Relevant bibliographies by topics / Site-specific transmission

Academic literature on the topic 'Site-specific transmission'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 29 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Site-specific transmission"

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Arbely, Eyal, Itamar Kass, and Isaiah T. Arkin. "Site-Specific Dichroism Analysis Utilizing Transmission FTIR." Biophysical Journal 85, no. 4 (October 2003): 2476–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0006-3495(03)74670-0.

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Smith, Collin, Christopher O'Driscoll, and Emad S. Ebbini. "Site-specific characterization of transmission efficiency of broadband transcranial focused ultrasound." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 146, no. 4 (October 2019): 3030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.5137503.

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Kamino, T., T. Yaguchi, T. Ohnishi, K. Umemura, and S. Tomimatsu. "Site Specific TEM Specimen Preparation using an FIB/TEM System." Microscopy and Microanalysis 6, S2 (August 2000): 510–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600035042.

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The focused ion beam(FIB) technique, developed for the microelectronics industry has become a major method for site specific transmission electron microscopy(TEM) specimen preparation in a wide range of materials[l]. The FIB lift-out technique has improved the specimen preparation procedures by removing complicated initial fabrication required prior to the FIB milling[2]. However, conventional FIB techniques are still having increased difficulty in meeting failure analysis needs from high technology industries such as microelectronics.We have developed a site specific TEM specimen preparation method using a combination of an FIB instrument and an intermediate voltage TEM equipped with a scanning attachment [3]. In this method, the specimen is mounted on an FIB-TEM compatible specimen holder, so that localization of the specific site can be carried out in the FIB and TEM using the same holder. The scanning electron imaging mode may be used to observe surface structures of the milled area, and the scanning transmission electron microscopy(STEM) mode may be used to observe structures inside of the milled surface.
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Patz, Jonathan A., and Willem J. M. Martens. "Climate Impacts on Vector-Borne Disease Transmission: Global and Site-Specific Analyses." Journal of Epidemiology 6, no. 4sup (1996): 145–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2188/jea.6.4sup_145.

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Bassim, N. D., and M. E. Twigg. "Technique for site-specific plan-view transmission electron microscopy of nanostructural electronic devices." Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology B: Microelectronics and Nanometer Structures 23, no. 3 (2005): 1107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.1897709.

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Anderson, Ron, Joseph Wall, and Stanley Klepeis. "Specific site device failure analysis: A case history." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 50, no. 2 (August 1992): 1390–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100131589.

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Failure analysis application of analytical TEM analysis was handicapped in the past by the difficulty associated with specimen preparation of specific devices in complicated integrated circuit arrays. We have published several papers detailing methods for preparing TEM specimens with high specimen preparation spatial resolution in periods of about two to four hours. This paper offers a case history of a TEM failure analysis that combines high spatial resolution specimen preparation and the utilization of chemical junction delineation techniques.The device failure came to light in a chip tester prior to shipment. Tester electrical diagnostics identified a particular cell within a large array as defective. The fail's electrical signature further narrowed-down the potential candidates to a small number of devices within the cell. The chip was examined in transmission in an IR microscope. Anomalous IR contrast was observed in the emitter of one bipolar device in the suspect region (Fig. 1). A series of conventional light-optical photographs, with increasing magnification, were taken to define the failure location. Using the light-optical photos as a guide, the failed emitter was bracketed with laser craters. The specimen preparation polishing operation used the laser craters to achieve a plane-of-polish through the suspect emitter.
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Zhu, jing, Ziqiang Wang, Xiaoyan Zhong, Rong Yu, Dongsheng Song, and Zhiying Cheng. "Quantitative determination of site-specific magnetic structure in TEM." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances 70, a1 (August 5, 2014): C1451. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053273314085489.

