Relevant bibliographies by topics / Site hydrology

Academic literature on the topic 'Site hydrology'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 19 February 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Site hydrology"

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Johnson, K. A., and N. Sitar. "Hydrologic conditions leading to debris-flow initiation." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 27, no. 6 (December 1, 1990): 789–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t90-092.

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Mitigation of the hazards posed by debris flows requires an understanding of the mechanisms leading to their initiation. The objectives of this study were to evaluate and document the hydrologic response of a potential debris-flow source area to major rainstorms and to evaluate whether traditional models of hillslope hydrology can account for the observed response. A field site in an area of previous debris-flow activity was instrumented and monitored for two winter seasons. Hydrologic responses for a wide variety of antecedent conditions were recorded, including two storm events that produced well-defined positive pore-pressure pulses at the site and initiated numerous debris flows in the immediate vicinity of the site. The observed hydrologic response was highly dependent on antecedent moisture conditions which can be characterized by soil matric suction measurements. The pressure-head pulses observed had a magnitude of approximately 50 cm of water, were transient, traveled downslope, and exhibited some spatial variability. Traditional models of hillslope hydrology do not fully account for the positive pore-pressure pulses observed high on the hillslope. Key words: debris flow, hillslope hydrology, pore pressure, antecedent moisture, tensiometer, piezometer, field investigation.
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Amatya, Devendra M., Thomas M. Williams, Jami E. Nettles, Richard W. Skaggs, and Carl C. Trettin. "Comparison of Hydrology of Two Atlantic Coastal Plain Forests." Transactions of the ASABE 62, no. 6 (2019): 1509–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.13387.

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Abstract. This article compares the short-term and long-term hydrology of two typical forests in the humid Atlantic Coastal Plain, including a relatively undisturbed forest with natural drainage in South Carolina (SC) and a drained pine plantation in North Carolina (NC), using monitoring and modeling approaches. Highly dynamic outflow (O) from both of these systems is driven by the water table (WT) position, as influenced by rainfall (R) and evapotranspiration (ET). The annual runoff coefficient (ROC) varied from 5% in dry years to 56% in wet years, depending on the soil water storage (SWS), with a significantly higher average value for the NC site despite its deeper WT, on average, than the SC site. Although both sites behaved similarly in extreme climate conditions, the change in SWS above the WT influenced the annual RO, ROC, and ET. The 17-year average annual ET of 1114 mm (R – O, assuming annual balanced SWS) for the SC site was significantly higher (p = 0.014) than the ET of the drained NC site (997 mm) despite the SC site’s lower mean annual R of 1370 mm, compared to 1520 mm for the NC site. This may be due to both the higher potential ET (PET) and soil water-holding capacity of the SC site. The SC site had higher frequency and duration of WT near the surface during winter, deeper summer WT, and higher correlation of annual ET to annual R (r2 = 0.90 vs. 0.15), suggesting that the SC site was often moisture-limited, particularly during the growing season. Most of the streamflow in these systems occurred during winter, with low ET demands. However, summer periods with tropical storms also resulted in large RO events, generally with higher frequency and longer durations at the drained NC site. These results are similar to an earlier short-term comparison with an unstable behavior period at the SC site after Hurricane Hugo (1989). This study highlighted (1) the differences in hydrology between coastal forests drained for silvicultural production and undrained natural forests managed only for restoration, (2) the importance of long-term monitoring and the effects of regeneration as well as vegetation management on flow regime, and (3) the application and limitations of two widely used models (MIKESHE and DRAINMOD) in describing the hydrology of these forests. Long-term studies can be a basis for testing new hypotheses on water yield, stormwater management, wetland hydrology, vegetation restoration, bioenergy production, and climate change, in addition to applications of proper models for assessing the eco-hydrologic impacts of land use and climate change on freshwater coastal forests linked with downstream riparian rivers and estuaries affected by tidal fluxes and sea level rise.HighlightsOutflow, driven by water table position on these forest systems, is highly variable, depending on its soil water storage.The hydrologic responses of both forest sites were similar during extreme climatic events or disturbances.Effect of forestry drainage on runoff was obscured by its large interannual differences.Long-term monitoring provides better insights on climate and vegetation management effects on flow regime and model validation Keywords: Drainage, Evapotranspiration, Hydrologic models, Pine forest, Poorly drained soils, Runoff coefficient, Water table.
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Shi, X., P. E. Thornton, D. M. Ricciuto, P. J. Hanson, J. Mao, S. D. Sebestyen, N. A. Griffiths, and G. Bisht. "Representing northern peatland microtopography and hydrology within the Community Land Model." Biogeosciences 12, no. 21 (November 12, 2015): 6463–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-6463-2015.

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Abstract. Predictive understanding of northern peatland hydrology is a necessary precursor to understanding the fate of massive carbon stores in these systems under the influence of present and future climate change. Current models have begun to address microtopographic controls on peatland hydrology, but none have included a prognostic calculation of peatland water table depth for a vegetated wetland, independent of prescribed regional water tables. We introduce here a new configuration of the Community Land Model (CLM) which includes a fully prognostic water table calculation for a vegetated peatland. Our structural and process changes to CLM focus on modifications needed to represent the hydrologic cycle of bogs environment with perched water tables, as well as distinct hydrologic dynamics and vegetation communities of the raised hummock and sunken hollow microtopography characteristic of peatland bogs. The modified model was parameterized and independently evaluated against observations from an ombrotrophic raised-dome bog in northern Minnesota (S1-Bog), the site for the Spruce and Peatland Responses Under Climatic and Environmental Change experiment (SPRUCE). Simulated water table levels compared well with site-level observations. The new model predicts hydrologic changes in response to planned warming at the SPRUCE site. At present, standing water is commonly observed in bog hollows after large rainfall events during the growing season, but simulations suggest a sharp decrease in water table levels due to increased evapotranspiration under the most extreme warming level, nearly eliminating the occurrence of standing water in the growing season. Simulated soil energy balance was strongly influenced by reduced winter snowpack under warming simulations, with the warming influence on soil temperature partly offset by the loss of insulating snowpack in early and late winter. The new model provides improved predictive capacity for seasonal hydrological dynamics in northern peatlands, and provides a useful foundation for investigation of northern peatland carbon exchange.
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Shi, X., P. E. Thornton, D. M. Ricciuto, P. J. Hanson, J. Mao, S. D. Sebestyen, N. A. Griffiths, and G. Bisht. "Representing northern peatland microtopography and hydrology within the Community Land Model." Biogeosciences Discussions 12, no. 4 (February 20, 2015): 3381–418. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-12-3381-2015.

