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Journal articles on the topic 'Site-specific transmission'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 29 January 2023

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1

Arbely, Eyal, Itamar Kass, and Isaiah T. Arkin. "Site-Specific Dichroism Analysis Utilizing Transmission FTIR." Biophysical Journal 85, no. 4 (October 2003): 2476–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0006-3495(03)74670-0.

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2

Smith, Collin, Christopher O'Driscoll, and Emad S. Ebbini. "Site-specific characterization of transmission efficiency of broadband transcranial focused ultrasound." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 146, no. 4 (October 2019): 3030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.5137503.

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3

Kamino, T., T. Yaguchi, T. Ohnishi, K. Umemura, and S. Tomimatsu. "Site Specific TEM Specimen Preparation using an FIB/TEM System." Microscopy and Microanalysis 6, S2 (August 2000): 510–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600035042.

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The focused ion beam(FIB) technique, developed for the microelectronics industry has become a major method for site specific transmission electron microscopy(TEM) specimen preparation in a wide range of materials[l]. The FIB lift-out technique has improved the specimen preparation procedures by removing complicated initial fabrication required prior to the FIB milling[2]. However, conventional FIB techniques are still having increased difficulty in meeting failure analysis needs from high technology industries such as microelectronics.We have developed a site specific TEM specimen preparation method using a combination of an FIB instrument and an intermediate voltage TEM equipped with a scanning attachment [3]. In this method, the specimen is mounted on an FIB-TEM compatible specimen holder, so that localization of the specific site can be carried out in the FIB and TEM using the same holder. The scanning electron imaging mode may be used to observe surface structures of the milled area, and the scanning transmission electron microscopy(STEM) mode may be used to observe structures inside of the milled surface.
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4

Patz, Jonathan A., and Willem J. M. Martens. "Climate Impacts on Vector-Borne Disease Transmission: Global and Site-Specific Analyses." Journal of Epidemiology 6, no. 4sup (1996): 145–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2188/jea.6.4sup_145.

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5

Bassim, N. D., and M. E. Twigg. "Technique for site-specific plan-view transmission electron microscopy of nanostructural electronic devices." Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology B: Microelectronics and Nanometer Structures 23, no. 3 (2005): 1107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.1897709.

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6

Anderson, Ron, Joseph Wall, and Stanley Klepeis. "Specific site device failure analysis: A case history." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 50, no. 2 (August 1992): 1390–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100131589.

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Failure analysis application of analytical TEM analysis was handicapped in the past by the difficulty associated with specimen preparation of specific devices in complicated integrated circuit arrays. We have published several papers detailing methods for preparing TEM specimens with high specimen preparation spatial resolution in periods of about two to four hours. This paper offers a case history of a TEM failure analysis that combines high spatial resolution specimen preparation and the utilization of chemical junction delineation techniques.The device failure came to light in a chip tester prior to shipment. Tester electrical diagnostics identified a particular cell within a large array as defective. The fail's electrical signature further narrowed-down the potential candidates to a small number of devices within the cell. The chip was examined in transmission in an IR microscope. Anomalous IR contrast was observed in the emitter of one bipolar device in the suspect region (Fig. 1). A series of conventional light-optical photographs, with increasing magnification, were taken to define the failure location. Using the light-optical photos as a guide, the failed emitter was bracketed with laser craters. The specimen preparation polishing operation used the laser craters to achieve a plane-of-polish through the suspect emitter.
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7

Zhu, jing, Ziqiang Wang, Xiaoyan Zhong, Rong Yu, Dongsheng Song, and Zhiying Cheng. "Quantitative determination of site-specific magnetic structure in TEM." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances 70, a1 (August 5, 2014): C1451. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053273314085489.

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Determining the magnetic structure of material on a nanometer scale is fundamental for understanding its nano-scale magnetic property and developing nano-scale magnetic devices. Site-specific electron energy-loss magnetic chiral dichroism (site-specific EMCD[1],[2]) method is come up with to get the crystallographic site-specific magnetic information of nanostructures. By constructively using the dynamical diffraction conditions in EMCD experiments, we experimentally achieve the crystallographic site-specific magnetic structure of a nanostructure of NiFe2O4 as an example in transmission electron microscope, with its site-specific magnetic circular dichroism spectra, and its site-specific spin/orbital magnetic moments extracted. The site-specific EMCD method shows its unique capability for solving the crystallographic site-specific magnetic structure on nano-scale, compared with X-ray magnetic circular dichroism and neutron diffraction. This work may benefit the research and application of magnetic materials on a nanometer scale. Acknowledgement: This work is financially supported by National 973 Project of China (2009CB623701) and Chinese National Nature Science Foundation (11374174,51390471 ). This work made use of the resources of the Beijing National Center for Electron Microscopy.
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8

Druckmüllerová, Zdena, Miroslav Kolíbal, Tomáš Vystavěl, and Tomáš Šikola. "Toward Site-Specific Dopant Contrast in Scanning Electron Microscopy." Microscopy and Microanalysis 20, no. 4 (May 20, 2014): 1312–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927614000968.