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Determining the magnetic structure of material on a nanometer scale is fundamental for understanding its nano-scale magnetic property and developing nano-scale magnetic devices. Site-specific electron energy-loss magnetic chiral dichroism (site-specific EMCD[1],[2]) method is come up with to get the crystallographic site-specific magnetic information of nanostructures. By constructively using the dynamical diffraction conditions in EMCD experiments, we experimentally achieve the crystallographic site-specific magnetic structure of a nanostructure of NiFe2O4 as an example in transmission electron microscope, with its site-specific magnetic circular dichroism spectra, and its site-specific spin/orbital magnetic moments extracted. The site-specific EMCD method shows its unique capability for solving the crystallographic site-specific magnetic structure on nano-scale, compared with X-ray magnetic circular dichroism and neutron diffraction. This work may benefit the research and application of magnetic materials on a nanometer scale. Acknowledgement: This work is financially supported by National 973 Project of China (2009CB623701) and Chinese National Nature Science Foundation (11374174,51390471 ). This work made use of the resources of the Beijing National Center for Electron Microscopy.
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Druckmüllerová, Zdena, Miroslav Kolíbal, Tomáš Vystavěl, and Tomáš Šikola. "Toward Site-Specific Dopant Contrast in Scanning Electron Microscopy." Microscopy and Microanalysis 20, no. 4 (May 20, 2014): 1312–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927614000968.

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AbstractSince semiconductor devices are being scaled down to dimensions of several nanometers there is a growing need for techniques capable of quantitative analysis of dopant concentrations at the nanometer scale in all three dimensions. Imaging dopant contrast by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is a very promising method, but many unresolved issues hinder its routine application for device analysis, especially in cases of buried layers where site-specific sample preparation is challenging. Here, we report on optimization of site-specific sample preparation by the focused Ga ion beam (FIB) technique that provides improved dopant contrast in SEM. Similar to FIB lamella preparation for transmission electron microscopy, a polishing sequence with decreasing ion energy is necessary to minimize the thickness of the electronically dead layer. We have achieved contrast values comparable to the cleaved sample, being able to detect dopant concentrations down to 1×1016 cm−3. A theoretical model shows that the electronically dead layer corresponds to an amorphized Si layer formed during ion beam polishing. Our results also demonstrate that contamination issues are significantly suppressed for FIB-treated samples compared with cleaved ones.
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Prosa, Ty J., and David J. Larson. "Modern Focused-Ion-Beam-Based Site-Specific Specimen Preparation for Atom Probe Tomography." Microscopy and Microanalysis 23, no. 2 (February 6, 2017): 194–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927616012642.

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AbstractApproximately 30 years after the first use of focused ion beam (FIB) instruments to prepare atom probe tomography specimens, this technique has grown to be used by hundreds of researchers around the world. This past decade has seen tremendous advances in atom probe applications, enabled by the continued development of FIB-based specimen preparation methodologies. In this work, we provide a short review of the origin of the FIB method and the standard methods used today for lift-out and sharpening, using the annular milling method as applied to atom probe tomography specimens. Key steps for enabling correlative analysis with transmission electron-beam backscatter diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and atom probe tomography are presented, and strategies for preparing specimens for modern microelectronic device structures are reviewed and discussed in detail. Examples are used for discussion of the steps for each of these methods. We conclude with examples of the challenges presented by complex topologies such as nanowires, nanoparticles, and organic materials.
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Belteki, Gusztav, Marina Gertsenstein, David W. Ow, and Andras Nagy. "Site-specific cassette exchange and germline transmission with mouse ES cells expressing φC31 integrase." Nature Biotechnology 21, no. 3 (February 3, 2003): 321–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nbt787.

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Books on the topic "Site-specific transmission"

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Mark, Kerr, ed. Tips and tricks for web site managers. London: Aslib, 2001.

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Tips and Tricks for Web Site Managers (Tips & Tricks). Europa Publications Ltd, 2000.

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Davies, David. Medium in Art. Edited by Jerrold Levinson. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199279456.003.0009.

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In its most general sense, a medium is a means of transmitting some matter or content from a source to a site of reception. The function of a medium, so construed, is mediation. Natural media such as air and water mediate the transmission of sounds. An art medium, then, is presumably something that mediates the transmission of the content of an artwork to a receiver. Art media, so conceived, have been characterized in a number of different ways: as material or physical kinds (e.g. oil paint, bronze, stone, bodily movements); as ranges of sensible determinables realizable in material or physical kinds (e.g. pitch, tone, texture, colour); as ways of purposively realizing specific values of such determinables (e.g. brushstrokes, gestures), or as systems of signs (‘languages’ in a more or less strict sense).
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Hopkins, Philip M. Neuromuscular physiology in anaesthetic practice. Edited by Jonathan G. Hardman. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642045.003.0007.