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Abstract. Predictive understanding of northern peatland hydrology is a necessary precursor to understanding the fate of massive carbon stores in these systems under the influence of present and future climate change. Current models have begun to address microtopographic controls on peatland hydrology, but none have included a prognostic calculation of peatland water table depth for a vegetated wetland, independent of prescribed regional water tables. We introduce here a new configuration of the Community Land Model (CLM) which includes a fully prognostic water table calculation for a vegetated peatland. Our structural and process changes to CLM focus on modifications needed to represent the hydrologic cycle of bogs environment with perched water tables, as well as distinct hydrologic dynamics and vegetation communities of the raised hummock and sunken hollow microtopography characteristic of peatland bogs. The modified model was parameterized and independently evaluated against observations from an ombrotrophic raised-dome bog in northern Minnesota (S1-Bog), the site for the Spruce and Peatland Responses Under Climatic and Environmental Change experiment (SPRUCE). Simulated water table levels compared well with site-level observations. The new model predicts significant hydrologic changes in response to planned warming at the SPRUCE site. At present, standing water is commonly observed in bog hollows after large rainfall events during the growing season, but simulations suggest a sharp decrease in water table levels due to increased evapotranspiration under the most extreme warming level, nearly eliminating the occurrence of standing water in the growing season. Simulated soil energy balance was strongly influenced by reduced winter snowpack under warming simulations, with the warming influence on soil temperature partly offset by the loss of insulating snowpack in early and late winter. The new model provides improved predictive capacity for seasonal hydrological dynamics in northern peatlands, and provides a useful foundation for investigation of northern peatland carbon exchange.
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Gardner, L. R., and H. W. Reeves. "Salt marsh hydrology data web site facilitates research." Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union 84, no. 18 (2003): 168. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2003eo180007.

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Jan, Ahmad, Ethan T. Coon, and Scott L. Painter. "Evaluating integrated surface/subsurface permafrost thermal hydrology models in ATS (v0.88) against observations from a polygonal tundra site." Geoscientific Model Development 13, no. 5 (May 13, 2020): 2259–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-2259-2020.

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Abstract. Numerical simulations are essential tools for understanding the complex hydrologic response of Arctic regions to a warming climate. However, strong coupling among thermal and hydrological processes on the surface and in the subsurface and the significant role that subtle variations in surface topography have in regulating flow direction and surface storage lead to significant uncertainties. Careful model evaluation against field observations is thus important to build confidence. We evaluate the integrated surface/subsurface permafrost thermal hydrology models in the Advanced Terrestrial Simulator (ATS) against field observations from polygonal tundra at the Barrow Environmental Observatory. ATS couples a multiphase, 3D representation of subsurface thermal hydrology with representations of overland nonisothermal flows, snow processes, and surface energy balance. We simulated thermal hydrology of a 3D ice-wedge polygon with geometry that is abstracted but broadly consistent with the surface microtopography at our study site. The simulations were forced by meteorological data and observed water table elevations in ice-wedge polygon troughs. With limited calibration of parameters appearing in the soil evaporation model, the 3-year simulations agreed reasonably well with snow depth, summer water table elevations in the polygon center, and high-frequency soil temperature measurements at several depths in the trough, rim, and center of the polygon. Upscaled evaporation is in good agreement with flux tower observations. The simulations were found to be sensitive to parameters in the bare soil evaporation model, snowpack, and the lateral saturated hydraulic conductivity. Timing of fall freeze-up was found to be sensitive to initial snow density, illustrating the importance of including snow aging effects. The study provides new support for an emerging class of integrated surface/subsurface permafrost simulators.
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Hare, Danielle K., David F. Boutt, William P. Clement, Christine E. Hatch, Glorianna Davenport, and Alex Hackman. "Hydrogeological controls on spatial patterns of groundwater discharge in peatlands." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 21, no. 12 (November 30, 2017): 6031–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-6031-2017.

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Abstract. Peatland environments provide important ecosystem services including water and carbon storage, nutrient processing and retention, and wildlife habitat. However, these systems and the services they provide have been degraded through historical anthropogenic agricultural conversion and dewatering practices. Effective wetland restoration requires incorporating site hydrology and understanding groundwater discharge spatial patterns. Groundwater discharge maintains wetland ecosystems by providing relatively stable hydrologic conditions, nutrient inputs, and thermal buffering important for ecological structure and function; however, a comprehensive site-specific evaluation is rarely feasible for such resource-constrained projects. An improved process-based understanding of groundwater discharge in peatlands may help guide ecological restoration design without the need for invasive methodologies and detailed site-specific investigation. Here we examine a kettle-hole peatland in southeast Massachusetts historically modified for commercial cranberry farming. During the time of our investigation, a large process-based ecological restoration project was in the assessment and design phases. To gain insight into the drivers of site hydrology, we evaluated the spatial patterning of groundwater discharge and the subsurface structure of the peatland complex using heat-tracing methods and ground-penetrating radar. Our results illustrate that two groundwater discharge processes contribute to the peatland hydrologic system: diffuse lower-flux marginal matrix seepage and discrete higher-flux preferential-flow-path seepage. Both types of groundwater discharge develop through interactions with subsurface peatland basin structure, often where the basin slope is at a high angle to the regional groundwater gradient. These field observations indicate strong correlation between subsurface structures and surficial groundwater discharge. Understanding these general patterns may allow resource managers to more efficiently predict and locate groundwater seepage, confirm these using remote sensing technologies, and incorporate this information into restoration design for these critical ecosystems.
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Pyburn, K. Anne. "THE HYDROLOGY OF CHAU HIIX." Ancient Mesoamerica 14, no. 1 (January 2003): 123–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956536103141077.