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AbstractSince semiconductor devices are being scaled down to dimensions of several nanometers there is a growing need for techniques capable of quantitative analysis of dopant concentrations at the nanometer scale in all three dimensions. Imaging dopant contrast by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is a very promising method, but many unresolved issues hinder its routine application for device analysis, especially in cases of buried layers where site-specific sample preparation is challenging. Here, we report on optimization of site-specific sample preparation by the focused Ga ion beam (FIB) technique that provides improved dopant contrast in SEM. Similar to FIB lamella preparation for transmission electron microscopy, a polishing sequence with decreasing ion energy is necessary to minimize the thickness of the electronically dead layer. We have achieved contrast values comparable to the cleaved sample, being able to detect dopant concentrations down to 1×1016 cm−3. A theoretical model shows that the electronically dead layer corresponds to an amorphized Si layer formed during ion beam polishing. Our results also demonstrate that contamination issues are significantly suppressed for FIB-treated samples compared with cleaved ones.
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9

Prosa, Ty J., and David J. Larson. "Modern Focused-Ion-Beam-Based Site-Specific Specimen Preparation for Atom Probe Tomography." Microscopy and Microanalysis 23, no. 2 (February 6, 2017): 194–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927616012642.

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AbstractApproximately 30 years after the first use of focused ion beam (FIB) instruments to prepare atom probe tomography specimens, this technique has grown to be used by hundreds of researchers around the world. This past decade has seen tremendous advances in atom probe applications, enabled by the continued development of FIB-based specimen preparation methodologies. In this work, we provide a short review of the origin of the FIB method and the standard methods used today for lift-out and sharpening, using the annular milling method as applied to atom probe tomography specimens. Key steps for enabling correlative analysis with transmission electron-beam backscatter diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and atom probe tomography are presented, and strategies for preparing specimens for modern microelectronic device structures are reviewed and discussed in detail. Examples are used for discussion of the steps for each of these methods. We conclude with examples of the challenges presented by complex topologies such as nanowires, nanoparticles, and organic materials.
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10

Belteki, Gusztav, Marina Gertsenstein, David W. Ow, and Andras Nagy. "Site-specific cassette exchange and germline transmission with mouse ES cells expressing φC31 integrase." Nature Biotechnology 21, no. 3 (February 3, 2003): 321–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nbt787.

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11

Schraub, David M., and Raghaw S. Rai. "Specific site cross-sectional sample preparation using focused ion beam for transmission electron microscopy." Progress in Crystal Growth and Characterization of Materials 36, no. 1-2 (January 1998): 99–122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0960-8974(98)00005-9.

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12

Rubino, Stefano, Sultan Akhtar, Petter Melin, Andrew Searle, Paul Spellward, and Klaus Leifer. "A site-specific focused-ion-beam lift-out method for cryo Transmission Electron Microscopy." Journal of Structural Biology 180, no. 3 (December 2012): 572–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsb.2012.08.012.

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13

Giannuzzi, L. A., J. L. Drownt, S. R. Brown, R. B. Irwin, and F. A. Stevie. "Focused Ion Beam Milling for Site Specific Scanning and Transmission Electron Microscopy Specimen Preparation." Microscopy and Microanalysis 3, S2 (August 1997): 347–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s143192760000862x.

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It has been shown that a focused ion beam (FIB) instrument may be used to prepare site specific cross-sectioned specimens to within < 0.1 μm for both scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM, respectively). FIB specimen preparation has been used almost exclusively in the microelectronics industry. Recently, FIB specimen preparation has been utilized for other materials systems and applications.A cross-sectioned SEM specimen is produced by sputtering away a trench of material from near the region of interest. Large amounts of material are sputtered using large ion beam diameters (e.g., l00’s nm) and high beam current (e.g., l000’s pA), while the final sputtering operations are achieved using smaller beam diameters (e.g., < 10 nm) and lower beam current (e.g., 10’s of pA). The SEM specimen may then be etched to reveal particular microstructural features of interest. A low magnification SEM image of a multi-layered device prepared for cross-section analysis by the FIB method is shown in FIG. 1.
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14

Kwon. "“Becoming One”: Embodying Korean P’ungmul Percussion Band Music and Dance through Site-Specific Intermodal Transmission." Ethnomusicology 59, no. 1 (2015): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/ethnomusicology.59.1.0031.

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15

Thomson, James G., Ronald Chan, Roger Thilmony, Yuan-Yeu Yau, and David W. Ow. "PhiC31 recombination system demonstrates heritable germinal transmission of site-specific excision from the Arabidopsis genome." BMC Biotechnology 10, no. 1 (2010): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1472-6750-10-17.

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16

Gelbart, Maoz, and Adi Stern. "Site-Specific Evolutionary Rate Shifts in HIV-1 and SIV." Viruses 12, no. 11 (November 16, 2020): 1312. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v12111312.

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Site-specific evolutionary rate shifts are defined as protein sites, where the rate of substitution has changed dramatically across the phylogeny. With respect to a given clade, sites may either undergo a rate acceleration or a rate deceleration, reflecting a site that was conserved and became variable, or vice-versa, respectively. Sites displaying such a dramatic evolutionary change may point to a loss or gain of function at the protein site, reflecting adaptation, or they may indicate epistatic interactions among sites. Here, we analyzed full genomes of HIV and SIV-1 and identified 271 rate-shifting sites along the HIV-1/SIV phylogeny. The majority of rate shifts occurred at long branches, often corresponding to cross-species transmission branches. We noted that in most proteins, the number of rate accelerations and decelerations was equal, and we suggest that this reflects epistatic interactions among sites. However, several accessory proteins were enriched for either accelerations or decelerations, and we suggest that this may be a signature of adaptation to new hosts. Interestingly, the non-pandemic HIV-1 group O clade exhibited a substantially higher number of rate-shift events than the pandemic group M clade. We propose that this may be a reflection of the height of the species barrier between gorillas and humans versus chimpanzees and humans. Our results provide a genome-wide view of the constraints operating on proteins of HIV-1 and SIV.
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17

Hachtel, Jordan A., Jingsong Huang, Ilja Popovs, Santa Jansone-Popova, Jong K. Keum, Jacek Jakowski, Tracy C. Lovejoy, Niklas Dellby, Ondrej L. Krivanek, and Juan Carlos Idrobo. "Identification of site-specific isotopic labels by vibrational spectroscopy in the electron microscope." Science 363, no. 6426 (January 31, 2019): 525–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aav5845.

