Academic literature on the topic 'Sistema immunitario (Immune system)'

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Journal articles on the topic "Sistema immunitario (Immune system)"

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Maddock, Clementine, and Carmine M. Pariante. "How does stress affect you? An overview of stress, immunity, depression and disease." Epidemiologia e Psichiatria Sociale 10, no. 3 (September 2001): 153–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1121189x00005285.

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RIASSUNTOScopo – Il termine “stress” viene spesso usato come sinonimo di “vita moderna”. In questa revisione della letteratura abbiamo valutato la relazione tra lo stress e l'insorgenza o il decorso della depressione maggiore, dei disturbi cardiovascolari e delle malattie tumorali, le maggiori cause di morbidità e di mortalita nel mondo occidentale. Abbiamo anche discusso come i cambiamenti nei parametri del sistema immunitario indotti dallo stress possano essere considerati, almeno in parte, responsabili di questa relazione tra stress e malattia. Metodo – Abbiamo condotto una ricerca su Medline per il periodo 1996-2000, utilizzando i termine stress, disease (malattia) e immune system (sistema immunitario), allo scopo di identificare i più recenti sviluppi della ricerca in questo campo. Abbiamo anche rintracciato le più importanti pubblicazioni citate in questi articoli. Risultati – Gli studi in letteratura confermano il legame tra lo stress e l'insorgenza della depressione. Lo stress sembra anche avere un effetto negativo sulla prognosi dei disturbi cardiovascolari e delle malattie tumorali, ed evidenze preliminari suggeriscono che interventi di gestione dello stress possono migliorare la sopravvivenza in questi pazienti. Situazioni di stress cronico sono associate ad una soppressione della funzionalità del sistema immunitario, mentre stress acuti hanno un effetto sia attivante, sia inibitorio. La liberazione di citochine infiammatorie, mediatori solubili della risposta immunitaria, può indurre la comparsa di sintomi depressivi. Conclusioni – Studi epidemiologici prospettici sono necessari per chiarire il ruolo dello stress nell'insorgenza, decorso e prognosi delle malattie. L'utilizzo di terapie di gestione dello stress allo scopo di migliorare la prognosi dei pazienti con disturbi cardiovascolari, malattie tumorali ed altre malattie croniche, è un'area di ricerca particolarmente interessante. Gli effetti dello stress sul sistema immunitario sono importanti per capire il legame tra stress e malattia. In particolare, l'aumentata produzione di citochine infiammatorie durante situazioni di stress costituisce un possibile meccanismo biologico per spiegare il legame tra stress e depressione.
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Roberto Chavarette, Fábio, Roberto Outa, Igor Feliciani Merizio, Thiago Carreta Moro, Simone Silva Frutuoso de Souza, and Fernando Parra dos Anjos Lima. "RECONHECIMENTO DE FALHAS ESTRUTURAIS UTILIZANDO SISTEMA IMUNOLOGICO ARTIFICIAL WAVELET." COLLOQUIUM EXACTARUM 12, no. 4 (February 23, 2021): 82–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5747/ce.2020.v12.n4.e342.

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This work presents a novel approach for monitoring the structural integrity of a dynamic rotor basead in a intelligent methodology combined with a mathematical transform, the Wavelet artificial immune system. The combination of the artificial immune system with the Wavelet transform generates an innovative tool to perform the identification, localization and classification of structural failures. Through this methodology, industrial machine designs are developed to meet these needs, reducing failures and anticipating errors found in operating machines. An emergingarea of machine designs are rotating machines also called dynamic rotors, which are applied to aircraft turbines, steam turbines for the production of electrical energy, turbo-compressors, among others. To validate this methodology, experimental data are collected, and from this, different situations (normal condition and fault conditions) are generated, obtaining a database of signals, which were analyzed by the proposed method. The results obtained by the Wavelet Artificial Immune System are efficient and robust.
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Zárate-Ramos, Rosa Andrea, Sorely Adelina Sosa-Luis, and William de Jesús Ríos-Ríos. "El sistema inmunitario en la salud y la enfermedad." RA RIÓ GUENDARUYUBI 3, no. 8 (January 17, 2020): 59–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.53331/rar.v3i8.5123.

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The immune system is widely known due to its relevance to the body’s protection against infectious agents. Nevertheless, these same mechanisms of protection may damage the own tissues, when they are overactivated (hypersensitivity), when they fail (immunodeficiencies) or when they do not recognize their own tissues (autoimmunity). Therefore, this paper addresses how the immune system works in the presence of sickness or health, as well as how this knowledge has been applied to the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of many diseases, highlighting one of its main contributions to the evolution of the current medicine: the vaccines.
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Aquino-Domínguez, Alba Soledad, María de los Ángeles Romero-Tlalolini, and Sergio Roberto Aguilar-Ruiz. "Los receptores del sistema inmunitario innato." RA RIÓ GUENDARUYUBI 5, no. 15 (May 15, 2022): 4–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.53331/rar.v5i15.2463.

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The innate immune system (IIS) is the first line of defense against infectious agents and the detection of tissue damage. The IIS recognizes a group of molecules essential for the survival of microorganisms, which are called pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). In addition, IIS recognizes molecules produced and released by damaged or stressed cells, called damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Both PAMPs and DAMPs are recognized by a group of evolutionarily conserved receptors on IIS cells called pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). The recognition of PAMPs and DAMPs by PRRs present in IIS cells leads to different effects on the immune response, including phagocytosis, production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and expression of genes related to the production of inflammatory and antiviral mediators. For this reason, PRRs are central elements in IIS to respond to pathogens and tissue damage.
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Cadavid, Luis F. "RESOLUCIÓN DE CONFLICTOS AL INTERIOR DEL ORGANISMO: EL PAPEL DEL SISTEMA INMUNE." Acta Biológica Colombiana 21, no. 1Supl (March 8, 2016): 287–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/abc.v21n1supl.50973.

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<p>El sistema inmune de los animales está constituido por una gran variedad de células y moléculas que colectivamente reconocen, neutralizan y eliminan potenciales agentes nocivos, tanto bióticos como abióticos. El estudio del sistema inmune ha estado tradicionalmente sesgado hacía algunas especies de importancia médica o económica, a expensas de la gran mayoría de especies que constituyen la diversidad animal. Con la actual facilidad de secuenciar genomas y transcriptomas, se ha abierto la posibilidad de estudiar los sistemas inmunes de muy variados grupos animales. Uno de estos grupos es los cnidarios, que incluye a los corales, anémonas y medusas, en los que el estudio del sistema inmune ha probado ser de gran utilidad para entender dos tipos de conflictos de relevancia en la supervivencia de estos organismos. El primero es la respuesta de los corales a enfermedades de carácter infeccioso y el segundo hace referencia a las reacciones de histocompatibilidad que median la competencia intraespecífica por el espacio habitable. Este artículo de reflexión trata en detalle el papel del sistema inmune de los cnidarios en la resolución de estos conflictos.</p><p> </p><p>Abstract</p><p>The immune system of animals is constituted by a large diversity of cells and molecules that collectively recognize, neutralize, and eliminate potential damaging agents, both biotic and abiotic. The study of the immune system has been traditionally biased towards some species with medical or economic importance, at the expense of the vast majority of species that constitute the animal diversity. With the current possibility of easily sequencing genomes and transcriptomes, there is an opportunity to study the immune systems of a wide variety of animal groups. One of these groups is the cnidarians, which include corals, anemones and jellyfishes, in which the study of the immune system has proved useful to understand two types of conflicts that are relevant for the survival of these organisms. The first one is the response of corals to diseases of infectious nature and the second relates to histocompatibility reactions, which mediate intraspecific competitions for habitable space. This article details the role of the cnidarian immune system to mediate the resolution of these two conflicts.</p><p> </p>
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Moro, Thiago Carreta, Fábio Roberto Chavarette, Luiz Gustavo Pereira Roéfero, and Roberto Outa. "DETECÇÃO DE FALHAS ESTRUTURAIS DE UM PRÉDIO DE DOIS ANDARES UTILIZANDO SISTEMA IMUNOLÓGICO ARTIFICIA." Colloquium Exactarum, Vol.11 N.4 11, no. 4 (December 17, 2019): 73–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5747/ce.2019.v11.n4.e298.

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This work presents the innovative proposal for the development of SHMs with focus on physical cyber systems applied in a two-story building based on Intelligent Computing (CI) techniques, the negative selection algorithm from the Artificial Immune System, to perform the analysis and monitoring of structural integrity in a building.
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Silva, Remersson Thaysnan da, Amanda Tavares Pinto Fernandes de Oliveira e. Silva, Natália Chagas de Oliveira, Marcos Vinicius Luz de Oliveira, and Jean Jeyfison de Souza Mendonça. "ALERGIAS ALIMENTARES NA INFÂNCIA: SISTEMA IMUNOLÓGICO E FATORES ENVOLVIDOS¹ / FOOD ALLERGIES IN CHILD: IMMUNE SYSTEM AND FACTORS INVOLVED." Brazilian Journal of Development 6, no. 9 (2020): 66324–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.34117/bjdv6n9-170.

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Barros, Dayane de Melo, Marcela de Albuquerque Melo, Danielle Feijó De Moura, Alicya Beatriz de Santana Pereira, Mariana Vieira Cunha Barros, Juliane Suelen Silva Dos Santos, Andreza Luana Barbosa Da Silva, et al. "A importância dos nutrientes na otimização do sistema imunológico / The importance of nutrients in optimizing the immune system." Brazilian Journal of Health Review 4, no. 5 (October 15, 2021): 22180–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.34119/bjhrv4n5-316.

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Mendes, Ana Carla Da Silva, Laryza Souza Soares, Pedro De Sousa Leite, Natália Moreira Garcia Feitosa, Amanda Parente de Alencar Novais, Thiago Moreira de Alencar, Marcus Vinicius De Macedo Fernandes, Italo Wanderson De Moura Gabriel, Jandir Alves Furtado, and Djailson Ricardo Malheiro. "A Intrínseca Relação provocada no Sistema Imunológico pelo Tabagismo no processo de desenvolvimento da Tuberculose / The Intrinsic Relationship caused in the Immune System by Smoking in the Tuberculosis development process." ID on line REVISTA DE PSICOLOGIA 13, no. 48 (December 29, 2019): 396–411. http://dx.doi.org/10.14295/idonline.v13i48.2304.

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A tuberculose (TB) é uma doença infecciosa causada principalmente pelo agente Mycobacterium Tuberculosis (Mtb), que possui uma interação única com o sistema imunológico, passando para a fase ativa apenas em consideráveis deficiências imunológicas. O tabagismo é um dos principais fatores que predispõem ao desenvolvimento da doença, pois o tabagismo prejudica a defesa imunológica e facilita a manifestação da fase ativa da TB. Às vezes, o hábito de fumar leva os indivíduos a abandonar o tratamento da tuberculose, que é quase sempre curável. Objetivo: Avaliar a relação intrínseca causada pelo sistema de fumar no processo de desenvolvimento da tuberculose. Metodologia: Foi realizada uma revisão sistemática, utilizando três bancos de dados, Scielo, Pubmed e BVS (Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde), que utilizaram o filtro para selecionar os artigos da LILACS e Medline. Uma pergunta central foi feita: como as interações do tabagismo com o sistema imunológico contribuem para o desenvolvimento da forma ativa da infecção por Mycobacterium Tuberculosis? Além de quatro questões secundárias: como o fumo interfere no sistema imunológico? Quais são os mecanismos de interação do sistema imunológico e o desenvolvimento da TB? Como o tabagismo contribui para o aparecimento da tuberculose? Como o uso passado de tabaco contribui para um prognóstico “ruim” para o paciente com TB? Posteriormente, foram reunidos os critérios de inclusão e exclusão e, ao final, foram analisados 17 artigos, de 2002 a 2018, abrangendo inglês, português e espanhol. Resultados e discussão: O tabaco duplica a chance de contrair tuberculose. Com o sistema imunológico competente, o Mtb é restrito a um granuloma, o complexo Ghon, que é um acúmulo de leucócitos. LTCD4 e IFN-gama, combinadas com TNF-alfa, essas células e citocinas são as principais responsáveis pelo controle do Mtb. Além disso, os cigarros afetam negativamente a produção de citocinas e a expansão clonal do LTH1, prejudicando a entrega de uma resposta imune competente ao Mtb. Conclusão: Portanto, percebeu-se que as substâncias do cigarro exercem influência prejudicial no sistema imunológico, prejudicando o controle da Mtb no granuloma e favorecendo a disseminação da infecção.
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Souza, Simone Silva Frutuoso de, Fábio Roberto Chavarette, and Fernando Parra dos Anjos Lima. "Wavelet artificial immune system algorithm applied to the faults aeronautical structural monitoring / Algoritmo do sistema imune artificial Wavelet aplicado a falhas monitoramento estrutural aeronáutico." Brazilian Journal of Development 8, no. 4 (April 14, 2022): 27193–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.34117/bjdv8n4-295.

