Journal articles: 'Sintering furnace'

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Qu, Na, and Wen You. "Design and fault diagnosis of DCS sintering furnace’s temperature control system for edge computing." PLOS ONE 16, no. 7 (July 6, 2021): e0253246. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0253246.

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Under the background of modern industrial processing and production, the sintering furnace’s temperature control system is researched to achieve intelligent smelting and reduce energy consumption. First, the specific application and implementation of edge computing in industrial processing and production are analyzed. The industrial processing and production intelligent equipment based on edge computing includes the equipment layer, the edge layer, and the cloud platform layer. This architecture improves the operating efficiency of the intelligent control system. Then, the sintering furnace in the metallurgical industry is taken as an example. The sintering furnace connects powder material particles at high temperatures; thus, the core temperature control system is investigated. Under the actual sintering furnace engineering design, the Distributed Control System (DCS) is used as the basis of sintering furnace temperature control, and the Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) is adopted to reduce the electrical wiring and switch contacts. The hardware circuit of DCS is designed; on this basis, an embedded operating system with excellent performance is transplanted according to functional requirements. The final DCS-based temperature control system is applied to actual monitoring. The real-time temperature of the upper, middle, and lower currents of 1# sintering furnace at a particular point is measured to be 56.95°C, 56.58°C, and 57.2°C, respectively. The real-time temperature of the upper, middle, and lower currents of 2# sintering furnaces at a particular point is measured to be 144.7°C, 143.8°C, and 144.0°C, respectively. Overall, the temperature control deviation of the three currents of the two sintering furnaces stays in the controllable range. An expert system based on fuzzy logic in the fault diagnosis system can comprehensively predict the situation of the sintering furnaces. The prediction results of the sintering furnace’s faults are closer to the actual situation compared with the fault diagnosis method based on the Backpropagation (BP) neural network. The designed system makes up for the shortcomings of the sintering furnace’s traditional temperature control systems and can control the temperature of the sintering furnace intelligently and scientifically. Besides, it can diagnose equipment faults timely and efficiently, thereby improving the sintering efficiency.

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Kuzmin, Ilya V., Anton Yu Leshchenko, Sergey V. Pavlov, Rinat N. Shamsutdinov, and Yuriy S. Mochalov. "Test bench for gas-dynamic studies in the furnace channel for nuclear fuel pellet sintering *." Nuclear Energy and Technology 5, no. 2 (June 21, 2019): 171–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/nucet.5.36479.

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Nuclear fuel pellets are sintered in high-temperature furnaces in an atmosphere with strictly defined requirements for the composition of the gas environments in the furnace’s different temperature zones. The preset process conditions in the mixed nitride uranium-plutonium (MNUP) fuel pellet sintering furnace is achieved through the respective gas supply arrangement and by the design of the barriers between the temperature zones and that of the gas supply and discharge units. A CFD model was created in the Ansys Fluent package and validated for testing the functionality of the design concepts used to develop the MNUP fuel sintering furnace channel. A mockup of the sintering furnace channel, which makes a part of the gas-dynamic test bench, was developed and fabricated for the analytical model validation. The paper presents a description of the test bench design and performance for measuring the concentration of gases in the channel simulating the nitride nuclear fuel sintering furnace channel. The results of the test bench gas-dynamic studies were used for the computational and experimental justification of the approaches used to develop the sintering furnace channel. The functionality of the barriers for the sintering furnace channel division into zones with the preset composition of the gas environments and the gas supply and discharge units has been tested experimentally. The obtained experimental data on the distribution of the process gas concentration makes it possible to validate computational thermophysical and gas-dynamic CFD models of the MNUP fuel sintering furnace channel.

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Niu, Hongya, Wenjing Cheng, Wei Pian, and Wei Hu. "The physiochemical properties of submicron particles from emissions of industrial furnace." World Journal of Engineering 13, no. 3 (June 13, 2016): 218–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/wje-06-2016-029.

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Purpose Smoke and dust emissions from industrial furnaces can do great harm to the environment and human health. This paper aims to analyze the morphology, diameter and elements of the submicron particles from the furnace flues and the nearby ambient air by using two typical industrial furnaces, the sintering furnace and the electric furnace. Design/Methodology/Approach Two typical industrial furnaces, the sintering furnace and the electric furnace, were chosen in this study, to analyze the morphology, diameter and elements of the submicron particles from the furnace flues and the near-by ambient air. Findings The results show that the particles from the two furnaces are mainly in the small sizes of 0.3-0.6 μm. Particles from sintering plant flue are mainly spherical and rich in K and Cl, whereas those from the electric plant flue are mainly particles rich in metal elements, such as Zn and Fe, and have different morphology. Originality/value The particles in the atmosphere nearby the two furnaces contain aged particles from the flue, lots of spherical particles, rectangle particles and various aggregations. The elements of those particles are complex.

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Gerdes, T., Monika Willert-Porada, Ho Seon Park, and A. Schmidt. "Production Scale m³ Batch Furnace for Hybrid-Heating and Microwave Sintering." Advances in Science and Technology 45 (October 2006): 869–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.45.869.

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Production scale inert atmosphere microwave sintering has not been successful yet, mainly because of lack of suitable equipment. For sintering in air microwave furnaces are available at different industrial scale, e.g., gas-microwave hybrid heated batch kilns or microwave “adiabatic casket” tunnel kiln [1]. Inert atmosphere furnaces require vacuum and gastight coupling of microwave energy. In the State of the Art technology, microwave-coupling windows represent a heat sink inside the sintering furnace. Although, radiation heat loss at temperatures > 1600 °C can be reduced by using a thermally insulating casket inside the microwave furnace, heat loss and temperature gradients caused by the microwave transparent windows are still not acceptable. Therefore, a new concept was developed assisted heating in inert atmosphere sintering furnaces, enabling high power microwave coupling by means of high temperature resistant antennas [2]. This paper presents microwave sintering results of commercial powder metallurgical (PM)-parts, details of the antenna system and the processing technology.

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Ganin, D. R., V. G. Druzhkov, A. A. Panychev, and A. Yu Fuks. "Analysis of indices and operation improvement conditions of JSC “Ural Steel” blast furnace shop." Ferrous Metallurgy. Bulletin of Scientific , Technical and Economic Information, no. 12 (December 19, 2018): 46–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.32339/0135-5910-2018-12-46-54.