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The pharmacological interventions that constitute general anaesthesia are targeted at producing unconsciousness and an immobile patient even in response to noxious stimuli. Surgical anaesthesia also requires skeletal muscle relaxation, the degree of which depends on the site and nature of the surgical procedure. The anaesthetist therefore needs an advanced level of knowledge and understanding of the function of nerves, synapses, and muscle in order to understand, from first principles, how the drugs they use every day mediate their effects. Nerves and muscle cells are termed excitable cells because the electrical potential across their cell membranes (membrane potential) can be rapidly and profoundly altered because of the presence of specialized ion channels. Some drugs, such as local anaesthetics, act on ion channels involved in nerve conduction while many others act on synaptic transmission, the neurochemical communication between neurons or between a neuron and its effector organ. The neuromuscular junction is a synapse of specific interest to anaesthetists because it is the site of action of neuromuscular blocking drugs. This chapter covers the fundamentals of cellular electrophysiology, structure and function of key ion channels, and the physiology of nerves, synapses, and skeletal muscle.
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Book chapters on the topic "Site-specific transmission"

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Spear, Robert C., and A. Hubbard. "Parameter Estimation and Site-Specific Calibration of Disease Transmission Models." In Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 99–111. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6064-1_7.

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Midonet, Caroline, and Francois-Xavier Barre. "Xer Site-Specific Recombination: Promoting Vertical and Horizontal Transmission of Genetic Information." In Mobile DNA III, 163–82. Washington, DC, USA: ASM Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/9781555819217.ch7.

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"Xer Site-Specific Recombination: Promoting Vertical and Horizontal Transmission of Genetic Information." In Mobile DNA III, 163–82. American Society of Microbiology, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/microbiolspec.mdna3-0056-2014.

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Krishnan, Kannan M. "Transmission and Analytical Electron Microscopy." In Principles of Materials Characterization and Metrology, 552–692. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198830252.003.0009.

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Transmission electron microscopy provides information on all aspects of the microstructure — structural, atomic, chemical, electronic, magnetic, etc. — at the highest spatial resolution in physical and biological materials, with applications ranging from fundamental studies to process metrology in the semiconductor industry. Developments in correcting electron-optical aberrations have improved TEM resolution to sub-Å levels. Coherent Bragg scattering (diffraction), incoherent Rutherford scattering (atomic mass), and interference (phase) are some contrast mechanisms in TEM. For phase contrast, optimum imaging is observed at the Scherzer defocus. Magnetic domains are imaged in Fresnel, Foucault, or differential phase contrast (DPC) modes. Off-axis electron holography measures phase shifts of the electron wave, and is affected by magnetic and electrostatic fields of the specimen. In scanning-transmission (STEM) mode, a focused electron beam is scanned across the specimen to sequentially form an image; a high-angle annular dark field detector gives Z-contrast images with elemental specificity and atomic resolution. Series of (S)TEM images, recorded every one or two degrees about a tilt axis, over as large a tilt-range as possible, are back-projected to reconstruct a 3D tomographic image. Inelastically scattered electrons, collected in the forward direction, form the energy-loss spectrum (EELS), and reveal the unoccupied local density of states, partitioned by site symmetry, nature of the chemical species, and the angular momentum of the final state. Energy-lost electrons are imaged by recording them, pixel-by-pixel, as a sequence of spectra (spectrum imaging), or by choosing electrons that have lost a specific energy (energy-filtered TEM). De-excitation processes (characteristic X-ray emission) are detected by energy dispersive methods, providing compositional microanalysis, including chemical maps. Overall, specimen preparation methods, even with many recent developments, including focused ion beam milling, truly limit applications of TEM.
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Siddle, Kenneth, and Gemma V. Brierley. "Molecular Aspects of Hormone Regulation." In Oxford Textbook of Endocrinology and Diabetes 3e, edited by John A. H. Wass, Wiebke Arlt, and Robert K. Semple, 12–21. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198870197.003.0003.

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Hormones travel in the bloodstream to exert effects on target tissues, which are often anatomically remote from the site of hormone secretion. They achieve this by binding and activating receptors, which usually are highly selective or specific. Receptors are grouped into several families according to their molecular structure and mechanism of action. Common classes of receptors important in endocrinology include cell surface G-protein-coupled receptors, receptor tyrosine kinases, and cytokine-like receptors, and intracellular nuclear hormone receptors. In this chapter the basic anatomy of the signalling pathways emanating from these receptors is described, and the principles and mechanisms of information coding and transmission, and how these may go awry in endocrine disease, are discussed.
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Kannan, Balaraman, and Bastin Jeyaraj. "Low Specific Power Wind Turbines for Reduced Levelized Cost of Energy." In Wind Turbines - Advances and Challenges in Design, Manufacture and Operation [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.103139.

