Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Sino india'

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This thesis argues that territorial dispute, regional geopolitics, and economic competition, catalyzed by misperceptions, will ensure that Sino-India relations remain competitive in nature. However, the high costs of war, growing economic interaction, and the imperative for peaceful economic development will help keep the nature of competition to a pragmatic level through 2020. Worth noting is that nations engaged in pragmatic competition continue to factor in "the other" as a potential enemy for military planning purposes. To stabilize pragmatism in Sino-India relations this thesis recommends a three-pronged strategy for India: build trust; ensure credible deterrence; and, promote economic and regional cooperation. To be forthcoming without appearing weak must be India's mantra.

China and India, demographically being the two largest countries in the world, are together accounting for more than a third of the world’s total population. This makes the Sino-Indian relationship critical not only for those living in China and India, but for the whole world. Regardless of a history filled with conflicts and a contemporary competition over regional influence have the two Asian powers managed to increasingly deepen their economic ties. Even though the relationship seems to be moving in a more peaceful direction of mutual understanding and cooperation, it is still a very fragile relationship. The focus of this research lies in the contemporary Sino-Indian relations, which aims to understand the role trade and cooperation have had in moving the attention away from security-related issues on to more positive fields. The empirical observations that will be tested in the case of Sino-Indian relations are the border dispute at Arunachal Pradesh and the political and economic interdependence. Together these will represent the empirical foundation of the research, which will be tested and interpreted by the neo-realist and neo-liberal perspective. The concluding remarks on the research is that trade and cooperation unlikely is the main factor in the Sino-Indian relationship, preventing or reducing attention from being given to security-related issues, but should rather be seen as the foundational source on which a process towards confidence-building measures, institutions, mutual interests and a political goodwill has been established.

There has been growing interest in the historical analysis of the Sino-Indian relations and the Sino-Indian border issue, yet little research has focus on the impact of two Government’s foreign policies on the Sino-Indian border issue. This study examines the Sino-Indian relations, particularly the Sino-Indian border issue, Tibetan issues and China and India’s foreign policies in the middle 20th century. This research will examine the origin and development of the Sino-Indian border issue and connections between and national diplomatic policies and the border disputes in China and India. More specifically, this research aims to illustrate the origins of the Sino-Indian border dispute, the role Tibet played in the Sino-Indian border issue, the impacts of their foreign policies on the Sino-Indian border issue from the 1950s to the 1960s, the measures both states took to ease boundary intension and conflicts, why the 1962 Border War happened, and what changes to foreign policies two governments made before and after the 1962 Border War. This study involves the collection and analysis of historical archival materials and official documents from both China and India.

This dissertation analyzes the relevance and importance of small buffer states for contemporary International Relations. It argues that sub-systemic interactions reinvigorate the role of buffer states in regional security. Using the case study of the triadic relationship among India, Nepal, and China, this study explains the evolving role of buffer states. The technological innovations in weapons systems, transportation, and communication have extended the reach of potential adversaries, rendering intermediate territorial space less significant than in the past. Thus, it is hypothesized in this dissertation that increased sub-systemic rivalry reinvigorates differently the relevance and significance of buffer states. The role of such states has evolved from an overwhelmingly geographic concept based on spatial discontinuity between larger rival powers to that of a fluid political space in which Great/Middle Power rivalry and competition play out. The research utilizes a mixed research design, specifically called the convergent parallel design. Data was collected based on specific critical junctures between 1990-2017. For quantitative analysis, data on trade, foreign direct investment, and foreign aid were collected; for the qualitative data analysis, foreign policy statements, press releases, and media briefs were used. Incorporating the Kruskal-Wallis Test and content analysis, both the results of the qualitative and quantitative analyses were collectively interpreted. Results demonstrate that during critical historical junctures, material and rhetorical engagements of both China and India invigorate within the buffer state of Nepal. In periods that India increases its material and rhetorical engagements, China concomitantly decreases its material engagement all the while increasing its rhetorical engagement. In essence, buffer states maintain relevance through the externalization of interactions between larger powers in the form of dynamic rhetorical and material engagements. In this case, Nepal maintains its relevance as a dynamic political space for interactions between its neighbors, India and China.

With or without global consent, China and India are the rising powers in Asia. After 1962, these two states have experienced enduring rivalries with historical and intricate hostility over the issues of territory, the sanctuary of Tibetan refugees on Indian territory, polarized relations with Pakistan, and geopolitical and resources competition. However, these disagreements have evolved from confrontation to the mixed elements of competition and cooperation to date. Sino-Indian relations have undergone a transformation with momentum toward cooperation on a number of regional and global issues over the last two decades. This thesis aims at exploring why Sino-Indian relations have been transformed from enmity to amity. To do so, I apply the peace and war theory of an international relations theorist, Benjamin Miller, as a main theoretical framework to analyse the transformations of Sino-Indian relations between 1950s and 2013. Thus, this thesis finds alternative explanations of the regional orders to account for why rivals states tend to peacefully coexist, contributing to peace studies. This thesis argues that the transformations of Sino-Indian relations from hot war to cold war, then to cold peace can be contributed to two factors: firstly, the end of superpower competition and the presence of the great powers – Russia, between 1990 and 1999, and the US, after 2000 –imposing regional stability. Secondly, China and India suffered from the problems of a “state-to-nation imbalance”, causing the 1962 war. Moreover, the Sino-Indian relations were characterized by the challenges to the unresolved border disputes associated with China’s Tibet issue, making peace reversible and a high level of warm peace more difficult.

Sindhi Hindus comprise the world's most widespread South Asian diaspora. When the British divided their Indian empire in 1947, unlike Punjab, Bengal, and Assam, they did not partition Sind (today a part of Pakistan), despite the minority campaign for a partition of the region. Sind's partition in 1947 was a deterritorialised and demographic one, producing over a million 'non-Muslim' refugees who resettled in India and abroad. A frequently overlooked region in histories of South Asia, Sind is of profound importance to the history of the partition of India. In the decades preceding partition Sind formed the core of the demand for the creation of 'Muslim majority' provinces that later gave Pakistan its territorial basis. This thesis outlines a new history of partition from the pre-partition Sindhi movement for separation from the Bombay Presidency. It explores the hardening of communal identities in a province renowned for its blurred religious boundaries and the ambiguities of defining a 'Muslim majority' province in the run-up to the foundation of Pakistan. Partition histories emphasise the role of sudden and unexpected genocidal violence in creating refugees. The processes of nation-formation and establishing new political-legal sovereignties also shaped refugee flows. Sindhi Hindu migration at the time of partition is also located within their older histories of mobility and suggests a more complex picture of displacements at the time of partition. Largely unwelcome in India, Sindhi refugees exercised a considerable amount of initiative, in rehabilitating themselves and in challenging the state's slow response to their demands for rehabilitation. Using rarely studied legal archives, this thesis charts how, despite being a stateless minority, Sindhi refugees' legal campaigns shaped the Indian constitution and informed broader notions of Indian citizenship. Refugee initiatives to create a 'new' Sind and port in Kutch collided with the governmental agenda to secure the integration of the princely states and harness their economic resources to the Indian Union. By investigating the 'failures' of this attempt to re-establish 'Sind in India', this thesis provides unique insights into the fraught interaction between refugee resettlement and the birth of a new nation.

In the early hours of 20 October 1962, the Chinese People’s Liberation Army (PLA) launched a series of devastating assaults on Indian posts stretched along thousands of miles of mountainous border. The attack drew a line under several years of acrimony over the border and an even longer period of uncertainty and ambiguity regarding each sides’ respective claims. However, the SinoIndian War was far more than just a territorial scrap, bloody as it was. It was widely perceived as a Chinese attack on Nehruvian non-alignment, a peculiar foreign policy posture that he had developed to counter the Cold War. By rejecting Nehru so firmly, Beijing was demonstrating a clear turn from the moderation it had pursued in tandem with the Soviets to engage non-socialist Asia through the mid-1950s. Mao’s attack on India was then a firm rejection of both Delhi’s moderation and Soviet partnership and a major turning point in the history of the Cold War and Asia. This thesis adds to the existing histories of the war by exploring Sino-Indian relations from 1949 when the two Asian giants cautiously swapped ambassadors. The ambiguous relationship between Beijing and Delhi is examined from the perspective of Nehru’s ambitious overall foreign policy agenda, rather than just a narrow focus on the border and Tibet. The deterioration of ties between Delhi and Beijing is often characterised as the result of conflicting territorial and indeed imperial ambitions. But it is also true to say that from early in the 1950s there was a remarkable effort at collaboration and accommodation of their respective ambitions. Simultaneously, collaboration was always underpinned by an acute sense of competition for influence in Asia, in particular over the appropriate model of development for the region. In particular, this thesis gives far greater emphasis on Beijing’s function within the dynamics of Sino-Indian relations, and shows how vital were the ideological shifts within the Chinese leadership. The ideologically framed judgements about Indian economic development policies had a major impact on how Beijing assessed the ongoing feasibility of its entire experiment with a moderate foreign policy in general and cooperation with Delhi specifically. By illustrating how these understandings of India also affected Chinese views of the Soviet leadership’s competence, this thesis also makes an important contribution to the historiography of the Sino-Soviet split. Ultimately, relations collapsed with Delhi not just because of hard territorial interests, but because Mao came to believe that the continued deferral of revolutionary goals was leaving the field clear for reactionary elements in China, India and beyond.

The Sino-Indian border dispute remains one of the most significant points of tension between Asia’s two rising powers, generating numerous military standoffs and diplomatic incidents since the founding of the two countries. Yet, despite the importance of the Sino-Indian border dispute in the geopolitics of both states, there have been no theoretical examination to date as to why the Sino-Indian border dispute has become and remain intractable. The lack of a proper theory regarding the intractableness of the Sino-Indian border dispute is symptomatic of a wider dearth of serious theoretical studies investigating why and how interstate border disputes become and remain intractable. This dissertation, therefore, attempts to answer a research question that has not been properly addressed in the scholarly literature on interstate border disputes: “why has the Sino-Indian border dispute become and remained intractable and thereby difficult to resolve?” Utilising neoclassical realism as a guide, I propose and test one core hypothesis: China and India have maintained their irreconcilable positions towards the border dispute because any attempt at resolution, whether by making painful and unpopular concessions or by attempts to annex the territory by force, is against the interest of three sets of actors in both states. These three actors correspond with Kenneth Waltz’s three levels-of-analysis; that is the individual state leaders, the state’s governing institutions and the State as an actor operating in the international system. When these actors approach an interstate border dispute, there are three general policy strategies available: to escalate, to compromise or to maintain the status quo. For different reasons, actors from both China and India typically consider escalatory and compromise strategies too risky and reject them as options. Thus, maintaining the status quo becomes the default policy for both sides. Consequently, despite several rounds of border negotiations and numerous confrontations, the Sino-Indian border dispute remains intractable, a state of affairs that is likely to continue for the foreseeable future.

The rivalry between China and India poses significant challenges for the regional security of Southeast Asia, and particularly for the security of Burma. Within the context of their rivalry, China and India compete over oil and gas resources in Burma. They seek not only to establish energy security for their own countries, but to reaffirm an economic and political presence in the region. This thesis will explore the impact of China and India's pursuit of energy resources on Burma's domestic and foreign politics. It will show how, over the last few years, the competitive agendas of these two countries over the natural resources in Burma, has strengthened the military junta in the country. In particular, it will detail how, with the revenues from selling its energy resources, the government of Burma is able to operate with relative autonomy and impunity in formulating authoritarian domestic policies and pursuing foreign policy. It suggests that progress on democratization and liberalization in Burma is likely to occur more slowly as a result of this access to energy revenue.

Major attempts to control the natural environment characterized government ‘developmental' activity in twentieth-century Sind. This thesis argues that the construction of three barrage dams across the River Indus, along with a network of irrigation canals, enacted human control over nature as a political project. The Raj and its successor state in Sind, Pakistan, thereby claimed legitimacy through their capacity to benefit humans by re-modelling the landscape. These claims depended on an implied narrative of material progress, which irrigation development was expected to bring about, in a province considered technologically and socially backward. In allocating land that was newly made available for cultivation, government officials found an unprecedented opportunity to also re-shape agrarian society. As well as providing the means by which ‘ideal types' of cultivator could be encouraged to proliferate, the development of Sind's irrigation system was based on concepts of modernization that promoted increasing state intervention in agrarian life to render a ‘disordered' society more easily governable. This trend was constrained, however, by successive administrations' need to balance the lure of radical modernization against the powerful claims on new land of local magnates. The colonial belief in the agricultural, economic, and social benefits of large-scale irrigation projects was transplanted into the post-colonial state. The construction of irrigation works, the colonization of land, and their political implications before and after Independence are therefore analyzed, in order to demonstrate how and why the logic of large infrastructure schemes remained consistent. At the same time, differences in how successive administrations framed and enacted barrage projects are shown to have depended on contemporary circumstances. In the process, the thesis sheds new light on the tensions between and within the central and provincial governments, demonstrating the contested nature of concepts of Imperial governance, nation-building, and material progress.