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The Maya archaeological site of Chau Hiix, located slightly south and between the ancient cities of Lamanai and Altun Ha, is associated with some of the most extensive hydrological control features recorded from the pre-Hispanic era in the New World. The modest population size of the community, combined with this enormously productive agricultural technology, strongly implies economic interdependency among Classic-period sites. The location of Chau Hiix on an important inland water route further suggests the transportation of foodstuffs outside the local area.
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Snæbjörnsdóttir, Sandra Ó., Sigrún Tómasdóttir, Bergur Sigfússon, Edda Sif Aradóttir, Gunnar Gunnarsson, Auli Niemi, Farzad Basirat, et al. "The geology and hydrology of the CarbFix2 site, SW-Iceland." Energy Procedia 146 (July 2018): 146–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2018.07.019.

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Vourvopoulos, G., J. V. Brahana, E. Nolte, G. Korschinek, A. Priller, and B. Dockhorn. "36C1 measurements and the hydrology of an acid injection site." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 52, no. 3-4 (December 1990): 451–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-583x(90)90456-5.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Site hydrology"

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Graham, Aaron Robert. "In Situ Characterization of Unsaturated Soil Hydraulic Properties at the Maricopa Environmental Monitoring Site." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2004. http://etd.library.arizona.edu/etd/GetFileServlet?file=file:///data1/pdf/etd/azu_etd_hy0005_m_sip1_w.pdf&type=application/pdf.

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Hebert, Kevin D. "Site Investigation of Underground Storage Tank Contamination." Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/296431.

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From the Proceedings of the 1990 Meetings of the Arizona Section - American Water Resources Association and the Hydrology Section - Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science - April 21, 1990, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
New regulations concerning the management of underground storage tanks (USTs) have resulted in increased awareness of environmental contamination resulting from leaking USTs. The objective of the typical underground storage tank investigation is to determine if any subsurface contamination has occurred as a result of tank or product line leakage, fuel spills or overfills. Soil contamination at underground storage tank sites is usually discovered during the removal and replacement of USTs. Techniques that can be used to detect the presence of soil contamination adjacent to existing USTs include soil vapor analysis, exploratory boring, and soil and ground water sampling. The lateral and vertical extent of contamination must be determined at any site which contains detectable quantities of contamination. Two common methods for determining the extent of contamination are over-excavation and borehole drilling and sampling. Boring design and location considerations include number of borings, borehole depth and spacing, and site sub -surface conditions. Differentiation between perched sub -surface water and aquifers is critical. Once an appropriate boring plan has been established, then a sampling and analysis plan must be adopted that meets the needs of the particular investigation. The determination of the extent of contamination at an underground storage tank site is the first step leading to site closure and remediation.
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Journell, Scot. "Site Remediation of Underground Storage Tank Contamination." Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/296432.

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From the Proceedings of the 1990 Meetings of the Arizona Section - American Water Resources Association and the Hydrology Section - Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science - April 21, 1990, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
Remedial techniques for sub-surface soil and water contamination are dependent on the lateral and vertical extent of petroleum hydrocarbon contamination and the type of petroleum hydrocarbons which have been released into the sub-surface. Specific remedial technologies are required for diesel fuel and heavy oils compared to the more volatile gasoline compounds. Available remedial technologies for vadose zone contamination include excavation and treatment; soil vapor extraction and possible vapor burning; bioremediation; and chemical treatment. Remedial technologies for ground-water contamination include water recovery, contaminant volatilization, carbon adsorption, bioremediation and water reinjection. Specialized apparatuses are utilized when petroleum hydrocarbon product floating on the water table surface must be separated from the ground water. A number of hydrologic considerations must be evaluated prior to any remediation scenario. These considerations include geologic characterization of the sub-surface soil matrix, and aquifer.
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Camp, Stephen E. "Soil Vapor Surveys for Cost Cutting Site Characterization." Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/296438.

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From the Proceedings of the 1991 Meetings of the Arizona Section - American Water Resources Association and the Hydrology Section - Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science - April 20, 1991, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona
New technical approaches and cost cutting alternatives are being utilized in the environmental engineering field. These unique methods are used in the mapping, delineation and remediation of contaminated sites. One development which has seen a sudden increase in the recent past is the utilization of soil vapor surveys to map contamination plumes in the vadose zone. Using the soil vapor method, industrial sites and sites containing potential buried drums or underground storage tanks can be quickly evaluated for the presence of volatile contaminants. This information can be especially important in property transactions where buyers desire to protect themselves from potential costly clean-ups. The soil vapor survey consists of sampling volatile vapors in the vadose zone and analysis of the vapors on analytical instruments. The survey targets those contaminants which have volatilized from residues in soils or shallow ground water. One method of sampling soil vapors is penetrating five to ten feet into the sub-surface with a sampling probe. Upon collection of the vapors, concentrations may be measured. The analytical instruments can range from simple Drager Tubes to a laboratory gas chromatograph. The methodology for selecting sampling locations depends on the site. An underground storage tank facility may be approached by completing sampling locations at the tank pit and near the product lines. A grid sampling location map may be used to sample a property with an unknown organic content. Soil vapor surveys have limitations in regards to soil types, sampling depths and constituents being analyzed. However, given the proper conditions, soil vapor surveys can provide qualitative data at lower costs than alternative methods.
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Ouellette, Karli J. "Hydrologic applications of GPS site-position observations in the Western U.S." Thesis, University of California, Irvine, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3605189.