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This paper presents a Wavelet-artificial immune system algorithm to diagnose failures. Basically, after obtaining the vibration signals, is used the wavelet module for transformed the signals into the wavelet domain. Afterward, a negative selection artificial immune system realizes the diagnosis, identifying and classifying the failures. The main application of this methodology is the auxiliary structures inspection process in order to identify and characterize the flaws. To evaluate this methodology, we carried out the modeling and simulation of signals from a numerical model of an aluminum beam, representing an aircraft structure. The results demonstrate the robustness and accuracy methodology.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Sistema immunitario (Immune system)"

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Perrotta, Marialuisa. "A cholinergic-sympathetic pathway mediates the activation of immune system in hypertension." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi del Molise, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11695/83377.

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Hypertension is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Historically, an increase of the sympathetic nerve activity represents one of the principal features of hypertension. Mounting evidence suggests that novel players also contribute to the development of the disease as the immune system. In fact, how the immunity is activated after a hypertensive stimulus is to date an intriguing question. In this dissertation, we show how hypertensive challenges activate the sympathetic nerve drive to prime immune responses in the spleen causing the onset of the disease. First, we observe that the splenic sympathetic nerve activity is significantly increased in mice upon 3 days of chronic AngiotensinII (AngII) or Deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-salt as compared to mice treated with vehicle or placebo, respectively. Then, we show that the splenic nerve discharge is absent in both coeliac vagotomized mice and in mice lacking nicotinic cholinergic receptors (7nAChR) upon AngII. Indeed, we find that a vagus-splenic nerve pathway, mediated by 7nAChR expressed in the coeliac ganglion, is modulated by chronic infusion of AngII. The integrity of this cholinergic-sympathetic pathway is necessary for the activation of T cell and their egression towards target organs of hypertension, as kidneys and vasculature. In order to evaluate whether the sympathetic neuro-immune drive is relevant for hypertension, we perform the denervation of the splenic artery by thermoablation in mice infused with chronic AngII, finding a protection from the increase of blood pressure levels induced by this hypertensive stimulus. We also confirm the efficacy of the splenic denervation by injecting a retrograde neurotracer in the spleen, which label neurons of coeliac ganglion only in sham mice but not in denervated mice. This novel experimental procedure suggests new clinical strategies for resistant hypertension. To evaluate how the activation of the immune system is mediated in the spleen, we explore the role of the neuro-splenic sympathetic drive in the murine model of DOCA-salt hypertension. This model of hypertension completely resembles the excessive salt consumption in humans and it is optimal to obtain a peripheral low-circulation of renin-angiotensin system (RAS) activity, contemporary to en elevation of RAS activity in the brain. First, we challenge splenectomized mice with DOCA-salt for 21 days finding that they are protected from blood pressure elevation induced by this hypertensive stimulus. We observe the same results in mice with left coeliac ganglionectomy (CGX) equally treated with DOCA-salt. Then, by ELISA and immunofluorescence quantitative analysis, we measure the levels of the placental growth factor (PlGF) upon DOCA-salt showing an increased expression in mice with an intact neuro-splenic axis but not in CGX mice. Therefore, PlGF KO mice are significantly protected from blood pressure increase induced by DOCA-salt, as compared to WT mice. Additionally, the absence of PlGF hinders the costimulation pathway of T cells with a consequent reduction of their migration toward kidneys. Kidneys of WT mice show an increased deposition of fibrotic tissue upon DOCA-salt, in both glomeruli and tubules, suggesting that infiltrating T cells determinate structural alterations that deteriorate renal function. We assesse key parameters of renal function in PlGF KO and WT mice placed in metabolic cages after DOCA-salt or placebo administration. PlGF KO mice show a reduced urine output as compared to WT mice after DOCA-salt. The creatinine clearance is significantly reduced in WT mice but not in PlGF KO mice and similarly, PlGF KO mice are protected from DOCA-salt induced renal damage observed in WT mice in terms of protein excretion. These data demonstrate that the coupling of nervous and immune system activation in the marginal zone of the spleen is established through a sympathetic-mediated PlGF release, suggesting that this pathway could be a valid therapeutic target for hypertension.
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INGHESE, CRISTINA. "Exploitation of winery by-products as immune modulators in sheep." Doctoral thesis, Università di Foggia, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11369/369485.