The rasa theory of Indian aesthetics is concerned with the nature of the genesis of emotions and their corresponding experiences, as well as the condition of being in and experiencing the aesthetic world. According to the Indian aesthetic theory, rasa ("juice" or "essence," something that is savored, that is tasted) is an embodied aesthetic experienced through an artistic performance. In this thesis, I have investigated how the aesthetics of rasa philosophy account for creative presence and its experiences in Karnatik vocal performances. Beyond the facets of grammar, Karnatik rāga performance signifies a deeper ontological meaning as a way to experience rasa, idiomatically termed as rāga-rasa by South Indian rāga practitioners. A vocal performance of a rāga ideally depends on a singer's embodied experience of rāga and rāga-bhāva (emotive expression of rāga), as much as it does on his/her theoretical knowledge and skillset of a rāga's svaras (scale degrees), gamakas (ornamentation), lakṣhaṇās (emblematic phrases), and so on. Reflecting on my own experience of being a Karnatik student and performer for the last two decades, participant observation, interviews, and analysis of Indian aesthetic theory of rasa, I propose a way of understanding that to sing rāga is to embody bhāva opening the space that brings rasa into being. Reflecting on the epistemology of rāga theory, particularly its smaller entities of svaras and gamakas, and through a phenomenological description of the process through which a vocalist embodies rāga (including how a guru transmits this musical embodiment to his shishya [disciple]), I argue that the notion of rāga-rasa itself has agency in determining the nature of svaras and its gamakas in a rāga performance. Additionally, focusing on the relationship between performers and rasikas (drinkers of the juice), this thesis examines how the embodiment of rāga-bhāva and the experience of rasa open the possibility for musicians and audiences to live rāga-rasa in a performance.

Som aspirerande artist är det ett nålsöga att infria sina drömmar med musiken, många försöker men desto färre lyckas. Syftet med denna kvalitativa studie är att undersöka hur aspirerande artister beskriver sina drömmar med musiken. Studien ämnar dessutom besvara huruvida genretillhörighet upplevs korrelera med hur drömmarna beskrivs. För undersökningen har åtta aspirerande artister intervjuats där hälften är pop-artister medan andra halvan består av alternativa artister (punk och indie). Forskningsresultatet visar att pop-artisterna i regel beskriver större drömmar än de alternativa artisterna. Samtliga respondenter delade dock drömmen om att kunna livnära sig på musiken. Däremot tenderade pop-artisterna att drömma om större summor pengar än de alternativa artisterna som istället nöjde sig med att kunna försörja sig på sitt artisteri. Mellan genrerna delades även viljan att ta musikkarriären så långt som möjligt. Resultatet visar dock att det mellan respondenterna råder delade meningar huruvida genretillhörighet korrelerar med hur de beskriver sina drömmar. Hälfterna av popoch de alternativa artisterna upplevde att genretillhörighet haft en påverkan medan övriga respondenter var osäkra eller inte reflekterat över genretillhörighetens påverkan.

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Atualmente devido ? inatividade f?sica, a falta de informa??o e os v?cios posturais, as pessoas enfrentam grandes problemas de sa?de como doen?as cr?nicas degenerativas e dores nas costas conhecida como lombalgia acarretando nesses indiv?duos al?m da dor uma mudan?a no seu cotidiano habitual. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo Interpretar a efic?cia da a??o combinada do Exerc?cio F?sico e Fisioterapia na recupera??o da lombalgia, nos idosos do que utilizam o Sistema ?nico de Sa?de (SUS) do munic?pio de Mafra-SC. A presente investiga??o ? quantitativa, caracteriza-se como sendo um estudo experimental, em um delineamento de efic?cia. A popula??o alvo foi formada pelas pessoas com mais de 60 anos do munic?pio, totalizando 109 indiv?duos, que foram selecionados previamente atrav?s de exames m?dicos e avalia??o f?sica, cujos dados est?o contidos em prontu?rio pr?prio. Os crit?rios de inclus?o, al?m da faixa et?ria, dizem respeito a sujeitos da pesquisa que apresentam lombalgia cr?nica, em condi??es de realizar os itens previstos na metodologia da presente pesquisa. Os selecionados foram divididos aleatoriamente, atrav?s de inscri??o par/ ?mpar, em dois grupos. Grupo um: os que fizeram o trabalho fisioter?pico, acompanhado de exerc?cio f?sico, de forma simult?nea, grupo dois: os que fizeram apenas o trabalho fisioter?pico, constituindo dessa forma o grupo controle. Resultados Quanto ? an?lise descritiva das caracter?sticas dos grupos calculou-se m?dia de idade em 66,74?6,35 anos, sendo a maioria indiv?duos do sexo feminino, contabilizando 78,18% de idosas no grupo um e 77,77% de idosas no grupo dois. Ap?s an?lise estat?stica para compara??o das medidas encontradas em pr? e p?s-teste dos grupos exerc?cio f?sico e controle ?ndice de Massa Corporal os dois grupos apresentaram diferen?as estat?sticas tendo obtido uma diferen?a maior em rela??o ? m?dia de diminui??o de 0,98 kg/m? no grupo controle para 0,24 kg/m? no grupo um. Em rela??o ao percentual de gordura observamos uma maior igualdade neste protocolo apresentando valores de diferen?a de m?dias parecidos, obtendo uma diferen?a entre os grupos de apenas 0,4% de gordura o que n?o ? significativo. A circunfer?ncia de cintura foi o teste que mais apresentou diferen?as entre os grupos, no grupo um a m?dia ficou em 2,51cm j? o outro grupo controle 0,29cm. Na flexibilidade, os dados coletados n?o apresentaram uma distribui??o normal, sendo assim, utilizou-se o teste de compara??o de Wilcoxon, obtendo diferen?as estat?sticas significantes nos dois grupos. Sendo 2,31 cm no grupo um e de apenas 0,29 cm no grupo controle entre pr? e p?s teste, flexibilidade de ombro, n?o mostrou diferen?as significativas entre pr? e p?s testes nos dois grupos. Na for?a obteve-se as maiores diferen?as em rela??o aos grupos, ocorrendo uma diferen?a estat?stica significativa no grupo um de 3,27 kg e 0,24 Kg no grupo dois. A escala da dor, essa vari?vel apresentou diferen?as significativas nos dois grupos, ao se comparar as m?dias identificou-se que a diferen?a encontrada foi de 2,03 no grupo um e 0,23 no grupo dois em rela??o ? diminui??o da dor. Conclui-se que a a??o combinada de exerc?cio f?sico com a fisioterapia ocorreu uma melhora significativa nas val?ncias f?sica analisadas principalmente na diminui??o da dor e com isso tendo um tempo menor para a recupera??o da lombalgia no Grupo 1.

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The need for new sources of energy and the concern about the environment have pushed the search for renewable energy sources such as ethanol. The use of lignocellulosic biomass as substrate appears as an important alternative because of the abundance of this raw material and for it does not compete with food production. However, the process still meets difficulties of implementation, including the cost for production of enzymes that degrade cellulose to fermentable sugars. The aim of this study was to evaluate the behavior of the species of cactus pear Opuntia ficus indica and Nopalea cochenillifera, commonly found in northeastern Brazil, as raw materials for the production of: 1) cellulosic ethanol by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) process, using two different strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (PE-2 and LNF CA-11), and 2) cellulolytic enzymes by semi-solid state fermentation (SSSF) using the filamentous fungus Penicillium chrysogenum. Before alcoholic fermentation process, the material was conditioned and pretreated by three different strategies: alkaline hydrogen peroxide, alkaline using NaOH and acid using H2SO4 followed by alkaline delignification with NaOH. Analysis of composition, crystallinity and enzymatic digestibility were carried out with the material before and after pretreatment. In addition, scanning electron microscopy images were used to compare qualitatively the material and observe the effects of pretreatments. An experimental design 2? with triplicate at the central point was used to evaluate the influence of temperature (30, 40 and 45 ?C) and the initial charge of substrate (3, 4 and 5% cellulose) in the SSF process using the material obtained through the best condition and testing both strains of S. cerevisiae, one of them flocculent (LNF CA-11). For cellulase production, the filamentous fungus P. chrysogenum was tested with N. cochenillifera in the raw condition (without pretreatment) and pretrated hydrothermically, varying the pH of the fermentative medium (3, 5 and 7). The characterization of cactus pear resulted in 31.55% cellulose, 17.12% hemicellulose and 10.25% lignin for N. cochenillifera and 34.86% cellulose, 19.97% hemicellulose and 15.72% lignin for O. ficus indica. It has also been determined, to N. cochenillifera and O. ficus indica, the content of pectin (5.44% and 5.55% of calcium pectate, respectively), extractives (26.90% and 9.69%, respectively) and ashes (5.40% and 5.95%). Pretreatment using alkaline hydrogen peroxide resulted in the best cellulose recovery results (86.16% for N. cochenillifera and 93.59% for O. ficus indica) and delignification (48.79% and 23.84% for N. cochenillifera and O. ficus indica, respectively). This pretreatment was also the only one which did not increase the crystallinity index of the samples, in the case of O. ficus indica. However, when analyzing the enzymatic digestibility of cellulose, alkali pretreatment was the one which showed the best yields and therefore it was chosen for the tests in SSF. The experiments showed higher yield of conversion of cellulose to ethanol by PE-2 strain using the pretreated N. cochenillifera (93.81%) at 40 ?C using 4% initial charge of cellulose. N. cochenillifera gave better yields than O. ficus indica and PE-2 strain showed better performance than CA-11. N. cochenillifera proved to be a substrate that can be used in the SSSF for enzymes production, reaching values of 1.00 U/g of CMCase and 0.85 FPU/g. The pretreatment was not effective to increase the enzymatic activity values
A necessidade de novas fontes de energia e a preocupa??o com o meio-ambiente t?m impulsionado a pesquisa por fontes renov?veis de energia, como o etanol. O uso de biomassa lignocelul?sica como substrato aparece como uma importante alternativa devido ? abund?ncia desta mat?ria-prima e por n?o concorrer com a produ??o de alimentos. Entretanto, o processo ainda encontra dificuldades de implementa??o, entre elas o custo para produ??o das enzimas que degradam a celulose em a??cares fermentesc?veis. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o comportamento das esp?cies de palma forrageira Opuntia ficus indica (gigante) e Nopalea cochenillifera (mi?da), comumente encontradas na regi?o Nordeste do Brasil, como mat?rias-primas para produ??o de: 1) etanol celul?sico pelo processo de sacarifica??o e fermenta??o simult?neas (SFS) usando duas cepas diferentes de Saccharomyces cerevisiae (PE-2 e LNF CA-11) e 2) enzimas celulol?ticas atrav?s da fermenta??o em estado semiss?lido (FES) usando o fungo filamentoso Penicillium chrysogenum. Antes do processo de fermenta??o alco?lica, o material foi condicionado e pr?-tratado por tr?s diferentes estrat?gias: per?xido de hidrog?nio alcalino, alcalino usando NaOH e ?cido usando H2SO4 seguido de deslignifica??o alcalina com NaOH. An?lises de composi??o, cristalinidade e digestibilidade enzim?tica foram feitas com o material antes e depois do pr?-tratamento. Adicionalmente, imagens de microscopia eletr?nica de varredura foram usadas para comparar qualitativamente o material e observar os efeitos dos pr?-tratamentos. Um planejamento fatorial 2? com triplicata no ponto central foi utilizado para avaliar a influ?ncia da temperatura (30, 40 e 45 ?C) e da carga inicial de substrato (3, 4 e 5% de celulose) no processo SFS, usando o material obtido nas melhores condi??es de pr?-tratamento e testando duas cepas de S. cerevisiae, sendo uma delas floculante (LNF CA-11). Para a produ??o de celulase, o fungo filamentoso P. chrysogenum foi testado com a esp?cie de palma N. cochenillifera no estado in-natura (sem pr?-tratamento) e submetida a um pr?-tratamento hidrot?rmico, variando-se o pH do meio fermentativo (3, 5 e 7). A caracteriza??o das palmas forrageiras resultou em 31,55% de celulose, 17,12% de hemicelulose e 10,25% de lignina para a esp?cie N. cochenillifera e 34,86% de celulose, 19,97% de hemicelulose e 15,72% de lignina para a esp?cie O. ficus indica. Analisou-se ainda, para as palmas mi?da e gigante, o teor de pectina (5,44% e 5,55% de pectato de c?lcio, respectivamente), extrativos (26,90% e 9,69%, respectivamente) e cinzas (5,40% e 5,95%). O pr?-tratamento usando per?xido de hidrog?nio alcalino apresentou os melhores resultados de recupera??o de celulose (86,16% para a palma mi?da e 93,59% para a palma gigante) e de deslignifica??o (48,79% e 23,84% para as palmas mi?da e gigante, respectivamente). Este pr?-tratamento foi tamb?m o ?nico a n?o elevar o ?ndice de cristalinidade das amostras, no caso da palma gigante. Entretanto, quando analisada a digestibilidade enzim?tica da celulose, o pr?-tratamento alcalino foi o que proporcionou os melhores rendimentos e, portanto, este foi o escolhido para os testes de SFS. Os experimentos demonstraram maior rendimento da convers?o de celulose em etanol pela cepa PE-2 usando a palma mi?da pr?-tratada (93,81%) a 40 ?C e usando 4% de carga inicial de celulose. A palma mi?da demonstrou melhores rendimentos que a gigante e a cepa PE-2 resultou melhor desempenho que a CA-11. A palma mi?da se mostrou um substrato poss?vel de ser usado na FES para produ??o de enzimas, alcan?ando valores de 1,00 U/g de CMCase e 0,85 FPU/g. O pr?-tratamento n?o se mostrou eficaz para aumentar os valores de atividade enzim?tica