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Wind turbines with Low Specific Power (LSP) are envisaged as one of the modern-day manifestations to reduce the variability in wind generation, lower the cost of energy, increase the penetration to larger areas and better utilize the transmission system. In this regard, this chapter analyzes the characteristics of a LSP turbine synthesized close to a target Specific Power of 100 W/m2 (LSP-105) based on ground-based measurements at varying site conditions representing various IEC wind classes. The overall analysis suggests that, under reasonable scenarios, low-specific power turbines could play a significant role in the future wind energy fleet, with their impact being particularly noticeable in low wind areas of the world. The analysis reveals that LSP turbines would provide a higher capacity utilization factor (CUF), even in low wind sites, and may reduce the Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) to an extent of 60%. On the other hand, the grid utilization pattern is found to be improving with LSP wind turbines in the medium and high wind sites. The results further suggest that reducing the cut-off wind speed could be one of the successful strategies to optimize the cost of LSP turbine in low wind sites.
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Brack Jr, Virgil, Dale W. Sparks, and Scott Kennedy. "Case Study: Upland Ponds Provide On-Site Mitigation for Bat Habitat Along American Electric Power’s 765-kV Powerline ROW in the Appalachian Mountains, USA." In New Insights Into Protected Area Management and Conservation Biology [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.109061.

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Initially, mitigation for protected species in the United States was project-specific, in-kind, and on-site, benefiting local populations of focal species. Recent mitigation policy uses in-lieu fees and mitigation banks, consolidating mitigation at large off-site locations, targeting regional population. This is true for the Indiana bat (Myotis sodalis), a species that roosts in trees and forages along many types of woodland edges. Drinking water is essential but considered ubiquitous and rarely factored into mitigation. In high-relief areas, runoff is rapid, precipitation is low, and evapotranspiration is high in late summer, limiting drinking pools for lactating females and juveniles. In Virginia’s Ridge and Valley region, our on-site mitigation paired ponds, roost boxes, and edge foraging habitat along a new electric transmission line right-of-way (ROW). During mitigation, white-nose syndrome (a fungal disease) decimated populations of this and four additional species of bats, which we included in analyses. Mitigation metrics were abundance, presence of focal species, species richness, and species diversity. The Indiana bat was known regionally, and an adult male was captured pre-construction along the ROW but not at mitigation sites; the species was recoded acoustically at a mitigation site post-construction. For other focal species, abundance (total and reproductive females), was dramatically greater post-mitigation. Species richness and diversity increased severalfold post-mitigation.
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Paris, Daniel H., and Nicholas P. J. Day. "Scrub typhus." In Oxford Textbook of Medicine, edited by Christopher P. Conlon, 1252–57. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198746690.003.0145.

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Orientia spp. are obligate intracellular Gram-negative bacteria that cause scrub typhus, historically known as ‘tsutsugamushi disease’, a febrile illness characterized by early non-specific ‘flu-like’ symptoms, and sometimes a diffuse, macular, or maculopapular rash and/or a necrotic lesion eschar at the inoculation site. Leptotrombidium mites transmit Orientia spp. to humans via the bite of the larval stage, while all mite stages act as bacterial reservoirs through vertical transovarial and transstadial transmission. Scrub typhus is a leading cause of treatable undifferentiated febrile illness in many regions of Asia, and unfortunately remains an underappreciated neglected disease, mainly due to diagnostic difficulties and lack of awareness among medical staff. Complications include meningo-encephalitis, respiratory and renal failure, and severe multiorgan failure. Scrub typhus can be treated effectively with tetracyclines, macrolides, and chloramphenicol. Humans are dead-end hosts and do not participate in the Orientia life cycle, hence treatment does not affect overall disease incidence.
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Greulich, Leonard, Tobias J. Brix, Michael Storck, and Martin Dugas. "A Seamless Pseudonymization and Randomization Workflow for REDCap." In Studies in Health Technology and Informatics. IOS Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/shti210319.