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Il presente lavoro di tesi è incentrato sul possibile recupero di scarti derivanti dall’industria enologica al fine ottenere sostanze bioattive dal ruolo immunomodulante che possano essere introdotte, quali supplemento, nell’alimentazione dei ruminanti. Recentemente, il Parlamento Europeo ha introdotto la “Waste Framework directive” (Direttiva 2008/98/EC) con l’intento di promuovere il riciclo e il recupero degli scarti e dei sottoprodotti per ottenere nuove materie prime. Come, infatti, è descritto nella direttiva suddetta, un sottoprodotto è: un “prodotto”, che deriva dalla dal processo produttivo, ma che non rappresenta l’oggetto ultimo della produzione. Il progetto si staglia in uno scenario che vede da una parte una ingente produzione di scarti agroindustriali e dall’altra la crescente preoccupazione del consumatore rispetto alla salubrità dei prodotti di origine animale e al benessere animale. È noto che l'uva e i prodotti enologici sono ricchi di sostanze antiossidanti quali i polifenoli a cui è associato un ruolo antiossidante, antimicrobico e anticarcinogenico accanto alla capacità di modulare il sistema immunitario e il metabolismo ormonale. Il lavoro è suddiviso in tre prove, condotte in vitro, e mira al recupero di due sottoprodotti: i wine lees e i grape pomace. Al fine di valorizzare la produzione locale e l’economia Pugliese, i sottoprodotti sono stati prelevati presso due aziende locali: Cantine La Marchesa (Lucera, FG) e Cantine Pirro (Troia, FG). I sottoprodotti scelti derivano dalla lavorazione di vitigni autoctoni: Bombino e Trebbiano d'Abruzzo per le vinificazioni in bianco (Cantine La Marchesa) e Nero di Troia per le vinificazioni in rosé e rosso (Cantine Pirro). Al fine di operare in un’ottica di basso impatto ambientale i solventi e le procedure utilizzate sono state attentamente scelte. Nel primo trial i wine lees, per definizione il residuo che si ritrova sul fondo dei silos al termine delle operazioni di svinamento, bianchi, rosé e rossi sono stati prelevati e sottoposti ad estrazione microonde assistita (MAE) con i seguenti solventi: acqua, alcool e la loro miscela 1:1, in presenza o meno di catalizzatore e quattro diverse temperature 50°C, 100°C, 150°C e 200°C. Al termine della fase estrattiva, gli estratti sono stati sottoposti ad analisi spettrofotometrica al fine di determinare il contenuto di fenoli totali, antociani, flavonoidi e la capacità antiossidante. Gli estratti sono stati poi testati a due differenti concentrazioni, 0,4 mg/mL e 0,8 mg/mL, in vitro su culture di PBMC ovine al fine di ottenere informazioni relative alla proliferazione linfomonocitaria e alla produzione di citochine. Sui surnatanti, inoltre, è stata determinata la presenza di proteine Bax e Bcl2 legate all’apoptosi cellulare. Infine, negli estratti, tramite analisi GC-MS/MS è stata determinata la presenza di 5-idrossimetilfurfurale e tramite analisi enzimatica si sono ottenute informazioni circa la presenza di solfiti e acidi organici con lo scopo di escludere un loro impatto sulla capacità antiossidante degli estratti. I risultati ottenuti da questo primo trial evidenziano che il contenuto in fenoli totali è legato alla tipologia di wine lees e al solvente utilizzato per l’estrazione: i wine lees derivanti dalla vinificazione in bianco presentano un maggiore contenuto di flavonoidi mentre i wine lees ottenuti dalla vinificazione in rosato contengono più antociani, infine i wine lees della vinificazione in rosso presentano una capacità antiossidante in termine di potere scavenging superiore agli altri wine lees selezionati. I test condotti in vitro sui PBMC hanno confermato la capacità degli estratti di wine lees di agire sul sistema immunitario ovino portando ad una riduzione massiva della proliferazione linfomonocitaria indifferentemente dall’estratto preso in considerazione. Nessuna variazione significativa è stata ritrovata per ciò che riguarda le citochine pro-infiammatorie al contrario, un incremento significativo dell’IFN-γ e dell’IL-10 è stato evidenziato per l’estratto ottenuto da wine lees Nero di Troia vinificato in rosso ed estratto in acqua (ReW). Questo risultato dimostra la capacità immunostimolante di questo estratto che può essere associata alla sua elevata capacità scavenging (ABTS+). Quest’ultima attività può essere attribuita alla presenza di 5-idrossimetilfurfurale (5-HMF) così come riportato dai risultati ottenuti dall’analisi gas cromatografica del Nero di Troia estratto in acqua (ReW). Il 5-HMF può influenzare l’apoptosi cellulare agendo a livello della famiglia delle proteine dell’apoptosi Bcl2 e nel presente studio l’incremento delle proteine pro-apoptotiche Bax sembrerebbe essere legato alla presenza di 5-HMF nell’estratto ReW. Nel secondo trial gli estratti ottenuti per estrazione al microonde in acqua a 200°C, sono stati sottoposti a separazione mediante imbuto separatore e successivamente a purificazione tramite cromatografia flash (FLC) e le frazioni così ottenute sono state sottoposte ad analisi GC-MS/MS. Dall’analisi gas cromatografica è risultata la presenza di dichetopiperazine con una diversa distribuzione isomerica a seconda della frazione considerata. Sulla base di questi risultati, le frazioni sono state accorpate e per ogni wine lees due diversi accorpamenti F1 ed F2 sono stati scelti come campioni da testare a due diverse concentrazioni (0,4mg/mL e 0,8 mg/mL) in vitro su PBMC ovini. Il secondo trial è stato suddiviso in due esperimenti di cui uno condotto in condizione di stress termico (43°C) per 24h e l’altro condotto in condizioni di normotermia (37°C) per 48h; per entrambi gli esperimenti sono stati valutati la proliferazione dei linfomonociti e la produzione di citochine, inoltre sull’esperimento condotto in condizioni di stress termico è stata effettuata una valutazione della salute mitocondriale mediante il microscopio EVOS FL Cell Imaging System (Thermo Fisher) utilizzando il kit HCS Mitochondrial Health (Invitrogen). Recenti studi hanno riportato che le dichetopiperazine hanno capacità antiossidanti, antivirali, antimicrobiche e immunomodulanti. I risultati ottenuti in questo studio riportano una marcata riduzione della proliferazione dei PBMC e della vitalità cellulare in condizioni di normotermia e in maniera più accentuata nello stress termico. Per quanto concerne la produzione di citochine, in condizioni di normotermia si osserva un decremento della produzione di IL-6 nei surnatanti delle cellule coltivate in presenza di WhF1, RoF1 a 0,8 mg/mL, ReF1 a 0,8 mg/mL e ReF2, mente un aumento della IL-10 si osserva in presenza della frazione F2 del wine lees da vinificazione in bianco. In condizioni di stress termico, invece, la IL-6 subisce una riduzione nei surnatanti delle cellule in presenza della F2 di ciascun wine lees e della concentrazione 0,8 mg/mL del ReF1; contrariamente, a 39°C si registra un decremento di questa citochina in presenza della concentrazione 0,8 mg/mL di RoF1. Il livello di IFN-γ aumenta in presenza di ReF2 a 0.8 mg/mL in condizioni di stress termico dimostrando la capacità di questa frazione di favorire la produzione di citochine anti-infiammatorie a scapito delle pro-infiammatorie. Il terzo trial mira alla valorizzazione dei grape pomace che sono principalmente composti da semi e bucce. I grape pomace di Nero di Troia sono stati sottoposti ad estrazione MAE e alla analisi spettrofotometrica così come riportato per il primo trial. Gli estratti ottenuti sono stati poi testati a due diverse concentrazioni (0,4 mg/mL e 0,8 mg/mL) su PBMC ovini separati da sangue periferico durante il transition period. A tal fine il sangue è stato prelevato 15 giorni (t1), 7 giorni (t2) prima del parto, al parto (t3) and 7 giorni (t4) dopo il parto. I risultati ottenuti da questo trial dimostrano come i diversi estratti abbiano un’azione differente sulla proliferazione linfomonocitaria. La proliferazione aumenta al tempo t3 e t4 in presenza di tutti gli estratti tranne con quello a 200°C in acqua ad entrambe le concentrazioni e in etanolo a 0.8 mg/mL in corrispondenza dei quali si osserva un decremento della proliferazione dei PBMC. Il livello di IL-6 aumenta per tutti i tempi considerati quando le cellule sono stimolate con i grape pomace estratti in acqua/etanolo e in solo etanolo rispettivamente a 150°C e 200°C. Al momento del parto e 7 giorni dopo esso, si registra un aumento della IL.10. L’incremento della concentrazione di questa citochina e della IL-6 che si verifica con alcuni estratti potrebbe essere associato all’attivazione del sistema immunitario innato. Infine il livello di IFN-ɣ risulta più elevato 7 giorni dopo il parto nei surnatanti delle cellule stimolate con grape pomace estratti in etanolo e catalizzatore e in solo etanolo. Da quanto suddetto è possibile concludere che, gli estratti di wine lees possono trovare applicazione come immunostimolanti e antiossidanti e le loro frazioni, purificate così come nel secondo trial, possono essere utilizzate come chemioterapici ed immunomodulanti. In ultimo, gli estratti di grape pomace possono trovare impiego quali anti-infiammatori ed immunomodulanti anche in condizioni di stress come quello legato al transition period. Ulteriori studi dovrebbero essere orientati alla valutazione dell’impatto che questi estratti e frazioni possono avere sul sistema immunitario dell’animale in vivo.
This thesis focused on the potential reuse of winery by-products as immunomodulants in sheep. Recently, EU Parliament introduced the “Waste Framework Directive” (Directive 2008/98/EC) with the intent to promote the recycling and recovery of waste and by-products in order to obtain a secondary raw material. As describe in this directive a by-product is: a substance or object, resulting from a production process, the primary aim of which is not the production of that item. In this scenario is integrated the “zero waste economy” which is based on the circular economy concept. In this point of view waste can be used as new material to generate products. Nowadays, consumers are attentive to the healthiness and safety of animal products moreover, worldwide is generally accepted that industries generate a large amount of waste leading to a huge environmental impact. It is generally known that winery products contain considerable number of bioactive compounds mainly phenols with strong antioxidant activity, antimicrobial and anticancer activity, modulation of detoxification enzymes, activity on the immune system and modulation of hormone metabolism. Starting from this consideration this thesis is oriented to characterize two different oenological byproducts, wine lees and grape pomace, with the objective of extracting bioactive substances which can be used as supplements in sheep diet. This dissertation provides an in vitro overview of the immunomodulants properties of winery by-products extracts, so further researchers are required to evaluate their impact in vivo. The thesis is divided into three different trials. Winery by-products where collected at two local wineries: Cantine La Marchesa (Lucera, FG) and Cantine Pirro (Troia, FG), in order to support our economy, moreover the choice was made taking into account the vines processed in order to valorizate the Apulia Region production. The winery by-products chosen belong to local cultivar of Vitis Vinifera: Bombino and Trebbiano d’Abruzzo for white vinification (Cantine La Marchesa) and Nero di Troia for rosè and red vinification (Cantine Pirro). To operate in an “enviromentaly friendly” approach solvent and procedures were carefully chosen. In the first trial wine lees, classified as the residues remain at the bottom of recipients after wine production, were collected and submitted to extraction procedures in order to isolate bioactive compounds. The extraction of bioactive substances was conducted using a microwave assisted extraction (MAE) technique with low impact solvents such as water, ethanol and their mixture 1:1 and catalyser/no catalyser to increase the extraction yeald. In this experiment, three different wine lees from Bombino/Trebbiano d’Abruzzo in white vinifiaction and Nero di Troia in rosè and red vinification were submitted to MAE extraction operating at four different temperatures 50°C, 100°C, 150°C and 200°C then total phenols, antocians, flavonoids content and antioxidant capacity were assessed. MAE extracts were tested at 0.4 mg/mL and 0.8 mg/mL on in vitro PBMC proliferation and cytokines’ production. In addition, an apoptosis ELISA assay was done to measure the presence of pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic proteins in cells supernatants. Wine lees extracts were submitted to a GC-MS/MS to investigate the presence of further compounds such as 5-hydroxymetylfurfural. An enzymatic determination of sulphites and organic acids was done to excludes the impact of these substances on wine lees’ antioxidant capacity. Results from this in vitro trial demonstrates that wine lees extracts contain a different total phenols content depends on the type of extraction solvent: white wine lees contains more flavonoids while Rosè lees contains more antocians and ABTS+ ability was higher in Red lees in water extraction. Tests on PBMCs confirm the hypothesis that wine lees are able to affect sheep immune system, reporting a reduction of their proliferation with all wine lees extracts. Even though no significative variation of pro-inflammatory cytokines were found, anti-inflammatory IFN-γ and IL-10 result augmented when Nero di Troia red wine lees in water (ReW) were added to PBMC, demonstrating an immunostimulatory effect of this wine lees extract which can be associated to the high scavenging activity of this extract. From GC-MS/MS analysis in Nero di Troia red wine lees extracted in water results the precense of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) to whose is connected the high ABTS+ capacity. Moreover, 5-HMF affected the apoptotic pathway through the BCl2 protein family resulting in an increment of the level of pro-apoptotic Bax proteins. In the second trial, MAE’ wine lees extracts in water at 200°C from previous trial were further extracted in separating funnel then purified by flash liquid chromatography (FLC) and submitted to a GC-MS/MS analysis. Results from gas chromatography report the presence of a family of diketopiperazines in these wine lees fractions with a different isomers distribution in different fractions. Based on these results fractions were merged and then two fractions (F1 and F2) of each wine lees where chosen and tested on in vitro PBMCs at two concentration 0.4 mg/mL and 0.8 mg/mL. This trial consist of two experiments conducted at two different temperatures simulating condition of thermal stress (43°C) for 24 h and condition of normothermia (37°C) for 48 hours; proliferation assay and cytokines determination were done for both experiment and, in addition, a mitochondrial health assay was conducted on cells cultivated in heat stress condition with EVOS FL Cell Imaging System (Thermo Fisher) using the HCS Mitochondrial Health Kit (Invitrogen). Recent studies revealed that diketopiperazines have antioxidant, antiviral, antimicrobial and immunstimulants properties. Results from this second trial report a marked decrement of lymphomonocytes proliferation and cells viability in condition of normothermia even more accentuated in thermal stress conditions. As concern the cytokines pattern, in condition of normothermia a decrement of IL-6 was observed in supernatants of cells harvested with WhF1, RoF1 0.8, ReF1 0.8 and ReF2 while an increment of IL-10 was observed in presence of White wine lees F2. Differently, in condition of thermal stress at 43°C, IL-6 undergone a reduction when cells were stimulated with F2 of each wine lees and with ReF1 0.8 while at 39°C a decrement was registered with RoF1 0.8. IFN-γ level increase in presence of ReF2 0.8 when administered in condition of thermal stress demonstrating the capacity of this wine lees fraction to increase anti-inflammatory cytokines at the expense of pro-antiflammatory cytokines. Third trial focused on grape pomace which consist mainly in grape skin and seeds. Nero di Troia grape pomace were collected and submitted to MAE extraction with water, ethanol and water/ethanol 1:1 and catalyser/no catalyser at 50°C, 100°C, 150°C and 200°C and then total phenols, antocians and flavonoids content and antioxidant capacity were assessed. Grape pomace extracts were tested on in vitro PBMC of sheep during transition period. Blood where collected 15 days (t1), 7 days (t2) before lambing, at lambing (t3) and 7 days (t4) after lambing. Results demonstrate a different impact on PBMC proliferation depending on the types of extracts; PBMCs proliferation increase respect to CS at t3 and t4 except in presence of 200°C extracts in water at both concentrations and in ethanol at 0.8 mg/mL that undergone to a decrement. This result could be associated with an immunosuppressive role of these extracts. The level of IL-6 resulted higher at all time of experiment when cells were stimulated with grape pomace extracted in water/ethanol or in ethanol at 150 and 200°C respectively. At day of lambing and seven days after, it was registered an increment of the level of IL-10. This cytokine and the IL-6 resulted both higher in some extracts and this effect can be linked to the activation of the innate immune response. Lastly, in this trial the level of the anti-inflammatory IFN-ɣ was higher in cells harvested with ethanol and catalyser and ethanol extracts seven days after lambing. From the above consideration is possible to assert that the reuse of winery by-products is possible to obtain bioactive compounds useful in animal nutrition thanks to their immunomodulants capacity. To sum up, wine lees extracts can be used as immunostimolants and antioxidants and their purified fractions, as obtained in the second trial, are useful as chemotherapeutic and anti-inflammatory compounds. Lastely, grape pomace can be used as anti-inflammatory and immunomodulants even in condition of stress linked to the transition period. Further studies can be directed to in vivo experiment in order to better understand the immune impact of these extracts and fractions with the last aim of sustaining animal immune response and meanwhile reducing the environmental impact of oenological by-products.
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3

Fernández, Bravo Ana. "Epidemiology and pathogenic characterization of species of the genus Aeromonas." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/667146.

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El gènere Aeromonas inclou més de 32 espècies, algunes de les quals estan distribuïdes en el medi ambient i es consideren autòctones dels sistemes aquàtics. L'objectiu principal d'aquesta tesi va ser contribuir al millor coneixement de l'epidemiologia i la patogenicitat d'aquest gènere. En aquest treball s'ha investigat la presència d'Aeromonas en diferents mostres d'aigua demostrant que el mètode de floculació de llet desnatada utilitzat per a la detecció de virus sembla ser un bon mètode per a la detecció d'aquestes. A més, l'anàlisi d' A salmonicida, una espècie associada clàssicament amb malalties en peixos utilitzant un model de ratolí, va confirmar que aquesta espècie pot infectar mamífers amb diferents nivells de patogenicitat. Tenint en compte l'augment de les infeccions per Aeromonas en els últims anys, diferents col·laboracions amb hospitals universitaris s'han dut a terme. També es va demostrar que l'ús de MALDI-TOF per a la identificació d'Aeromonas aïllades de peixos era poc precisa a causa de les mancances a la base de dades. L'ús de genomes, la seva comparació i el desenvolupament de noves eines bioinformàtiques, va demostrar ser útil per entendre la potencial funció de les espècies en l'ambient. En aquesta tesi doctoral es va realitzat la caracterització de la metalochaperona HypA prèviament descrita en altres patògens, demostrant el paper en la tolerància a l'àcid de l'estómac i en la defensa d'Aeromonas contra macròfags. A més, s'ha demostrat el role de la toxina ExoA i el sistema de secreció tipus VI (SST6) en les infeccions mixtes que progressen en una fascitis necrotitzant, mitjançant l'estudi de soques aïllades d'un pacient d'Estats Units. Finalment,, un estudi de la defensa de monòcits humans contra Aeromonas es va dur a terme. Els resultats van demostrar una resposta immune espècie-específica, a més les espècies més prevalents en clínica presentaren una resposta més forta.
El género Aeromonas incluye más de 32 especies, algunas de las cuales están distribuidas en el medio ambiente y se consideran autóctonas de los sistemas acuáticos. El objetivo principal de esta tesis fue contribuir al mejor conocimiento de la epidemiología y la patogenicidad de este género. En este trabajo se ha investigado la presencia de Aeromonas en diferentes fuentes de agua demostrando que el método de floculación de leche desnatada utilizado para detección de virus parece ser un buen método para la detección de estas. Además, el análisis de A. salmonicida, una especie asociada clásicamente con enfermedades en peces utilizando un modelo de ratón, confirmó que esta especie puede infectar mamíferos con diferentes niveles de patogenicidad. Teniendo en cuenta el aumento de las infecciones por Aeromonas en los últimos años, se han llevado a cabo colaboraciones con hospitales. También se demostró que el uso de MALDI-TOF para la identificación de Aeromonas aisladas de peces era poco precisa debido a las carencias en la base de datos. El uso de genomas, su comparación y el desarrollo de nuevas herramientas bioinformáticas, demostró ser útil para entender la función de las especies. En esta tesis doctoral se llevó a cabo la caracterización de la metalochaperona HypA previamente descrita en otros patógenos, demostrando el rol en la tolerancia al ácido del estómago y en la defensa de Aeromonas contra macrófagos. Además, se ha demostrado el rol de la toxina ExoA y el sistema de secreción tipo VI (SST6) en las infecciones mixtas que progresan en una fascitis necrotizante, mediante el estudio de cepas aisladas de un paciente de Estados Unidos. Finalmente, un estudio de la defensa de monocitos humanos contra Aeromonas se llevó a cabo. Los resultados demostraron una respuesta immune especie-específica, siendo más fuerte en las especies más prevalentes en clínica.
The genus Aeromonas includes more than 32 species, some of which are distributed in the environment and are considered to be indigenous to aquatic systems. The main objective of this thesis was to contribute to a better knowledge of the epidemiology and pathogenicity of this genus. In this work we have investigated the presence of Aeromonas in different water sources demonstrating the method of skimmed milk flocculation used for virus detection, it seems to be a good method for the detection of these bacteria. In addition, the analysis of A. salmonicida, a species classically associated with fish diseases using an in vivo model, confirmed that this species can infect mammals with different levels of pathogenicity. Considering the increase of infections by Aeromonas in recent years, different collaborations with university hospitals have been carried out to investigated different cases . It was also shown that the use of MALDI-TOF for the identification of Aeromonas spp isolated from clinical cases and fish was not precise due to the deficiencies in the database. The use of genomes, their comparison and the development of new bioinformatic tools, proved to be useful to understand the potential function of A. lusitana and A. salmonicida in the environment. In this doctoral thesis the metallochaperone HypA previously described with role in tolerance to stomach acid in other pathogens was characterized and in the defense of Aeromonas against macrophages. In addition, the role of the ExoA toxin and the type VI secretion system (T6SS) in mixed infections that progress in a necrotizing fasciitis have been demonstrated, using several mutant strains. Finally, a study of the defense of human monocytes against Aeromonas was performed. The results showed a species-specific immune response, that was higher in the most prevalent clinical species.
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4

Diaz, Garrido Natalia. "Modulation of intestinal immune responses by microbiota-derived extracellular vesicles." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/673948.