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Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES
Importance: The efficacy of combined body suspension with tilting exercises (Chordata Method) in Parkinson?s disease (PD) is unclear. Objective: Design a clinical study to assess the efficacy of body suspension with tilting exercises on functional and quality of life outcomes in PD. Design, Setting, and Participants: This is an assessor-blinded, randomized and controlled clinical trial. A total of 48 subjects with moderate PD were recruited from the Neurological Service of S?o Lucas Hospital, PUCRS, Brazil. Recruitment took place between September 2015 and May 2016. The entire protocol study lasted 16 weeks, with 8 weeks of exercise protocol and 8 weeks of follow-up. Interventions: Subjects were randomly assigned to either body suspension with tilting exercises (intervention group) or stretching exercises (control group). Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary outcome was the Timed Up and Go test at the 8th week. Secondary outcomes were Berg Balance Scale (BBS); Functional Reach Test (FRT); Unified Parkinson?s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) and Parkinson?s Disease Questionnaire (PDQ-39). These measures were assessed at baseline (before trial entry) and then at the 8th (end of exercise protocols) and 16th weeks (8 weeks of follow-up) after randomization. Results: Of the 48 subjects randomized in the study 20 received the intervention (71.3?6.3 years old) and 20 were controls (66.7?6.4 years old). Eight of them were lost during the trial (four per group). Analysis of co-variance, with adjustment for baseline measurement, revealed a between-group difference in the Timed Up and Go test at 8th week [CI95% difference of -4.90 (-5.80 a -4.00), p<0.0001] and in the follow-up [CI95% difference of -4.94 sec (-5.82 to -4.06), p<0.0001], which was our primary outcome. Significant between-groups differences were also found for all secondary outcomes (BBS, UPDRS-III, FRT, and PDQ-39) at 8th week and follow-up (16th week) assessments. Conclusions and relevance: We suggest the body suspension with tilting exercises protocol (the Chordata Method) improves functionality and quality of life in subjects with moderate PD. This evidence supports the Chordata method appears to be a new effective therapeutic option to treat Parkinson-related mobility and balance dysfunctions.
Import?ncia: A efic?cia da utiliza??o de exerc?cios de suspens?o e pendula??o corporal (m?todo Chordata) para o tratamento de sujeitos com a Doen?a de Parkinson ainda n?o foi testada. Objetivo: Realizar um estudo cl?nico para avaliar a efic?cia de um programa de exerc?cios de suspens?o e pendula??o corporal sobre a funcionalidade e qualidade de vida de sujeitos portadores da doen?a de Parkinson. Delineamento, M?todo e Participantes: Trata-se de um ensaio cl?nico, controlado e randomizado, com avaliador de desfecho alheio aos grupos experimentais. Um total de 48 sujeitos com diagn?stico m?dico de doen?a de Parkinson, de est?gio leve ? moderado, foram recrutados a partir do Servi?o de Neurologia do Hospital S?o Lucas da PUCRS, Brasil. O recrutamento ocorreu entre Setembro de 2015 e Maio de 2016. O protocol do estudo teve a dura??o de 16 semanas, sendo 8 semanas de pr?tica dos exerc?cios propostos, com iguais 8 semanas de seguimento (follow-up). Interven??o: Os sujeitos foram randomizados nos grupos interven??o (suspens?o e pendula??o corporal) e controle (alongamentos de grandes grupos musculares). Desfechos principais e medidas: O desfecho prim?rio do presente estudo foi o teste do Timed Up and Go ao final do protocolo de treinamento (8 semanas). Os desfechos secund?rios foram a Escala de Equil?brio de Berg (EEB); o teste do Alcance Funcional (TAF); a Escala Unificada da Doen?a de Parkinson, sess?o III (UPDRS-III) e o Question?rio de Qualidade de Vida na Doen?a de Parkinson (PDQ-39). Estes desfechos foram avalaidos nos momentos pr?-interven??o, ap?s, ao t?rmino do protocol de exerc?cios (8 semanas) e no per?odo de seguimento (16 semanas ap?s a randomiza??o). Resultados: De um total de 48 sujeitos randomizados, 20 participaram do grupo interven??o (71,3?6,3 anos de idade) e 20 do grupo controle (66,7?6,4 anos de idade). Oito sujeitos foram perdidos durante a execu??o do estudo (quarto em cada um dos grupos). A An?lise de co-vari?ncia, com ajuste para os dados basais, revelou uma diferen?a entre-grupos no teste do Timed Up and Go ao t?rmino do protocolo de exerc?cios (8 semanas) [diferen?a IC95%: -4,90 (-5,80 a -4,00), p<0,0001] e na avalia??o de seguimento [diferen?a IC95%: -4.94 sec (-5,82 to -4,06), p<0.0001], teste este estabelecido como o desfecho prim?rio. Diferen?as significativas tamb?m foram encontradas para todos os desfechos secund?rios (EEB, UPDRS-III, TAF e PDQ-39) em ambas as avalia??es p?s-interven??o (8 e 16 semanas ap?s a randimiza??o). Conclus?es e relev?ncia: Nossos resultados sugerem que os exerc?cios de suspens?o e pendula??o corporal s?o capazes de melhorar a funcionalidade e a qualidade de vida de sujeitos com a doen?a de Parkinson, em est?gio moderado. Esta evid?ncia suporta que o m?todo Chordata parece ser uma nova e efetiva interven??o terap?utica para o tratamento das desordens de mobilidade e equil?brio associadas ? doen?a de Parkinson.

Orientador: Vanessa Rosemary Lea
Texto em espanhol
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas
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Resumo: Nesse texto pretende-se compreender como, atualmente, se manifesta a relação dos mapuche com sua filosofia social (mapuche rakizuam). Veremos como mesmo num contexto de profundas transformações, o pensamento próprio contínua fazendo sentido e intensificando a vida das pessoas mapuche. O que será abordado a partir da análise de casos de pessoas que, durante a segunda metade dos anos 1960, se deslocaram desde um espaço territorial (fütal mapu) para outro e que aqui aparecem guiando nossa reflexão. A abordagem proposta para esta pesquisa implicou o tratamento das principais categorias da filosofia mapuche, tanto aquelas relativas a seus princípios fundacionais, como as que se relacionam com a espacialidade. Procura-se expor um esquema geral disponível para a interlocução com futuros estudos sobre a temática. Da mesma maneira que, numa tentativa de construir generalização, se propõe à filosofia social ou sóciocosmologia mapuche nomes que contêm uma forte ênfase religiosa; centrada na vida e suas inter-relaciones, onde os cerimoniais constituem um vínculo inevitável; além de um componente ético moral que é sua principal consequência. Em todo o trajeto de escrita procura-se demostrar como, a pesar das mudanças que afetaram drasticamente a existência dos mapuche, chegando hoje em dia a se colocar em xeque sua sobrevivência, ainda persiste uma reflexão própria que permanentemente luta por se fazer visível
Abstract: In this research we describe how the Mapuche people relate to their social philosophy (mapuche rakizuam), how even in a context of profound transformations their own way of thinking continues to make sense and makes their lives more complex. This study is conducted from a particular case of some individuals who moved from one territory (fütal mapu) to another one during the second half of the 1960s. The approach included the treatment of the main categories of Mapuche philosophy both those relating to its basic principles, and those relating to its spatial relations. Thus, it reveals a general scheme for establishing a dialoge with future studies on this topic. Also, in an attempt to make some generalizations, names for Mapuche social philosophy or sociocosmology are proposed which contain a strong religious emphasis, focused on life and its interrelations, where ceremonials constitute the unavoidable link, and where an ethic and moral component is their main consequence. All along thesis, we try to show the persistence of a particular reflection which is permanently fighting to get visible despite the migrations which have drastically affected very the existence of the Mapuche whose survival has been threatened
Mestrado
Antropologia Social
Mestre em Antropologia Social

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Funda??o de Amparo ? Pesquisa do estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG)
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico (CNPq)
Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (Capes)
A maior quantidade de ?cidos graxos livres e de citocinas pr?-inflamat?rias plasm?tica presentes na obesidade, podem desencadear a resist?ncia a insulina, dentre outros fatores, pela fosforila??o inibit?ria do substrato do receptor de insulina 1 (IRS-1), via ativa??o de quinases relacionadas ao estresse, como a quinase C-jun N-terminal (JNK). Em obesos, a resist?ncia a insulina correlaciona-se com altera??es do sistema imune, e com a baixa express?o da prote?na de choque t?rmico de 72kDa (Hsp72) e aumento da ativa??o da JNK no m?sculo esquel?tico. Considerando que o exerc?cio f?sico aer?bico promove melhora da sensibilidade a insulina e tem um efeito anti-inflamat?rio. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar os efeitos de uma sess?o de exerc?cio f?sico aer?bico na express?o da HSP70, ativa??o da JNK e fosforila??o do IRS-1 no res?duo de serina 612 (IRS-1 ser612) no m?sculo esquel?tico de obesos. Al?m disso, foi avaliada a frequ?ncia dos linf?citos T auxiliares (CD4+) e citol?ticos (CD8+) e das subpopula??es de mon?citos cl?ssicos (CD14++CD16-), intermedi?rios (CD14++CD16+) e n?o cl?ssicos (CD14+CD16++). Os participantes do estudo (n=27) foram alocados em tr?s grupos experimentais (eutr?ficos sens?veis a insulina, obesos sens?veis a insulina, obesos resistentes a insulina) de acordo com a classifica??o do estado nutricional, de acordo com o ?ndice de massa corporal e presen?a ou n?o de resist?ncia a insulina, definida pelo modelo de avalia??o da homeostase (HOMA1-IR). Amostras de sangue venoso e do m?sculo vasto lateral foram obtidas antes e ap?s uma sess?o de exerc?cio f?sico aer?bico realizado a 60% do VO2pico,em cicloerg?metro, com dura??o de 60 minutos. Para avaliar a frequ?ncia das diferentes popula??es de mon?citos e linf?citos T circulantes utilizou-se a citometria de fluxo. As an?lises da express?o da HSP70, ativa??o da JNK e fosforila??o do IRS-1 ser612 no m?sculo esquel?tico foram feitas pelo procedimento de western blot. Nossos resultados demonstraram que obesos resistentes a insulina apresentam uma maior frequ?ncia de mon?citos intermedi?rios e maior fosforila??o do IRS-1 ser612 comparado aos eutr?ficos, maior ativa??o da JNK e menor express?o da HSP70 em rela??o aos demais grupos. Ap?s 1 hora do t?rmino da sess?o de exerc?cio aer?bico houve redu??o da frequ?ncia dos mon?citos intermedi?rios (CD14++CD16+) e dos linf?citos auxiliares (TCD4+) circulantes. Adicionalmente, a sess?o de exerc?cio induziu no m?sculo esquel?tico maior express?o da HSP70, redu??o da fosforila??o do IRS-1 ser612 nos grupos de indiv?duos obesos e menor atividade da JNK nos obesos resistentes a insulina. Conclui-se que uma sess?o de exerc?cio aer?bico promove altera??es que caracterizam redu??o da inflama??o e/ou estresse celular, que podem contribuir para a modula??o da sensibilidade a insulina promovida pelo exerc?cio f?sico.
Disserta??o (Mestrado) ? Programa Multic?ntrico de P?s-gradua??o em Ci?ncias Fisiol?gicas, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 2012.
ABSTRACT The great amount of free fatty acids and proinflammatory cytokines present in obese individuals may trigger insulin resistance, through the inhibitory phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1), via activation of kinases related to stress, such as kinase C-Jun N-terminal (JNK). In obese individuals, insulin resistance correlates with alterations of the immune system and lower expression of the heat shock protein of 72kDa (Hsp72) and increased activation of JNK in skeletal muscle. Considering that aerobic exercise improve insulin sensitivity and has an anti-inflammatory effect, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of a bout of aerobic exercise in the expression of HSP70, activation of JNK and phosphorylation of IRS-1 in serine residue 612 (IRS-1 ser612) in skeletal muscle of obese patients. Furthermore, we assessed the frequency of helper T lymphocytes (CD4 +) and cytolytic (CD8 +) and subpopulations of classical (CD14 + + CD16-), intermediate (CD14 + + CD16 +) and non-classical (CD14 + CD16 + +) monocytes. Study participants (n = 27) were divided into three experimental groups (eutrophic sensitive to insulin, insulin-sensitive obese, insulin-resistant obese) according to the classification of nutritional status, according to the body mass index, and the presence or absence of insulin resistance, defined by the homeostasis assessment model (HOMA1-IR). Venous blood and vastus lateralis samples were obtained before and after a bout of aerobic exercise performed at 60% of VO2peak on a cycle ergometer, lasting 60 minutes. To assess the frequency of the different populations of monocytes and T lymphocytes circulating we used flow cytometry. Analyses of of HSP70 expression, JNK activation and IRS-1 phosphorylation of ser612 in skeletal muscle were performed by western blot. Our results showed that obese insulin resistant subjects have an increased frequency of intermediate monocytes and higher phosphorylation of IRS-1 ser612 compared to normal weight individuals, and greater activation of JNK and lower expression of HSP70 than the other two groups. 1 hour after the exercise bout, we observed reductions on the frequency of intermediate circulating monocytes (CD14 + + CD16 +) and helper cells (CD4 +). Additionally, the exercise bout induced in the skeletal muscle higher expression of HSP70, decreased phosphorylation of IRS-1 ser612 in the obese groups and lower activity of JNK in the obese insulin resistant individuals. It is concluded that a bout of aerobic exercise promotes changes that characterize reduction of inflammation and / or cellular stress, which may contribute to the modulation of insulin sensitivity promoted by exercise.