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The interaction of multiple computer systems during multi-center randomized controlled trials (RCTs) is a hurdle for IT-specialists as well as medical staff. A common workflow for the initial registration of a patient requires the generation of a pseudonym by a pseudonymization service, a manual transmission of the pseudonym to a randomization service, and a manual transfer of the pseudonym and assigned study arm into an electronic data capture (EDC) system. This interaction is often time consuming and error prone due to multiple system changes. Objective of this work is to enhance a commonly used EDC system, Research Electronic Data Capture (REDCap), as a single source of interaction for multi-center RCTs. This is achieved by providing two modules for a seamless integration of a pseudonymization service, i.e., Mainzelliste, and a randomization service, i.e., RandIMI. Thus, no site-specific system changes are required, which increases time efficiency and reduces errors. From a technical perspective, only authentication credentials and firewall exposure for a single system must be managed. To evaluate the usability of our implementation, the system usability scale was employed. The increase of time efficiency was measured in laboratory conditions by a comparison of the time for patient registrations with and without our modules. An “excellent” usability was shown and an average time reduction by nearly 64 %. Both open-source modules are available from the REDCap Repository of External Modules.
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Conference papers on the topic "Site-specific transmission"

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Schamp, C. T., Y. Suzuki, J. Fuse, K. Ito, H. Tanaka, A. Kageyama, Y. Nagakubo, and T. Mizuno. "EBIC and EBAC Analysis of Site Specific STEM Samples." In ISTFA 2017. ASM International, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.istfa2017p0366.

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Abstract In transmission electron microscopy (TEM), one typically considers bright-field or dark-field imaging signals, which utilize the transmitted and scattered electrons, respectively. Analytical signals such as characteristic X-Rays or primary electron beam energy losses from inelastic scattering events give rise to the energy dispersive X-Ray spectroscopy and electron energy loss spectroscopy techniques, respectively. In this paper, the detection of the electron beam absorbed current (EBAC) and electron beam induced current (EBIC) signals is reported using a specially designed scanning TEM holder and associated amplification electronics. By utilizing thin TEM samples where the beam-sample interaction volume is controlled more through the incident electron probe size, the EBAC and EBIC signal resolution is improved to the point where implant regions and Schottky junction depletion zones can be visualized.
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Byrd, William R., and Matthew G. Wylie. "Site-Specific Quantitative Pipeline Risk Analysis Using Monte Carlo Methods." In 2014 10th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2014-33171.

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This paper compares a site specific quantitative risk analysis for a gas transmission pipeline using traditional “average” risk ranking methods to a more complex Monte Carlo analysis using a range of possibilities and consequences for the various areas of the site—each with their own probability. The comparison is based on the California “Guidance Protocol for School Site Pipeline Risk Analysis”, a quantitative risk analysis protocol which uses average probability and consequence values, and extends it to explain how a more complex Monte Carlo analysis of those same risk factors can give a more comprehensive understanding of anticipated risks and consequences.
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Kuruganti, Teja, James Nutaro, and Seddik Djouadi. "Event-based transmission line matrix method for simulating site-specific multipath propagation characteristics." In MILCOM 2012 - 2012 IEEE Military Communications Conference. IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/milcom.2012.6415821.

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Chan, Lisa, Jon M. Hiller, and Lucille A. Giannuzzi. "Ex-Situ Lift Out of Plasma Focused Ion Beam Prepared Site Specific Specimens." In ISTFA 2014. ASM International, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.istfa2014p0274.

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Abstract Ex situ lift out (EXLO) was historically the first lift out technique to be developed for site specific removal and manipulation of focused ion beam (FIB)-prepared specimens to a suitable carrier. In this paper, fast plasma FIB (PFIB) preparation of large scanning/transmission electron microscope specimens is combined with fast conventional EXLO and EXpressLO "pick and place" solutions. The combination of large material removal rates with PFIB and EXLO allows for efficiency and high throughput of FIB lift out specimens.
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Ohnishi, T., H. Koike, T. Ishitani, S. Tomimatsu, K. Umemura, and T. Kamino. "A New Focused Ion Beam Microsampling Technique for TEM Observation of Site-Specific Areas." In ISTFA 1999. ASM International, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.istfa1999p0449.