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The identification of isotopic labels by conventional macroscopic techniques lacks spatial resolution and requires relatively large quantities of material for measurements. We recorded the vibrational spectra of an α amino acid, l-alanine, with damage-free “aloof” electron energy-loss spectroscopy in a scanning transmission electron microscope to directly resolve carbon-site–specific isotopic labels in real space with nanoscale spatial resolution. An isotopic red shift of 4.8 ± 0.4 milli–electron volts in C–O asymmetric stretching modes was observed for 13C-labeled l-alanine at the carboxylate carbon site, which was confirmed by macroscopic infrared spectroscopy and theoretical calculations. The accurate measurement of this shift opens the door to nondestructive, site-specific, spatially resolved identification of isotopically labeled molecules with the electron microscope.
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18

Rai, R. S., S. Bagchi, L. Duncan, L. Prabhu, J. Beck, and J. Conner. "A Method for Preparation of Site-Specific Multiple Samples of Semiconductor Material for Transmission Electron Microscopy." Microscopy and Microanalysis 7, S2 (August 2001): 948–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600030816.

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In recent years, the availability of focused ion beam (FIB) milling systems has given a much-needed boost for transmission electron microscopy (TEM) as a technique for site-specific analysis. Much progress has been made in the area of site-specific cross-sectional and planar TEM sample preparation techniques. However, a continuing need exists to reduce the sample preparation time, in order to improve TEM cycle time for better support of process development, yield improvement and production in a high-volume industrial environment. Thus, a faster TEM sample preparation technique is always desirable to meet this demand. A new approach to TEM sample preparation is described in this paper.Following the new approach developed in the present work, one can prepare on a single TEM grid at least two different cross-sectional samples of site-specific device structures or up to four different cross-sectional samples of blanket films. Two different samples, each containing an area of interest near the center, are cleaved or cut to a width of about 1.25 mm; these samples may be from two separate locations of a wafer, or from two different wafers where TEM analyses are required.
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19

Buch-Larsen, Sara C., Alexandra K. L. F. S. Rebak, Ivo A. Hendriks, and Michael L. Nielsen. "Temporal and Site-Specific ADP-Ribosylation Dynamics upon Different Genotoxic Stresses." Cells 10, no. 11 (October 28, 2021): 2927. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells10112927.

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The DNA damage response revolves around transmission of information via post-translational modifications, including reversible protein ADP-ribosylation. Here, we applied a mass-spectrometry-based Af1521 enrichment technology for the identification and quantification of ADP-ribosylation sites as a function of various DNA damage stimuli and time. In total, we detected 1681 ADP-ribosylation sites residing on 716 proteins in U2OS cells and determined their temporal dynamics after exposure to the genotoxins H2O2 and MMS. Intriguingly, we observed a widespread but low-abundance serine ADP-ribosylation response at the earliest time point, with later time points centered on increased modification of the same sites. This suggests that early serine ADP-ribosylation events may serve as a platform for an integrated signal response. While treatment with H2O2 and MMS induced homogenous ADP-ribosylation responses, we observed temporal differences in the ADP-ribosylation site abundances. Exposure to MMS-induced alkylating stress induced the strongest ADP-ribosylome response after 30 min, prominently modifying proteins involved in RNA processing, whereas in response to H2O2-induced oxidative stress ADP-ribosylation peaked after 60 min, mainly modifying proteins involved in DNA damage pathways. Collectively, the dynamic ADP-ribosylome presented here provides a valuable insight into the temporal cellular regulation of ADP-ribosylation in response to DNA damage.
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20

van der Krift, Theo, Ulrike Ziese, Willie Geerts, and Bram Koster. "Computer-Controlled Transmission Electron Microscopy: Automated Tomography." Microscopy and Microanalysis 7, S2 (August 2001): 968–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600030919.

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The integration of computers and transmission electron microscopes (TEM) in combination with the availability of computer networks evolves in various fields of computer-controlled electron microscopy. Three layers can be discriminated: control of electron-optical elements in the column, automation of specific microscope operation procedures and display of user interfaces. The first layer of development concerns the computer-control of the optical elements of the transmission electron microscope (TEM). Most of the TEM manufacturers have transformed their optical instruments into computer-controlled image capturing devices. Nowadays, the required controls for the currents through lenses and coils of the optical column can be accessed by computer software. The second layer of development is aimed toward further automation of instrument operation. For specific microscope applications, dedicated automated microscope-control procedures are carried out. in this paper, we will discuss our ongoing efforts on this second level towards fully automated electron tomography. The third layer of development concerns virtual- or telemicroscopy. Most telemicroscopy applications duplicate the computer-screen (with accessory controls) at the microscope-site to a computer-screen at another site. This approach allows sharing of equipment, monitoring of instruments by supervisors, as well as collaboration between experts at remote locations.Electron tomography is a three-dimensional (3D) imaging method with transmission electron microscopy (TEM) that provides high-resolution 3D images of structural arrangements. with electron tomography a series of images is acquired of a sample that is tilted over a large angular range (±70°) with small angular tilt increments.
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21

Nakamura, Kazuo, Masatoshi Shirane, and Noriaki Koshikawa. "Site-specific activation of dopamine and serotonin transmission by aniracetam in the mesocorticolimbic pathway of rats." Brain Research 897, no. 1-2 (April 2001): 82–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0006-8993(01)02096-0.