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Permanent Global Positioning System (GPS) networks have been established around the globe for a variety of uses, most notably to monitor the activity of fault lines and tectonic plate motion. A model for utilizing GPS as a tool for hydrologic monitoring is also developed.

First, observations of the recent movement of the land surface throughout California by the Scripps Orbit and Permanent Array Center (SOPAC) GPS network are explored. Significant seasonal cycles and long term trends are related to historical observations of land subsidence. The pattern of deformation throughout the state appears to be caused by the occurrence of poroelastic deformation of the aquifer in the Central Valley, and elastic crustal loading by surface water and the winter snowpack in the Sierra Nevada Mountains. The result is a sort of teeter-totter motion between the Valley and the mountains where the Valley sinks in the dry season while the mountains lift, and the mountains sink in the wet season while the Valley lifts.

Next, the elastic crustal deformation caused by the winter snowpack is explored more thoroughly at 6 high elevations throughout the Western United States. Expected annual deformation as a result of thermoelastic and snow water equivalent are calculated using SNOTEL observations and an elastic half-space model. The results demonstrate the dominance of snow loading on the seasonal vertical land surface deformation at all 6 GPS stations. The model is then reversed and applied to the GPS vertical site-position observations in order to predict snow water equivalent. The results are compared to SNOTEL observations of snow water equivalent and soil moisture. The study concludes that GPS site-position observations are able to predict variations in snow water equivalent and soil moisture with good accuracy.

Then a model which incorporates both elastic crustal loading and poroelastic deformation was used to predict groundwater storage variations at 54 GPS stations throughout the Central Valley, CA. The results are compared to USGS water table observations from 43 wells. The predictions and observations show a similar magnitude and spatial pattern of groundwater depletion on both a seasonal and long term timescales. Depletion is focused on the southernmost part of the Valley where GPS reveals seasonal fluctuation of the water table around 2 m and 8 m/yr of water table decline during the study period. GPS also appears to respond to deformation from peat soils and changing reservoir storage in the northern parts of the Valley.

Finally, preliminary work exploring the potential for using GPS as a tool for monitoring snowmelt runoff and infiltration is explored at one station in Eastern Idaho. Taking the difference between the change in GPS water storage estimates with time and the change in SNOTEL observed snow water equivalent with time produces a time series of infiltration, or the amount of water added to storage in the geologic profile. Then subtracting the estimated infiltration and snow water equivalent from the total precipitation observed by SNOTEL produces a time series of runoff. The estimated runoff at the GPS site was compared to observations from a nearby stream gauge and the foundation for a more extensive comparison is laid out.

The overall impact of this work is to introduce the unique hydrologic information and monitoring capabilities which can be accessed through monitoring of the land surface position using GPS. As GPS networks grow and expand worldwide, the available data should be harnessed by the hydrologic community for the benefit of local water management as well as improvements to data assimilated models. The work presented here represents only a small fraction of the wealth of knowledge that could result from a budding field of GPS hydrologic remote sensing. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

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Burger, Mark Allen. "A wetland trafficability hazard index based on soil physical properties and site hydrology evaluations." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/42629.

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Harvesting of forested wetlands in the Atlantic and Gulf lower coastal plains has the potential to cause intense site disturbance. Often, as a result of poor pre-harvest planning, silvicultural activities are performed on wetland soils highly susceptible to rutting and puddling. Potential decreases in pine productivity have been connected with increased soil strength and decreased aeration that are commonly remnants of site disturbances associated with wet-weather harvesting. A simple and economical rating system is needed to identify soils susceptible to disturbance by various types of equipment. The use of such a system could lower the impact on wetland soils and lower the cost of extensive site preparation methods. Logging efficiency and operational productivity could also be increased by identifying equipment types compatible with site conditions. The purpose of this study was to characterize and model soil strength as a function of soil physical properties and site characteristics. The soil strength model was subsequently used to develop a trafficability hazard index. Forested wetland sites in the South Carolina coastal plain were characterized to develop the trafficability hazard index. The study site consisted of three blocks located on poorly drained loblolly pine plantations. Five sequences of measurements were taken consisting of soil moisture, water table depth, and soil strength. The five sequences of measurements were taken over a wide range of soil moisture contents and water table depths to characterize the effects on soil strength. Bulk density, porosity, texture, organic matter, and hydraulic conductivity were also determined to characterize the blocks and identify effects on soil strength. Evaluating the effects of these properties on soil strength identified two relatively easily determined soil properties that could be used for the trafficability index. Volumetric moisture content and penetration resistance of the A horizon were used due to their relationships with trafficability and ease of determination. Estimates of pressure applied to the soil by harvesting equipment were used to find the limits of the sandy loam A horizon to support various types of equipment. Equipment pressures were compared to soil penetration resistance pressures estimated by soil moisture. The trafficability hazard index presented used general ground pressures for various harvesting equipment, but use of specific equipment pressures would provide the best results. Using the trafficability hazard index, sites with less than optimal conditions for traffic can be avoided or special harvesting equipment can be identified to limit site disturbance.
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Lakel, William A. "Slash Mulching and Incorporation as Mechanical Site Preparation for Pine Plantation Establishment and Subsequent Effects on Soil Moisture and Site Hydrology." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/9874.