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For elaborating of measures to improve the blast furnace technology, it is necessary to analyze production data related to blast furnaces operation. Estimation of technical level of blast furnace production in conditions of JSC “Ural Steel” was the aim of the study. Data on chemical composition of casted iron produced and burden materials quoted, as well as data on iron ore materials consumption, sinter grain-size distribution, pellets chemical composition and strength characteristics, coke mechanical strength and grain-size distribution. Results of analysis presented of production operation indices of Nos 1–4 blast furnaces within a five years period, the furnaces having net volumes 1007, 1033, 1513 and 2002 m3 correspondently. Periods of non-stable furnaces operation with long stops and repairs were excluded from the analyzed data. It was determined that iron and manganese oxide contents in the sinter are presented at lower level comparing with most of sintering plants of European Communities and Japan. Fine fraction less 5 mm content is considerably higher than the index for sinter, produced at other sintering plants of Russia, as well as of developed nations. Laboratory study and experimental-industrial tests at JSC “Ural Steel” confirm reasonability of the following mineral additives utilization in sintering process, delivered into the sintering burden by sludge: brown iron ore, bentonite clay, serpentinite-magnesites, that enables to increase suitable sinter yield, productivity of sintering machines, sinter impact strength. A necessity to optimize blast furnace slags chemical composition by relation SiO2/Al2O3 and CaO/MgO determined to improve scull formation conditions and elimination of coolers mass burning-through. To improve the technical and economic indices of JSC “Ural Steel blast furnaces operation some measures on the plant blast furnace technology modification proposed.

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Spišák, Jan, Martin Truchlý, Ján Mikula, and Vratislav Šindler. "Caustic Magnesia Production in Microfluid Furnace." Advanced Materials Research 1119 (July 2015): 529–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1119.529.

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During procedure and heat treatment of magnesite in shaft and rotary furnaces, a great number of fine fractions are generated. In terms of MgO content, the fractions comprises the highest quality raw material. However, the desired degrees of calcination or sintering have not been achieved. For direct heat treatment of fine particles the microfluidic furnace has been proposed. The microfluidic furnace consists of the fluidization chambers in which the technology operations are being carried out. The furnace operates on the counter-current principle. The experiments of dust magnesite and flue gas calcination from rotary and shaft furnaces were carried out in the furnaces.

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Thomazini, D., M. V. Gelfuso, A. S. A. Chinelatto, A. L. Chinelatto, F. K. Sanson, and F. Teixeira Neto. "Alumina ceramics obtained by chemical synthesis using conventional and microwave sintering." Cerâmica 57, no. 341 (March 2011): 45–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0366-69132011000100006.

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It is well known that the heating mechanism and powder precursor define the microstructural characteristics of ceramics. Especially abnormal grain growth of pure alumina ceramics developed during conventional sintering method suggests that this material is a potential candidate to be treated in microwave sintering process. Alumina ceramics produced with commercial (A1K) and chemically synthesized powders were sintered in conventional and microwave furnaces. Two methods were employed to prepare the chemically synthesized nanosized powders: Pechini method and emulsification with oleic acid. The microwave sintered samples were characterized by apparent density and scanning electron microscopy and compared with the samples sintered in a conventional furnace. Alumina ceramics sintered in the microwave furnace had fine grained microstructure, not related with the starting powders. This characteristic was achieved in a sintering time shorter than those produced in the conventional furnace. However, satisfactory densification was observed only to A1K ceramics (3.95 g/cm³) sintered during one hour in microwave furnace.

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Brazenhall, M. V. J. "Furnace atmospheres for sintering." Metal Powder Report 45, no. 9 (September 1990): 600–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0026-0657(90)90587-7.

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Spirin, N. A., A. A. Polinov`, A. V. Pavlov, O. P. Onorin, and G. N. Logachev. "Environmental and Technological Aspects of Converter Slag Utilization in Sintering and Blast-Furnace Production." KnE Materials Science 2, no. 2 (September 3, 2017): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/kms.v2i2.941.

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The paper presents calculation results for predictive conditions of blast furnace operation with the use of converter slag in the iron ore portion of the blast furnace burden. It shows that addition of converter slag in the sinter and blast-furnace burden without correction of the operating conditions is not reasonable as it significantly worsens parameters of blast furnace operation. Long-term operation of blast furnaces with addition of converter slag in the burden will be accompanied by gradual accumulation of phosphorus in metal and will lead to increasing problems regarding phosphorus removal at the converter production stage. The use of converter slag makes it possible to increase the consumption of non-fluxed pellets without changing the sinter basicity and improve parameters of blast-furnace smelting. The problem of efficient and continuous use of converter slag in blast furnaces can be solved by the complex analysis of this problem: evaluation of economic feasibility of its use as a fluxing agent; feasibility study of this issue for the “blast-furnace production – converter production” complex; analysis of environmental problems during operation at the factory and in the region.

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Nakamura, Masanori. "Vacuum sintering furnace for metals." DENKI-SEIKO[ELECTRIC FURNACE STEEL] 61, no. 3 (1990): 208–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4262/denkiseiko.61.208.

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Silva, Gian R. C., Thomas Philips, John J. Dwyer, and Zbigniew Zurecki. "Techniques and Tips to Optimize, Control and Stabilize the Atmosphere inside a Continuous Sintering Furnace." Materials Science Forum 727-728 (August 2012): 404–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.727-728.404.

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The quality of the atmosphere inside a sintering furnace plays a key role in the final properties of the sintered part. Properties such as the hardness, ductility, dimensions, carbon content, microstructure and magnetic properties among others are influenced not only by time and temperature, but also by the composition, flow rate and stability of the atmosphere within the furnace. The different physical zones within the furnace require different degrees of oxidizing or reducing power to develop the optimum properties in the final sintered part. Presented in this paper are practical techniques and technologies developed over the last 30 years of experiences with production sintering furnaces. The concept of distributed atmosphere introduction, combined with the use of directional atmosphere injectors, flame curtains, and gas curtains are used to stabilize and maintain the atmosphere profile within the furnace. Optimum and proven designs for atmosphere injectors, flame curtains, gas curtains and exhaust systems are presented.