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22

Langford, R. M., Y. Z. Huang, S. Lozano-Perez, J. M. Titchmarsh, and A. K. Petford-Long. "Preparation of site specific transmission electron microscopy plan-view specimens using a focused ion beam system." Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology B: Microelectronics and Nanometer Structures 19, no. 3 (2001): 755. http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.1371317.

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23

Ahmad, Kami, and Kent G. Golic. "The Transmission of Fragmented Chromosomes in Drosophila melanogaster." Genetics 148, no. 2 (February 1, 1998): 775–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/148.2.775.

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Abstract We investigated the fate of dicentric chromosomes in the mitotic divisions of Drosophila melanogaster. We constructed chromosomes that were not required for viability and that carried P elements with inverted repeats of the target sites (FRTs) for the FLP site-specific recombinase. FLP-mediated unequal sister-chromatid exchange between inverted FRTs produced dicentric chromosomes at a high rate. The fate of the dicentric chromosome was evaluated in the mitotic cells of the male germline. We found that dicentric chromosomes break in mitosis, and the broken fragments can be transmitted. Some of these chromosome fragments exhibit dominant semilethality. Nonlethal fragments were broken at many sites along the chromosome, but the semilethal fragments were all broken near the original site of sister-chromatid fusion, and retained P element sequences near their termini. We discuss the implications of the recovery and behavior of broken chromosomes for checkpoints that detect double-strand break damage and the functions of telomeres in Drosophila.
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24

Lomness, Janice K., Lucille A. Giannuzzi, and Michael D. Hampton. "Site-specific Transmission Electron Microscope Characterization of Micrometer-sized Particles Using the Focused Ion Beam Lift-out Technique." Microscopy and Microanalysis 7, no. 5 (September 2001): 418–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10005-001-0016-0.

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AbstractMicrometer sized particles have been studied to show that a high-quality transmission electron microscope (TEM) specimen can be produced, without the use of embedding media, from a site-specific region of chosen particles using the focused ion beam (FIB) lift-out (LO) technique. The uniqueness of this technique is that site-specific TEM LO specimens may be obtained from particles and from regions which are smaller than the conventional ∼10–20 μm × 5 μm × ∼0.1 μm dimensions of the LO specimen. The innovative FIB LO procedures are described in detail and TEM images of electron transparent specimens obtained from specific micrometer-sized particles are presented.
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25

Julian, Timothy R. "Environmental transmission of diarrheal pathogens in low and middle income countries." Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts 18, no. 8 (2016): 944–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6em00222f.

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Globally more than half a million children die every year from diarrheal diseases. ThisPerspectivesuggests that reductions in diarrheal disease transmission in LMICs can be achieved by accounting for site-specific factors when designing environmental interventions. This is discussed in the context of the characteristics of the most important diarrheal diseases as well as environmental reservoirs.
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26

Boll, Inga, Pia Jensen, Veit Schwämmle, and Martin R. Larsen. "Depolarization-dependent Induction of Site-specific Changes in Sialylation on N-linked Glycoproteins in Rat Nerve Terminals." Molecular & Cellular Proteomics 19, no. 9 (June 9, 2020): 1418–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/mcp.ra119.001896.

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Synaptic transmission leading to release of neurotransmitters in the nervous system is a fast and highly dynamic process. Previously, protein interaction and phosphorylation have been thought to be the main regulators of synaptic transmission. Here we show that sialylation of N-linked glycosylation is a novel potential modulator of neurotransmitter release mechanisms by investigating depolarization-dependent changes of formerly sialylated N-linked glycopeptides. We suggest that negatively charged sialic acids can be modulated, similarly to phosphorylation, by the action of sialyltransferases and sialidases thereby changing local structure and function of membrane glycoproteins. We characterized site-specific alteration in sialylation on N-linked glycoproteins in isolated rat nerve terminals after brief depolarization using quantitative sialiomics. We identified 1965 formerly sialylated N-linked glycosites in synaptic proteins and found that the abundances of 430 glycosites changed after 5 s depolarization. We observed changes on essential synaptic proteins such as synaptic vesicle proteins, ion channels and transporters, neurotransmitter receptors and cell adhesion molecules. This study is to our knowledge the first to describe ultra-fast site-specific modulation of the sialiome after brief stimulation of a biological system.
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27

Spicknall, Ian H., Kenneth H. Mayer, Sevgi O. Aral, and Ethan O. Romero-Severson. "Assessing Uncertainty in an Anatomical Site-Specific Gonorrhea Transmission Model of Men Who Have Sex With Men." Sexually Transmitted Diseases 46, no. 5 (May 2019): 321–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/olq.0000000000000953.

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28

Gasser, Philippe, Ulrich E. Klotz, Fazal A. Khalid, and Olivier Beffort. "Site-Specific Specimen Preparation by Focused Ion Beam Milling for Transmission Electron Microscopy of Metal Matrix Composites." Microscopy and Microanalysis 10, no. 02 (March 17, 2004): 311–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927604040413.