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Over one million hectares of pocosins and wet flats in the southeastern coastal plain are intensively managed for the production of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) plantations. These management activities may have adverse effects on soil physical properties, site hydrology, and overall site productivity. Substantial quantities of wood residues are often left on these sites by timber harvesting operations, and it was hypothesized that the incorporation of this slash into the soil could improve the soil physical properties and site hydrology. One organic pocosin site and one mineral wet flat site were chosen post-harvest for treatment. The wet flat study was organized as an incomplete block design having four blocks and six treatments: (i) conventional bedding, (ii) strip surface mulching with bedding, (iii) strip surface mulching with tillage and bedding, (iv) broadcast mulch without bedding, (v) broadcast mulch with bedding, and (vi) flat planted control. The pocosin study was organized as a randomized complete block design with four blocks and four treatments. The treatments are identical to those of the wet flat site without the broadcast mulch treatments (iv and v). Soil physical property data was analyzed pre- and post-treatment, while post-treatment site hydrology and soil water chemistry data was analyzed periodically for one year. Seedling survival and height data were analyzed after one growing season. The treatments had little effect on soil physical properties, site hydrology, soil water nutrients, or seedling survival on the wet flat study site. Bedding in general significantly increased tree height growth, but mulching had no significant effects. The treatments had little effect on soil physical properties on the pocosin study site except for soil macroporosity, which was significantly increased by bedding. Site hydrology and soil water nutrients were not significantly affected by the treatments, but seedling survival and height growth were significantly increased by bedding. Mulching had no significant effects on any of the parameters studied.
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Stein, David Martin. "A 3-dimensional numerical flow analysis of a superfund site in Ohio /." Thesis, McGill University, 1992. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=61079.

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The closed Chem-Dyne Site is located in southwestern Butler County, Ohio. It operated from 1974 to 1980 as a waste recycling operation. Over the six year period of operation, the corporation built a clientele comprised of over 200 chemical and manufacturing companies throughout the United States. Due to inappropriate controls, numerous hazardous waste spills occurred during the period of operation. These spills resulted in severe contamination to the surface soils and underlying aquifer. Beginning in 1980, engineering consultants were contracted by federal and state environmental agencies to study the site and submit recommendations for remediating the environmental contamination. Since the start-up of the Remedial Investigation/Feasibility Study in 1980, approximately 5 professional consulting firms have been contracted to study the Chem-Dyne site. The site is currently in a cleanup phase.
The objective of the present thesis study is to determine the effectiveness of the site remediation program since the commencement operations in January 1987. To accomplish this task, an analytical and 3-dimensional numerical flow analysis was performed. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
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Ringler, Joseph William. "MONITORING THE HYDROLOGY OF SOILS FOR ON-SITE WASTEWATER TREATMENT SYSTEMS USING MATRIC POTENTIAL SENSORS." The Ohio State University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1243013245.

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Liu, Shuyun. "A sequential inverse approach for hydraulic tomography and electrical resistivity tomography: An effective method for site characterization." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/279846.

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Hydraulic tomography (i.e., a sequential aquifer test) has recently been proposed as a method for characterizing aquifer heterogeneity. In this study a sequential inverse approach is developed to interpret results of hydraulic tomography. The approach uses an iterative geostatistical inverse method to yield the effective hydraulic conductivity of an aquifer, conditioned on each set of head/discharge data. To efficiently include all the head/discharge data sets, a sequential conditioning method is employed. Two-dimensional numerical experiments were conducted to investigate the optimal sampling scheme for the hydraulic tomography. The effects of measurement errors and uncertainties in statistical parameters required by the inverse model were also investigated. The robustness of this inverse approach was demonstrated through its application to a hypothetical, three-dimensional, heterogeneous aquifer. Two sandbox experiments were conducted to evaluate the performance of the sequential geostatistical inverse approach under realistic conditions. One sandbox was packed with layered sands to represent a stratified aquifer while the other with discontinuous sand bodies of different shapes and sizes to represent a more complex and realistic heterogeneous aquifer. The tomography was found ineffective if abundant head measurements were collected at closely spaced intervals in a highly stratified aquifer. While it was found beneficial when head measurements were limited and the geological structure was discontinuous. The sequential inverse approach for hydraulic tomography was extended for electrical resistivity tomography. Numerical experiments were conducted to demonstrate the robustness of this approach for delineating the resistivity distribution in the subsurface and to investigate effectiveness of different sampling arrays of the ERT: the surface, the down-hole, and the combination of the surface and down-hole array. Orientation of bedding was found to dictate the effectiveness of the ERT layout. Samples were collected to quantify spatial variability of the resistivity-moisture relationship in the field. Numerical experiments then illustrated how the spatially varying relationship exacerbated the level of uncertainty in the interpretation of change of moisture content based on the estimated change in resistivity. A sequential inverse approach was then developed to estimate water content with less uncertainty by considering the spatial variability of the resistivity-moisture relationship and incorporating point moisture measurements and ERT data sets.
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Books on the topic "Site hydrology"

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1941-, Debo Thomas N., ed. On-site stormwater management: Applications for landscape and engineering. 2nd ed. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1990.

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Wright, Kenneth R. Mug House Cistern hydrology site 5MV1586, Mesa Verde National Park. [Denver, Colo.]: Wright Paleohydrological Institute (2490 W. 26th Ave., Denver 80211), 2008.

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Boer, M. Assessment of dryland degradation: Linking theory and practice through site water balance modelling. Utrecht: Koninklijk Nederlands Aardrijkskundig Genootschap/Faculteit Ruimtelijke Wetenschappen Universiteit Utrecht, 1999.

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Bidlake, W. R. Near-surface water balance of an undeveloped upland site in West-Central Florida. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1996.

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Schutze, Anna Maslowski. Geology of the Highvale study site: Plains Hydrology and Reclamation Project. [Edmonton]: Alberta Land Conservation and Reclamation Council, Reclamation Research, Technical Advisory Committee, 1987.

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Ferguson, Bruce K. On-site stormwater management: Applications for landscape and engineering. Mesa, Ariz: PDA Publishers Corp., 1987.