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Background: Traumatic spinal cord injury (TSCI) is a severe, incapacitating, neurological syndrome that leads to changes in sensitivity, motor function, and the autonomic system of body segments located below the level of injury. Although it is one of the most devastating injuries and poses multiple challenges for the patients, family, and clinicians involved, physical therapy can lead to neurological improvements in patients with TSCI. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of corporal suspension and pendulum exercises (CHORDATA? method) on torque, muscle activation, muscle thickness, and functionality in patients with TSCI. Methods: This study was a randomized, controlled clinical trial including 26 male TSCI patients (in whom injury occurred up to 3 years earlier at the thoracic level; age, 18?65 years). The subjects were categorized into two groups: an intervention group (IG; n = 14) and a control group (CG; n = 12). Before and after a rehabilitation program, which comprised 16 sessions of suspension and pendulum exercises (twice/week, 50 minutes/session), we evaluated the following parameters in each subject: maximal voluntary isometric trunk flexion and extension torques; electromyographic activity of the external oblique, rectus abdominis, and longissimus muscles; muscle thickness of the external oblique, internal oblique, transversus abdominis, rectus abdominis, and multifidus muscles; and functionality (adapted reach test). Mean ? standard deviation values were used to summarise continuous data, which were then compared at the baseline using t-tests. Categorical variables were expressed as counts and percentages. Between-group baseline differences were assessed using chi-square or Fisher?s exact tests, as required. Analysis of covariance, with adjustments for baseline measurements, was conducted to evaluate between-group differences after the 16 exercise sessions. The results were presented as mean ? standard deviation with the estimated adjusted difference between groups, followed by 95% confidence intervals. The study significance level was set at ? = 0?05. Data were analysed using SPSS version 22.0 (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, USA).This trial is registered with Clinical Trials.gov, #NCT02316067. Findings: The CG and IG patients had similar ages (p = 0?93), injury time (p = 0?41), injury level (p = 0?27), injury mechanism (p = 0?22), American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) scale (p = 0?11), injury type (p = 0?22), and functional reach (p = 0?11). Post-intervention, the IG trunk flexion (58%, p = 0?004) and extension (76%, p = 0?005) torques were higher in the IG than in the CG. Similar between-group differences were observed post-intervention for RA-L absolute RMS values (p = 0?028), RA-R RMS values normalized to the resting state (p = 0?047), and functional reach (p = 0?015). Muscle thickness for all muscles was higher in the IG patients as compared to the CG patients post-intervention (p < 0?002), except for the MULT-R muscle (p = 0?057). Interpretation: Sixteen sessions of suspension and pendulum exercises improved rectus abdominis muscle activation, trunk muscle structure and strength, and reaching capacity in TSCI patients. Thus, this novel, effective rehabilitation method may improve functionality in TSCI patients.
Introdu??o: A les?o medular (LM), especialmente quando instalada de maneira s?bita, ? uma das les?es mais devastadoras, do ponto de vista f?sico e psicol?gico, confrontando paciente, fam?lia e equipe de profissionais com m?ltiplos desafios. N?o obstante, sabe-se que a LM tem potencial de recupera??o, havendo relatos de diversos estudos que demonstram a melhoria do estado neurol?gico. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos dos exerc?cios com suspens?o e pendula??o corporal (M?todo Chordata?) sobre o torque, a ativa??o muscular, a espessura muscular e a funcionalidade de indiv?duos com les?o medular tor?cica. M?todo: Ensaio cl?nico randomizado e controlado onde foram estudados 26 indiv?duos do sexo masculino com les?o medular tor?cica e idades entre 18 e 65 anos, divididos em grupo interven??o (GI; n=14) e grupo controle (GC; n=12) com no m?ximo tr?s anos de les?o at? a sua inclus?o no estudo. Foram estudados o torque flexor e extensor do tronco durante contra??es volunt?rias m?ximas, a atividade eletromiogr?fica do reto abdominal, obl?quo externo e longu?ssimo do dorso bilateral e a espessura muscular dos m?sculos reto abdominal, obl?quo externo e interno, transverso do abdomen e multifidos bilateral e a funcionalidade por meio do teste do Alcance Funcional adaptado. Os indiv?duos foram avaliados nos per?odos pr? e p?s a um programa composto por 16 sess?es de exerc?cios com M?todo Chordata? com frequ?ncia de duas vezes por semana durante 50 minutos. A m?dia ? desvio padr?o foram usados para avaliar os dados cont?nuos, os quais foram comparados aos dados basais utilizando o teste t de Student. Vari?veis categ?ricas foram expressas por porcentagens e diferen?as entre os grupos no baseline foram avaliadas usando o Qui-quadrado ou teste exato de Fisher. An?lise de covari?ncia com ajustes das medidas no baseline foram utilizadas para avaliar as diferen?as entre os grupos. Os resultados foram apresentados pela m?dia ? desvio com as diferen?as estimadas ajustadas entre os grupos, seguindo intervalo de confian?a de 95%. Os resultados foram considerados estatisticamente significativos quanto P<0,05. O programa SPSS 22.0 (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, USA) foi utilizado para a an?lise dos dados. Este estudo foi registrado no Clinical Trials.gov, #NCT02316067. Resultados: No per?odo pr?-interven??o n?o houve diferen?as significativas entre os grupos em rela??o ?s idades (p = 0?93), tempo de les?o (p = 0?41), n?vel da les?o (p = 0?27), mecanismo da les?o (p = 0?22), escala ASIA (p = 0?11), tipo de les?o (p = 0?22), e Alcance Funcional adaptado (p = 0?11). No per?odo p?sinterven??o, o GI apresentou melhora do torque flexor (58%, p = 0?004) e extensor (76%, p = 0?005) em rela??o ao GC. Diferen?as similares entre os grupos foram observadas no per?odo p?s-interven??o para o reto abdominal esquerdo em seu valor absoluto RMS (p = 0?028), e reto abdominal direito em seu valor RMS normalizado pelo repouso (p = 0?047), e no teste do Alcance Funcional (p = 0?015). A espessura muscular foi maior no GI no periodo p?s-interven??o para todos os grupos estudados quando comparados ao GC (p < 0?002), com exce??o dos mult?fidos direito (p = 0?057). Conclus?o: Dezesseis sess?es de exerc?cios com M?todo Chordata? mostraram melhora na ativa??o do m?sculo reto do abdomen, na estrutura muscular, na for?a e na capacidade de deslocar o tronco ? frente de indiv?duos com les?o medular tor?cica. Esses resultados apontam para evid?ncias em uma nova e efetiva reabilita??o por meio de um M?todo que melhora a funcionalidade desses indiv?duos.