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29

Schreiber, Daniel K., Praneet Adusumilli, Eric R. Hemesath, David N. Seidman, Amanda K. Petford-Long, and Lincoln J. Lauhon. "A Method for Directly Correlating Site-Specific Cross-Sectional and Plan-View Transmission Electron Microscopy of Individual Nanostructures." Microscopy and Microanalysis 18, no. 6 (November 12, 2012): 1410–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927612013517.

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AbstractA sample preparation method is described for enabling direct correlation of site-specific plan-view and cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis of individual nanostructures by employing a dual-beam focused-ion beam (FIB) microscope. This technique is demonstrated using Si nanowires dispersed on a TEM sample support (lacey carbon or Si-nitride). Individual nanowires are first imaged in the plan-view orientation to identify a region of interest; in this case, impurity atoms distributed at crystalline defects that require further investigation in the cross-sectional orientation. Subsequently, the region of interest is capped with a series of ex situ and in situ deposited layers to protect the nanowire and facilitate site-specific lift-out and cross-sectioning using a dual-beam FIB microscope. The lift-out specimen is thinned to electron transparency with site-specific positioning to within ∼200 nm of a target position along the length of the nanowire. Using the described technique, it is possible to produce correlated plan-view and cross-sectional view lattice-resolved TEM images that enable a quasi-3D analysis of crystalline defect structures in a specific nanowire. While the current study is focused on nanowires, the procedure described herein is general for any electron-transparent sample and is broadly applicable for many nanostructures, such as nanowires, nanoparticles, patterned thin films, and devices.
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30

Yaguchi, Toshie, Yasushi Kuroda, Mitsuru Konno, Takeo Kamino, Tsuyohsi Ohnishi, Takahito Hashimoto, Kaoru Umemura, and Kyoichiro Asayama. "A FIB Micro-Sampling Technique for Three-Dimensional Characterization of a Site-Specific Defect." Microscopy Today 12, no. 6 (November 2004): 26–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1551929500065937.

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In characterization or failure analysis of new materials and semiconductor devices, the requirements for three dimensional observation and analysis are rapidly increasing. We discuss techniques for specimen preparation, three-dimensional observation, and elemental analysis of semiconductor devices that we developed using a system consisting of a dedicated focused ion beam (FIB) instrument and a scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM). The system utilizes a FIB-STEM compatible specimen holder with a specially designed rotation mechanism, which allows 360° rotation of a specimen on a conical stage (needle stub) around the ion beam axis of the FIB system and 360° rotation perpendicular to the electron beam in the STEM. A piece of sample (micro sample) is extracted from a specific-site by the micro-sampling technique and mounted on the needle stub. Instruments used in the study are the Hitachi FB-2100 FIB system with a micro-sampling attachment and the HD-2300 field emission 200kV STEM.
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31

Choi, Cholho. "A Study on the Compensation System for the Construction of Transmission and Conversion Facilities in Japan." Korean Public Land Law Association 100 (November 30, 2022): 275–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.30933/kpllr.2022.100.275.

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Residents’ damage caused by the construction of transmission and substation facilities can be largely divided into property damage, environmental damage, and health damage. Among them, landscape damage, environmental damage, and a decrease in the transaction value of adjacent land due to the construction of transmission and transmission facilities are becoming a major problem. Of course, residents also claim damage from electromagnetic waves. The construction compensation system for transmission and substation facilities consists of steel tower compensation under the Electricity Business Act, transmission line site compensation, property compensation under the Songju Act, housing purchase compensation, and resident support system. In addition, there are compensations set by the Land Compensation Regulations, which are the internal standards of KEPCO, and the practical standards for appraisal. In the transmission and transmission facility compensation system, the future value of land is already indirectly reflected through the three-dimensional use inhibition rate and the additional correction rate. In order to rationalize the compensation system for transmission and transmission facilities, it is required to unify distributed acceptance and compensation regulations. In addition, the Land Compensation Regulations, which take into account exceptions arising from compensation practice, require agreement with the laws and regulations in preparation for audit by the Board of Audit and Inspection. In the loss compensation system related to the installation of transmission and substation facilities, since the transmission tower and substation permanently use land, in principle, the ownership of the land is acquired by expropriation of land that deprives individuals of property rights. However, the transmission and transmission lines mainly take the method of acquiring the public use right for the transmission line site according to the public use of only a specific part of the land or underground. However, in relation to the public use of the transmission line site, loss compensation is made according to the license setting, which is called ‘Road Right Compensation’, ‘Load Compensation’, and ‘Load Compensation’ or ‘Transmission Line Site Compensation’ in that the line is mainly a problem in Korea. With the recent construction of transmission and transmission facilities, it is required to change the compensation paradigm that reflects the future value of the land due to the decline in the transaction value of the site and adjacent land. In this regard, Korea, like Japan, deserves to consider the annual user fee payment method in the lump sum compensation method according to the previous principle of lump sum payment. This study aims to derive implications for improving the compensation system under related laws and regulations that stipulate compensation for land price declines in surrounding areas and compensation for land expropriation or use of land with transmission and substitution facilities in Japan.
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32

Choi, Cholho. "A Study on the Compensation System for the Construction of Transmission and Conversion Facilities in Japan." Korean Public Land Law Association 100 (November 30, 2022): 275–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.30933/kpllr.2022.100.275.