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The gut microbiota establishes dynamic and complex interactions with the intestinal epithelium and the immune system. In this regard, commensal microbiota plays essential role in the development and maturation of the host immune system, which must learn to discriminate between commensal and pathogenic bacteria. Appropriate development of the immune system is crucial to maintain intestinal homeostasis. Microbiota-host communication does not involve direct intercellular contacts since the intestinal epithelium is protected by a mucus layer that segregates luminal microbes from host cells. Therefore, the gut microbiota mainly communicates with the host through the secretion of bacterial factors which can diffuse through the mucus layer and reach epithelial and immune cells of the intestinal mucosa. In addition to metabolites and soluble proteins, microbiota releases bacterial extracellular vesicles (BEVs) as a mechanism of intercellular communication. BEVs are membranous structures that act as a crucial mechanism for intra- and inter-kingdom communication, allowing long distance delivery of bacterial effectors. In particular, our group has reported numerous beneficial properties associated to microbiota-derived BEVs. Our model of study is Escherichia coli, a natural gut colonizer species, and particularly the probiotic E. coli Nissle 1917 (EcN) and commensal E. coli strains. However, deep knowledge of the immune regulatory mechanisms involved in the mediated effects has been poorly understood. Therefore, the main objective of this thesis was to study the molecular mechanisms used by the gut microbiota to modulate innate and adaptative immune responses and safeguard intestinal homeostasis. In our first study, we evaluated the ability of BEVs released by the probiotic EcN and commensal E. coli strains to modulate dendritic cell (DC) function and the subsequent Th cell effector responses (Chapter 1). The experimental approach consisted in an in vitro model of human monocyte-derived DCs (mo-DCs) co-cultivated with total human CD4+ T cells isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from healthy donors. The effects were evaluated by cytokine quantification and flow cytometry analysis of specific markers. Results showed that BEVs represent a mechanism used by gut resident microbiota to prime the innate immune system, activating DCs in a strain-specific manner. BEVs from commensal and probiotic E. coli strains elicit similar Th17/Th17/Th22 responses and mainly differ in their ability to induce Th1 and Treg responses. BEVs from the probiotic EcN exert complex immunomodulatory Th/Treg responses, consistent with the beneficial effects of this probiotic. In this context, EcN BEVs promote a strong Th1 response, a mechanism that may account for the protective effects of this probiotic against enteric virus. In contrast, the commensal ECOR12 (group A) secretes BEVs that mainly contribute to maintaining host tolerance against gut microbes by increasing Treg/Th17 balance and promoting Th22 response. However, vesicles from this commensal do not trigger proper Th1 responses. These results provide evidence on the specific immunomodulatory properties of BEVs from probiotic and commensal strains, and their collaborative role in the maintenance of intestinal homeostasis. Since gut-derived BEVs activate DCs in a strain-specific manner, we next wanted to investigate the regulatory mechanisms involved in these effects. To this end, we performed a miRNA deep sequencing approach trying to identify miRNAs differentially expressed in mo-DCs in response to BEVs from the probiotic EcN and the commensal ECOR12 strain (Chapter 2). Results indicated that the immunomodulatory properties of BEVs released by the probiotic EcN and the commensal ECOR12 in DCs are in part mediated through the regulation of miRNAs. The analysis revealed a common set of miRNAs modulated by BEVs from both strains. These miRNAs modulate basic biological processes, including metabolism, cell growth, and development. Importantly, some miRNAs such as miR-155, miR-let7i and miR-146a are related to DC activation and maturation, being involved in DC antigen-presenting functions, TLR signaling pathways, and release of inflammatory mediators. In addition, we identified a number of miRNAs that showed differential expression depending on the bacterial strain. Some of them were related with immune function and their differential expression was in accordance with the cytokine profile and derived specific Th responses described in the previous chapter. In this context, BEVs from the probiotic EcN trigger upregulation of miR-29a, and consequently reduce the expression of its target IDO2. This regulatory mechanism is compatible with the weaker tolerogenic responses induced by EcN BEVs in comparison to ECOR12 BEVs. In contrast, ECOR12- derived BEVs trigger upregulation of miR-146b, miR-125a, and miR-125b-99b-let7e cluster. The differential upregulation of these miRNAs that attenuate the inflammatory response by targeting IL-12, IFN-γ, and TNF-α and proteins of TLR signaling pathways may contribute to the anti-inflammatory/tolerogenic action of ECOR12 BEVs. Taken together, these results indicate that differential regulation of miRNAs by BEVs is one of the mechanisms used by the gut microbiota to train the immune system and help to preserve intestinal homeostasis. In addition to physical cell-to-cell contacts, DCs communicate with neighbouring T cells through secreted mediators that include cytokines and extracellular vesicles (EVs) such as exosomes. To get new insights into the mechanisms that mediate activation of T cell responses by BEV-stimulated DCs, in the third section we focused on DC-secreted factors. In particular, we evaluated the ability of DCs activated by EcN and ECOR12 BEVs to release cytokines and exosomes that distinctly influence derived CD4+ T cell responses (Chapter 3). We set up two cellular models to mimic the communication between DCs and T cells (i) Direct model, in which activated mo-DCs and naïve CD4+ T cells are co-cultured together in the same plate, and therefore can stablish physical interaction (ii) Indirect model using Transwell permeable supports, in which DC and T cells only communicate through released factors. Quantification of secreted cytokines revealed indirect communication between activated DCs and naïve CD4+ T cells despite the absence of direct cellular contacts. Similar T effector responses were observed in both models, although levels of secreted cytokines were lower in the indirect co-culture model. The main differences between bacterial strains also affected the Th1 and Treg responses. Moreover, characterization of DC-derived exosomes by Cryo-transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) revealed no significant differences in the amount, size, or structure between EVs produced by immature DCs or BEV-stimulated DCs. Next, we analysed whether microbiota vesicles could influence the functional properties and cargo of DC-derived exosomes. The results revealed that activation of mo-DCs by microbiota BEVs leads to significant changes in the exosomal content of costimulatory molecules and miRNAs compared to non-treated immature DCs. In this context, exosomes derived from BEV- activated DCs contain the typical exosome markers and are enriched in costimulatory molecules CD86, CD44, CD40, and MHC-II that are involved in antigen presentation, T cell activation or proliferation. Concerning their miRNA cargo, quantification of immune-related miRNAs in exosomes derived from BEV-stimulated DCs evidenced distinct miRNA profile depending whether DCs were stimulated with EcN or ECOR12 BEVs. These differences showed good correlation with their differential expression in DCs (Chapter 2) and are in accordance with the elicited Th responses elicited. Particularly, miRNAs that drive tolerogenic and anti-inflammatory profiles (miR-146b, miR-125a, miR-125b and miR-24) are increased in exosomes derived from DCs stimulated with ECOR12. In conclusion, data presented in this thesis show that BEVs released by microbiota E. coli strains modulate host immune responses to preserve the intestinal balance. BEVs deliver bacterial effectors that drive DCs to coordinate appropriate T cell responses through several mechanisms that include regulation of miRNA expression and differential release of immune mediators through exosomes.
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Julià, Manresa Marc. "Receptores del sistema inmunitario innato (Toll-like receptors y receptores de la Fc-gamma) y adaptativo (CD5 y CD6) como factores de susceptibilidad, modificadores de la enfermedad y respuesta al tratamiento biológico en psoriasis." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/668023.

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La psoriasis es una enfermedad inflamatoria crónica inmunomediada principalmente cutánea caracterizada por la presencia de placas eritematodescamativas en zonas de extensión y cuero cabelludo. En su fisiopatogenia se implican múltiples componentes tanto al sistema inmunitario innato como adaptativo. En esta Tesis Doctoral, se presentan 4 trabajos originales en los que se analiza el impacto de distintos polimorfismos genéticos de receptores del sistema inmunitario innato (receptores toll-like y de la Fc-gamma) y de sistema inmunitario adaptativo (CD5 y CD6) como factores modificadores del fenotipo, de susceptibilidad a la enfermedad y de respuesta al tratamiento de la psoriasis. Además, se aportan las primeras evidencias experimentales in vivo e in vitro de la implicación del receptor linfocítico CD6 en la fisiopatogenia de la enfermedad.
Psoriasis is a chronic immuno-mediated inflammatory cutaneous disease characterized by the presence of erythematous and desquamative plaques tipically appearing in extension areas and the scalp. In its pathophysiology, multiple components of both the innate and adaptive immune system have been implicated. In this Doctoral Thesis, 4 original studies are presented analyzing different genetic polymorphisms of receptors belonging to both the innate (toll-like and Fc-gamma receptors) and adaptive immune system (CD5 and CD6) as potential factors that modify the phenotype, the susceptibility and the response to treatment in psoriasis. In addition, the first in vivo and in vitro experimental evidences of the involvement of CD6 lymphocyte receptor in psoriasis are provided.
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Andrés, Rodríguez Laura. "Caracterització del perfil immunoinflamatori i efectes del Mindfulness en pacients amb fibromiàlgia." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/670329.

