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Ogaugwu, Christian Ejikeme. "Biotechnological approaches to fight fruit flies of agricultural importance." Doctoral thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-000D-EF77-4.
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McGloin, Brendan. "The Union Carbide factory occupation of 1979." Thesis, 2012. https://vuir.vu.edu.au/30213/.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis examines a seminal but largely ignored episode in Australian labour
history. Jn 1979, the Altona Petrochemical Complex was the scene of a historic
materialisation of class struggle, when 52 workers occupied the Union Carbide
plant for a period of 51 days. It was, and remains, the longest factory occupation
in Australian history. Occupations, generally, represent not only a challenge to the
immediate party involved but a fundamental critique of the existing social,
political and economic order, and in that sense must be understood within a
broader milieu of resistance to the imperatives of power. Furthermore, the act of
occupation is an occurrence that can be designated as a "weapon of the
weak." Factory occupations are the highest and most audacious form of
occupation as they, like all occupations, challenge the supposed inviolability of
property, but transcend the potentialities of other occupations by challenging the
property and privileges of the ruling class. The Union Carbide Sit-in Strike
constituted one such challenge. This thesis, which is situated within the broader
narrative of "history from below", has been enabled by the recent acquisition of
the private papers of one of the leading participants. Until now, these archival
sources have not been the subject of any previous scholarly study.
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Dinger, Eric J. "Characterizing early-seral competitive mechanisms influencing Douglas-fir seedling growth, vegetation community development, and physiology of selected weedy plant species." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/29479.
Full textAbstract:
Three studies were conducted to characterize and present early-seral
competition between Douglas-fir seedlings and the surrounding vegetation
communities during Pacific Northwest forest establishment. The first experiment
served as the foundation for this dissertation and was designed to quantify tradeoffs
associated with delaying forest establishment activities by introducing a fallow year
in order to provide longer-term management of competing vegetation. A range of six
operationally relevant treatments were applied over two growing seasons that
included in the first (1) a no-action control, (2) a spring release only, (3) a fall site
preparation without sulfometuron methyl followed by a spring release, as well as (4) a
fall site preparation with sulfometuron methyl and a spring release. In the second
year, there was (5) a fall site preparation without sulfometuron methyl followed by a
spring release and also in the second year (6) a fall site preparation with sulfometuron
methyl and a spring release. Treatments 5 and 6 were left fallow without planting
during the first year. These treatments were applied in two replicated experiments
within the Oregon Coast Range.
After adjusting for initial seedling size, year-3 results indicated that plantation
establishment and competition control immediately after harvest (i.e. no fallow
period) enabled seedlings to be physically larger than those planted after a one year
delay. At the Boot study site, limiting vegetation below 20% for the first growing
season improved year-3 Douglas-fir seedling stem volume over 273 cm³. Delaying
establishment activities one year and reducing competing vegetation below 11%
enabled seedling volume after two years to be statistically the same as three year old
seedlings in the no-action control, a volume range of between 148 to 166 cm³.
Delaying forest establishment at Jackson Mast improved seedling survivorship over
88% when a spring heat event reduced survivorship of trees planted a year earlier to
less than 69%. The combined effect of applying a fall site preparation and spring
release was necessary to reduce competitive cover below 10% in the year following
treatment and provided longer-lasting control of woody/semi-woody plants. Less
intense control measures (i.e. no-action control and treatment 2) were not able to
restrain woody/semi-woody plant cover which grew to nearly 40% at Boot and over
24% at Jackson Mast in three years. No treatment regime provided multi-year control
of herbaceous species. Including sulfometuron methyl in the fall site preparation
tank-mix did not have a negative effect on seedling growth or provide significant
reductions in plant community abundance in the year following application when
compared to similar regimes that did not include the chemical. Delaying
establishment lengthened the amount of time associated with forest regeneration
except on a site that accentuated a spring heat event.
In the second study, horizontal distance and azimuth readings provided by a
ground-based laser were used to stem map seedling locations and experimental unit
features at Boot. These data were used to create a relative Cartesian coordinate
system that defined spatially explicit polygons enabling, for the first time, the ability
to collect positional data on competing forest vegetation within an entire experimental
unit. Deemed "vixels" or vegetation pixels, these polygons were assessed for
measures of total cover and cover of the top three most abundance species during the
initial three years of establishment. An alternate validity check of research protocols
was provided when total cover resulting from this vixel technique was compared to a
more traditional survey of four randomly located subplots. The resulting linear
regression equation had an adjusted R² of 0.90 between these two techniques of
assessing total cover. When compared within a treatment and year, total cover
differed by less than 12 percentage points between the two techniques. Analysis of
year-3 woody/semi-woody plant cover produced by the techniques led to identical
treatment differences. Two treatments resulted in woody/semi-woody cover of
approximately 1500 ft² by the vixel method and nearly 40% cover by the subplot
method while the remaining four treatments were grouped below 600 ft² or 20%
cover, respectively. With continued refinement, these techniques could visually
present forest development through all phases and provide long-term information
used to bolster growth and yield models, measures of site productivity, as well as
community ecology research.
The third study evaluated the season-long gas exchange and biomass
partitioning of four weedy plant species capable of rapidly colonizing Pacific
Northwest regenerating forests. Cirsium arvense, Cirsium vulgare, Rubus ursinus
and Senecio sylvaticus were studied at two sites. A greenhouse was used to introduce
two levels of irrigation (well-watered and droughty). These species were also studied
while growing among a larger vegetation community at a field site. Irrigation
treatments had little impact on gas exchange rates. Species achieved maximum
photosynthetic rates of 30, 20, 15 and 25 μmol CO₂ m⁻² s⁻¹ (respectively) prior to
mid-July coinciding with an active phase of vegetative growth. As the season
progressed, photosynthetic rates declined in spite of well-watered conditions while
transpiration rates remained relatively consistent even when soil water decreased
below 0.25 m³ H₂O/m³ soil. Water use efficiency was high until late-July for all study
species, after which time it decreased below 5 μmol CO₂ · mmol H₂O⁻¹. Multi-leaf
gas exchange measurements as well as biomass data provided a holistic view of plantlevel
mechanisms used to shunt activity toward developing tissues. Herbaceous
species had assimilation rates that differed vertically (within each species) by as much
as 10 to 20 μmol CO₂ m⁻² s⁻¹ from July to September as lower leaves senesced in
favor of those higher on study plants. Specific leaf area was greatest in June for all
species then declined indicating species placed little effort into sacrificial early season
leaves when compared to those higher on the plant that could continue to support
flowering or vegetative growth. The study of seasonal gas exchange in the presence
of declining water availability has helped to describe competitive mechanisms at
work during forest regeneration as well as provide physiologic support for the
application of vegetation management regimes.Graduation date: 2013