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Bashirom, Nurulhuda, and Kwok Wai Kit. "Effect of Microwave and Conventional Heating on Sintering Behavior of Cu-10vol.%SiC Nanocomposites." Materials Science Forum 819 (June 2015): 274–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.819.274.

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Effect of heating mode and sintering temperature on sinterability of ex-situ Cu-10vol.%SiC composites was investigated. The Cu and SiC powder mixture were mechanically alloyed for 5 hours at 100 rpm in a planetary ball mill under argon atmosphere. The as-milled powders of Cu-10vol.%SiC were compacted and sintered in conventional tube furnace and microwave furnace at 700°C, 800°C, and 900°C. Microwave reduces the processing time significantly along with higher heating rates when compared to conventional tube furnace. Based on XRD result, the average Cu crystallite size is 80.49 nm after milling and its value remained under 100 nm after sintering. Microwave gave relatively smaller crystallite size than tube furnace. SEM revealed the homogeneous distribution of SiC particles in the Cu matrix in both heating mode. Relatively higher densification parameter was obtained by microwave furnace sintered at 900°C. This temperature was defined as an optimum sintering temperature and microwave sintering was claimed to exhibit much better sinterability than conventional tube furnace sintering.

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Tudor, Mihai Dumitru, Mircea Hritac, Nicolae Constantin, Mihai Butu, Valeriu Rucai, and Cristian Dobrescu. "Experimental Research on the Qualitative Characteristics of Iron Ores and Ferrous Waste That Can Be Used in Blast Furnace Mixt Injection Technology." Revista de Chimie 70, no. 11 (December 15, 2019): 3835–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.19.11.7655.

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Direct use of iron ores in blast furnaces, without prior sintering leads to a reduction in production costs and energy consumption [1,2]. Fine-grained iron ores and iron oxides from ferrous wastes can be used together with coal dust and limestone in mixed injection technology through the furnace tuyeres. In this paper are presented the results of experimental laboratory investigations for establishing the physic-chemical characteristics of fine materials (iron ore, limestone, pulverized coal) susceptible to be used for mixed injection in blast furnace. [1,4]. The results of the experimental research have shown that all the raw materials analyzed can be used for mixt injection in blast furnace.

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Tudor, Mihai Dumitru, Mircea Hritac, Nicolae Constantin, Mihai Butu, Valeriu Rucai, and Cristian Dobrescu. "Experimental Research on the Qualitative Characteristics of Iron Ores and Ferrous Waste That Can Be Used in Blast Furnace Mixt Injection Technology." Revista de Chimie 70, no. 11 (December 15, 2019): 3835–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.70.19.11.7655.

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Direct use of iron ores in blast furnaces, without prior sintering leads to a reduction in production costs and energy consumption [1,2]. Fine-grained iron ores and iron oxides from ferrous wastes can be used together with coal dust and limestone in mixed injection technology through the furnace tuyeres. In this paper are presented the results of experimental laboratory investigations for establishing the physic-chemical characteristics of fine materials (iron ore, limestone, pulverized coal) susceptible to be used for mixed injection in blast furnace. [1,4]. The results of the experimental research have shown that all the raw materials analyzed can be used for mixt injection in blast furnace.

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Wehr-Aukland, Anna, Donald J. Bowe, Anthony M. Zaffuto, Jeremy Gabler, and Gian Ricardo C. Silva. "Service Life Extension of Stainless Steel Wire Mesh Belts for Sintering Furnaces." Materials Science Forum 727-728 (August 2012): 412–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.727-728.412.

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The service life of stainless steel wire mesh belts in sintering furnaces is limited, because material deterioration results in wire fracture. A newly developed humidification system establishes a furnace atmosphere that maintains a protective oxide scale on the belt surface throughout the sintering process and at the same time creates an environment that is reducing to the sintered metal compact. This work includes thermodynamic calculations of the furnace atmosphere dew points that satisfy these oxidation / reduction criteria. Scanning Electron Microscopy, combined with Energy-dispersive X-ray Analysis, and mechanical testing methods have been used to compare belts that have undergone the same length of service in a nitrogen-hydrogen atmosphere and in an atmosphere that was modified using the newly developed humidification method. The material examinations have revealed that the new humidification system significantly extends the service life of stainless steel belts.

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Paulo, Domingos S., Antonio Eduardo Martinelli, Clodomiro Alves Jr., Jorge H. Echude-Silva, Michelle P. Távora, and Rubens Maribondo Nascimento. "Sintering Behavior of NbC-Reinforced Steel." Materials Science Forum 498-499 (November 2005): 192–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.498-499.192.

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Powdered steel reinforced by NbC dispersed particles was sintered both in resistive furnace at 1180°C or in plasma reactor at 850°C (reference temperature) using heating rates that ranged from 10 to 100°C/min. Fe3P was used as liquid phase sintering additive. The microstructure of the resulting materials was visualized by scanning electronic microscopy. Distinctive microstructural features were observed as a function of the heating source and heating rate. Plasma sintering at rates ~ 30°C/min revealed different microstructural features comparing edge and sample bulk. Homogeneous mixtures of Fe and NbC could be sintered in resistive furnace and plasma reactor using relatively low heating rates. Plasma sintering at 800°C for 1 h (heating rate of 10°C/min) resulted in relative densities of ~ 91% of the theoretical density of the composite. Sintering in resistive furnace for 1150°C resulted in relative densities ~ 94%.

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Raza, Muhammad Rafi, Faiz Ahmad, M. A. Omar, R. M. German, and Ali S. Muhsan. "Role of Debinding to Control Mechanical Properties of Powder Injection Molded 316L Stainless Steel." Advanced Materials Research 699 (May 2013): 875–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.699.875.