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Trudell, Mark R. Premining groundwater conditions at the Highvale site. Edmonton, Alta: Reclamation Research Technical Advisory Committee, Land Conservation and Reclamation Council, 1987.

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Schutze, Anna Maslowski. Geology of the Battle River study site: Plains Hydrology and Reclamation Project. [Edmonton]: Alberta Land Conservation and Reclamation Council, Reclamation Research Technical Advisory Committee, 1986.

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Guerard, Paul Von. Hydrology of the U.S. Army Pinon Canyon manuever site, Las Animas County, Colorado. Denver, Colo: Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1987.

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Guerard, Paul Von. Hydrology of the U.S. Army Pinon Canyon manuever site, Las Animas County, Colorado. Denver, Colo: Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1987.

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Book chapters on the topic "Site hydrology"

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Swank, W. T., and D. A. Crossley. "Introduction and Site Description." In Forest Hydrology and Ecology at Coweeta, 3–16. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3732-7_1.

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Naghettini, Mauro, and Eber José de Andrade Pinto. "At-Site Frequency Analysis of Hydrologic Variables." In Fundamentals of Statistical Hydrology, 311–89. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-43561-9_8.

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Shapiro, Allen M., Paul A. Hsieh, William C. Burton, and Gregory J. Walsh. "Integrated multi-scale characterization of ground-water flow and chemical transport in fractured crystalline rock at the Mirror Lake Site, New Hampshire." In Subsurface Hydrology: Data Integration for Properties and Processes, 201–25. Washington, D. C.: American Geophysical Union, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/171gm15.

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Benson, Richard C., and Lynn B. Yuhr. "Hydrologic Characterization and Measurements." In Site Characterization in Karst and Pseudokarst Terraines, 275–93. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9924-9_21.

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Gavit, B. K., R. C. Purohit, P. K. Singh, Mahesh Kothari, and H. K. Jain. "Rainwater Harvesting Structure Site Suitability Using Remote Sensing and GIS." In Hydrologic Modeling, 331–41. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5801-1_23.

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Hebson, C. S., and C. Cunnane. "Assessment of Use of At-site and Regional Flood Data for Flood Frequency Estimation." In Hydrologic Frequency Modeling, 433–48. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3953-0_31.

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Franklin, J. F. "Past and Future of Ecosystem Research—Contribution of Dedicated Experimental Sites." In Forest Hydrology and Ecology at Coweeta, 415–24. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3732-7_30.

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Pauley, Patricia M., and Bruce Ingleby. "Assimilation of In-Situ Observations." In Data Assimilation for Atmospheric, Oceanic and Hydrologic Applications (Vol. IV), 293–371. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-77722-7_12.

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Baker, Victor R., Geoff Pickup, and Robert H. Webb. "Paleoflood Hydrologic Analysis at Ungaged Sites, Central and Northern Australia." In Regional Flood Frequency Analysis, 325–38. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3959-2_24.

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El-Kelani, Radwan, and Abdelhaleem Khader. "Assessment and Mapping of Proposed Dam Sites in North West Bank, Palestine Using GIS." In Advances in Sustainable and Environmental Hydrology, Hydrogeology, Hydrochemistry and Water Resources, 425–27. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01572-5_100.

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Conference papers on the topic "Site hydrology"

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Browne, F. X. "Using Low Impact Development Methods to Maintain Natural Site Hydrology." In World Water and Environmental Resources Congress 2003. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40685(2003)345.

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Djamai, Najib, Richard Fernandes, Heather McNairn, and Kalifa Goïta. "Validation of vegetation biophysical parameters derived from Sentinel-2A over an agricultural study site located in Canada (Conference Presentation)." In Remote Sensing for Agriculture, Ecosystems, and Hydrology, edited by Christopher M. Neale and Antonino Maltese. SPIE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2326885.

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Dancheva, Adlin, Roumen Nedkov, Denitsa Borisova, Temenuzhka Spasova, and Nikolay Georgiev. "Using optical and radar images to study the thermal pollution from the waste disposal site around Vidin area." In Remote Sensing for Agriculture, Ecosystems, and Hydrology XXI, edited by Christopher M. Neale and Antonino Maltese. SPIE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2538116.

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Karasaki, Kenzi, Celia Tiemi Onishi, Erika Gasperikova, Junichi Goto, Hiroyuki Tsuchi, Tadashi Miwa, Keiichi Ueta, Kenzo Kiho, and Kimio Miyakawa. "Development of Characterization Technology for Fault Zone Hydrology." In ASME 2010 13th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2010-40121.

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Several deep trenches were cut, and a number of geophysical surveys were conducted across the Wildcat Fault in the hills east of Berkeley, California. The Wildcat Fault is believed to be a strike-slip fault and a member of the Hayward Fault System, with over 10 km of displacement. So far, three boreholes of ∼ 150m deep have been core-drilled and borehole geophysical logs were conducted. The rocks are extensively sheared and fractured; gouges were observed at several depths and a thick cataclasitic zone was also observed. While confirming some earlier, published conclusions from shallow observations about Wildcat, some unexpected findings were encountered. Preliminary analysis indicates that Wildcat near the field site consists of multiple faults. The hydraulic test data suggest the dual properties of the hydrologic structure of the fault zone. A fourth borehole is planned to penetrate the main fault believed to lie in-between the holes. The main philosophy behind our approach for the hydrologic characterization of such a complex fractured system is to let the system take its own average and monitor a long term behavior instead of collecting a multitude of data at small length and time scales, or at a discrete fracture scale and to “up-scale,” which is extremely tenuous.
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Johnson, C. D., J. Sorenson, D. R. LeBlanc, and J. W. Lane. "Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Logging: Lessons Learned at the USGS Cape Cod Toxic Substances Hydrology Research Site, Massachusetts." In Near Surface Geoscience 2014 - 20th European Meeting of Environmental and Engineering Geophysics. Netherlands: EAGE Publications BV, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.20141946.