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Diabetes is associated with endothelial dysfunction and several cardiovascular disorders, such as systemic arterial hypertension. Moreover, hypertension and diabetes coexist very frequently, as 60-65% of diabetics are hypertensive. The coexistence of hypertension and diabetes can reduce endothelium-mediated vasodilatation, which can be partially explained by a reduced production of nitric oxide (NO) or a decreased response to NO in the vascular smooth muscle. On the other hand, it has been shown that a single session of exercise can promote significant reductions in blood pressure (BP). This occurrence is known as post-exercise hypotension (PEH) and appears to be associated with the activity of the kallikrein-kinin system and release of NO. Although studies have observed PEH in individuais with T2D the molecular mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. ln addition, the prescription of exercise intensities based on lactate threshold (L T) has been suggested for individuais with T2D.Moreover, in spite of previous studies showing that individuais with T2D exhibit PEH when exercising at intensities around LT , There is evidence that subjects with T2D exhibit lower plasma kallikrein activity (PKA) compared to healthy individuais, suggesting that lower NO release and reduced endothelium-dependent vasodilation would be occurring in response to exercise for this population. However, no investigations were made on the integrated responses of PKA, BK, dessArg9-BK and NO and its association to the occurrence of PEH in individuais with or without T2D.Furthermore, to the best of our Knowledge, there is only one study that has investigated the effects of exercise (aerobic and / or resistance) on the 24-hour BP response in individuais with T2D. Not to mention that it is not of our knowledge, studies that have investigated the effects of different aerobic exercise intesities on BP 24 hours in subjects with T2D.Additionally, Several studies have investigated the effects of different exercise modes ( e.g., aerobic vs. resistance ), intensities, and durations on BP responses during the post-exercise recovery period. Studies regarding the effects of different sports modalities, especially martial arts, have also been performed, such as: Tai Chi Chuan, Jiu Jitsu, and Judo. However, until now, no study has explored the BP responses after a single Contact Karate (CK) session. It is worth mentioning that the scientific literature related to combat sports has hardly been explored, especially regarding health-related variables (i.e., post-exercise BP reduction). Most studies have investigated performance-related parameters in athletes, making the evaluation of health-related variables (such as PEH) a scientific gap. Therefore, investigations related to this issue have been strongly encouraged. It should be noted that given the known complications of type 2 diabetes and characteristics of sport (high physical contact of high impact), it is wise to initially investigate the effects of a contact karate session on the blood pressure response after exercise in apparently healthy subjects and then, if possible, in special populations as diabetes and hypertension. With regard to chronic exercise, in particular the resistance exercise, the available literature concerning their effects on the response of NO and, in tum, on BP in individuais with T2D, it is still incipient. To the best of our knowledge, there have been only two randomized clinical trials ofRT's effects on NO concentration and BP levels in T2D patients, only one of which, verified the NO response (along with BP) due to R T. Therefore, there is an apparent lack of evidence on R T' s effects on the responses of NO and BP in T2D patients. Objectives: Study 1) to investigate and compare the responses of PKA, BK, desArg9-BK, NO and BP after a single session of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise in T2D and non-diabetic (ND) individuais; study 2) To verify the effects of different intensities of aerobic exercise on 24-hour ambulatory BP responses in individuais with T2D and prehypertension; study 3) to verify the effects of a Contact Karate (CK) session on BP responses during a post-exercise recovery period in young adults; study 4) to determine the effects of eight weeks RT on the responses of NO and BP in T2D patients and their controls peers. Methods: study l)Ten subjects with T2D and 10 Non-diabetics (ND) underwent three sessions: 1) maximal incremental test on cycle ergometer to determine lactate threshold (L T); 2) 20- min of constant-load exercise on cycle ergometer, at 90% LT and; 3) control session. BP and oxygen uptake were measured at rest and at 15, 30 and 45 min post-exercise. Venous blood samples were collected at 15 and 45 minutes of the recovery period for further analysis of PKA, BK and desArg9-BK. NO was analyzed at 15 minutes post exercise. Study 2) ten individuals with T2D and prehypertension completed three sessions applied in random order: non-exercise control (CON) and exercise at moderate (MOD) and maximal (MAX) intensities. Heart rate (HR), BP, blood lactate concentrations ([Lac ]), oxygen uptake (VO2), and rate of perceived exertion (RPE) were measured at rest, during the experimental sessions, and during the 60 min recovery period. After this period, ambulatory blood pressure was monitored for 24 h. Study 2) ten individuals with T2D and prehypertension completed three sessions applied in random order: non-exercise control (CON) and exercise at moderate (MOD) and maximal (MAX) intensities. Heart rate (HR), BP, blood lactate concentrations ([Lac ]), oxygen uptake (VO2), and rate of perceived exertion (RPE) were measured at rest, during the experimental sessions, and during the 60 min recovery period. After this period, ambulatory blood pressure was monitored for 24 h. Study 3) Thirty-two male CK athletes volunteered and underwent one CK session (50 min) anda control session. BP was measured during rest (before sessions), as well as on the 15th, 30th, 45th, and 60th min of the post-exercise recovery. Study 4) We performed eight-weeks of randomized controlled trial in T2D patients and ND individuals. After initial screening, were randomly allocated into four groups: (1) trained T2D (T2DTRAINED; n = 9), (2) trained ND (NDTRAINED; n = 10), (3) control T2D (T2DCON; n = 8) and (4) control ND (NDCON; n = 7). NO and BP were determined before and after the intervention. Results: study 1) The ND group presented PEH of systolic blood pressure (SBP) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) on the 90% L T session but T2D group did not. Plasma NO increased ~24.4% for ND and ~13.8% for T2D group 15min after the exercise session. Additionally, only ND individuais showed increases in PKA and BK in response to exercise and only T2D group showed increased desArg9-BK production. Study 2) Compared with CON, only MAX elicited post-exercise BP reduction that lasted for 8 h after exercise and during sleep. Study 3) The SBP, diastolic blood pressure, and MAP were significantly lower at the post-exercise period compared to pre-exercise rest (p<.05), with the largest reductions being observed at the 60th min of recovery and at the sarne periods of post-exercise recovery of the control session. Study 4) After eight weeks of RT (three times per week), the T2D and ND experimental groups decreased systolic blood pressure (SBP) by 7.0 and 3.4 mmHg, respectively. However, the control groups showed maintenance (0.24 mmHg for T2D) or elevation (2.2 mmHg for ND) of systolic blood pressure. Although none of these changes were significant (p > .05). As regards the absolute values of BP, T2D subjects who did not undergo the training (T2DCON) tended (p = .057) to have increase SBP and significantly (p = .05) increased MAP. Conclusions: studyl) it was concluded that T2D individuals presented lower PKA, BK and NOx release as well as higher desArg9-BK production and reduced PEH in relation to ND participants after a single exercise session. Study 2) A single session of aerobic exercise resulted in 24 h BP reductions in individuals with T2D, especially while sleeping, and this reduction seems to be dependent on the intensity of the exercise performed. Study 3) a single CK session can promote a decrease in BP for at least 60 min after performing this type of exercise in young adults. Study 4) eight weeks of RT does not increase NO concentrations and, in tum, does not reduce BP in T2D patients-though it prevented its increase.
Introdu????o: o diabetes est?? associado com disfun????o endotelial, bem como com diversas desordens cardiovasculares, como hipertens??o arterial sist??mica (HAS). A HAS e o diabetes coexistem muito frequentemente. Aproximadamente, 60-65% dos diab??ticos s??o hipertensos. A coexist??ncia do diabetes e HAS pode reduzir a vasodilata????o endot??lio-dependente, que pode ser parcialmente explicada por uma reduzida produ????o ou resposta ao ??xido n??trico (ON) na nusculatura vascular lisa. Por outro lado, estudos t??m demonstrado que uma ??nica sess??o de exerc??cio pode promover redu????es significativas na press??o arterial (PA). Esta ocorr??ncia ?? conhecida como hipotens??o p??s-exerc??cio (HPE) e parece estar associada com a atividade do sistema calicre??na-cinina e libera????o do ON. Embora estudos tenham observado HPE em indiv??duos com diabetes tipo 2 (DT2), os mecanismos moleculares relacionados ?? sua ocorr??ncia n??o foram completamente elucidados. Adicionalmente, a prescri????o de intensidades de exerc??cio baseada em cargas relativas ao limiar de lactato (LL) t??m sido sugerida para indiv??duos com DT2. No entanto, apesar de estudos anteriores demonstrarem que os indiv??duos com DT2 apresentam HPE quando submetidos a exerc??cios em intensidades em torno LL . Existe evid??ncia que indiv??duos com DT2 apresentam menor atividade da calicre??na plasm??tica (ACP) em compara????o aos indiv??duos n??o diab??ticos, sugerindo uma menor libera????o de ON e redu????o da vasodilata????o endot??lio-dependente em resposta ao exerc??cio para essa popula????o. Contudo, para o nosso melhor conhecimento, ainda n??o foram realizadas investiga????es sobre as respostas integradas de ACP, bradicinina (BK), des-Arg9-bradicinina, ON e sua associa????o com a ocorr??ncia de HPE em indiv??duos com ou sem DT2. Ademais, salvo melhor ju??zo, existe apenas um estudo que tenha investigado os efeitos do exerc??cio f??sico (aer??bio e/ou resistido) sobre a resposta da PA de 24 horas em indiv??duos com DT2. Sem mencionar que tamb??m n??o ?? do nosso conhecimento, estudos que tenham investigado os efeitos de diferentes intensidades de exerc??cio aer??bio sobre a PA de 24 horas em indiv??duos com DT2. Somando a isso, diversos estudos t??m investigado os efeitos de diferentes modos de exerc??cio (aer??bio vs. resistido), intensidades, e dura????es, sobre as respostas da P A p??s-exerc??cio. Estudos sobre os efeitos de diferentes modalidades esportivas, especialmente artes marciais, tamb??m foram realizados, tais como: Tai Chi Chuan, Jiu Jitsu e Jud??. Contudo, at?? o presente momento, nenhum estudo investigou a resposta da P A ap??s uma ??nica sess??o de Carat?? de contato (CC). Vale ressaltar que a literatura cient??fica relacionada a esportes de combate t??m sido pouco explorada, especialmente em rela????o ??s vari??veis relacionadas com a sa??de ( ou seja, a redu????o da PA p??s-exerc??cio). A maioria dos estudos investigaram os par??metros relacionados com o desempenho em atletas, tornando a avalia????o de vari??veis relacionadas com a sa??de, uma evidente lacuna cient??fica. Portanto, investiga????es relacionadas a este assunto t??m sido fortemente encorajada. Cabe salientar que, dado as conhecidas complica????es do DT2 e as caracter??sticas da modalidade em quest??o ( elevado contato f??sico de alto impacto), torna-se prudente inicialmente investigar os efeitos de uma sess??o de CC sobre a resposta da P A p??s-exerc??cio em indiv??duos aparentemente saud??veis e posteriormente, se poss??vel, em popula????es especiais como diab??ticos e hipertensos. No que se refere ao exerc??cio cr??nico, em particular sobre o exerc??cio de for??a, a literatura dispon??vel a respeito dos seus efeitos sobre a resposta do ON e, por sua vez, sobre a PA em indiv??duos com DT2, ainda ?? muito incipiente. Para o melhor do nosso conhecimento, existem apenas dois ensaios cl??nicos randomizados sobre os efeitos do treinamento resistido (TR) sobre a resposta do ON e P A em pacientes com DT2, dos quais apenas um, verificou a resposta do ON juntamente com a P A frente ao TR. Portanto, h?? uma aparente falta de evid??ncias a respeito dos efeitos do TR sobre as respostas do NO e PA em pacientes com DT2. Objetivos: estudo 1) investigar e comparas as respostas de ACP, BK, desArg9-bradicinina, ON e PA ap??s uma ??nica sess??o de exerc??cio aer??bio realizada em intensidade moderada (90% da carga de LL) em indiv??duos com e sem DT2; estudo 2) verificar e comparar os efeitos de uma ??nica sess??o de exerc??cio aer??bio sobre a resposta da PA de 24 horas e verificar os efeitos da intensidade do exerc??cio aer??bio sobre a resposta da PA 24 h em indiv??duos com DT2 e pr??-hipertensos; estudo 3) avaliar os efeitos de uma ??nica sess??o de CC sobre a resposta da PA p??s-exerc??cio em adultos jovens; estudo 4) investigar os efeitos de oito semanas de TR sobre as respostas de ON e P A em pacientes com DT2 e seus pares controles. M??todos: estudo 1) Dez indiv??duos com e DT2 e 10 n??o diab??ticos (ND) foram submetidos a tr??s sess??es: 1) teste incremental m??ximo em bicicleta ergom??trica para determinar o limiar de lactato (LL); 2) 20 min de exerc??cio de carga constante em cicloerg??metro, em 90% L T e; 3) sess??o controle. PA e consumo de oxig??nio foram mensurados em repouso e aos 15, 30 e 45 min p??s-exerc??cio. Amostras de sangue venoso foram coletadas em 15 e 45 minutos do per??odo de recupera????o para posterior an??lise de ACP, BK e desArg9- bradicinina. ON foi analisado aos 15 minutos ap??s o exerc??cio. Estudo 2) Dez indiv??duos com diabetes tipo 2 e pr??-hipertens??o foram submetidos a tr??s sess??es aplicadas em ordem rand??mica: 1) controle ( CON), sem exerc??cio e exerc??cio em intensidades moderadas (MOD) e m??xima (MAX). A frequ??ncia card??aca (FC), P A, as concentra????es de lactato sangu??neo ([Lac ]), consumo de oxig??nio (V02) e taxa de percep????o de esfor??o (TPE) foram coletados em repouso, durante as sess??es experimentais e durante o per??odo de recupera????o de 60 min. Ap??s esse per??odo, a P A de 24 h foi monitorada. Estudo 3) Trinta e dois atletas CC foram submetidos a uma sess??o de CC (50 min) e uma sess??o CON. A PA foi medida durante o repouso, bem como aos 15, 30, 45 e 60 min da recupera????o p??s-exerc??cio. Estudo 4) Foi realizada oito semanas de estudo randomizado controlado em pacientes DT2 e ND). Ap??s a triagem inicial, foram distribu??dos aleatoriamente em quatro grupos: (1) treinados com DT2 (TREINADODT2; n = 9), (2) treinados ND (TREINADOND; = n 1 O), ( 3) controle DT2 (CON DT2; n = 8) e (4) controle ND (CONND; n = 7). NO e BP foram determinadas antes e ap??s a interven????o. Resultados: estudo 1) somente o grupo n??o diab??tico (ND) apresentou HPE para press??o arterial sist??lica e press??o arterial m??dia na sess??o LT 90%. O ON plasm??tico aumentou ~ 24,4% no grupo ND e ~ 13,8% para o DT2 15 min ap??s a sess??o de exerc??cios. Al??m disso, apenas os indiv??duos ND mostraram aumentos de ACP e BK em resposta ao exerc??cio e somente os DT2 mostraram um aumento da produ????o desArg9-bradicinina. estudo 2) Ademais, comparado com a sess??o CON, somente a sess??o de exerc??cio MAX apresentou HPE, que durou at?? 8 h ap??s o exerc??cio e durante o sono. estudo 3) Em rela????o ao CC, a press??o arterial sist??lica (PAS), diast??lica (PAD) e press??o arterial m??dia (MAP) foi significativamente menor no per??odo p??s-exerc??cio em rela????o ao pr??-exerc??cio repouso, bem como em rela????o a sess??o CON, com as maiores redu????es sendo observadas aos 60 min de recupera????o. estudo 4) Ap??s oito semanas de RT, ambos os grupos experimentais (DT2 e ND), apresentaram diminui????o da PAS em 7,0 e 3,4 mmHg, respectivamente. No entanto, os grupos controle (DT2 e ND) demonstrou manuten????o (0,24 mmHg para DT2) ou eleva????o (2,2 mmHg para ND) da PAS. Embora nenhuma das mudan??as foram significativas (p> 0,05). Conclus??es: estudol) concluiu-se que os indiv??duos comDT2 apresentaram menor libera????o ACP, bradicinina e ON, bem como maior produ????o desArg9-bradicinina e reduzida HPE em rela????o aos participantes do grupo ND ap??s uma ??nica sess??o de exerc??cio. Estudo 2) uma ??nica sess??o de exerc??cio aer??bio resultou em redu????o da PA de 24 h em indiv??duos com DT2, especialmente durante o sono, e esta redu????o parece ser dependente da intensidade do exerc??cio realizado. Estudo 3) uma ??nica sess??o CC pode promover uma diminui????o da PA durante pelo menos 60 minutos depois de realizar este tipo de exerc??cio em adultos jovens. Estudo 4) oito semanas de TR n??o aumenta as concentra????es de ON e, por sua vez, n??o reduz a P A em indiv??duos com DT2, por??m parece impedir o seu aumento.