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Residents’ damage caused by the construction of transmission and substation facilities can be largely divided into property damage, environmental damage, and health damage. Among them, landscape damage, environmental damage, and a decrease in the transaction value of adjacent land due to the construction of transmission and transmission facilities are becoming a major problem. Of course, residents also claim damage from electromagnetic waves. The construction compensation system for transmission and substation facilities consists of steel tower compensation under the Electricity Business Act, transmission line site compensation, property compensation under the Songju Act, housing purchase compensation, and resident support system. In addition, there are compensations set by the Land Compensation Regulations, which are the internal standards of KEPCO, and the practical standards for appraisal. In the transmission and transmission facility compensation system, the future value of land is already indirectly reflected through the three-dimensional use inhibition rate and the additional correction rate. In order to rationalize the compensation system for transmission and transmission facilities, it is required to unify distributed acceptance and compensation regulations. In addition, the Land Compensation Regulations, which take into account exceptions arising from compensation practice, require agreement with the laws and regulations in preparation for audit by the Board of Audit and Inspection. In the loss compensation system related to the installation of transmission and substation facilities, since the transmission tower and substation permanently use land, in principle, the ownership of the land is acquired by expropriation of land that deprives individuals of property rights. However, the transmission and transmission lines mainly take the method of acquiring the public use right for the transmission line site according to the public use of only a specific part of the land or underground. However, in relation to the public use of the transmission line site, loss compensation is made according to the license setting, which is called ‘Road Right Compensation’, ‘Load Compensation’, and ‘Load Compensation’ or ‘Transmission Line Site Compensation’ in that the line is mainly a problem in Korea. With the recent construction of transmission and transmission facilities, it is required to change the compensation paradigm that reflects the future value of the land due to the decline in the transaction value of the site and adjacent land. In this regard, Korea, like Japan, deserves to consider the annual user fee payment method in the lump sum compensation method according to the previous principle of lump sum payment. This study aims to derive implications for improving the compensation system under related laws and regulations that stipulate compensation for land price declines in surrounding areas and compensation for land expropriation or use of land with transmission and substitution facilities in Japan.
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33

O'Hanlon, T. J., A. Bao, F. C. P. Massabuau, M. J. Kappers, and R. A. Oliver. "Cross-shaped markers for the preparation of site-specific transmission electron microscopy lamellae using focused ion beam techniques." Ultramicroscopy 212 (May 2020): 112970. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ultramic.2020.112970.

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34

Lomness, Janice K., Lucille A. Giannuzzi, and Michael D. Hampton. "Site-specific Transmission Electron Microscope Characterization of Micrometer-sized Particles Using the Focused Ion Beam Lift-out Technique." Microscopy and Microanalysis 7, no. 05 (September 2001): 418–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927601010418.

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35

Floresca, Herman Carlo, Jangbae Jeon, Jinguo G. Wang, and Moon J. Kim. "The Focused Ion Beam Fold-Out: Sample Preparation Method for Transmission Electron Microscopy." Microscopy and Microanalysis 15, no. 6 (October 6, 2009): 558–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927609990365.

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AbstractWe have developed the focused ion beam (FIB) fold-out technique, for transmission electron microscopy (TEM) sample preparation in which there is no fine polishing or dimpling, thus saving turnaround time. It does not require a nanomanipulator yet is still site specific. The sample wafer is cut to shape, polished down, and then placed in a FIB system. A tab containing the area of interest is created by ion milling and then “folded out” from the bulk sample. This method also allows a plan-view of the sample by removing material below the wafer's surface film or device near the polished edge. In the final step, the sample is thinned to electron transparency, ready to be analyzed in the TEM. With both a cross section and plan-view, our technique gives microscopists a powerful tool in analyzing multiple zone axes in one TEM session. The nature of the polished sample edge also includes the ability to sample many areas, allowing the user to examine a very large device or sample. More importantly, this technique could make multiple site-specific e-beam transparent specimens in one polished sample, which is difficult to do when prepared by other methods.
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36

Pettersson, Henrik, Samira Nik, Jonathan Weidow, and Eva Olsson. "A Method for Producing Site-Specific TEM Specimens from Low Contrast Materials with Nanometer Precision." Microscopy and Microanalysis 19, no. 1 (February 2013): 73–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927612013311.

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AbstractA method that enables high precision extraction of transmission electron microscope (TEM) specimens in low contrast materials has been developed. The main idea behind this work is to produce high contrast markers on both sides of and close to the area of interest. The markers are filled during the depositing of the protective layer. The marker material can be of either Pt or C depending on which one gives the highest contrast. It is thereby possible to distinguish the location of the area of interest during focused ion beam (FIB) milling and ensure that the TEM sample is extracted precisely at the desired position. This method is generally applicable and enables FIB/scanning electron microscope users to make high quality TEM specimens from small features and low contrast materials without a need for special holders. We explain the details of this method and illustrate its potential by examples from three different types of materials.
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37

Oliet, Juan A., Jaime Puértolas, Patricio Valenzuela, and Alberto Vázquez de Castro. "Light Transmissivity of Tree Shelters Interacts with Site Environment and Species Ecophysiology to Determine Outplanting Performance in Mediterranean Climates." Land 10, no. 7 (July 19, 2021): 753. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10070753.