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316L stainless steel is widely used in various industries due to low cost, ease of availability and exceptional combination of mechanical properties along with corrosion resistance as compared to the other available metal alloys. In powder injection molding, debinding is very critical step and improper debinding can change the final properties dramatically. In the present study, affects of debinding on mechanical properties of powder injection molded 316L stainless steel were studied. The prepared feedstocks were molded according to MPIF 50 standard using vertical injection molding machine (KSA100). The plastic binder was removed at 450°C from the molded test samples using two different furnaces i.e. commercial and laboratory furnace followed by the sintering in vacuum, hydrogen, mixture of H2 and N2 (9:1) and nitrogen at 1325°C for 2hr with post sintering cooling rate 3°C/min . Test samples debound in commercially available furnace showed 97% densification and higher mechanical properties. The corrosion resistance was reduced due to presence of residual carbon during thermal debinding. The presence of carbon and formation of carbides and nitrides were confirmed by XRD and microstructural analysis. The results showed that the test samples debound in commercial furnace showed brittle behavior due to the presence of carbides and nitrides. Test samples sintered in N2 showed 96.3% density and tensile strength 751MPa. This value of strength is twice as compared to the sample debound in laboratory furnace followed by the sintering in vacuum. The achieved mechanical properties in vacuum sintered samples were comparable to the wrought 316L stainless steel (according to ASTM standard).

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Ahonen, Sami, Christoph Laumen, and Sören Wiberg. "New Method of Controlling the Carbon Content of High Chromium Alloyed Powders during High Temperature Sintering." Materials Science Forum 591-593 (August 2008): 300–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.591-593.300.

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Atmosphere control in a continuous sintering furnace is one of the most important variables in a successful sintering process. This statement becomes even more weight when sintering of high chromium containing powders at elevated temperatures is applied. Depending on the sintering atmosphere, de-carburization at the surface of a product is almost impossible to avoid. The production of more highly loaded PM parts by sintering requires higher sintering temperatures, which in turn increases the need for controlling the carbon level, and limiting surface decarburization. One way to control the carbon level is to add CO to the sintering atmosphere and increase the carbon activity of the atmosphere. This idea has been used in conventional carburizing for decades. But is it applicable for sintering processes at temperatures up to 1250°C? The presented paper shows results of tests on Astaloy CrM bodies with additions of up to 0.6% carbon that were sintered at 1250°C in carbon monoxide containing atmospheres with and without hydrogen additions. Finally, an outlook of how this technology could be implemented in industrial scale sintering furnaces will be given.

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Park, W. U., J. M. Zhao, Kyu Hong Hwang, T. S. Kim, C. H. Yu, and J. K. Lee. "Influence of Sintering Process on the Mechanical Properties of Dental Zirconia Ceramics." Materials Science Forum 738-739 (January 2013): 542–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.738-739.542.

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Densification and mechanical properties of dental zirconia ceramics were evaluated by different sintering methods. Y-TZP zirconia block was used in this study. Sintering were performed in electric heating furnace and microwave sintering furnace, and then experimented and analyzed on a change in densification according to the sintering time, a change in densification according to thickness, flexural strength and micro-structure of zirconia specimens. Microwave sintering was very effective in considerable mechanical properties such as flexural strength and bulk density was drastically increased than conventional electric heating method. It is also shown that microwave sintering was faster and more economical than common method to be present in qualities which equal or exceed. It will be important to seek the accurate sintering condition of dental zirconia by microwave sintering method and the continuous research is necessary for the study of relationship between sintering methods and mechanical properties.

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Malyshev A.V., A. V. "RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MAGNETIC PROPERTIES AND MICROSTRUCTURE OF FERRITES DURING SINTERING IN RADIATION AND RADIATION-THERMAL CONDITIONS." Eurasian Physical Technical Journal 18, no. 1 (March 30, 2021): 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.31489/2021no1/3-8.

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The studies of correlation between magnetic properties and microstructure were conducted on samples of lithium-substituted ferrite, sintered in radiation and radiation-thermal conditions. Radiation-thermal sintering was performed for compacts irradiated with a pulsed electron beam with energy of (1.5–2.0) MeV, beam current per pulse of (0.5-0.9) A, irradiation pulse duration of 500 μs, pulse repetition rate of (5–50) Hz, and compact heating rate of 1000 C/min. Sintering in thermal furnaces (T-sintering) was carried out in a preheated chamber electric furnace. The paper shows that magnetic induction does not depend on the ferrite grain size. In this case, the coercive force is inversely proportional to the grain size and depends on the intragranular porosity of ferrite samples. In contrast to thermal sintering, radiation-thermal sintering does not cause capturing of intergranular voids by growing grains and enhances coagulation of intragranular pores.

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Yu, Chang Zhou, Peng Cao, and Mark Ian Jones. "Effect of Contaminants on Sintering of Ti and Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Powders in an Argon-Back-Filled Graphite Furnace." Key Engineering Materials 520 (August 2012): 139–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.520.139.

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This work aims to study sintering of elemental titanium and pre-alloyed Ti-6Al-4V powders in a graphite furnace which is operated with back-filled argon. The specific task is to investigate the effect of carbon, oxygen and nitrogen contamination in the furnace atmosphere during sintering. X-ray diffraction (XRD) reveals that the main phase on the surface of the sintered samples was a titanium oxycarbonitride – Ti(CNO). The surface of all samples was porous due to the reaction between titanium and contaminants. A close-up surface morphological observation with environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) shows the presence of spherical particles in the sintered Ti specimens, but not observed in the Ti-6Al-4V alloy specimens. Energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS) results indicate that these spheres mainly contain carbon and titanium. It is postulated that residual chlorine (Cl), a common impurity for sponge Ti powder but not for pre-alloyed Ti-6Al-4V powder, may play an important role in the formation of these spheres. Microhardness is dependent on the contaminant content on the sample surface. The implication of using graphite furnaces for sintering is discussed.

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Marina, M., M. Z. M. Zamzuri, Mohd Nazree Derman, Mohd Asri Selamat, and Z. Nooraizedfiza. "Comparison Study in Consolidation of Yttria Reinforced Iron-Chromium Composites Using Conventional and Microwave Sintering Technique." Key Engineering Materials 594-595 (December 2013): 832–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.594-595.832.

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This research is focused on studying the density and mechanical properties of iron-chromium composites consolidated by innovative rapid microwave sintering technology against conventionally sintered counterparts using slow heating crucible furnace. Another aim of this study is to assess the viability of yttria (Y2O3) ceramic particulates as reinforcement to the iron-chromium composites. Fabrication of iron-chromium-yttria composites consolidated in microwave furnace and conventional crucible furnace was successfully accomplished. Improvement of density is evident in microwave sintered composites. The Y2O3 addition significantly increases the hardness of the composite (118 Hv for microwave specimens as opposed to 110Hv for conventional specimens). The study also successfully established the viability of microwave sintering technique for consolidating iron based powder metallurgy composites by up to 80% reduction of sintering time.