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Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (CAPES)
Artigo 1 - Analisar a descri??o epidemiol?gica de indiv?duos com doen?a de Parkinson (DP), de acordo com medidas agrupadas conforme a estrutura conceitual da Classifica??o Internacional de Funcionalidade, Incapacidade e Sa?de (CIF); Artigo 2 ? Avaliar a preval?ncia de quedas e os fatores associados em indiv?duos com DP caidores recorrentes e n?o caidores. M?todo: Estudo do tipo anal?tico e transversal com amostra de 78 indiv?duos com DP residentes em Natal, Rio Grande do Norte. Foram coletadas informa??es de natureza sociodemogr?ficas e relacionadas ao desempenho f?sico funcional, sa?de mental e qualidade de vida por meio de 14 instrumentos categorizados entre os dom?nios ?Estrutura e fun??o corporal?, ?Atividade? e ?Participa??o?. No dom?nio ?Estrutura e fun??o corporal? foram utilizados a Escala de Incapacidade de Hoehn & Yahr (HY), Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale - UPDRS (dom?nio III, exame motor), For?a de preens?o manual, Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS - 15) e Falls Efficay Scale ? International (FES - I). No dom?nio ?Atividade?, Nine Hole Peg Test (9HPT), UPDRS (dom?nio II, atividades de vida di?ria), Freezing of Gait Questionnaire (FOGQ), MiniBESTest, Timed Up & Go (TUG), Perfil de Atividade Humana (PAH), Velocidade da marcha de 10 metros (10MWT) e Five Times Sit to Stand (STDP - 5X). E no dom?nio ?Participa??o?, o Parkinson Disease Quality of Life Questionnaire (PDQ ? 39). Todos os participantes foram avaliados no tempo ON da medica??o antiparkinsoniana. A an?lise estat?stica foi realizada no programa Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS Inc., Chicago, USA), vers?o 21.0. A normalidade dos dados foi verificada pelo teste Shapiro Wilks, tendo sido adotado p < 0.05. Artigo 1 ? Testes T de Student para amostras independentes e U de Mann-Whitney foram utilizados para a compara??o das vari?veis relacionadas ao desempenho f?sico funcional, sa?de mental e qualidade de vida, entre os sexos. Artigo 2 ? Regress?o log?stica bin?ria foi utilizada para determinar os preditores de quedas, onde as vari?veis com p < 0.10 foram inclu?das no modelo final multivari?vel. Resultados: Artigo 1 - Mais da metade da amostra (64.1%) foi composta por homens, com maior preval?ncia na faixa et?ria entre 70 e 79 anos (35.9%). Quanto ao n?mero de comorbidades, 52 (66.7%) afirmaram possuir ? 4 e dentre estas a mais citada foi disfun??o visual (87.2%). Diferen?as significativas entre homens e mulheres foram observadas para: preens?o manual (p= 0.001), MiniBESTest (p=0.034), FES ? I (p=0.004) e PDQ ? 39 (p=0.006), onde as mulheres apresentaram pior desempenho. Quadro de dem?ncia estava presente em 64.1% da amostra total. Artigo 2 ? Quanto ao hist?rico de quedas, 47 (60.3%) da amostra foi classificada como ?n?o caidor? e 31 (39.7%) como ?caidor recorrente?. Os fatores de risco associados ?s quedas recorrentes foram: tempo longo de dura??o da DP [OR=1.24, (95% IC=1.05?1.47), p=0.010], presen?a de hipertens?o arterial sist?mica [OR=5.81, (95% IC=1.46?23.09), p=0.012), dificuldade de evacua??o [OR=3.71, (95% IC=1.01?13.66), p=0.048] e presen?a de freezing [OR=3.78, (95% IC=1.02?13.97), p=0.046]. Conclus?o: A amostra revelou-se, predominantemente, masculina, muito idosa, fisicamente debilitada ou inativa, com quadro de dem?ncia e classificada, em sua maioria, como ?n?o caidor?. Tempo de dura??o da DP, presen?a de hipertens?o arterial sist?mica, dificuldade de evacua??o e freezing s?o fatores de risco para quedas recorrentes na amostra estudada. O conhecimento acerca das caracter?sticas sociodemogr?ficas e cl?nicas da popula??o com DP pode permitir ao fisioterapeuta e a equipe de sa?de uma melhor compreens?o do progn?stico da doen?a e partir disso, planejar condutas terap?uticas mais adequadas as reais demandas apresentadas por essa popula??o.
Article 1 ? Analyze the epidemiological description of individuals with Parkinson?s disease (PD), according to clustered measures, in line with the conceptual structure of the International Classification of Functionality, Disability and Health (ICF); Article 2 ? Assess the prevalence of falls and associated factors in recurrent fallers and non-fallers with PD. Method: Analytical cross-sectional study with a sample of 78 individuals with PD, residing in Natal, Rio Grande do Norte state, Brazil. Sociodemographic information and that related to physical functioning, mental health and quality of life was collected using 14 instruments categorized in the domains ?Structure and Body function?, ?Activity? and ?Participation?. For the ?Structure and Body function? domain the following instruments were used: Hoehn & Yahr (HY) Disability Scale, Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale - UPDRS (part III, motor subscale), Grip strength, Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS - 15) and Falls Efficacy Scale ? International (FES - I). The following were applied for the ?Activity? domain: Nine Hole Peg Test (9HPT), UPDRS (part II, activities of daily life), Freezing of Gait Questionnaire (FOGQ), MiniBESTest, Timed Up & Go (TUG), Human Activity Profile (HAP), 10 Meter Walking Test (10MWT) and Five Times Sit to Stand (STDP - 5X). In the ?Participation? domain, the Parkinson Disease Quality of Life Questionnaire (PDQ ? 39) test was used. All participants were assessed during the ?ON? time of antiparkinsonian medication. Statistical analysis was conducted using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS Inc., Chicago, USA) 21.0 software. Data normality was verified by the Shapiro-Wilks test, adopting p < 0.05. Article 1 ? The variables related to physical functioning, mental health and quality of life were compared between sexes using the Student?s t-test for independent samples and the Mann-Whitney U test. Article 2 ? Binary logistic regression was applied to determine the predictors of falls, where variables with p < 0.10 were included in the final multivariate model. Results: Article 1 ? More than half the sample (64.1%) was composed of men, with higher prevalence in the 70-79 year age group (35.9%). With respect to the number of comorbidities, 52 (66.7%) had 4 or more and the most reported were visual dysfunction (87.2%). Significant differences were observed between men and women for grip strength (p= 0.001), MiniBESTest (p=0.034), FES ? I (p=0.004) and PDQ ? 39 (p=0.006), where women exhibited worse performance. Dementia (64.1%) was present in the entire sample. Article 2 ? In regard to history of falls, 47 (60.3%) individuals in the sample were classified as ?non-fallers? and 31 (39.7%) as ?recurring fallers?. The following risk factors were associated with recurring falls: prolonged PD [OR=1.24, (95% CI=1.05?1.47), p=0.010], presence of systemic hypertension [OR=5.81, (95% CI=1.46?23.09), p=0.012), evacuation difficulties [OR=3.71, (95% CI=1.01?13.66), p=0.048] and presence of freezing [OR=3.78, (95% CI=1.02?13.97), p=0.046]. Conclusion: The sample was predominantly male, elderly, physically disabled or inactive, with the presence of dementia, depressive symptoms and a majority classified as ?non-fallers?. PD duration, systemic hypertension, evacuation difficulties, and freezing are risk factors for recurring falls in the study sample. Knowledge of the sociodemographic and clinical characteristics in the population with PD would provide physiotherapists and the health team with better understanding of its prognosis, thereby contributing to planning therapies that meet the real demands of this population.

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Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES
Introdu??o: Diversas modifica??es s?o apontadas quanto ao envelhecimento, causando maior ou menor limita??o imposta pelo decorrer dos anos. Dentre essas, pode-se destacar os diferentes graus de decl?nio cognitivo, particularmente da mem?ria, podendo comprometer as atividades di?rias e na funcionalidade do sujeito. Estudos demonstram associa??o entre os n?veis de concentra??o s?rica de cortisol e o estresse imposto pelo exerc?cio sobre este. Por?m, encontram-se escassos trabalhos que referencie o desempenho em aspectos cognitivos de mem?ria declarativa e cortisol sobre o exerc?cio f?sico na ?gua com movimentos autom?ticos e pr?xicos e de intensidade moderada. Objetivo: Verificar o efeito do exerc?cio f?sico agudo baseado em movimentos autom?ticos e pr?xicos sobre o desempenho de mem?ria visual declarativa e nas concentra??es s?ricas de cortisol em sujeitos com idade compreendida entre 51 e 74 anos. Materiais e m?todos: Constr?i-se uma pesquisa caracterizada como transversal, com uma amostra inicialmente de 32 sujeitos fisicamente ativos com faixa et?ria compreendidas entre 51 e 74 anos, divididas em dois grupos de exerc?cio (Grupo de Marcha Autom?tica ? GMA e o Grupo de Marcha Pr?xica ? GMP). Utilizouse de uma amostragem probabil?stica e aleat?ria para sele??o da amostra. Utilizou o MEEM (Mini Exame do Estado Mental) para verificar o estado cognitivo geral, o teste de acuidade visual ? cartela opt?tipos ?E? de Rasquin e ainda foi utilizado o teste de mem?ria visual declarativa proposto por Nitrini e colaboradores (1994), aplicando-se antes da estimula??o motora e imediatamente ap?s, assim como a realiza??o da coleta sangu?nea com 2 ml para an?lise do horm?nio de cortisol. A normalidade e homogeneidade foram verificadas a partir dos testes de ShapiroWilk e Levene. Com isso adotou-se uma estat?stica descritiva para caracteriza??o da amostra. A Split-Plot ANOVA, foi utilizada junto com o teste t pareado para verificar as diferen?as apontadas. Adotou-se um n?vel de signific?ncia de p<0,05. Resultados: Observou-se que os grupos (GMA e GMP) quanto as vari?veis antropom?tricas, percep??o subjetiva de esfor?o, escolaridade, avalia??o cognitiva e acuidade visual n?o apresentaram diferen?as significativas (p>0,05), mostrando que os grupos encontram-se com vari?veis homogenias e com m?dias viii semelhantes. Ap?s a sess?o de estimula??o, de dura??o de 30 min, observou-se que o ? para quantidade de acertos das imagens do question?rio de mem?ria visual declarativa aumentou, apresentando-se significativo para ambos os grupos (GMA, p<0,001; GMP, p=0,042). O mesmo foi observado para a concentra??o de cortisol havendo uma redu??o dos n?veis imediatamente ap?s o est?mulo (GMA e GMP, p<0,001). Conclus?o: Os resultados apontaram que os exerc?cios propostos em seu efeito agudo proporcionam ganhos de mem?rias de forma significativa, assim como apresentam uma redu??o dos n?veis de cortisol.
Introduction: Several modifications are identified as aging, causing more or less limitation imposed by over the years. Among these, one can highlight the different degrees of cognitive decline, particularly memory that can involve the daily activities and the subject functionality. Studies have shown an association between levels of serum cortisol and stress imposed by the exercise on this. However, there are few studies that references the performance on cognitive aspects of declarative memory and cortisol on the exercise in the water with automatic and pr?xicos movements and moderate. Objective: Check the effect based on the acute physical exercise and pr?xicos automatic movements on the performance of visual declarative memory and in serum cortisol in subjects aged between 51 and 74 years. Materials and Methods: It builds a survey characterized as cross with a first sample of 32 physically active subjects aged between 51 and 74 years, divided into two exercise groups (March of Automatic Group - MAG and the March of Praxis Group - MPG). We used a probabilistic and random sampling for sample selection. Used the MMSE (Mini Mental State Examination) to check the general cognitive status, visual acuity test - optotypes chart "E" Rasquin and was even used the declarative visual memory test proposed by Nitrini and collaborators (1994), applying before motor stimulation and immediately after, and the day of blood collection with 2 ml for analysis of cortisol hormone. The normality and homogeneity were verified from the Shapiro-Wilk and Levene tests. Thus we adopted a descriptive statistics to characterize the sample. The Split-Plot ANOVA was used along with the paired t-test to verify the identified differences. We adopted a significance level of p <0.05. Results: It was observed that the groups (MAG and MPG) and the anthropometric variables, perceived exertion, education, cognitive assessment and visual acuity showed no significant differences (p > 0.05), showing that the groups are homogeneous, with variables and similar means. After the stimulation session, lasting 30 min, it was observed that the amount of hits for ? of declarative memory questionnaire visual images increased, presenting significant for both groups (MAG, p < 0.001; MPG, p = 0.042). The same was observed for cortisol concentration with a reduction in the levels immediately after the stimulus (MAG and MPG, p < 0.001). Conclusion: The results showed that the exercises proposed in its acute effect provide significantly memories of gains and also showed a reduction in cortisol levels.