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Introducció: La Fibromiàlgia (FM) és una síndrome que cursa amb dolor musculoesquelètic generalitzat i crònic, hiperalgèsia i al·lodínia, rigidesa muscular, fatiga, trastorns del son i presenta un alt percentatge de patologies concomitants, un 84% dels casos a Espanya. L’impacte de la FM en la vida diària acostuma a ser sever i afecta a molts nivells del dia a dia. Un dels principals problemes de la recerca i la pràctica clínica relacionades amb la FM és la falta de marcadors diagnòstics; en aquesta tesi doctoral es buscarà definir el perfil immunitari de les persones amb FM, i se n’estudiarà el paper en la fisiopatologia i el manteniment dels símptomes de la FM. D’altra banda, malauradament a dia d’avui no hi ha cap tractament curatiu per a la FM. Les guies de tractament de la FM coincideixen a recomanar intervencions multidisciplinàries i multicomponent dirigides a abordar la simptomatologia concreta de cada pacient. Dins de les intervencions psicològiques, les intervencions basades en Mindfulness (MBIs) estan resultant en una millora de la qualitat de vida i una reducció del deteriorament funcional associat a la malaltia. Concretament, la Reducció d’Estrès Basada en Mindfulness (MBSR), afegida al tractament habitual, està tenint resultats molt bons en la millora de la severitat de la FM i dels símptomes associats. Objectius: Aquesta tesi es planteja en dos blocs, el primer se centra en caracteritzar el perfil immunològic de la FM mitjançant dos estudis. El primer és un estudi de casos i controls on es comparen els perfils immunològics de les pacients amb FM vs. un grup de dones sanes, tenint en compte possibles variables de confusió en els nivells de marcadors inflamatoris en sang; i el segon una metaanàlisi, on es busca contrastar els resultats obtinguts en el primer estudi tenint en compte el conjunt de les dades publicades fins al moment. En el segon bloc de la tesi, el focus es posarà en conèixer quin efecte pot tenir una intervenció basada en mindfulness en la qualitat de vida i els marcadors immunitaris de les pacients amb FM. Conclusions: Les persones amb FM presenten un perfil immunològic característic respecte de les persones que no pateixen la síndrome, diferència que es manté quan es tenen en compte les variables de confusió. Aquest perfil immunitari es caracteritza per una anòmala regulació a l’alça dels fenotips IRS i CIRS. Hem vist que valors més baixos d’IL-10 estan significativament relacionats amb el diagnòstic de FM, alhora que nivells baixos dels marcadors immunes IL-6, IL-10 i CXCL-8 ajuden a la predicció del nivell de dolor crònic d’aquestes pacients. El programa d’MBSR, ha estat eficaç per reduir la simptomatologia clínica, la severitat, l’afectació funcional, la simptomatologia depressiva i l’estrès percebut en pacients amb FM. Més enllà de les mesures d’autoinforme, l’MBSR ha mantingut estables els nivell d’IL-10, indicant una potencial capacitat de regulació de les alteracions immunitàries de la FM. Addicionalment, hem observat una relació entre nivells basals més elevats de CXCL-8 i una resposta de menor eficàcia al tractament MBSR, en especial en la millora del dolor. Alhora, hem trobat una associació similar entre nivells basals més elevats dels índex IL-6/IL-10 i CXCL-8/IL-10, i una menor millora de la inflexibilitat psicològica després de la intervenció d’MBSR. Els resultats d’aquesta tesi aporten nova informació respecte del perfil immunitari de les persones que pateixen de FM, i el potencial que té l’MBSR com a intervenció coadjuvant.
Introducción: La Fibromialgia (FM) es un síndrome que cursa con dolor musculoesquelético generalizado y crónico, hiperalgesia y alodinia, rigidez muscular, fatiga, trastornos del sueño y presenta un alto porcentaje de patologías concomitantes, en un 84% de los casos en España. El impacto de la FM en el día a día suele ser severo y afecta a muchos niveles. Uno de los principales problemas de la investigación y la práctica clínica relacionadas con la FM es la ausencia de marcadores diagnósticos. En esta tesis doctoral se buscará definir el perfil inmunitario de las personas con FM, y se estudiará el papel en la fisiopatología y el mantenimiento de los síntomas de la FM. Por otro lado, a día de hoy no existe ningún tratamiento curativo para la FM. Las guías de tratamiento de la FM coinciden en recomendar intervenciones multidisciplinarias y multicomponente dirigidas a abordar la sintomatología concreta de cada paciente. Dentro de las intervenciones psicológicas, las intervenciones basadas en Mindfulness (MBIs) están resultando en una mejora de la calidad de vida y una reducción del deterioro funcional asociado a la enfermedad. Concretamente, la Reducción de Estrés Basada en Mindfulness (MBSR), añadida al tratamiento habitual, está teniendo buenos resultados en la mejora de la severidad de la FM y los síntomas asociados. Objetivos: Esta tesis se plantea en dos bloques, el primero se centra en caracterizar el perfil inmunológico de la FM mediante dos estudios. El primero es un estudio de casos y controles donde se comparan los perfiles inmunológicos de las pacientes con FM vs. un grupo de mujeres sanas, teniendo en cuenta posibles variables de confusión en los niveles de marcadores inflamatorios en sangre; y el segundo un metaanálisis, donde se busca contrastar los resultados obtenidos en el primer estudio teniendo en cuenta el conjunto de los datos publicados hasta el momento. En el segundo bloque de la tesis, el foco se pondrá en conocer qué efecto puede tener una intervención basada en mindfulness en la calidad de vida y los marcadores inmunitarios de las pacientes con FM. Conclusiones: Las personas con FM presentan un perfil inmunológico característico respecto de las personas que no padecen el síndrome, diferencia que se mantiene cuando se tienen en cuenta las variables de confusión. Este perfil inmunitario se caracteriza por una anómala regulación al alza de los fenotipos IRS y CIRS. Hemos visto que valores más bajos de IL-10 están significativamente relacionados con el diagnóstico de FM, al tiempo que niveles bajos de los marcadores inmunes IL-6, IL-10 y CXCL-8 ayudan a la predicción del nivel de dolor crónico de estas pacientes. El programa de MBSR ha sido eficaz para reducir la sintomatología clínica, la severidad, la afectación funcional, la sintomatología depresiva y el estrés percibido en pacientes con FM. Más allá de las medidas de autoinforme, el MBSR ha mantenido estables los niveles de IL-10, indicando una potencial capacidad de regulación de las alteraciones inmunitarias de la FM. Adicionalmente, hemos observado una relación entre niveles basales más elevados de CXCL-8 y una respuesta de menor eficacia en el tratamiento MBSR, en especial en la mejora del dolor. Asimismo, hemos encontrado una asociación similar entre niveles basales más elevados de los índices IL-6 / IL-10 y CXCL-8 / IL-10, y una menor mejora de la inflexibilidad psicológica tras la intervención de MBSR. Los resultados de esta tesis aportan nueva información respecto del perfil inmunitario de las personas que sufren de FM, y el potencial que tiene el MBSR como intervención coadyuvante.
Introduction: Fibromyalgia (FM) is a chronic pain syndrome characterized by musculoskeletal pain, coupled with fatigue, stiffness, disordered sleep, perceived cognitive dysfunction, and mood disturbances. FM affects around 1.78% of worldwide population, and around 2.4% of Spanish population. Additionally, a high percentage of FM patients (84% in Spain) presents comorbid pathologies. FM impact on everyday life of patients who suffer it is usually severe and affects at multiple levels. One of the main problems in research and clinical practice related to FM is the lack of biomarkers for diagnose. The main aims of this thesis is to define the immune profile of people with FM, and to study the its role on the physiopathology and maintenance of FM symptomatology. Additionally, there are no curative treatments for FM. However, evidence-based guidelines on the treatment of FM agree on the recommendations of multidisciplinary and multicomponent interventions directed towards the specific symptomatology of each individual patient. Within psychological interventions, Mindfulness Based Interventions (MBIs), and specifically Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) are arising as promising interventions to accomplish a better quality of life, and a lesser impairment in functionality associated to FM. Objectives: This thesis is presented in two sections, the first is focused on determining the immunological differences between FM and CS through two studies. The first is a case-control study compares the immunological profiles of patients with FM vs a group of healthy women, controlling by cofounding variables; the second one is a meta-analysis, which seeks to contrast the results obtained in the first study considering the published data so far. In the second block of the thesis, the focus is on the mindfulness effects in clinical severity and the immune system of patients with FM. Conclusions FM patients present a characteristic immune-inflammatory profile, different from persons without the syndrome. These differences are maintained even after controlling by cofounding variables. This immune profile presents an anomalous upregulation of the IRS/CIRS phenotypes. Lower levels of IL-10 seem to be significantly related with the FM diagnose, while lower levels of IL-6, IL-10 and CXCL-8 contribute to the prediction of the chronic pain levels of these patients. MBSR is an effective intervention to reduce clinical symptomatology, severity, functional impairment, depressive symptomatology and perceived stress in patients with FM. Additionally, MBSR intervention had a significant effect on IL-10, since its levels decreased in the treatment as usual group, but not after MBSR, suggesting a potential effect of the intervention on the immune regulation in patients with FM. MBSR efficacy on reducing perceived pain was buffered when FM patients presented higher basal levels of CXCL-8. At the same time, there was a similar association between higher levels of IL-6/IL-10 and CXCL-8/IL-10 and less improvement in psychological inflexibility after MBSR. The results of this thesis provide new information regarding the immune profile of people suffering from FM, and the potential of MBSR as an adjuvant intervention.
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Grases, Pintó Blanca. "Influència de la leptina i l’adiponectina sobre el sistema immunitari de rates lactants nascudes a terme i a preterme." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/667433.

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Els nounats neixen amb un sistema immunitari immadur, que es desenvolupa durant les primeres etapes de la vida. Aquesta immaduresa és més acusada en nadons prematurs. La llet materna conté nombrosos factors bioactius, com ara les adipocines (leptina i adiponectina). Encara que aquestes adipocines intervenen en el control dels sistemes endocrí i metabòlic, en les últimes dècades s'ha descrit que també tenen propietats immunomoduladores en adults. Tot i així, no existeixen estudis relatius a l’efecte d’aquestes adipocines sobre la resposta immunitària en les primeres etapes de vida. En base a aquestes premisses, l’objectiu de la present tesi ha estat establir la influència de la suplementació amb leptina o adiponectina en la maduració del sistema immunitari sistèmic i intestinal en rates lactants nascudes a terme i a preterme. Per assolir la primera part del objectiu, es van suplementar diàriament amb leptina o adiponectina rates Wistar nascudes a terme durant el període de lactància. Pel que fa al sistema immunitari sistèmic, la suplementació amb adipocines va ser capaç de modificar el patró d’immunoglobulines plasmàtiques, incrementant els isotips IgM i els d’IgG relacionats amb la resposta Th2. A més, la composició limfòcitaria de la melsa i la secreció de citocines van ser influïdes també per la suplementació amb adipocines, sense afectar la seva capacitat proliferativa. En el cas del sistema immunitari intestinal, la suplementació amb adipocines va produir canvis en la producció de citocines i també en la composició dels limfòcits dels compartiments inductor i efector del teixit limfoide associat a l'intestí. A més, l’adiponectina va ser capaç de potenciar la proliferació de limfòcits de ganglis limfàtics mesentèrics. La suplementació amb adipocines també va canviar l'expressió de diversos gens implicats en la resposta immunitària innata i la maduració intestinal i va modificar la composició de la microbiota intestinal reduint l'abundància del fílum Proteobacteria. D’altra banda s’ha avaluat la influència de la leptina, en condicions de prematuritat. Per tal d’assolir l’objectiu, es va establir un model de rata prematura, degut a que actualment no s’ha descrit cap model de rosegadors en condicions de prematuritat, on s’estudiï la maduració del sistema immunitari. Les rates prematures, nascudes per cesària, van mostrar canvis en diversos biomarcadors de la immunitat innata i adaptativa. En base a aquest model, es va suplementar rates Wistar prematures amb leptina durant els primers 17 dies de vida. Els resultats van mostrar que la suplementació diària amb leptina va ser capaç de contrarestar parcialment algunes de les alteracions produïdes per la prematuritat, com ara els canvis en l'activitat fagocítica dels monòcits, les concentracions plasmàtiques d’Ig, la permeabilitat intestinal, la grandària de la cèl·lula Goblet i l’expressió de certs gens intestinals. Globalment, els resultats obtinguts en aquesta tesi han demostrat que la suplementació amb leptina i adiponectina durant la lactància promou la maduració del sistema immunitari sistèmic i intestinal en rates nascudes a terme, modulant la resposta immunitària en les primeres etapes de vida. En el cas de la leptina, aquest efecte també s’ha observat en condicions de prematuritat.
Neonates are born with an immature immune system, which develops during the first stages of life. This early immaturity is more acute in preterm newborns. Breast milk contains numerous bioactive factors, such as adipokines (leptin and adiponectin). It has been described that they also have immunomodulatory properties. However, little is known about their effects in the development of the immune system in early life. On this basis, the aim of the present thesis was to establish the influence of a supplementation with leptin and adiponectin on the maturation of the systemic and intestinal immune system in term and preterm suckling rats. To achieve this goal, neonate Wistar rats born at term were daily supplemented with leptin or adiponectin throughout the suckling period. Regarding the systemic immune system, adipokine supplementation was able to modify the plasma immunoglobulin (Ig) pattern. Moreover, spleen lymphocyte composition and cytokine secretion were influenced by adipokine supplementations, without affecting their proliferative ability. In the case of the intestinal immune system, adipokine supplementations produced changes in cytokine production and also in the lymphocyte composition of both the inductor and effector compartments of the gut-associated lymphoid tissue. Furthermore, adiponectin was able to enhance the proliferation of lymphocytes from mesenteric lymph nodes. Adipokine supplementation also changed the expression of genes involved in the innate immune response and intestinal maturation and modified the microbiota composition. To accomplish the second part of the goal – evaluate the influence of one of the adipokines in premature conditions− a preterm rat model was established. Preterm rats, born by a Caesarean, showed affectation in several biomarkers of innate and adaptive immunity. Using this model, premature rats were supplemented with leptin during the first 17 days of life. Results showed that leptin supplementation was able to counteract some of the alterations produced by prematurity, such as the changes in phagocytic activity of monocytes, plasma Ig concentrations, intestinal permeability, goblet cell size and the expression of particular intestinal genes. Overall, leptin and adiponectin supplementation during suckling promote the systemic and the intestinal immune system maturation in rats born at term. In the case of leptin, this effect was also demonstrated in preterm conditions.
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Massot, Cladera Malen. "Efecte dels components bioactius del cacau sobre la microbiota i el sistema immunitari intestinal de rata." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/361098.