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Gómez-Rodríguez, Cristian, Daniel Fernández-González, Linda Viviana García-Quiñonez, Guadalupe Alan Castillo-Rodríguez, Josué Amilcar Aguilar-Martínez, and Luis Felipe Verdeja. "MgO Refractory Doped with ZrO2 Nanoparticles: Influence of Cold Isostatic and Uniaxial Pressing and Sintering Temperature in the Physical and Chemical Properties." Metals 9, no. 12 (December 1, 2019): 1297. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9121297.

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The chemical environment and the internal conditions of the furnaces and ladles are extremely aggressive for the refractories, so metallurgical industries demand refractory linings with greater durability and resistance to avoid unforeseen stoppages and to reduce the changes of the furnace lining. Therefore, the current work aims to evaluate the impact of the additions of ZrO2-nanoparticles (1, 3, and 5 wt. %) in magnesia-based bricks. A comparative study of the physical and chemical properties in bricks obtained using two cold pressing techniques (uniaxial and isostatic pressing) and two sintering temperatures (1550 and 1650 °C) was carried out. The microstructure and crystalline phase characteristics obtained after the heat treatments and the slag corrosion test was studied using scanning electron microscopy/electron dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDX) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results reveal that the sample with 5 wt. % of ZrO2 nanoparticles (obtained by cold isostatic pressing and sintering at 1650 °C) has the lowest porosity and greatest resistance to penetration of blast furnace slag.

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Kislyi, P. S., A. A. Shamrai, and Ya A. Kryl'. "High-pressure furnace for sintering refractory compounds." Soviet Powder Metallurgy and Metal Ceramics 26, no. 2 (February 1987): 104–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00794122.

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Kang, Seongmin, Yoon-Jung Hong, Seong-Dong Kim, and Eui-Chan Jeon. "Ammonia Emission Factors and Uncertainties of Coke Oven Gases in Iron and Steel Industries." Sustainability 12, no. 9 (April 25, 2020): 3518. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12093518.

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In this study, uncertainties related to NH3 concentration, emission factor, and emission factor estimation in the exhaust gas of the steel sintering furnace using COG (coke oven gas) among the by-product gas generated in steel production was estimated to identify the missing source. By measuring the NH3 concentration in the exhaust gas of steel sintering furnace using COG, a concentration between 0.02 and 0.12 ppm was found, with an average concentration of 0.06 ppm, confirming the emissions of NH3. Using this measurement of the NH3 concentration, an NH3 emission factor of 0.0061 kg NH3/ton was derived. The uncertainty of the developed NH3 emission factor of the sintering furnace using COG was analyzed using a Monte Carlo simulation. Consequently, the uncertainty range of NH3 emission factor of the sintering furnace using COG was derived to be −11.4% to +12.89% at the 95% confidence level. According to the results of this study, NH3 emissions occur from the use of COG, yielding values higher than the NH3 emission factor resulting from the use of LNG(liquefied natural gas) in combustion facilities. It should be recognized that it is a missing emission source and the corresponding emission should be calculated.

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Domingues, Natália Bertolo, Beatriz Regalado Galvão, Sebastião Ribeiro, Antonio Alves de Almeida Junior, Diogo Longhini, and Gelson Luís Adabo. "Comparison of the indentation strength and single-edge-v-notched beam methods for dental ceramic fracture toughness testing." Brazilian Journal of Oral Sciences 15, no. 2 (April 20, 2017): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.20396/bjos.v15i2.8648760.

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Aim: To study influence of the cooling rate after sintering a veneering porcelain (Vita VM9) on fracture toughness by indentation strength (IS) and single-edge-v-notched beam (SEVNB) methods. Methods: Vita VM9 bars were sintered according to the manufacturer’s recommendation and cooled under three conditions: Slow (inside the furnace from sintering temperature to room temperature); Normal (inside the furnace from sintering temperature to 500 ºC and outside the furnace from 500 ºC to room temperature); and Fast (outside the furnace from sintering temperature to room temperature). Fracture toughness was measured by IS (n=10) and SEVNB (n=10) methods. Data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA (α=0.05). Results: The fracture toughness obtained from SEVNB (slow - 1.02±0.10; normal - 1.09±0.13; and fast - 1,02±0.18 MPa.m1/2 cooling techniques) was significantly lower than IS (slow - 1.19±0.13; normal - 1.17±0.07; and fast - 1.16±0.06 MPa. m1/2 cooling techniques). There was no significant influence of the cooling technique (p=0.012). Conclusions: The measurement technique influenced the fracture toughness values . IS method overestimated the fracture toughness values. Irrespective of the measuring method, cooling rate did not influence the Vita VM9 veneering porcelain fracture toughness.

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Hing, Peter. "Ultra Rapid Sintering of Ceramics." Defect and Diffusion Forum 297-301 (April 2010): 162–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.297-301.162.

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The paper presents some preliminary investigations on the sintering of alumina ceramics to translucency in a low thermal mass furnace. It is found that extremely fast sintering occurs in a forming gas atmosphere. Rapid densification occurs in minutes rather than hours normally encountered in conventional sintering of ceramics.

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Sethi, G., A. Upadhyaya, and D. Agrawal. "Microwave and conventional sintering of premixed and prealloyed Cu-12Sn bronze." Science of Sintering 35, no. 2 (2003): 49–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sos0302049s.

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The aim of the present investigation is to study the sintering behavior of the Cu-12Sn bronze system in both, a microwave furnace as well as a conventional furnace. The powders prepared by premixed and prealloyed routes were sintered in the range of solid state, transient and supersolidus liquid phase sintering conditions. The comparative analysis is based on the sintered density, densification parameter, hardness, macrostructures and microstructures of the samples.

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Luo, Shu Dong, Colleen J. Bettles, Ming Yan, Graham B. Schaffer, and Ma Qian. "Microwave Sintering of Titanium." Key Engineering Materials 436 (May 2010): 141–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.436.141.