Situated within the framework of power transition theory - which traditionally examines the relationship between a dominant power and the rising powers beneath it, but which often fails to take into account how the relationships between these rising powers also affect the international system this thesis presents a new conception of the Sino-Indian relationship, moving away from traditional ideas of rivalry as the sole driver of the relationship. From the time a long-running colonial border dispute flared into the 1962 Sino-Indian War, rivalry - political, economic and military - has been the main prism through which the China-India relationship has been viewed. This type of analysis was most clearly articulated by John W. Garver in his 2001 book Protracted Contest: Sino-Indian Rivalry in the Twentieth Century. In the ten years since Garver's book was published, however, both China and India have built on the successes of their reform and opening policies to become more prominent players in international politics and economics, and this has in tum affected their bilateral relationship. Although the Sino-Indian relationship remains significantly asymmetrical, with China currently exhibiting far more power and influence than India, how the two countries relate to each other is beginning to have an interesting effect on the international system. Rivalry undoubtedly remains one of the driving forces in the relationship, particularly in regard to military and strategic issues such as naval activities in the Indian Ocean or nuclear weapons proliferation, but selective cooperation between the two countries, such as at the 2008 World Trade Organisation Doha Trade Round of trade talks or the 2009 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change summit in Copenhagen, is beginning to shape how global governance organisations conduct themselves. This will become even more apparent if and when India succeeds in its bid for permanent membership of the UN Security Council. It is therefore time to re-evaluate the framework in which the Sino-Indian relationship is viewed, taking into account these new complexities and moving away from the traditional characterisation of pure rivalry. Based in large part on seven months of fieldwork interviews with diplomats, analysts, academics and journalists from both countries, as well as some archival material and an extensive survey of literature, this research provides a broad overview of the contemporary Sino-Indian relationship in several spheres. These include local military rivalry (and occasional conflict) over the disputed border and within the greater context of China-India-Pakistan-US relations in South Asia; some economic and political rivalry for influence and energy resources in Central Asia and among the ASEAN nations, particularly Burma; and increasing cooperation in certain global governance organisations such as the WTO and the UN Climate Change Summit. In doing so, it aims to move away from the traditional construction of rivalry as the dominant driving force in the relationship, and paint a more complex picture of SinoIndian interactions and the way the relationship has evolved since the 1962 border war.

碩士
清雲科技大學
中亞研究所
98
Central Asia region consist five countries：Kazakhstan, Uzbekstan , Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan and Tajikistan. Total area is about 4.5 million square kilometers.The geology, history, transportation, exploration of natural resources and the intercourse between surrounding regions among this area was deeply affected by each country’s geological location ,which also highlighted its geological strategic characteristics. In 2008, global financial crisis struck the whole world, which caused a dramatic shift in the global geological political structures. The America supremacy was challenged by new developing countries such as Russia,China and India. Therefore, the central region squeezed between these powerful countries is also the area treasured with natural resources-Central Asia,where has become the hotly contested spot. This research starts from the viewpoint of”geological politics” to observe the rivalry between Sino-Russia and India within the central-Asia region. This research discovered that Russia implements its political intentions throughout developing double or multiple cooperative mechanisms with central-Asia countries,and the main keynote of cooperation was on military security and energy resources. On the other hand, due to its geological relationship, China eagerly enhances its strategic cooperation levels and expands its interests in energy and security throughout the formation of the Shanghai cooperation organization. Additionally, India uses its superiority in information and technology to open up economical and trade relationships with central-Asia countries. Furthermore, throughout stationing troops in central-Asia countries, India can accomplish its image of leading powers among the central-Asia region. In sum, the one and only objective among those three countries contending across the central-Asia region was to obtain central-Asia’s natural resources. This research will investigate the strategic values and its outcome role positions between the five central-Asia countries and Sino-Russia and India under the evolution of interactive relationship and implication between Sino-Russia and India and central-Asia countries. The main target of this research was to look into the changes And development after the five central-Asia countries claiming their independence, and probe into the possible prospects and limitations between the five central-Asia countries and Sino-Russia and India. Keyword: Central- Asia , New Great Game ,Sino-Russia and India , Financial Crisis. Geopolitics

碩士
清雲科技大學
中亞研究所
98
Central Asia region consist five countries：Kazakhstan, Uzbekstan , Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan and Tajikistan. Total area is about 4.5 million square kilometers.The geology, history, transportation, exploration of natural resources and the intercourse between surrounding regions among this area was deeply affected by each country’s geological location ,which also highlighted its geological strategic characteristics. In 2008, global financial crisis struck the whole world, which caused a dramatic shift in the global geological political structures. The America supremacy was challenged by new developing countries such as Russia,China and India. Therefore, the central region squeezed between these powerful countries is also the area treasured with natural resources-Central Asia,where has become the hotly contested spot. This research starts from the viewpoint of”geological politics” to observe the rivalry between Sino-Russia and India within the central-Asia region. This research discovered that Russia implements its political intentions throughout developing double or multiple cooperative mechanisms with central-Asia countries,and the main keynote of cooperation was on military security and energy resources. On the other hand, due to its geological relationship, China eagerly enhances its strategic cooperation levels and expands its interests in energy and security throughout the formation of the Shanghai cooperation organization. Additionally, India uses its superiority in information and technology to open up economical and trade relationships with central-Asia countries. Furthermore, throughout stationing troops in central-Asia countries, India can accomplish its image of leading powers among the central-Asia region. In sum, the one and only objective among those three countries contending across the central-Asia region was to obtain central-Asia’s natural resources. This research will investigate the strategic values and its outcome role positions between the five central-Asia countries and Sino-Russia and India under the evolution of interactive relationship and implication between Sino-Russia and India and central-Asia countries. The main target of this research was to look into the changes And development after the five central-Asia countries claiming their independence, and probe into the possible prospects and limitations between the five central-Asia countries and Sino-Russia and India.

碩士
淡江大學
中國大陸研究所碩士在職專班
98
In the new century, international relations, the international community obviously the most important change is that China and India, due to economic reform and opening up quickly in Asia, the rise of great powers; the affects not only the past, the U.S. had been leading geopolitical stability in the Asia-Pacific political relations, but will also affect the new round of global international relations and the layout. China and India as the two share a common border and overlapping geopolitical power, but also the world''s two most populous and developing country with a long cultural history; but in modern history, their relations are always in tension, cold, non - of confidence. This study was to explore Sino-Indian Relations in the new century towards that? And to explore the geo-political interests of Cooperation and Competition, the question why? The new century, bilateral relations between the Asian and global geo-politics, large countries how to respond to, and how to obtain the best interests of its national and international influence? This article start with China and India, the new century, talked about the status of and relationships, followed by the two countries in which the geopolitical environment and in the new century, international situation changes, brought about its political, military, economic factors and three aspects of impact; Second, the energy between the two countries economic growth and national strength, China and India, reading strategies and possible future implications of the impact of mutual relations, analysis of the development of Sino-Indian relations on the face of conflict and challenges; Finally, we discuss the new century, Sino-Indian the possible development of relations and on Asian and global geo-political changes and impact. In this research, the "geo-political" as the new century, Sino-Indian relations is possible and study the impact of the international system considerations. "Geopolitics" to international politics a country''s geographical and political relationships with other countries having an impact on how, and to explore the relevant factors in deciding on important policies and interest-oriented and strategically with important and decisive. Geopolitical power politics of belonging to the scope of realism, so research will also benefit from "realism" and "new realism" and "power politics" and so on right to start, and the literature and historical analysis, analyzed the two countries the political, economic, military and other aspects of the past history and contact information in order to explore the possibility of Sino-Indian Relations in the 21st century and the effect for the future.

碩士
淡江大學
國際事務與戰略研究所碩士在職專班
106
In November 2012, Xi Jinping appointed the General Secretary of the CPC Central Committee and the Chairman of the Central Military Commission of the Communist Party of China, and immediately proposed a "Chinese Dream" on the "Great Rejuvenation of the Chinese Nation". It is also the ruling idea of the fifth generation of the Central Leading Group of the Communist Party of China. . After being elected as the President of the People’s Republic of China and the Chairman of the Central Military Commission of the People’s Republic of China at the First Session of the 12th National People’s Congress in March 2013, he gave a speech at the University of Kazakhstan’s Nazarbayev and in Jakarta in September and October of the same year. At the time of the talks with Indonesian President Susilo, the "Silk Road Economic Belt" and the "21st Century Maritime Silk Road" initiative were introduced, referred to as the Belt and Road. The “One Belt, One Road” initiative develops economic cooperation between China and Southeast Asia, South Asia, the Middle East, North Africa and Europe along the Silk Road and Maritime Silk Road on the basis of the principles of mutual cooperation, co-construction and sharing. In order to strengthen the infrastructure along the line, to improve the convenience of investment and trade, and to establish a high-quality free trade network, the economy of the countries along the line will be enhanced, and the political interactions of neighboring countries will be more stable and stable, and cultural exchanges will be more. However, the current world economy is affected by the international financial crisis, resulting in slow economic recovery and various economic construction and development. Although the international investment and trade pattern and multilateral investment and trade are still changing, it is still difficult to improve, and the problems faced are still grim. Xi Jinping sees that overcapacity in China has caused great problems in China''s overall domestic economy, and the exporting countries are also single and narrow. In contrast, the United States, Europe and Japan all occupy important positions in exports, so that China can increase the space more. In order to reduce the situation, it is difficult to break through the situation of domestic consumption. Through the “Belt and Road” to open up new export markets, and use accumulated foreign exchange reserves as the capital to stimulate global growth, and at the same time drive excess capacity through capital output. In addition, China''s main material resources are highly dependent on foreign countries. These resources mainly enter China through coastal sea routes, and the pipelines are relatively simple. However, cooperation with other important resource countries is not deep, and economic and trade cooperation is not effective. The promotion of resources has made the cooperation in resources unstable and consolidated. The “Belt and Road” has brought a large number of effective land resources, which is particularly important for the diversification of resource acquisition. The “One Belt, One Road” initiative is China’s first global strategic initiative. With the promulgation of the “Vision and Action for Promoting the Construction of the Silk Road Economic Belt and the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road” in March 2015, The construction of the road has been promoted to the implementation stage. Under the existing Sino-Indian relationship mechanism, China and India have made some progress, but problems such as insufficient strategic mutual trust, economic security concerns and border disputes still affect the further development of Sino-Indian relations. Based on the strategic concept of “One Belt, One Road”, this paper examines India''s policy assessment of the Belt and Road Initiative, and then analyzes the interaction between China and India under the Belt and Road Strategy, including the current conflicts and interactions between China and India, and China-India politics. The development of relations, the development of China-India economic exchanges, and the development of Sino-Indian military affairs, then analyzed the future opportunities and challenges of China-India relations and the prospects for Sino-Indian relations.

碩士
國立中山大學
政治學研究所
98
This article is mainly based on the image link of how overseas Chinese think about mainland China, discussing how“CHINDIA” theory took shape by Sino-India scholar, Tan Yun-Shan and inherited by his son Tan Chung. To observe from the history, although the Tans live in the different background of environment and period, their proposition is still closely link with Chinese history. Tan Yun-Shan, an education scholar of overseas Chinese in early Republic of China, had developed Chinese culture in south Asia, was consequent invited to India by Tagore, and had done a cooperation of establish “Cheena Bhavan”. During Sino-Japanese Wars, Tan Yun-Shan advocate that China and India should against Japan together, he works as a translator between China and India, delver the important messages from Sino-India government to China government. After the War Tan Yun-Shan also worked hard dedicating the affairs of Cheena Bhavan and keep on develop the relationship between Sino-India and China, due to his great achievement we now respect Tan as “Modern Xuanzang ”. Tan Chung inherit the ideal of creating friendly relations between Sino-India and China from Tagore and his father, trying to find out the lost relationship between the two ancient civilizations China and India. By teaching in university of India, he found that there’s possibly of China and India has the similar friendly civilization in his research of China history. Meanwhile, he also leads the spirits of critical western theory in India academic circle. After retired from India academia, Tan Chung his own Sino-India friendly relations academic theory was almost matured, Spread the theory of “CHINDIA”, face to “the rising of China and India,” Tan Chung promote a peace development contribute world. As we could see, the Tans’ proposition shows the importance of culture between China and India, they hope to practice the ideal of “CHINDIA”through the interactive of swooping culture and traditional habits .