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En els últims anys ha crescut considerablement l’interès per descobrir aliments naturals funcionals amb propietats beneficioses per a l’hoste. En aquest sentit, el cacau ha passat a ser un dels principals subjectes d’estudi pel seu contingut en flavonoides. Són molts els estudis que associen la ingesta de cacau amb efectes beneficiosos sobre la salut. A més, se li han atribuït propietats immunomoduladores en rata. En base a aquests efectes descrits, l’objectiu d’aquesta Tesi Doctoral va ser establir l’efecte de dietes enriquides amb cacau, flavonoides del cacau i fibra de cacau sobre la microbiota intestinal així com sobre la funció immunitària intestinals. Per tal d’assolir aquests objectius, s’han portat a terme estudis preclínics en rata amb una dieta enriquida amb cacau convencional al 10%, dietes elaborades a partir de dos extractes de cacau no fermentats i una dieta amb fibra de cacau. Pel que fa als resultats de microbiota, es va observar diferent patró de composició després de la intervenció nutricional amb les dietes enriquides amb flavonoides del cacau però únicament la dieta de fibra de cacau va mostrar un efecte prebiòtic al promoure el creixement dels gèneres Bifidobacterium i Lactobacillus. A més, la dieta de fibra de cacau va comportar els canvis més pronunciats en la producció d’AGCC en femtes i contingut cecal. Particularment, va augmentar la concentració a nivell fecal i cecal dels àcids acètic, propiònic i butíric. A més, les dietes de cacau i fibra de cacau van modular de forma diferencial l’expressió gènica de TLR en còlon. Quant a les immunoglobulines en el compartiment mucosal, totes les dietes enriquides amb polifenols del cacau van modular la secreció d’IgA intestinal, tot i que de forma no proporcional al seu contingut en flavonoides. La fibra de cacau, depenent del compartiment intestinal estudiat, va exercir un efecte o un altre. Pel que fa al compartiment extraintestinal, tot i que la dieta de fibra de cacau va mostrar el mateix efecte atenuador de la síntesi d’IgA i d’IgM que la dieta de cacau, el mecanisme d’acció va ser diferent. A més, totes les dietes enriquides amb flavonoides del cacau, van disminuir la seva proporció de bacteris fecals units a IgA independentment del seu contingut en flavonoides, mentre que aquest percentatge va incrementar amb la dieta de fibra de cacau. Únicament la dieta al 10% de cacau provoca un alentiment en la corba ponderal. Aquest efecte es correlaciona amb els canvis produïts en la microbiota i es pot associar amb la modificació de l’expressió en còlon dels gens implicats en el metabolisme lipídic. Pel que fa al perfil metabòlic en orina, les dietes de cacau i fibra de cacau van provocar patrons diferencials, els quals poden ser usats com a marcadors d’ingesta. El perfil metabòlic es correlacionen amb els efectes del cacau sobre el pes corporal, amb les hormones metabòliques, amb la immunitat intestinal i amb la composició de la microbiota. A més, aquestes variables també mostren correlació entre si. Els efectes del cacau són el resultat de la suma del efectes del components bioactius present en el cacau: polifenols i fibra de cacau, els quals exerceixen efectes sinèrgics o bé contraris depenent de la variable estudiada. Altres components del cacau també estan involucrats en aquests efectes.
In the last few years, cocoa has become one of the main subjects of study due to its high content in flavonoids. Several studies have associated the cocoa intake with health benefits. Moreover, immunomodulatory properties in rats have been also attributed to cocoa. On this basis, the aim of the present thesis was to establish the impact of diets enriched with cocoa, cocoa flavonoids or cocoa fiber on the fecal microbiota composition and its activity as well as on the immune function in the gut. To achieve this objective, preclinical studies were carried out in rats fed a 10% conventional cocoa-enriched diet, diets elaborated with different amounts of non- fermented cocoa extracts and cocoa fiber diet. Regarding microbiota results, differential composition pattern was observed after all the experimental diets intake but only the cocoa fiber diet increased the Bifidobacterium spp. and Lactobacillus spp. proportion. In addition, the cocoa fiber diet was the one which caused the most pronounced changes in the short chain fatty acids (SCFA) production. Particularly, it increased the cecal and fecal concentration of acetic, propionic and butyric acids. Moreover, both the 10%-cocoa diet and cocoa fiber diets differentially modulated the TLR gene expression in the colon. Concerning the mucosal immunoglobulin production, all cocoa polyphenol-enriched diets modulated the intestinal IgA secretion although this effect was not proportional to their flavonoid content. The cocoa fiber diet also exerted an effect on intestinal IgA secretion but in a different way depending on the compartment. Focusing on the extraintestinal compartment, although the cocoa fiber diet showed the same down- modulatory effect on IgA and IgM secretion as the cocoa diet, its mechanisms were different. In addition, all cocoa flavonoid-enriched diets decreased IgA-coated bacteria proportion in a non-dose dependent manner whereas this percentage increased by the cocoa fiber intake The 10% cocoa diet was the only one that caused a slower body weight gain. This effect is correlated with the microbiota modulation. The change induced by cocoa diet on the expression of genes involved in the lipid metabolism in the colon could be also involved. Regarding the urinary metabolites, the cocoa and the coca fiber diets caused differential metabolic profile that can be used as consumption marker. The metabolic fingerprint correlated well with the body weight, the metabolic hormones, the intestinal immunity and the microbiota composition. Moreover, all these variables showed also an association between them. Therefore, the effects produced by cocoa intake are due to the differential effects caused by each one of its main bioactive compounds - polyphenols and fiber - which act in a synergistic or opposite manner depending on the variable. Other cocoa compounds are also involved in such effects.
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9

Corral, Pujol Marta. "Estudis de la Resposta Immunitària en els contextos d'Autoimmunitat i Immunitat Tumoral: models de Diabetis Tipus 1 i Melanoma Cutani." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Lleida, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/673097.

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La funció del sistema immunitari és eliminar qualsevol agent infecciós o cèl·lula danyada, propocionant una protecció a llarg termini contra aquests. A més a més, disposa de diferents mecanismes de selecció i tolerància per tal de controlar als limfòcits autoreactius. Defectes en la regulació d’aquests mecanismes poden donar lloc a l’aparició de malalties autoimmunitàries com la Diabetis Tipus 1 (T1D), la qual es caracteritza per la destrucció selectiva de les cèl·lules β pancreàtiques. Malgrat aquestes són la principal diana de l’atac autoimmunitari, no són la única. Alteracions en les neurones sensorials aferents que innerven el pàncrees i que tenen els seus cossos cel·lulars als ganglis dorsals raquidis (DRG), s’han relacionat amb el desenvolupament de la T1D. En el present treball, es va realitzar un anàlisi de l’expressió de ARNm en cèl·lules dels DRG que demostra la presència d’alteracions funcionals en aquest tipus cel·lular, avalant la hipòtesi que la T1D és una malaltia multisistèmica i que, entre el conjunt de cèl·lules afectades per l’atac autoimmunitari, s’hi podrien trobar també les cèl·lules dels DRG. Aquestes presenten un conjunt d’alteracions en l’expressió de diverses proteïnes que podrien generar una resposta autoimmunitària contra autoantígens tant del Sistema Nerviós Perifèric com de les cèl·lules β. Algunes d’aquestes alteracions es van veure també en leucòcits de sang perifèrica, esdevenint possibles biomarcadors de susceptibilitat a desenvolupar T1D. Tot i així, caldria fer més estudis per tal de comprendre el paper d’aquesta neurodegeneració en el desenvolupament de la T1D així com per determinar quin o quins gens podrien ser bons biomarcadors per a detectar pacients susceptibles a desenvolupar T1D. Paral·lelament als estudis de les cèl·lules dels DRG, en el transcurs de l’estudi del paper de la periferina com a autoantigen en la T1D, es va veure que un dels pèptids derivats d’aquesta molècula (DIF-P) estimulava la producció de citocines proinflamatòries per part dels monòcits i induïa la mort de diversos tipus cel·lulars. A més a més, aquestes propietats funcionals es trobaven alterades quan es modificava el pèptid amb una cua de 3 lisines (DIF-P3K) o de 8 arginines (DIF-P8R), probablement degut a que aquestes cues d’aminoàcids els converteixen en pèptids penetrants cel·lulars (CPPs) que permeten la seva millor internalització. Donades les propietats citotòxiques i immunoestimuladores de DIFP, DIF-P3K i DIF-P8R, es va decidir fer un salt als estudis in vivo per tal d’estudiar el seu potencial com a agents immunterapèutics contra el càncer. Els diversos estudis in vivo realitzats fins al moment demostren l’activitat antitumoral dels pèptids DIF en els models de melanoma i mastocitoma, indicant el seu ús potencial en el tractament de càncer humà, ja sigui com a agents citostàtics i/o immunoterapèutics, i d'aquesta manera passar a formar part de l'arsenal terapèutic d'aquesta malaltia.
La función del sistema inmunitario es eliminar cualquier agente infeccioso o célula dañada, propocionando una protección a largo plazo contra estos. Además, dispone de diferentes mecanismos de selección y tolerancia para controlar a los linfocitos autorreactivos. Defectos en la regulación de estos mecanismos pueden dar lugar a la aparición de enfermedades autoinmunes como la Diabetes Tipo 1 (T1D), que se caracteriza por la destrucción selectiva de las células β pancreáticas. A pesar de que éstas son la principal diana del ataque autoinmunitario, no son la única. Alteraciones en las neuronas sensoriales aferentes que inervan el páncreas y que tienen sus cuerpos celulares en los ganglios dorsales raquídeos (DRG), se han relacionado con el desarrollo de la T1D. En el presente trabajo, se realizó un análisis de la expresión de ARNm en células de los DRG que demuestra la presencia de alteraciones funcionales en este tipo celular, avalando la hipótesis de que la T1D es una enfermedad multisistémica y que, entre el conjunto de células afectadas por el ataque autoinmunitario, se podrían encontrar también las células de los DRG. Estas presentan un conjunto de alteraciones en la expresión de varias proteínas que podrían generar una respuesta autoinmune contra autoantígenos tanto del Sistema Nervioso Periférico como de las células β. Algunas de estas alteraciones se observaron también en leucocitos de sangre periférica, convirtiéndose en posibles biomarcadores de susceptibilidad a desarrollar T1D. Sin embargo, habría que hacer más estudios para comprender el papel de esta neurodegeneración en el desarrollo de la T1D así como para determinar qué genes podrían ser buenos biomarcadores para detectar pacientes susceptibles a desarrollar T1D. Paralelamente a los estudios de las células de los DRG, en el transcurso del estudio del papel de la periferina como autoantígeno en la T1D, se vió que uno de los péptidos derivados de esta molécula (DIF-P) estimulaba la producción de citoquinas proinflamatorias por parte de los monocitos e inducía la muerte de distintos tipos celulares. Además, estas propiedades funcionales estaban alteradas cuando se modificaba el péptido con una cola de 3 lisinas (DIF-P3K) o de 8 argininas (DIF-P8R), probablemente debido a que estas colas de aminoácidos los convertían en péptidos penetrantes celulares (CPPs) y permitían su mejor internalización. Dadas las propiedades citotóxicas y inmunoestimuladoras de DIF-P, DIF-P3K y DIF-P8R, se decidió dar un salto a los estudios in vivo para estudiar su potencial como agentes immunterapéuticos contra el cáncer. Los diferentes estudios in vivo realizados hasta el momento demuestran la actividad antitumoral de los péptidos DIF en los modelos de melanoma y mastocitoma, indicando su uso potencial en el tratamiento de cáncer humano, ya sea como agentes citostáticos y/o inmunoterapéuticos, y de este modo pasar a formar parte del arsenal terapéutico de esta enfermedad.
The main function of the immune system is to eliminate any infectious agents or damaged cells, providing long-term protection against them. Moreover, it has different selection and tolerance mechanisms in order to control self-reactive lymphocytes. Defects in the regulation of these mechanisms can lead to the onset of autoimmune diseases such as Type 1 Diabetes (T1D), which is characterized by the selective destruction of pancreatic β cells. Although these cells are the main target of the autoimmune attack, they are not the only one. Alterations in the afferent sensory neurons innervating the pancreas and having their cell bodies in the Dorsal Root Ganglia (DRG) have been linked to T1D development. In the present study, we performed an analysis of mRNA expression in DRG that demonstrates the presence of functional alterations in this cell type, supporting the hypothesis that T1D is a multisystemic disease and that DRG cells can be found among the set of cells affected by the autoimmune attack. These cells present a set of alterations in the expression of various proteins that could generate an autoimmune response against autoantigens of both the Peripheral Nervous System and β cells. Some of these alterations were also found in peripheral blood leukocytes, suggesting their possible role as biomarkers of susceptibility to develope T1D. However, further studies are needed to better understand the role of this neurodegeneration in the development of T1D as well as to determine which genes could be good biomarkers for detecting patients susceptible to develope T1D. In parallel with the DRG cells studies, in the course of the study of the role of peripherin as an autoantigen in T1D, it was seen that one of the peptides derived from this molecule (DIF-P) stimulated the production of proinflammatory cytokines by monocytes as well as inducing the death of various cell types. In addition, these functional properties were altered when the peptide was modified with a 3-lysine (DIF-P3K) or 8-arginine (DIF-P8R) tail, probably because these amino acid tails turn them into Cell Penetrating Peptides (CPPs) allowing for better internalization. Given the cytotoxic and immunostimulatory properties of DIF-P, DIF-P3K, and DIF-P8R, it was decided to make a leap into in vivo studies to study their potential as immunotherapeutic agents against cancer. The different in vivo studies performed so far demonstrate the antitumor activity of DIF peptides in the models of melanoma and mastocytoma, indicating their potential use in the treatment of human cancer, either as cytostatic and/or immunotherapeutic agents, and this way become part of the therapeutic arsenal of this disease.
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Galiano, Landeira Jordi. "Etiopathogenic relevance of CD8+ T cells in Parkinson’s disease." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/673969.