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Effective sintering of titanium requires the use of a high sintering temperature (≥1200 °C), preferably in high vacuum (< 10-2 Pa). This confines the heating and cooling rates to ~ 4 °C/min because of the limited thermal shock resistance of ceramic tube furnaces. Consequently, it leads to lengthy sintering cycles (10-12 hr). This work presents an assessment of microwave (MW) sintering of titanium. Titanium powders in the size ranges of <20 µm, 45-63 µm, and 100-150 µm were used to make green samples with compaction pressures ranging from 200-800 MPa. Sintering was carried out at 1200 °C for 2 hr in a 3 kW MW furnace with a 2.45 GHz multimode cavity under a vacuum of 2-6×10-3 Pa. The characteristics of MW heating of green titanium samples in vacuum are described in terms of the heating rate, vacuum fluctuations, and sparking discharge. The actual MW heating rate achieved from 350 °C to 1200 °C was 34 °C/min. The attendant densities are comparable to those attained by conventional vacuum sintering. Cross-sectional examinations revealed a fairly uniform pore distribution in MW-sintered samples made from either the coarse or fine titanium powder.

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Mondal, Avijit, Anish Upadhyaya, and Dinesh Agrawal. "Effect of Heating Mode and Copper Content on the Densification of W-Cu Alloys." Indian Journal of Materials Science 2013 (August 12, 2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/603791.

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This study investigates the effect of heating mode on the sintering of tungsten-copper alloys containing up to 30 wt.% Cu. The sinterability of the W-Cu system consolidated in a 2.45 GHz multimode microwave furnace has been critically compared with that processed in a radiatively heated (conventional) furnace. The as-pressed W-Cu alloys can be readily sintered in microwave furnace with substantial (sixfold) reduction in the processing time. As compared to conventional sintering, microwave processing results in greater densification, more homogenous distribution of the binder phase, and smaller tungsten grain size. The densification in compacts increases with increasing Cu content. For all compositions, the electrical conductivity and hardness of microwave sintered W-Cu alloys are higher than those of their conventionally sintered counterparts. This study investigates the effect of heating mode on the sintering of tungsten-copper alloys containing up to 30 wt.% Cu. The W-Cu alloys were sintered in a 2.45 GHz microwave furnace with substantial (sixfold) reduction in the processing time. As compared to conventional sintering, microwave processing results in greater densification, more homogenous distribution of the binder phase, and smaller tungsten grain size. This results in higher electrical conductivity and hardness of the microwave sintered W-Cu alloys.

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Dugauguez, Olivier, Jose Manuel Torralba, Thierry Barrière, and Jean Claude Gelin. "Unconventional Methods of Sintering Inconel 718 MIM Samples." Key Engineering Materials 716 (October 2016): 830–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.716.830.

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In this investigation, three different ways of sintering Inconel 718 MIM samples are compared. The conventional way of sintering in a furnace will be compared to FAHP and microwave sintering. The difficulty of these two methods is to be able to control the shrinkage of the sample and so its shape. These methods have yet not been investigated with a super alloy powder and so, the effects of a high sintering rate on a MIM sample. By accelerating the sintering kinetics, the thermal behavior may be modified. Hence, the behavior of the Inconel 718 sintered by field assisted and microwave sintering has been investigated. The sintered samples were all injected from a feedstock composed of a fine particle Inconel powder and a binder principally composed of CAB and PEG. They were debinded into water for 24h and put in a furnace at 500°C during 2 hours. The heating rate of the furnace was set to 5°C/min until 1290°C during 2 hours. The heating rate of the FAHP was set to 50°C/min until 1250°C during 15 minutes. The microwave samples were sintered around 1300°C during 1 hour, the temperature was increased progressively by steps of 100°C. The effects of the different process on the microstructure and the mechanical properties are then compared. There was no difference in distribution of pores between the conventional sintering and the FAHP sintering but a finer grain size showed better hardness. The microwave sintering of a MIM sample is more complex and the best properties were not obtained.

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Gong, Cheng Long, Jing Zhuo Wang, and Yuan Feng. "Control System of Sintering Furnace Based on Lonworks Net." Applied Mechanics and Materials 48-49 (February 2011): 331–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.48-49.331.

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This paper introduces a computer control network system which can control sintering process of four PTFE molding furnaces accurately. System in-out signals such as sintering temperature, on-off signals of dial motor and aeration motor were connected to Lonworks via net nodes, and network variables were used to construct a configuration and interlinkage between the net nodes. We chose a combined-control strategy in which On-off control or Fuzzy-control or Fuzzy-PID control strategy were selected automatically, so the needs to sintering time, cooling speed, steady-state precision etc were accurately achieved.

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Kang, Seung Gu, and Si Nae Jo. "Effect of Sintering Conditions on the Bloating Property of Artificial Aggregates Made from Dredged Soil." Applied Mechanics and Materials 302 (February 2013): 86–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.302.86.

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The artificial aggregates were fabricated by two sintering methods to recycle the dredged soil produced at thermal power plant in Korea. The first one is the direct sintering method in which the green body is to put into the furnace of preheated at the desired temperature, and the other is the temperature-rising sintering method in which the green body is to put into the furnace of 800~900 oC, heated with a heating rate of 15 °C/min to the final sintering temperature. The aggregate manufactured by the direct sintering method showed the highest bloating behavior than that of the temperature-rising method. To provide the holding time in the input step was to decrease the bloating behavior in the temperature-rising sintering method. The water absorption for the all aggregates was decreased with sintering temperature, and the values of aggregates made by direct sintering was higher than that of the temperature-rising sintering method. The aggregate made of dredged soil by using various sintering methods had the specific gravity of 0.9~1.8 and water absorption of 3~14 %, and so could be applicable for many fields such as civil, environmental, and agricultural engineering fields.

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El-Hussiny, N. A., F. M. Mohamed, and M. E. H. Shalabi. "Recycling of mill scale in sintering process." Science of Sintering 43, no. 1 (2011): 21–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sos1101021e.