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Johnson, C. D., J. Sorenson, D. R. LeBlanc, and J. W. Lane. "Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Logging: Lessons Learned at the USGS Cape Cod Toxic Substances Hydrology Research Site, Massachusetts." In Near Surface Geoscience 2014 - First Applied Shallow Marine Geophysics Conference. Netherlands: EAGE Publications BV, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.20142120.

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Scott, L. Max. "A Successful Remediation Project." In ASME 2009 12th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2009-16400.

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As part of a program to visit formerly licensed sites to determine if they meet current uncontrolled release conditions, a United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission (USNRC) inspection was conducted in the fall of 1993 at a site that had possessed a radioactive material license from about 1955 to 1970. While the license was in force, the plant processed magnesium scrap containing up to 4 percent thorium. The source of the scrap is believed to be the aircraft manufacturing industry. The scrap was placed in furnaces and heated to the melting point of magnesium, and the molten magnesium was drawn off, leaving the thorium with the residue (dross). Under the regulation in existence at that time, the thorium dross was buried on site in an approximate 14 acre field. In 1993 the inspector found readings up to 900uR/h. Early in 1994 an informal grid survey of most of the 14 acre site was conducted. Based on that survey, it was concluded that the thorium was widespread and extended beyond the property lines. The preliminary findings were reported to the USNRC, and in 1994 the site was designated as a Site Decommissioning Management Plan (SMPD) site. A remediation team was formed which included the following disciplines: remediation health physics, geology, hydrology, engineering, law, public relations, and project management. This remediation team planned, participated in selecting vendors, and provided project over site for all activities from site characterization through the final status survey. In 2006 the site was released for uncontrolled access. A chronology of activities with lessons learned will be presented.
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Neal, Alan. "Winfrith: Life After Decommissioning — Nuclear Site to Science and Technology Park." In ASME 2003 9th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2003-4639.

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UKAEA’s Winfrith site was built in the late 1950’s to undertake research and development into electricity generation from nuclear power. Pioneering scientific and technical work was carried out which resulted in a better understanding of nuclear issues, particularly nuclear safety. At its peak, Winfrith employed 2000 staff and at one time had nine operational nuclear reactors. The most noticeable landmark being the Steam Generating heavy Water Reactor (SGHWR) which, when in operation, provided the National Grid with enough electricity for a small town. In the early 1990’s the UK Government wound down its programme of nuclear R&D, and work started on restoring the environment of the Winfrith site by the progressive removal of the nuclear facilities. Winfrith has always been considered to be one of three key sites in Dorset for development of quality employment, and the site management, with the support of the DTI, decided to undertake a programme of environmental restoration that retained appropriate buildings and infrastructure systems that could be put to alternative long term use. To date, successes have been achieved in both the decommissioning work and also the establishment of tenants. All the fuel has been removed from the nuclear reactors and five reactors have been completely dismantled. Decontamination of other facilities has been completed. A notable example of this work is the return of a fuel fabrication building to a green field site. Another example was the decommissioning of a building that contained gloveboxes, and laboratories equipped with high efficiency filtered ventilation systems. This building was decommissioned, the area of land containing it delicensed, and the building leased to non-nuclear tenants. This thorough, painstaking process involved the use of recently developed industry techniques and required close working with the Nuclear Installations Inspectorate (NII). The tenant base is growing and at the end of 2002 there are 40 different companies resident on site with employee numbers ranging from 1 to several hundreds with a total of ∼ 1000 staff. In addition, the UKAEA programme employs ∼ 500 as staff and contractors. The larger tenants include QinetiQ and DSTL (both from the former Defence Evaluation and Research Agency), the Natural Environment Research Council’s Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, and RWE Nukem. The progressive decommissioning work continues and as UKAEA retreats across the site, from east to west, the non-nuclear research and development businesses move in. The range of work established at Winfrith provides a focus for its further development as a scientific and technical centre of excellence. Facilities have been created in partnership with the local council for small and start-up businesses, while strong links are being encouraged with universities that have an interest in areas such as environmental research. Together they will form a vital part of the commercial community, stimulating growth through technical interaction and innovation.
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Lindborg, Tobias, Ulrik Kautsky, and Lars Brydsten. "Landscape Modeling for Dose Calculations in the Safety Assessment of a Repository for Spent Nuclear Fuel." In The 11th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2007-7115.

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The Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management Co., (SKB), pursues site investigations for the final repository for spent nuclear fuel at two sites in the south eastern part of Sweden, the Forsmark- and the Laxemar site (figure 1). Data from the two site investigations are used to build site descriptive models of the areas. These models describe the bedrock and surface system properties important for designing the repository, the environmental impact assessment, and the long-term safety, i.e. up to 100,000 years, in a safety assessment. In this paper we discuss the methodology, and the interim results for, the landscape model, used in the safety assessment to populate the Forsmark site in the numerical dose models. The landscape model is built upon ecosystem types, e.g. a lake or a mire, (Biosphere Objects) that are connected in the landscape via surface hydrology. Each of the objects have a unique set of properties derived from the site description. The objects are identified by flow transport modeling, giving discharge points at the surface for all possible flow paths from the hypothetical repository in the bedrock. The landscape development is followed through time by using long-term processes e.g. shoreline displacement and sedimentation. The final landscape model consists of a number of maps for each chosen time period and a table of properties that describe the individual objects which constitutes the landscape. The results show a landscape that change over time during 20,000 years. The time period used in the model equals the present interglacial and can be used as an analogue for a future interglacial. Historically, the model area was covered by sea, and then gradually changes into a coastal area and, in the future, into a terrestrial inland landscape. Different ecosystem types are present during the landscape development, e.g. sea, lakes, agricultural areas, forest and wetlands (mire). The biosphere objects may switch from one ecosystem type to another during the modeled time period, from sea to lake, and from lake to mire and finally, some objects are transformed into agricultural area due to favorable farming characteristics.
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Matthews, Mark. "The Waste Isolation Pilot Plant Site: An International Center of Excellence." In ASME 2003 9th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2003-4845.