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Diferents estudis han assenyalat la importància del sistema immunitari adaptatiu en la etiopatogènia de la malaltia de Parkinson (PD). La infiltració de limfòcits T s’ha descrit tant en models animals com en teixit postmortem humà. Alguns autors han proposat les modificacions post-traduccionals de l’α-sinucleïna com a possible antigen que indueix la resposta immunitària adaptativa. Per tant, l’objectiu principal d’aquesta tesi va ser determinar si els limfòcits T participen en l’inici i la progressió de la PD. A més, volíem saber si l’α-sinucleïna es comportava com un neoantigen. Vam analitzar i caracteritzar fenotípicament els limfòcits T que infiltren la substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) en teixit postmortem humà en diferents etapes de la malaltia. Teixit de PD i casos incidental de cossos de Lewy (iLBD), els quals són considerats un estadi inicial pre-motor de la malaltia, van ser analitzats. Vam estudiar la relació entre la infiltració de limfòcits T amb la mort de neurones dopaminèrgiques i la sinucleinopatia, dos pedres angulars de la malaltia. Vam detectar una infiltració bifàsica de limfòcits T citotòxics CD8+ (CTL) a la SNpc. Inesperadament, el primer i més important pic es produeix quan la sinucleinopatia i la mort dopaminèrgica no estan establerts. La infiltració de CTL es redueix un cop la sinucleinopatia i la mort dopaminèrgica comencen. La infiltració de CTL torna a augmentar en casos de PD on la densitat de limfòcits T CD8+ correlaciona amb la mort neuronal. Resultats semblants van ser obtinguts en un altra àrea cerebral afectada en la PD com és ara el locus coeruleus (LC). El fet que els CTLs fessin contacte amb neurones dopaminèrgiques i correlacionessin amb la seva pèrdua, suggereix un possible rol en la mort dopaminèrgica. Per anar més enllà, vam detectar que els CTLs expressaven maquinària citotòxica com ara granzims i interferó-g. La infiltració de CTLs granzims+ a la SNpc estava augmentada en casos iLBD indicant una resposta immunitària adaptativa aguda en estadis inicials de la malaltia. Un alt percentatge de CTLs eren limfòcits T memòria residents de teixit identificats per CD103. La presentació antigènica via micròglia MHC-II+ estava reduïda en estadis inicials de la malaltia. Baixes densitats de micròglia MHC-II+ tipus ameboide/activada correlacionaven amb més pèrdua dopaminèrgica, suggerint un rol positiu de la micròglia MHC-II+. Per tal de determinar el millor model rosegador per analitzar el rol de limfòcits T, vam caracteritzar la resposta immunitària en ratolins injectats amb MPTP i en rates que sobre-expressaven α-sinucleïna. Vam trobar una infiltració transitòria de limfòcits T CD4+ i CD8+ que precedien la mort dopaminèrgica en el model MPTP subagut i que correlacionaven amb una afectació estriatal. Tot i així, l’eliminació de la tolerància immunitària a través de la depleció dels Tregs no va augmentar el dany nigroestriatal. Finalment, també vam observar la infiltració de limfòcits T CD4+ i CD8+ a la SNpc en rates sobre-expressant α-sinucleïna. No obstant, aquestes rates no mostraven ni canvis motors ni dany nigroestriatal. En conclusió, la resposta immunitària adaptativa en cervells de casos amb la PD és diferent a l’observada en models animals de la malaltia. A la SNpc, els limfòcits T CD4+ no estaven augmentats i la infiltració de CTL precedia la sinucleinopatia. Aquests resultats assenyalen el fet que l’α-sinucleïna no sembla ser l’antigen que provoca un atac citotòxic. En general, aquesta tesi ha demostrat que la infiltració de CTL és un esdeveniment inicial en la malaltia precedint tant la mort dopaminèrgica com la sinculeinopatia. Per tant, el sistema immunitari adaptatiu pot ser una bona diana terapèutica tant en estadis inicials com finals de la malaltia. Emperò, urgeix la necessitat d’establir nous models animals que recapitulin la resposta humana immunitària adaptativa.
Diferentes estudios han señalado la importancia del sistema inmune adaptativo en la etiopatogenia de la enfermedad de Parkinson (PD). La infiltración de linfocitos T se ha descrito tanto en modelos animales como en tejido postmortem humano. Algunos autores han propuesta las modificaciones post-traduccionales de la α-sinucleína como posible antígeno que induzca la respuesta inmune adaptativa. Por lo tanto, el objetivo principal de esta tesis fue determinar si los linfocitos T participan en el inicio y la progresión de la PD. Además, queríamos saber si la α-sinucleína se comportaba como un neoantígeno. Analizamos y caracterizamos fenotípicamente los linfocitos T que infiltran la substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) en tejido postmortem humano en diferentes etapas de la enfermedad. Tejido de PD y casos incidentales de cuerpos de Lewy (iLBD), los cuales son considerados un estadio inicial pre-motor de la enfermedad, fueron analizados. Estudiamos la relación entre la infiltración de linfocitos T con la muerte de neuronas dopaminérgicas y la sinucleinopatía, dos piedras angulares de la enfermedad. Detectamos una infiltración bifásica de linfocitos T citotóxicos CD8+ (CTL) en la SNpc. Inesperadamente, el primer y más importante pico se produce cuando la sinucleinopatía y la muerte dopaminérgica aún no están establecidas. La infiltración de CTL se reduce cuando la sinucleinopatía y la muerte dopaminérgica empiezan. La infiltración de CTL vuelve a aumentar en los casos de PD donde la densidad de linfocitos T CD8+ correlaciona con la pérdida neuronal. Resultados parecidos fueron obtenidos en otra área cerebral afectada en la PD como es el locus coeruleus (LC). El hecho que los CTLs contactasen con neuronas dopaminérgicas y correlacionasen con su pérdida, sugiere un posible rol en la muerte dopaminérgica. Más específicamente, detectamos que los CTLs expresaban maquinaria citotóxica como granzimas e interferón-g. La infiltración de CTLs granzimas+ en la SNpc estaba augmentada en casos iLBD indicando una respuesta inmune adaptativa aguda en estadios iniciales de la enfermedad. Un elevado porcentaje de CTLs eran linfocitos T memoria residentes de tejido identificados por CD103. La presentación antigénica vía microglía MHC-II+ estaba reducida en estadios iniciales de la enfermedad. Bajas densidades de microglía MHC-II+ tipo ameboide/activada correlacionaban con más pérdida dopaminérgica, sugiriendo un rol positivo de la microglía MHC-II+. Para determinar el mejor modelo roedor con la intención de analizar el rol de los linfocitos T, caracterizamos la respuesta inmune adaptativa en ratones inyectados con MPTP y en ratas que sobre-expresaban α-sinucleína. Encontramos una infiltración transitoria de linfocitos T CD4+ y CD8+ que precedían la muerte dopaminérgica en el modelo MPTP subaguda y que correlacionaban con una afectación estriatal. Aún así, la eliminación de la tolerancia inmunitaria vía la depleción de los Tregs no augmentó el daño nigroestriatal. Finalmente, también observamos la infiltración de linfocitos T CD4 y CD8+ en la SNpc en ratas sobre-expresando α-sinucleína. No obstante, estas ratas no mostraban ni cambios motores ni daño nigroestriatal. En conclusión, la respuesta inmune adaptativa en cerebros de casos con la PD es diferente a la observada en modelos animales de la enfermedad. En la SNpc, los linfocitos T CD4+ no están augmentados y la infiltración de CTL precede la sinucleinopatía. Estos resultados señalan el hecho que la α-sinucleína no parace ser el antígeno que provoca un ataque citotóxico. En general, esta tesis ha demostrado que la infiltración de CTL es un evento inicial en la enfermedad precediendo tanto la muerte dopaminérgica como la sinucleinopatía. Por lo tanto, el sistema inmune adaptativo puede ser una buena diana terapéutica tanto en estados iniciales como finales de la enfermedad. Aún así, urge la necesidad de establecer nuevos modelos animales que recapitulen la respuesta humana inmune adaptativa.
Mounting evidence has pointed out that the adaptive immune system has an important role in Parkinson’s disease (PD) etiopathogenesis. T cell infiltration has been described in both PD experimental animal models and post-mortem human tissue. Some authors have proposed α-synuclein posttranslational modifications as the antigen eliciting this adaptive immune response. Thus, the main goal of this thesis was to determine whether T cells participate in the onset and progression of the disease. Moreover, we wanted to know whether α-synuclein behaved as a neoantigen. In order to overcome this, we analyzed and phenotypically characterized substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) infiltrating T cells in post-mortem human tissue at distinct disease stages. PD and incidental Lewy Body disease (iLBD) cases, which are considered to be an early pre-motor stage of the disorder, were analyzed. We studied the relationship between T cell infiltration with dopaminergic cell loss and synucleinopathy, two hallmarks of the disorder. We found a biphasic SNpc CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) infiltration. Strikingly, the first and highest peak was found when synucleinopathy and dopaminergic cell loss were not established. SNpc CTL infiltration subsided when synucleinopathy and dopaminergic cell loss started. SNpc CTL infiltration again increased in PD cases where CD8+ T cell densities correlated with neuronal death. Similar results were also obtained in another PD brain affected area such as locus coeruleus (LC). The fact that SNpc CTLs made contact with dopaminergic neurons and correlated with dopaminergic cell loss, suggests a likely role in dopaminergic cell death. To delve further into this concept, we found that SNpc CTLs expressed cytotoxic machinery i.e. granzymes and interferon-g. Infiltrating SNpc granzyme+ CTLs were found increased in iLBD cases indicating an acute adaptive immune response in early stages of the disease. A high percentage of SNpc CTLs were tissue resident memory T cells identified by CD103 expression. Antigen presentation by means of MHC class-II+ microglia was reduced in early stages of the disease. Low densities of ameboid/activated MHC class-II+ microglial cells correlated with higher dopaminergic cell loss, suggesting a positive role of MHC class-II+ microglia in the disease. To determine the best rodent model to assess the T cell role in PD, we characterized the immune response in MPTP injected mice and rats overexpressing α-synuclein. We found a transient CD4+ and CD8+ T cell infiltration preceding dopaminergic cell death in the subacute MPTP injected mice which correlated with striatal damage. Nonetheless, breaking immune tolerance through systemic Treg depletion did not increase nigrostriatal damage. Finally, we also observed CD4+ and CD8+ T cell SNpc infiltration in rats overexpressing α-synuclein. However, these rats did show neither behavioural motor changes nor nigrostriatal damage. To conclude, human PD-specific brain adaptive immune response reported in our study is different to the one observed in PD experimental animal models. In SNpc human tissue CD4+ T cells were not elevated, and CTL infiltration preceded synucleinopathy. These results point out the fact that α-synuclein seems not to be the antigen for the cytotoxic attack elicited by CD8+ T cells. Overall, this thesis demonstrated that CTL infiltration is an early event of the disease preceding both α-synuclein deposition and dopaminergic cell loss. Thus, targeting the adaptive immune response in both early and late stages of the disease may have beneficial effects. Nevertheless, there is a need to establish new PD experimental animal models which recapitulate the human adaptive immune response.
Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Programa de Doctorat en Neurociències
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Books on the topic "Sistema immunitario (Immune system)"

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Konstantinova, I. V. Sistema immuniteta v ėkstremalʹnykh uslovii͡a︡kh: Kosmicheskai͡a︡ immunologii͡a︡. Moskva: "Nauka", 1988.

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H, Lichtman Andrew, ed. Basic immunology: Functions and disorders of the immune system. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Saunders, 2006.

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1954-, Male David K., ed. Immunology. 7th ed. [Edinburgh]: Mosby Elsevier, 2006.

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Reid, Kenneth B. M., 1943- and Sim Robert B, eds. Molecular aspects of innate and adaptive immunity. Cambridge, UK: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2008.

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Veterinary immunology: An introduction. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders, 1996.