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This investigation deals with the effect of replacing some amount of Baharia high barite iron ore concentrate by mill scale waste which was characterized by high iron oxide content on the parameters of the sintering process., and investigation the effect of different amount of coke breeze added on sintering process parameters when using 5% mill scale waste with 95% iron ore concentrate. The results of this work show that, replacement of iron ore concentrate with mill scale increases the amount of ready made sinter, sinter strength and productivity of the sinter machine and productivity at blast furnace yard. Also, the increase of coke breeze leads to an increase the ready made sinter and productivity of the sintering machine at blast furnace yard. The productivity of the sintering machine after 5% decreased slightly due to the decrease of vertical velocity.

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35

Sokołowski, J., K. Łuczaj, and P. Urbańska. "Fabrication of Light Ceramic Aggregate by Authothermal Sintering of Power Plant Ashes in the Rotary Furnace." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 56, no. 4 (December 1, 2011): 1185–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10172-011-0133-6.

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Fabrication of Light Ceramic Aggregate by Authothermal Sintering of Power Plant Ashes in the Rotary Furnace The inexpensive and reliable technology of the production of ceramic aggregate from coal ash, coal dust and mineral cement (clay, bentonite) optionally organic cement has been developed. The tecchnology is based on the method of sintering in high temperature. The conception of workings and the way of performance of the dryer of the humid aggregate and the rotary furnace in which the process will be carried on with no addition of the external fuel have been also developed. The implementation studies, partly granted by European Union, have been continued. The studies consisted ass follows: the laboratory research into the drying of coal ash granules, the compilation of technical parameters for the performance of a new shaft dryer by building semi-commercial model and defining parameters of working, the studyon the sintering in modernized semi-commercial rotary furnace. Currently process desing for final technical installation are being developed.

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Stoimenov, Nikolay, Bogomil Popov, and Veneta Yosifova. "Controlled High-Temperature Sintering of Boron Carbide." MATEC Web of Conferences 292 (2019): 03005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201929203005.

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The paper discusses the boron carbide properties. Two methods are used to examine and control the sintering process of micro/nano boron carbide. For achieving sintering is used a Tammann furnace. First, it is used an electric furnace with the thermal couple for determining transmission coefficient of ZnSe infrared window, observed with an infrared thermal camera. Analysis of the temperatures with and without infrared glass are discussed. After setting the transmission coefficient to the camera, the material is sintered to desired temperatures and for the temperature control is used an infrared camera. The result of the temperature control is achieved boron carbide material, obtained in strict temperature environment.

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Kita, Jaroslaw, Annica Brandenburg, Irina Sudina, and Ralf Moos. "3D-Shaping of Ceramic Tapes to Manufacture a High-Temperature Miniaturized Furnace." Additional Conferences (Device Packaging, HiTEC, HiTEN, and CICMT) 2015, CICMT (September 1, 2015): 000282–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/cicmt-tha15.

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This contribution shows results of 3D-shaping experiments of ceramic tapes. The structures were made by wrapping structured tapes around a hexagonal alumina rod. After lamination, the rod was removed and the structure was finally fired, similarly as reported in [1]. One out of many possible applications of such structures is a miniaturized furnace for sintering of critical materials, which could contaminate expensive chamber furnaces, for tempering of single gas sensors, or for fast heating at controlled rate. While LTCC technology can be applied only up to 600–700 °C, application of HTCC tapes can extend temperature range to above 1000 °C. Therefore, 99.99% alumina tape (ESL 44007) was used. The here-shown miniaturized furnace has a hexagonal form. For a proper temperature distribution in the furnace chamber, the furnace was equipped with six platinum heaters that can be controlled independently. Finite Elements Analysis (FEM) supported the design process. The paper discusses manufacturing route, beginning with a design process supported by FEM through 3D-shaping by wrapping structured tapes around an alumina rod and finally firing and functionality tests.

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Thauri, Shahdura Hammad, Tasnim Firdaus Ariff, and A. N. Mustafizul Karim. "Study of TiC Cutting Tool Insert Using Microwave Synthesis." Applied Mechanics and Materials 52-54 (March 2011): 2116–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.52-54.2116.

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Microwave processing ceramics is emerging fast as a new field of ceramic processing and material synthesis. The past year has witnessed significant progress in the aspects of commercialization and application of the technology to new areas. Further research states that Titanium Carbide (TiC) is the best cutting tool due to its high melting point and by that reason this project aims to show the difference between conventional sintering, microwave sintering and Hot Isostatic Pressing (HIP). Two different compositions consisting of 97TiC3Ni and 93TiC7Ni were sintered using conventional furnace, microwave furnace and HIP. Density, hardness and microstructure analysis were carried out on these TiC inserts. 97TiC3Ni produced higher density and hardness values compared to 93TiC7Ni for all three different methods. Microwave sintering produced the highest density and hardness values compared to conventional sintering and HIP. Microwave produced samples with improved density and hardness in a shorter processing time which is 93% faster than conventional sintering and 50% faster than HIP.

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39

Palermo, Tony. "Carbon potential control in MIM sintering furnace atmospheres." Metal Powder Report 69, no. 3 (May 2014): 16–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0026-0657(14)70130-4.

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WADA, Shigetaka, Tomoya HATTORI, and Kazushige YOKOYAMA. "Sintering of Si3N4 Ceramics in Air Atmosphere Furnace." Journal of the Ceramic Society of Japan 109, no. 1267 (2001): 281–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2109/jcersj.109.1267_281.

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41

Mostafa, Nasser Y., Abdallah A. Shaltout, Mohamed S. Abdel-Aal, and A. El-maghraby. "Sintering mechanism of blast furnace slag–kaolin ceramics." Materials & Design 31, no. 8 (September 2010): 3677–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2010.03.001.

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42

Newkirk, Joseph W. "PM manufacturing research boosted by continuous sintering furnace." Powder Metallurgy 47, no. 3 (September 2004): 221–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/pom.2004.47.3.221.

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43

Quadbeck, Peter, Alexander Strauß, Sieglinde Müller, and Bernd Kieback. "Atmosphere monitoring in a continuous sintering belt furnace." Journal of Materials Processing Technology 231 (May 2016): 406–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2016.01.015.

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Zhang, Yu Zhu, Su Ju Hao, Wu Feng Jiang, and Yue Long. "Study on Sulfur Existing Form in Sinter." Advanced Materials Research 284-286 (July 2011): 1279–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.284-286.1279.