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Plastic tree shelters are commonly used in plantations under Mediterranean climates to protect against herbivory and enhance outplanting performance. However, effects on outplanting performance cannot be generalized due to the complexity of plant responses to microenvironmental conditions within the tube wall. The interactions between the light transmissivity of the tubes and species-specific responses to light and site environment on two-year outplanting performance were studied in two species with contrasting shade tolerance planted inside tree shelters with four different light transmissivities and a non-tree shelter control at two Mediterranean sites with contrasting rainfall and temperature. In general, increasing light transmissivity enhanced biomass accumulation, suggesting that the use of clear tubes might be advisable. However, the shade-tolerant Q. ilex did not benefit from the greater light transmissivity in the most arid site, indicating that the positive effect of clear tubes depends on water stress experienced by seedlings, which ultimately is determined by drought resistance strategies and site conditions. The growth of both species and survival of P. halepensis were higher within clear tubes in the continental site than in unsheltered plants, which suggests that factors other than light, such as warmer daytime temperatures or the prevention of dust deposition, can explain this beneficial site-dependent effect of tree shelters. In conclusion, our results confirm the hypothesis that the effect of tree shelter and its light transmission on outplanting performance is site and species-specific, but further research is needed to identify the effect of other effects not related to light transmission.
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38

Yaguchi, Toshie, Hiroaki Matsumoto, Takeo Kamino, Tohru Ishitani, and Ryoichi Urao. "Method for Cross-sectional Thin Specimen Preparation from a Specific Site Using a Combination of a Focused Ion Beam System and Intermediate Voltage Electron Microscope and Its Application to the Characterization of a Precipitate in a Steel." Microscopy and Microanalysis 7, no. 3 (May 2001): 287–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s100050010065.

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AbstractIn this study, we discuss a method for cross-sectional thin specimen preparation from a specific site using a combination of a focused ion beam (FIB) system and an intermediate voltage transmission electron microscope (TEM). A FIB-TEM compatible specimen holder was newly developed for the method. The thinning of the specimen using the FIB system and the observation of inside structure of the ion milled area in a TEM to localize a specific site were alternately carried out. The TEM fitted with both scanning transmitted electron detector and secondary electron detector enabled us to localize the specific site in a halfway milled specimen with the positional accuracy of better than 0.1 µm. The method was applied to the characterization of a precipitate in a steel. A submicron large precipitate was thinned exactly at its center for the characterization by a high-resolution electron microscopy and an elemental mapping.
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39

Su, Yingying, Feixue Wei, Xiumin Huang, Yafei Li, Lingxian Qiu, Fangfang Hu, Chaoqi Yang, et al. "Prevalence, Concordance, and Transmission of Human Papillomavirus Infection Among Heterosexual Couples in Liuzhou, China: An Observational Perspective Study." Journal of Infectious Diseases 220, no. 6 (May 10, 2019): 980–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiz224.

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Abstract Background Knowledge of human papillomavirus (HPV) transmission dynamics, which have important public health implications for designing HPV vaccination strategies, is scarce in undeveloped areas. Methods From May to July 2014, 390 couples were enrolled from the general population in Liuzhou, China. Exfoliated cells from male penis shaft/glans penis/coronary sulcus (PGC) and perianal/anal canal (PA) sites and from female vaginal, vulvar, and PA sites were collected biannually for 1 year. Results The HPV type-specific concordance rate between couples was 15.5% (95% confidence interval [CI], 8.5%–25.0%). For anogenital HPV transmission, the male-to-female transmission rate (11.5 [95% CI, 4.3–30.7] per 1000 person-months) was similar to the female-to-male transmission rate (11.3 [95% CI, 5.9–21.7] per 1000 person-months). The concordance rates between male PGC site and female vaginal, vulvar, and PA sites were 20.0%, 21.8%, and 14.9%, respectively, which were significantly higher than expected by chance. Infections transmitted from males to females seemed mainly originated from male genital sites, whereas for female-to-male transmission, the vaginal, vulvar, and PA sites might be all involved. Conclusions Among the heterosexual couples with relatively conservative sexual behavior, the anogenital HPV transmission rate for females to males is similar to that of males to females. In addition to the vagina and vulva, the female PA site is also an important reservoir for HPV transmission.
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40

Saito, Kentaro, Qiwei Fan, Nopphon Keerativoranan, and Jun-ichi Takada. "Site-Specific Propagation Loss Prediction in 4.9 GHz Band Outdoor-to-Indoor Scenario." Electronics 8, no. 12 (November 23, 2019): 1398. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics8121398.

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Owing to the widespread use of smartphones and various cloud services, user traffic in cellular networks is rapidly increasing. Especially, the traffic congestion is severe in urban areas, and effective service-cell planning is required in the area for efficient radio resource usage. Because many users are also inside high buildings in the urban area, the knowledge of propagation loss characteristics in the outdoor-to-indoor (O2I) scenario is indispensable for the purpose. The ray-tracing simulation has been widely used for service-cell planning, but it has a problem that the propagation loss tends to be underestimated in a typical O2I scenario in which the incident radio waves penetrate indoors through building windows. In this paper, we proposed the extension method of the ray-tracing simulation to solve the problem. In the proposed method, the additional loss factors such as the Fresnel zone shielding loss and the transmission loss by the equivalent dielectric plate were calculated for respective rays to eliminate the penetration loss prediction error. To evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed method, we conducted radio propagation measurements in a high-building environment by using the developed unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-based measurement system. The results showed that the penetration loss of direct and reflection rays was significantly underestimated in the ray-tracing simulation and the proposed method could correct the problem. The mean prediction error was improved from 7.0 dB to −0.5 dB, and the standard deviation was also improved from 8.2 dB to 5.3 dB. The results are expected to be utilized for actual service-cell planning in the urban environment.
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41

Kauer, Julie A. "Blockade of Hippocampal Long-Term Potentiation by Sustained Tetanic Stimulation Near the Recording Site." Journal of Neurophysiology 81, no. 2 (February 1, 1999): 940–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1999.81.2.940.