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1947-, Lewis R. E., ed. Atlas of immunology. 2nd ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2004.

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Cruse, Julius M. Atlas of immunology. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1999.

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Tizard, Ian R. Veterinary immunology: An introduction. 4th ed. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, 1992.

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Tizard, Ian R. Veterinary immunology: An introduction. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Saunders, 1987.

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Hansen, Grace. Sistema Inmunológico (Immune System). ABDO Publishing Company, 2019.

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Book chapters on the topic "Sistema immunitario (Immune system)"

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Lapčević, Milivoje. "INSTRUMENTI RACIONALIZACIJE BUDžETSKOG SISTEMA UJEDINjENOG KRALjEVSTVA." In USKLAĐIVANjE pravnog sistema Srbije sa standardima Evropske unije: Knj.9, 681–91. University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Law, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/upssix.681l.

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This paper will analyze various aspects of contemporary attempts to reform the financial management system in the United Kingdom. The traditional model of public budgeting in this country has not remained immune to the trends of rapid adoption of rationalist concepts of modeling financial planning systems, which are initially based on the „umbrella“ conceptual framework - the doctrine of the New Public Management. The paper will describe the main operational instruments for introducing new ideas into the British financial management system, and will point out the key shortcomings that have determined their scope in the practice of public budgeting.
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Conference papers on the topic "Sistema immunitario (Immune system)"

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AZIZ, NURA TAREK ALI ABDEL, ALEXANDRE EUSTÁQUIO REZENDE ALMEIDA FILHO, ISABELLA MARTINS CANUTO PONTES DA SILVA, and MARIA LUÍSA MIRELLE DUARTE. "REPERCUSSÕES TROMBOEMBÓLICAS DA COVID-19 E SUAS RELAÇÕES COM O SISTEMA IMUNE." In II Congresso Brasileiro de Imunologia On-line. Revista Multidisciplinar em Saúde, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.51161/ii-conbrai/5990.

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Introdução: As repercussões tromboembólicas provocadas pela COVID-19 estão relacionadas às reações imunes e pró-inflamatórias provocadas pela doença. Estágios mais graves da doença, estão relacionadas a esse desfecho, uma vez que a disfunção endotelial, a desregulação das junções celulares e a formação de trombos, devido às alterações da cascata de coagulação, estão mais proeminentes n as fases mais avançadas da doença.Objetivo Geral: Analisar as repercussões do COVID-19 na coagulação corporal. Metodologia: Foi realizada uma revisão bibliográfica nas bases PubMed, BVS e Medline, com os descritores em inglês \"covid and immune system and thromboembolism\". Foram selecionados quatro artigos, todos da PubMed, que obedeciam o critério de seleção: datados nos últimos 3 anos, título e abstract condizentes com a temática e textos completos. Resultados: SARS-CoV 2 pode infectar diretamente células endoteliais e imunes, provocando a lesão endotelial e desregulação do sistema imunológico. Assim, a coagulopatia associada à COVID (CAC) envolve leucócitos potencializados a um estado pró-coagulante por meio da liberação de fator tecidual intravascular, ativação plaquetária, NETose e inibição de mecanismos anticoagulantes bem como a liberação de citocinas e ativação do complemento. Desse modo, os pacientes com COVID-19 possuem como a complicação trombótica mais prevalente a embolia pulmonar, que pode acontecer mesmo na ausência de uma trombose venosa. Assim, oclusão trombótica de artérias pulmonares de pequeno a médio porte e subsequente infarto do parênquima pulmonar, sendo esse padrão micro trombótico mais específico para COVID-19. Por fim, este está associado a uma intensa reação imunoinflamatória provocando microangiopatia trombótica oclusiva difusa com dano alveolar e angiogênese vascular. Ademais, a trombose pode acometer outros locais, desse modo, os biomarcadores associados à coagulação, ativação plaquetária e inflamação entre eles, o D-dímero são ferramentas úteis de diagnóstico e prognóstico. Portanto, o mecanismo predominante na mortalidade relacionada ao COVID-19 envolve o dano tecidual generalizado e o sistema imunológico superativado por meio de respostas exageradas de células T e da tempestade de citocinas. Conclusão: O vírus atua de modo a promover a hipercoagulabilidade e um sistema imune desregulado, em decorrência disso inúmeros eventos tromboembólicos podem ser desencadeados.
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Pinto, Julia Massotti, EDUARDA MAIOCHI, ISADORA ANTONINI AGNE, LETICIA WOINAROVICZ, and PHELIPE DOS SANTOS SOUZA. "PARKINSON: UMA REVISÃO IMUNOLÓGICA." In II Congresso Brasileiro de Imunologia On-line. Revista Multidisciplinar em Saúde, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.51161/ii-conbrai/6792.

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Introdução: O Parkinson é uma patologia neurodegenerativa senil, causada, basicamente, por uma perda dos neurônios dopaminérgicos que afeta o sistema extrapiramidal cerebral, resultando em visíveis problemas motores, como bradicinesia, e instabilidade postural, até incômodos psicossociais, depreciando a qualidade de vida de seus portadores. Desse modo, faz-se essencial o conhecimento relativo à sua imunopatogenia e demais consequências ao organismo. Objetivo: O objetivo dessa pesquisa foi aprofundar os conhecimentos relativos à imunologia da Doença de Parkinson e conhecer a influência do sistema imune sobre o tratamento. Material e métodos: Para isso, realizou-se uma revisão bibliográfica narrativa utilizando os descritores “Imunologia do Parkinson”, “Parkinson\'s immunology”, “Sistema imune e Parkinson” e “Immune system and Parkinson”, nas plataformas SciELO, Google Scholar e PubMed. Em seguida, foram selecionados vinte e três artigos, nos idiomas inglês e português, e destes foram utilizados quinze artigos que mais condizem com a temática. Resultados: Dessa forma, foi possível entender que a Doença de Parkinson apresenta relação com diversos órgãos e sistemas, tendo a sua origem possivelmente relacionada às regiões periféricas, sendo o principal mecanismo envolvido nesta relação o sistema imune, associado à neuroinflamação; e, ainda que não se tenha uma afirmação definitiva acerca do mecanismo etiopatogênico desse desenvolvimento, robustas evidências apontam para a micróglia como o elemento central que orquestra todo o processo patológico, agindo na transformação de um estado de imunovigilância para um estado pró-inflamatório. Este estado de neuroinflamação, por sua vez, ainda parece estar associado e hiperestimulado em indivíduos com disfunção metabólica. Por fim, de acordo com estudos, esse seria um possível caminho para a elaboração de tratamentos mais eficazes e direcionados para a doença. Conclusão: Em suma, uma maior pesquisa e entendimento acerca da relação entre Doença de Parkinson e a imunologia é de extrema importância, uma vez que a relação desta com a imunologia é muito tênue. Ou seja, se o início da doença realmente se dá em órgãos periféricos, antes de chegar ao cérebro, em fase pré-motor, um aprofundamento imunológico e integrador pode interferir nas medicações, cuidados e tratamentos que influenciariam em um melhor prognóstico para o Parkinson.
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3

FERNANDES, BEATRIZ APARECIDA, FERNANDO DE SANTANA SILVA, ISADORA NASCIMENTO DE CARVALHO, ANA IZABELLE FRANCELINO DOS SANTOS, FLÁVIA PEIXOTO DA SILVA GUIMARÃES, and RENATO FARIA LOBO. "MODIFICAÇÕES IMUNOLÓGICAS DOS INDIVÍDUOS ACOMETIDOS PELO SARSCOV-2: UMA REVISÃO DE LITERATURA." In II Congresso Brasileiro de Imunologia On-line. Revista Multidisciplinar em Saúde, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.51161/ii-conbrai/5848.

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INTRODUÇÃO: A apresentação clínica de um paciente infectado pelo SARS-CoV-2 se manifesta no grupo populacional desde formas leves, moderadas e até mesmo graves, podendo levar ao óbito. Desse modo, busca-se compreender a relação da resposta imunológica com o novo coronavírus, por meio da atuação das células mieloides, das células T e pela sinalização do interferon do tipo I. OBJETIVO: Identificar quais são as modificações que o SARS-COV- 2 causa no sistema imunológico dos indivíduos acometidos. METODOLOGIA: O presente estudo trata-se de uma revisão de literatura que visa sintetizar o conhecimento acerca da resposta imunológica frente a infecção pelo SARSCOV-2. Desse modo, foi realizada busca por artigos científicos em bases de dados bibliográficas (PubMED, Medline, Scielo), utilizando os descritores: Immune system, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2. Foram acessados 21 estudos e, utilizando os critérios de inclusão (estudos que se referiam à tempestade de citocinas, COVID-19, SARS-COV-2, fisiopatologia da COVID-19 e resposta imune), apenas 5 foram excluídos. Ao finalizar a pesquisa, leitura e análise cautelosa, foram contemplados 16 artigos em português e inglês, publicados entre 2019 e 2022, para compor o atual trabalho. RESULTADOS: Analisando-se amostras de células mononucleares do sangue periférico, o estudo de Zhang et al., que contou com 53 pacientes confirmados de COVID-19 e 24 doadores saudáveis, demonstrou que a doença cursa com a hiperativação de células mieloides, hipofuncionamento das células T e silenciamento de resposta dos interferons tipo I, o que desproporciona a resposta imune e favorece um mecanismo de hipercitonemia, que por sua vez é um gatilho para graves disfunções orgânicas. Nesse sentido, Varchetta et al., em um estudo com 32 indivíduos COVID-19 positivo demonstrou que os exames laboratoriais desses pacientes apresentavam indícios de Linfo-Histiocitose Hemofagocítica, cursando com linfopenia e aumento de ferritina sérica, dímero D, proteína C reativa e desidrogenase lática, que também são considerados marcadores de mau prognóstico. CONCLUSÃO: A pandemia COVID-19 cursa com implicações significativas para o sistema imunológico, pois o vírus gera um processo inflamatório e a hipofunção das células imunes. Ademais, é necessário que mais estudos sejam realizados com a finalidade de analisar quais são as reais alterações que o sistema imune enfrenta mediante ao coronavírus.
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Pinto, Cassiane da Silva Portela, and MARCELLO VIEIRA DOS SANTOS. "RESPOSTA IMUNE NO TRATO URINÁRIO." In II Congresso Brasileiro de Imunologia On-line. Revista Multidisciplinar em Saúde, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.51161/ii-conbrai/5963.

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Introdução: A atuação da resposta imune na defesa contra agentes infecciosos possui um papel de destaque. Nesse sentido, na presença de uma infecção ocorre primeiramente a ativação da resposta inata, uma vez que seu mecanismo abrange aos mais variados patógenos. Essa primeira linha de defesa estará latente e ativa junta a atuação da resposta imune adaptativa. Além disso, as infecções ocasionadas por bactérias extracelulares são as mais comumente encontradas. Dessa forma, o mecanismo relacionado às infecções bacterianas são: relação hospedeiro-patógeno, proliferação e invasão tecidual, resposta inata e produção de anticorpos e a consequente lesão tecidual. Ademais, as infecções do trato urinário (ITU) são as mais prevalentes entre população, essas afecções podem atingir toda a sua totalidade, desde a uretra, ureteres, bexiga, sistema coletor e néfrons caracterizando as ITU baixa e alta. Objetivo: Identificar o mecanismo de resposta imune aos diferentes patógenos do trato urinário. Metodologia: Trata-se de uma revisão bibliográfica nas bases de dados PUBMED, SCIELO e LILACS, no período de 2017 a 2022, utilizando os descritores “Imunology”, “immune system”, “urinary tract”, “urinary system”. Discussão: A partir dos estudos, destaca-se os principais mecanismos de defesa inata do Trato Urinário (TU) inferior ligados à fatores físico-químicos da urina, que dificultam a proliferação patogênica. Além disso, o reconhecimento de padrões moleculares relacionado a patógenos pelos Receptores Toll-Liker (TLRs), principalmente o TLR4, que é sensível a lipopolissacarídeos bacteriano, leva ao recrutamento de neutrófilos e de citocinas pro-inflamatórias que estimularão a resposta imune inata e adquirida. De forma análoga, o néfron produz as proteínas de Tamm-Horsfall que causa ativação do sistema complemento e aumento da fagocitose. Paralelamente, o TU superior possui uma maior diversidade de TLRs, podendo ser encontrado em maior quantidade os TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, TLR5 e TLR11, presentes nas células mesangiais. Outrossim, essa região do trato urinário possui maior sensibilidade a infecções intracelulares, como com os TLR3 identificam RNA viral e direcionar para uma resposta TH-1. Conclusão: Dessa forma, o entendimento sobre a resposta imune no trato urinário é importante para a compreensão de mecanismos para evitar ITU, bem como o desenvolvimento de fármacos com atuação similar ao mecanismo de defesa.
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