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Lower sulfur content is absolutely necessary for high value-added quality steel, so it is required to reduce sulfur content of product in each link of metallurgical production. Sintering is one of important links to provide blast furnace raw materials. Study on Sulfur existing form in Sinter can provide significant theoretical guide on sulfur distribution in metallurgical production. In this paper, small sintering experiments were carried out and sinter samples with different alkalinities were prepared. The samples were characterized by mineralogical analysis and X-ray diffraction. The results show that Sulfur existing form in Sinter is calcium sulphide (CaS). CaS can not be oxidized and melted down in the following process of blast furnace iron-making and can directly enters into slag for discharge outside the furnace.

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Astacio, Raquel, Fátima Ternero, Jesús Cintas, Francisco G. Cuevas, and Juan Manuel Montes. "Medium-Frequency Electrical Resistance Sintering of Soft Magnetic Powder Metallurgy Iron Parts." Metals 11, no. 6 (June 21, 2021): 994. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11060994.

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The fabrication of soft magnetic Fe parts by the medium-frequency electrical resistance sintering (MF-ERS) technique is studied in this paper. This consolidation technique involves the simultaneous application to metallic powders of pressure and heat, the latter coming from the Joule effect of a low-voltage and high-intensity electric current. Commercially pure iron powder was used in the consolidation experiences. The porosity distribution, microhardness, electrical resistivity and hysteresis curves of the final compacts were determined and analysed. The results obtained were compared both with those of compacts consolidated by the conventional powder metallurgy (PM) route of cold pressing and vacuum furnace sintering, and with fully dense compacts obtained by double cycle of cold pressing and furnace sintering in hydrogen atmosphere.

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Wang, Xin Long, Z. Wang, Hong Song Fan, Yu Mei Xiao, and Xing Dong Zhang. "Fabrication of Porous Hydroxyapatite Ceramics by Microwave Sintering Method." Key Engineering Materials 288-289 (June 2005): 529–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.288-289.529.

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Microwave processing of porous hydroxyapatite ceramics was investigated in a dual frequency microwave-sintering furnace. The results revealed that microwave-sintering process could get sintered ceramics at much shorter sintering time and at lower sintering temperature than that of the conventionally heat-sintering process. Further, the microwave-sintered samples showed much smaller grain size and more uniform microstructure and reached a comparable compressive strength. The mechanism of rapid heating behavior of hydroxyapatite ceramics in microwave was also discussed. The results revealed that microwave processing was a promising method for sintering porous hydroxyapatite ceramics.

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Gelfuso, Maria Virginia, Adriana Scoton Antonio Chinelatto, Daniel Thomazini, Leonardo Pacheco Wendler, Danilo Capistrano Costa, and Adilson Luiz Chinelatto. "Porcelain: Convencional and Microwave Sintering." Materials Science Forum 660-661 (October 2010): 866–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.660-661.866.

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The porcelains are ceramics whose properties are strongly influenced by the microstructure developed after sintering. This microstructure can be changed, either by changing the composition as in the sintering conditions. New sintering methods, have allowed a greater control of the ceramics properties as a consequence of the final microstructure greater control. Microwave sintering is one of these techniques that have aroused a high interest in ceramics process because this method led to higher densification and the fine microstructure in much shorter time duration compared to conventional procedures. In this work it was studied the porcelain ceramics sintered under microwave and traditional heating conditions. Porcelains disks were prepared under a uniaxial pressure. One set of samples was sintered at in a conventional muffle furnace at range of 1250°C and 1300°C for 2 h. Another set of disks was sintered using a custom-made 2.45 GHz furnace at 1200°C temperature between 15 and 45 minutes. Density and microstructure information were obtained on microwave and convention processed samples by Archimedes principle and SEM (scanning electron microscope, JSM-5510 LV), respectively. Microwave sintering of porcelains promoted densification in much shorter time duration when compared to conventional method. The microstructure was strongly influenced by microwave heating, promoting an abnormal grain growth of the primary mullite.

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Majewski, Tomasz, Tomasz Durejko, Wiesław Urbaniak, Aneta D. Petelska, Magdalena Łazińska, Dariusz Zasada, and Ryszard Woźniak. "Influence of Manufacturing Technology on the Structure of 80W–20Re Heavy Sinters." Materials 12, no. 23 (November 29, 2019): 3965. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12233965.

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Preliminary measurement results of 80W–20Re heavy sinters are presented in this paper. Tested samples were taken from three different technology processes, i.e., resistance sintering (RS), pulse plasma sintering (PPS), and conventional sintering in a vacuum furnace. In the first two cases, the obtained sinters were of similar usable properties (porosity and microhardness), while for vacuum sintering, the material with high porosity was obtained. At the same time, it was found that sintering with the use of electric current (RS, PPS) generates microstructures with highly elongated grains.

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Rahman, W., Shamsul Baharin Jamaludin, and Mohd Noor Mazlee. "Microwave Sintering of Pure Iron with Addition of Stearic Acid as Binder." Advanced Materials Research 576 (October 2012): 166–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.576.166.

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The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of the stearic acid as binder in sintering pure iron using a microwave furnace. The study was focused in mechanical properties such as porosity, density and micro-hardness of sintered product. The experiment was done by varying weight percentages of stearic acid and controlling the sintering parameters such as sintering temperature and sintering time. Increasing the percentage of stearic acid resulted in higher porosity and lower bulk density. Hardness has increased by increasing sintering temperature and sintering time. The optimum material properties were found at 1300 °C sintering temperature with addition 2 % stearic acid within 30 minutes sintering time.

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Cias, A. "A novel method of sintering hybrid steels in an improved semiclosed container system." Science of Sintering 45, no. 3 (2013): 379–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sos1303379c.

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Conventional sintering techniques for structural steels have been developed principally for Cu and Ni containing alloys. Applying these to Cr and Mn steels (successful products of traditional metallurgy) encounter the problem of the high affinity for oxygen of these elements. A solution is employing a microatmosphere in a semiclosed container which favours reduction reactions. This has already proved successful on a laboratory scale, especially with nitrogen as the furnace gas. Further modifications to the system, now described, include the use of two sintering boxes, one inside the other. Superior mechanical properties, even using air as the furnace gas, are attainable.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Sintering furnace'

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