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Abstract A new focused-ion-beam (FIB) micro(μ)-sampling technique has recently been developed to facilitate transmission electron microscope (TEM) specimen preparation, while allowing chips or wafer samples to remain intact. A deep trench is FIB-milled to dig out a small, wedge-shaped portion of the sample (or a microwedge) from the samples area of interest, leaving a small, brige-shaped portion (or a microbridge) to support the microwedge. A metal needle is then manipulated into position for lifting the microwedge, i.e., the μ-sample. FIB-assisted deposition (AD) is used to bond the needle to the μ-sample. FIB-milling of the microbridge then separates the μ-sample from the chip or wafer. The separated μ-sample is mounted onto a TEM grid and secured using FIB-AD. The μ-sample is then FIB-thinned further, to a strip of about 0.1 μm thick. All of the above steps are accomplished under vacuum in the FIB system. This design permits a reliable and user-friendly environment for TEM specimen preparation, while keeping chips or wafer samples intact. It also permits operators to repeat TEM inspection and FIB-milling so that precise areas of interest may be made available for TEM inspection. Both cross-sectional and plan view TEM μ-sampling are feasible.
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Dai, J. Y., S. F. Tee, C. L. Tay, S. Ansari, E. Er, and S. Redkar. "TEM Examination of a Specified Site Identified by X-SEM in Microelectronics Failure Analysis." In ISTFA 2001. ASM International, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.istfa2001p0121.

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Abstract In semiconductor failure analysis, there is a demand that after mechanical polishing and scanning electron microcopy (SEM) examination, the failure site needs to be analyzed by transmission electron microscope (TEM) for a detailed examination to find the root cause. In this paper, a fast and practical TEM sample preparation method for TEM examination of specific site identified by cross-section scanning electron microscope (SEM) is demonstrated for further structural analysis.
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Duan, Shuqing, Yanli Zhao, and Ming Li. "A Novel Method for the Specified Site Planar View TEM Sample Preparation." In ISTFA 2014. ASM International, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.istfa2014p0462.

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Abstract This paper reports a novel method for site specific plan view transmission electron microscopy (TEM) sample preparation. The detailed procedure is introduced step by step. To demonstrate the practicality of this technique in failure analysis, case studies on 45nm and below technology nodes using the novel method are reported. The results showed that the method is very useful for the analysis of the specified failure location and is helpful to improve the success rate of failure analysis.
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Zeng, Lunjie. "Unveiling nanoscale site-specific strain engineering of electronic structure and charge transport in III-V semiconductor nanowires by in situ transmission electron microscopy." In European Microscopy Congress 2020. Royal Microscopical Society, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22443/rms.emc2020.533.

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Rai, Raghaw S., Swaminathan Subramanian, Stewart Rose, James Conner, Phil Schani, and Jamey Moss. "Specific Area Planar and Cross-Sectional Lift-Out Techniques: Procedures and Novel Applications." In ISTFA 2000. ASM International, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.istfa2000p0415.

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Abstract Conventional focussed ion beam (FIB) based specific area transmission electron microscopy (TEM) sample preparation techniques usually requires complex grinding and gluing steps before final FIB thinning of the sample to electron transparency (<0.25 μm). A novel technique known as lift-out, plucking or pullout method that eliminates all the pre-FIB sample preparation has been developed for specific area TEM sample preparation by several authors. The advantages of the lift-out procedure include reduced sample preparation time and possibility of specific area TEM sample preparation of most components of integrated circuit with almost no geometric or dimensional limitations. In this paper, details of liftout method, developed during the present work, for site specific x-sectional and a new site specific planar sample preparation are described. Various methodologies are discussed to maximize the success rate by optimizing the factors that affect the technique. In failure analysis, the geometric and dimensional flexibility offered by the lift-out technique can be used to prepare specific area TEM sample of back thinned die, small particles and packaged parts. Such novel applications of lift-out technique in failure analysis are discussed with the examples of TEM results obtained from GaAs and Si based devices. Importantly, it was possible to obtain high resolution lattice images from the lift-out samples transferred on holey carbon supported 3mm copper grids.
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Luo, Jian-Shing, and Hsiu Ting Lee. "To Eliminate Curtain Effect of FIB TEM Samples by a Combination of Sample Dicing and Backside Milling." In ISTFA 2014. ASM International, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.istfa2014p0400.