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The United States Department of Energy’s Carlsbad Field Office (CBFO) is responsible for the successful management of transuranic radioactive waste (TRUW) in the United States. TRUW is a long-lived radioactive waste/material. CBFO’s responsibilities includes the operation of the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP), which is a deep geologic repository for the safe disposal of U.S. defense-related TRUW and is located 42 kilometers (km) east of Carlsbad, New Mexico. WIPP is the only deep-geological disposal site for long-lived radioactive waste that is operating in the world today. CBFO also manages the National Transuranic Waste Program (NTP), which oversees TRU waste management from generation to disposal. As of August 1, 2003, approximately 1890 shipments of waste have been safely transported to the WIPP, which has been operating since March 1999. Surface and subsurface facilities designed to facilitate the safe handling and disposal of TRU waste are located within the WIPP site. The underground waste disposal area is in a bedded salt formation at a depth of 650 meters (m). Approximately 176,000 m3 of TRU waste containing up to 17 kilograms of plutonium will be emplaced in disposal rooms 4 m high, 10 m wide and 91 m long. Magnesium oxide (MgO) backfill will be emplaced with the waste to control the actinide solubility and mobility in the disposal areas. Properties of the repository horizon have been investigated in an underground test facility excavated north of the waste disposal area, and in which seals, rock mechanics, hydrology, and simulated waste emplacement tests were conducted. Thus, in some areas of broad international interest, the CBFO has developed a leading expertise through its 25-years WIPP repository and TRU waste characterization activities. The CBFO’s main programmatic responsibilities during the disposal phase are to operate a safe and efficient TRU waste repository at the WIPP, to operate an effective system for management of TRU waste from generation to disposal, and to comply with applicable laws, regulations, and permits. This responsibility requires maintenance and upgrades to the current technologies for TRU waste operations, monitoring, and transportation. This responsibility also requires the maintenance of scientific capabilities for evaluating the performance of the WIPP repository. Every 5 years, WIPP must be recertified for operations by the regulator, the EPA. Currently, the CBFO is preparing for the 2004 recertification. The CBFO/WIPP has been designated by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) as an International Center of Excellence. The IAEA is working with CBFO, other designated centers of excellence, and other member states in the IAEA to foster collaborative training activities and experiments in order to address major radioactive waste disposal issues. As the only operating deep radioactive waste repository in the world today, CBFO/WIPP is an important participant in this IAEA initiative. In addition to participating in relevant and beneficial experiments, the CBFO is providing the international community convenient access to information by sponsoring and hosting symposia and workshops on relevant topics and by participation in international waste management organizations and topical meetings. The CBFO has agreed to exchange scientific information with foreign radioactive waste management organizations. These activities result in the cost-effective acquisition of scientific information in support of increased WIPP facility operational and post-closure assurance and reliability. It also demonstrates the CBFO’s intent and resolve to honor international commitments and obligations.
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Reports on the topic "Site hydrology"

1

Newcomer, D. R., L. A. Doremus, S. H. Hall, M. J. Truex, V. R. Vermeul, and R. E. Engelman. Geology, hydrology, chemistry, and microbiology of the in situ bioremediation demonstration site. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/41273.

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Stickel, T. Groundwater hydrology study of the Ames Chemical Disposal Site. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/251282.

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Ofoegbu, G. I., S. Hsiung, A. H. Chowdhury, and J. Philip. Field site investigation: Effect of mine seismicity on groundwater hydrology. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/46689.

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Davisson, M. L., J. M. Kenneally, D. K. Smith, G. B. Hudson, G. J. Nimz, and J. H. Rego. Preliminary on the isotope hydrology investigations at the Nevada test site: Hydrologic resources management program; FY 1992--1993. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/145197.

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Eddy, C. A., B. B. Looney, J. M. Dougherty, T. C. Hazen, and D. S. Kaback. Characterization of the geology, geochemistry, hydrology and microbiology of the in-situ air stripping demonstration site at the Savannah River Site. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10134746.

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Eddy, C. A., B. B. Looney, J. M. Dougherty, T. C. Hazen, and D. S. Kaback. Characterization of the geology, geochemistry, hydrology and microbiology of the in-situ air stripping demonstration site at the Savannah River Site. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5622523.

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Eddy Dilek, C. A., B. B. Looney, T. C. Hazen, R. L. Nichols, C. B. Fliermans, W. H. Parker, J. M. Dougherty, D. S. Kaback, and J. L. Simmons. Post-test evaluation of the geology, geochemistry, microbiology, and hydrology of the in situ air stripping demonstration site at the Savannah River Site. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10188930.

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J.A. Rodriguez-Pineda, P. Goodell, P.F. Dobson, J. Walton, R. Oliver, De La Garza, and S. Harder. REGIONAL HYDROLOGY OF THE NOPAL I SITE, SIERRA DE PENA BLANCA, CHIHUAHUA, MEXICO. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/859183.

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Davisson, M. L., G. J. Nimz, G. B. Hudson, D. K. Smith, J. H. Rego, and J. M. Kenneally. FY-92 report on the isotope hydrology characterization of the Faultless test site, Nye County, Nevada. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10130429.

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Raymond, J. R., P. A. Eddy, R. W. Wallace, M. G. Foley, W. H. Bierschenk, R. P. Harrison, and Richland, WA IT Corp. Review of information on hydrology and radionuclide migration at the Nevada Test Site 1976--1988, and annotated bibliography. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5518502.

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