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Blockade of hippocampal long-term potentiation by sustained tetanic stimulation near the recording site. Specific patterns of electrical stimulation trigger several forms of synaptic plasticity in hippocampal pyramidal cells, including a long-term potentiation (LTP) of excitatory synaptic transmission. I investigated the effect of commonly used stimulation protocols at different distances from the recording site. Sustained electrical stimulation (100 Hz, 1 s) delivered close to the recording site prevented LTP induction; the same stimulation from a second electrode placed farther away subsequently produced LTP at the same recording site. Strong stimulation near the recording site could also interfere with LTP triggered from a distal site. In contrast to sustained high-frequency stimulation, intermittent stimulation (θ burst pattern) delivered close to the recording site produced normal LTP. These data support the hypothesis that strong stimulation releases a factor that acts locally to prevent LTP.
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42

Kamino, T., T. Yaguchi, H. Matsumoto, H. Kobayashi, and H. Koike. "A Method for Site Specific Characterization Using a Dedicated FIB System Combined With an Analyitical TEM." Microscopy and Microanalysis 5, S2 (August 1999): 914–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s143192760001789x.

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A method for site specific characterization of the materials using a dedicated focused ion beam(FIB) system and an analytical transmission electron microscope (TEM) was developed. Needless to say, in TEM specimen preparation using FIB system, stability of a specimen is quite important. The specimen stage employed in the developed FIB system is the one designed for high resolution TEM, and the specimen drift rate of the stage is less than lnm/min. In addition, FIB-TEM compatible specimen holder which allows milling of a specimen with the FIB system and observation of the specimen with the TEM without re-loading was developed. To obtain thin specimen from the area to be characterized correctly, confirmation of the area before final milling is needed. However, observation of cross sectional view in a FIB system is recommended because it causes damage by Ga ion irradiation. To solve this problem, we used a STEM unit as a viewer of FIB milled specimen.
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43

Seydoux-Guillaume, Anne-Magali, Philippe Goncalves, Richard Wirth, and Alexander Deutsch. "Transmission electron microscope study of polyphase and discordant monazites: Site-specific specimen preparation using the focused ion beam technique." Geology 31, no. 11 (2003): 973. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g19582.1.

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44

Babinsky, K., R. De Kloe, H. Clemens, and S. Primig. "A novel approach for site-specific atom probe specimen preparation by focused ion beam and transmission electron backscatter diffraction." Ultramicroscopy 144 (September 2014): 9–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ultramic.2014.04.003.

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45

Singh, Harshvardhan, Daniel G. Whitney, Christopher A. Knight, Freeman Miller, Kurt Manal, Paul Kolm, and Christopher M. Modlesky. "Site-Specific Transmission of a Floor-Based, High-Frequency, Low-Magnitude Vibration Stimulus in Children With Spastic Cerebral Palsy." Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 97, no. 2 (February 2016): 218–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2015.08.434.

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46

Giannuzzi, Lucille A. "Recent Innovations in Ex Situ Lift Out Applications and Techniques." EDFA Technical Articles 20, no. 2 (May 1, 2018): 26–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.edfa.2018-2.p026.

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Abstract Ex-situ lift out (EXLO) techniques rely on van der Waals forces to transfer FIB milled specimens to various types of carriers using a glass probe micromanipulator. This article describes some of the latest EXLO techniques for site specific scanning transmission electron microscopy, including the use slotted half-grids and vacuum-assisted lift out for plan-view analysis.
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47

Paula, Helga, Elisabeth Presterl, Barbara Tribl, and Magda Diab-Elschahawi. "Microbiologic Surveillance of Duodenoscope Reprocessing at the Vienna University Hospital From November 2004 Through March 2015." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 36, no. 10 (June 22, 2015): 1233–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ice.2015.146.

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Bacterial contamination of duodenoscopes is attributed to difficulties with reprocessing the Albarran lever. Routine microbiologic surveillance data of endoscopes with Albarran lever retrospectively collected from November 2004 through March 2015 revealed no growth of microorganism at this specific site. Transmission of endoscope-associated infection is avoidable by following validated reprocessing procedures.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2015;36(10):1233–1235
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48

Lee, Sungho, Jonghyuk Kang, and Cheol-Woong Yang. "A New Marking Technique for the Site-Specific Target in Focused Ion Beam-Based Transmission Electron Microscopy Thin Foil Preparation." Science of Advanced Materials 7, no. 8 (August 1, 2015): 1492–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/sam.2015.2362.

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49

Zhang, Lei, David Regan, Eric Chow, Vincent Cornelisse, Manoj Gambhir, Jane Hocking, and Christopher Fairley. "P066 Transmission ofNeisseria Gonorrhoeaeamong men who have sex with men: an anatomical site-specific mathematical model and impact of mouthwash." Sexually Transmitted Infections 92, Suppl 1 (June 2016): A41.2—A41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2016-052718.120.

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50

Sripipatana, Tabitha, Allison Spensley, Anna Miller, James McIntyre, Gloria Sangiwa, Frederick Sawe, David Jones, and Catherine M. Wilfert. "Site-specific interventions to improve prevention of mother-to-child transmission of human immunodeficiency virus programs in less developed settings." American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 197, no. 3 (September 2007): S107—S112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2007.03.069.

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