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Abstract Several methods are used to invert samples 180 deg in a dual beam focused ion beam (FIB) system for backside milling by a specific in-situ lift out system or stages. However, most of those methods occupied too much time on FIB systems or requires a specific in-situ lift out system. This paper provides a novel transmission electron microscopy (TEM) sample preparation method to eliminate the curtain effect completely by a combination of backside milling and sample dicing with low cost and less FIB time. The procedures of the TEM pre-thinned sample preparation method using a combination of sample dicing and backside milling are described step by step. From the analysis results, the method has applied successfully to eliminate the curtain effect of dual beam FIB TEM samples for both random and site specific addresses.
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Reports on the topic "Site-specific transmission"

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McCarthy, Noel, Eileen Taylor, Martin Maiden, Alison Cody, Melissa Jansen van Rensburg, Margaret Varga, Sophie Hedges, et al. Enhanced molecular-based (MLST/whole genome) surveillance and source attribution of Campylobacter infections in the UK. Food Standards Agency, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.ksj135.

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Abstract:
This human campylobacteriosis sentinel surveillance project was based at two sites in Oxfordshire and North East England chosen (i) to be representative of the English population on the Office for National Statistics urban-rural classification and (ii) to provide continuity with genetic surveillance started in Oxfordshire in October 2003. Between October 2015 and September 2018 epidemiological questionnaires and genome sequencing of isolates from human cases was accompanied by sampling and genome sequencing of isolates from possible food animal sources. The principal aim was to estimate the contributions of the main sources of human infection and to identify any changes over time. An extension to the project focussed on antimicrobial resistance in study isolates and older archived isolates. These older isolates were from earlier years at the Oxfordshire site and the earliest available coherent set of isolates from the national archive at Public Health England (1997/8). The aim of this additional work was to analyse the emergence of the antimicrobial resistance that is now present among human isolates and to describe and compare antimicrobial resistance in recent food animal isolates. Having identified the presence of bias in population genetic attribution, and that this was not addressed in the published literature, this study developed an approach to adjust for bias in population genetic attribution, and an alternative approach to attribution using sentinel types. Using these approaches the study estimated that approximately 70% of Campylobacter jejuni and just under 50% of C. coli infection in our sample was linked to the chicken source and that this was relatively stable over time. Ruminants were identified as the second most common source for C. jejuni and the most common for C. coli where there was also some evidence for pig as a source although less common than ruminant or chicken. These genomic attributions of themselves make no inference on routes of transmission. However, those infected with isolates genetically typical of chicken origin were substantially more likely to have eaten chicken than those infected with ruminant types. Consumption of lamb’s liver was very strongly associated with infection by a strain genetically typical of a ruminant source. These findings support consumption of these foods as being important in the transmission of these infections and highlight a potentially important role for lamb’s liver consumption as a source of Campylobacter infection. Antimicrobial resistance was predicted from genomic data using a pipeline validated by Public Health England and using BIGSdb software. In C. jejuni this showed a nine-fold increase in resistance to fluoroquinolones from 1997 to 2018. Tetracycline resistance was also common, with higher initial resistance (1997) and less substantial change over time. Resistance to aminoglycosides or macrolides remained low in human cases across all time periods. Among C. jejuni food animal isolates, fluoroquinolone resistance was common among isolates from chicken and substantially less common among ruminants, ducks or pigs. Tetracycline resistance was common across chicken, duck and pig but lower among ruminant origin isolates. In C. coli resistance to all four antimicrobial classes rose from low levels in 1997. The fluoroquinolone rise appears to have levelled off earlier and among animals, levels are high in duck as well as chicken isolates, although based on small sample sizes, macrolide and aminoglycoside resistance, was substantially higher than for C. jejuni among humans and highest among pig origin isolates. Tetracycline resistance is high in isolates from pigs and the very small sample from ducks. Antibiotic use following diagnosis was relatively high (43.4%) among respondents in the human surveillance study. Moreover, it varied substantially across sites and was highest among non-elderly adults compared to older adults or children suggesting opportunities for improved antimicrobial stewardship. The study also found evidence for stable lineages over time across human and source animal species as well as some tighter genomic clusters that may represent outbreaks. The genomic dataset will allow extensive further work beyond the specific goals of the study. This has been made accessible on the web, with access supported by data visualisation tools.
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