This dissertation examines the material culture of the Sino-British furniture trade in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. In the beginning of the eighteenth century, the British East India Company began importing a large quantity of furniture made in Canton (Guangzhou), China. As the trade between Britain and China became standardized around 1720, this furniture became a part of the private trade carried out by merchants associated with Company. Unlike other objects of the China trade that fed into the vogue of chinoiserie, export furniture crafted with hardwoods from the Indian Ocean was produced in European designs of the time and thus was often indistinguishable from its Western counterparts. What cultural and economic values did export furniture represent in the early modern maritime trade and how did it reify the trans-regional movement of knowledge and taste between China and Britain? Going beyond the conventional perspective on export Chinese objects oriented toward European reception, I connect production with consumption in order to follow the trajectory of export furniture from its origins in the intra-Asian timber trade to its requisition and manufacture in Canton to its reception and use in both Britain and China, highlighting how this process linked the disparate spheres of commerce, knowledge production and distribution, and cultural practices. In the course of exploring these multiple dimensions of the object’s material life, this dissertation underscores export furniture’s bicultural and transcultural characteristics. Utilizing diverse sets of visual, material, and textual sources, each chapter of the dissertation investigates different aspects of the movement of furniture as an assemblage. Chapter 1 reconstructs the itinerary of export furniture as a commodity from the EIC timber trade between India and China to the ordering and shipping of the furniture for the British market. I show how the character of export furniture was shaped by the constraints of space and the economic, environmental, and epistemic contingencies of long distance travel and communication. Chapter 2 examines the influence of imported Asian rosewood – an important cabinet timber from which most hardwood Chinese export furniture was made – on early modern British arboreal knowledge. If the knowledge of rosewood in the seventeenth century was grounded in classical texts that defined it as a subshrub growing in the eastern Mediterranean region, in the eighteenth century the term came to refer to a hardwood species imported from tropical Asia. I argue that this change allowed rosewood to obtain a new status as a universal category in the botanical taxonomy, which collected, pruned, and ordered heterogeneous cultural and natural information associated with it into a neatly classified “cabinet” of universal knowledge. Chapter 3 returns to Canton to investigate Cantonese cabinetmakers and the production of export furniture. By reading the joinery of extant export furniture pieces, I show how Chinese artisans recreated foreign forms by mobilizing their embodied knowledge of craft rather than by imitating European joinery constructions. The details of this material translation not only reflect the flexibility and resilience of traditional Chinese craft but also illuminate the tacit knowledge and craft patterns of early modern Chinese artisans. Chapters 4 and 5 turn to the domain of consumption in Britain and China, respectively. Chapter 4 explores how Chinese cabinets were experienced in early modern Britain. Comparing lacquered and hardwood display cabinets, I show that Chinese cabinets were not just exotic objects; they played an active role in the evolution of the cabinet as a type of furniture in the domestic material culture and created an affective space both within themselves and in their ambient space that invited the bodily experience and imagination of the user-beholder. The final chapter examines the movement and adaptation of European round tables in mid-Qing Chinese material culture. Introduced by European mariners to Canton, the round tables quickly found their niche in local everyday life and eventually spread beyond Guangdong. I show how they partook in the formation of a new social dining practice that conveyed a new political vision of equality. As a whole, my dissertation argues that export furniture was a Eurasian object that embodied cross-cultural knowledge of craft and nature, and engendered new ideas of utility and sociability.

Ce mémoire vise la compréhension du mécanisme des choix stratégiques de l’Inde en fonction de la menace perçue de la Chine. Selon une logique réaliste néoclassique, l’étude de l’effet des contraintes systémiques et domestiques présente un paradoxe dans les volontés stratégiques indiennes. L’Inde est soumise à la pression systémique de la montée de la Chine dans un monde post-Guerre froide qui la verrouille dans sa position traditionnellement défensive, alors que sa volonté de projection de la puissance guidée par sa perception, ses idées et sa culture stratégique la porte à adopter une position plus offensive. L’Inde perçoit la menace chinoise de manière dissonante avec l’orientation stratégique chinoi-se. Elle se concentre ainsi sur des signaux et des indices particuliers afin de justifier cette me-nace perçue. C’est pourquoi l’ambiguïté du langage diplomatique de la Chine envers l’Arunachal Pradesh et de sa présence dans l’océan Indien engendre un accroissement de la menace chinoise et une réponse plus agressive conséquemment. La réponse stratégique in-dienne doit s’adapter aux changements de la puissance relative de la Chine. N’ayant pas les capacités relatives suffisantes, l’Inde choisit une stratégie située entre une émulation dans une logique de poursuite aux armements afin de maintenir la parité technologique et un engage-ment afin de désamorcer la rivalité et éviter une réaction chinoise pré-emptive. La culture stratégique de l’Inde traditionnellement défensive se transforme vers une position offensive sous l’effet du nation building du nationalisme hindou. Les préférences stratégiques indiennes agressives s’illustrent principalement dans le choc multidirectionnel des sphères d’influence sino-indiennes en Asie.
This thesis seeks to understand the process of India strategic choice based on the perceived threat of China. According to a neoclassical realism framework, the study of the effect of sys-temic and domestic constraints shows a paradox in India strategic intentions. India is lock in a defensive posture by the systemic pressure of China rise in a post-Cold War era, although its desire to project his power lead by its perception, ideas, and strategic culture shows a progres-sive shift for an offensive posture. India perceives China threat in dissonance with the strategic aims of China. It is focusing on specific signals and indices in order to justify the perceived threat. This is why China’s ambi-guity toward its diplomatic discourse concerning Arunachal Pradesh and its presence in the Indian Ocean creates an increase Chinese threat and therefore a more aggressive response. India’s strategic response must cope with the changes in China’s relative power. Without the necessary relative capacity, India chooses a strategy between emulation defined by a pursuit of armaments logic in order to keep the technologic parity and engagement for the purpose of defusing the rivalry and avoiding a pre-emptive reaction from China. Traditionally defensive India’s strategic culture progressively transforms itself under the influence of the Hindu na-tion building that clash with the nehruvian nationalism. The aggressive Indian strategic pref-erences principally show themselves in the multidirectional clash of India and China spheres of influence in Asia.

China and India claimed two territories along their borders on the Himalayas: Aksai Chin in the west and the North-East Frontier Agency in the east. The border dispute escalated and, on October 20, 1962, the Chinese People’s Liberation Army (PLA) opened fire on the two fronts and advanced into the disputed territories. One month later, on November 21, China declared a unilateral ceasefire and withdrew behind its disputed line of control. In response, the Indian government arrested over 2,000 Chinese living in India and interned them in Deoli, Rajasthan. When the Chinese were released between 1964 and 1966, they found their properties sold off by the Indian government. Many left India and immigrated to Canada. I interviewed four Indian-born Chinese who were interned and who now live in the Greater Toronto Area. I recorded their accounts of life in Deoli Detention Camp in Rajasthan.

碩士
國立中山大學
大陸研究所
94
China and India relations changed tremendously after the Cold War. Economic development is the utmost priority at the end of the Cold War, deriving from recognition that international competition is shifting from military confrontation to overall economic, scientific, and technological capabilities. Therefore, the two countries appeared to recognize the futility of confrontation, and moves to rebuild confidence proceeded apace. With an emphasis on seeking co-operation in other areas of mutual benefit, both sides agreed to break the impasse on the boundary question and to maintain peace and stability along the Line of Actual Control (LAC). This positive spirit was reflected in the signing of Confidence-building measures (CBMs) and Trade Protocol which helped develop better mutual understanding. But India feels uneasy to observe China''s rising economic and military capability across East Asia, because the 1962 War had cast long shadows in their elite’s memory. New Delhi is concerned about China’s assistance to Pakistan’s nuclear and missile program, and offer military weapons to Sri Lanka, Nepal and Myanmar by far. New Delhi has always viewed any China, Pakistan and Myanmar’s relationship as a scheme to strangle or restraint India’s strategic throughout the Indian Ocean. Thus India drive for defense modernization focuses on strategic forces, especially its acquisition of certain high-profile naval ships and systems, and prepared to assert its interests to counter the rise in Chinese interest there. Moreover, India spreads China threat when China rising across East Asia that reinforced the worry of China’s neighbors about China’s power spread through their countries. It is obvious that one of the reasons why ASEAN was keen to bring India into the regional affairs was the concern with China. Therefore, India proceeds to more bilateral exchanges and boost economic, even military exercises with each Southeast Asian country. Furthermore, Indian continued hosting of the Tibetan government in exile to counter China support of the Pakistan. The study focuses on : India and China, the two most populous nations on earth, how these two emerging great powers manage their cooperation and competition in the coming years will have a major impact on regional security. The purpose of this research is from the perspective realism of geopolitics approach to analyze the factors of Sino-Indian competition and cooperation, as well as analysis the two countries historical conflict and evolution toward potential cooperation and quiet competition currently.

博士
國立中山大學
大陸研究所
95
China and India enjoy the most robust economic growth in the world. They are also two important players in the international arena that cannot be underestimated because of their population, nature resources, and regional influence. The fact that China and India are forging a strategic partnership will not only reshape Asia''s geopolitics, but also have a significant global impact. The current relationship between China and India is still very fragile due to different political systems, international visions, and geopolitical benefits between the two countries. Their bilateral relationship is mixed with Realism and Idealism. Since 1990s, India has adopted a new forward-looking foreign policy with East Asian countries; known as “Look East Policy”, and this policy help establishing the relationship between Taiwan and India and reaching a new stage. This policy has made some progress since then, and this India new foreign policy obviously has strategic politics in mind, on being security and strategic alliance, and intention to compete with China. To sum up, the two countries still see each other as an important rival. For example, on some international issues in Asia, India''s foreign policy has dual characters. On one hand, India wants to improve its relations with China; on the other hand, India takes precautions against and antagonizes China. Adding the influence factors from other countries with global influence such as the United States, Japan, Russia, etc., the India-China relationship is becoming more complicated. The Post-Cold War Era provides less comfort than questions for the future of Sino-Indian relationship. This is bound to be influenced by many imponderables in their respective domestic and external environments. Whether both countries can lay their disputes aside in the future, and construct an economic alliance, or they cannot get along well, there will have important consequences. Moreover, how to reassess the Indian government policy toward China? What are the potential impacts between the India-Taiwan relationships? How the Indian government solidifies its own national interests between China and Taiwan? These are the major subjects addressed in this dissertation. This doctoral dissertation is mainly divided into three parts: First, the India-China border problem has been there for a long time and the contradictions presented by different perspectives from both sides are discussed. The second part, through such historical-oriented topic such as the Tibet status and its democratic movement, and the latest outlook of India''s internal political development shows the different arguments and national interests to formulate internal and international policies, and derives into a new analogy and theorem as a starting point to analyze the current India political transformation and international policy. The third part is to discuss the Indian government''s policy, the self-esteem and attitude, current development of India-China cooperation in economy and trade, India''s role in the Cross-straits relations, and then assesses the future development of the India-China strategic partnership, and the potential influence on the international affairs.

碩士
國立政治大學
國際研究英語碩士學位學程(IMPIS)
106
This Master Thesis explores Sino-Indian relations through the Neoliberal Institutionalist theory. More precisely, the author is trying to respond to the actual economic and political tensions remaining between China and India despite a growing economic interaction since the 1990’s. In fact, long-standing territorial disputes and unbalanced trade leads to protectionist behavior (in the case of the Indian Industry) and to frequent military actions at borders between the two countries. The author argues that dispute management on a multilateral level through International Organization could improve Sino-Indian Relations. Indeed International Organizations, according to the Neoliberal Institutionalist Theory, play a role in IR as conflict manager. As such, the author chose to analyze the case of the BRICS and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization as conflict manager between China and India. As a result, it appears that the BRICS have a limited impact on their relationship due to its low level of institutions and its lack of experiences in dispute management. On the contrary, the SCO seems to offer a greater perspective in terms of territorial dispute settlements thanks to its former experiences in stabilizing Central Asia. However, both organizations need to be improved in order to play a role in stabilizing Sino-Indian relations in the future. The author suggests that the BRICS establishes a commission focused on member state economic interdependence and lead feasibility studies to address unbalanced trade. The SCO should elaborate an official process for territorial dispute settlement in order to serve as an agreement platform. Therefore, after analysis, the author thinks Sino-Indian relations could be improved in the future thanks to International Organizations such as the BRICS and the SCO which could contribute to better bilateral cooperation and trust building.

碩士
國立中興大學
國際政治研究所
93
Title of Thesis: Total pages: Sino-Indian Bilateral Relationship and its Influence on the Asian-Pacific Security 260 pages 162000words Key word: non-aligned movement, advance policy, preventive defense, Partnership of Strategic Coordination Name of Institute:NATIONAL CHUNG HSING UNIVERSITY GRADUATE INSTITUTE OF INTERNATIONAL POLITICS Graduate date:June,2005 Degree conferred: master Name of student: (In English)Shang-fa Tsai (In Chinese)蔡尚發 Advisor: (In English)Ker-Yi Chu. (In Chinese)巨克毅 Abstract: Both China and India are ancient countries. India has been an colony to Britain while China hasn’t, but these two countries have their own forces and similar ideas against Western power: India had “non-aligned movement” in the early period of its independence while China proposed five principles and hoped other countries should not interfere its policy. During its early years of independence, Indian president, Nehru, carried out “Advance Policy,” following the advantage of British colonized. India thus had confrontations at the borders with China in 1962 and had bad relationship with China for years. However, due to mutual visits from both leaders of both sides to each other, they had more thorough understanding toward each other. On November, 1996, India and China signed the “Agreement on Confidence Building Measures along the Line of Actual Control (LAC)” and “Declaration on Principles for Relations and Comprehensive Cooperation Between the Republic of India and the People's Republic of China ” in 2003 for securing the relationship between China and India. In 2005, Jia-bao Wen visited India and his visit showed the improvement between two sides. However, the intimate relationship between China and India arouses attentions from the U.S. and the Soviet. In April, 2002, India spent 146 million U.S. dollars to purchase weapons from the U.S. This has been the first time since 10 years ago that India bought military utilities from the U.S. In 2003, the Bush government raised its military assistance to India from 7 million U.S. dollars to 75 million U.S. dollars. In March, 2005, the U.S. announced that India should be included as “the main country of worldly power in the 21st century.” This shows the U.S. has guaranteed its assistance for India. In December, 2002, the Soviet also signed “Dali Declaration” and announced its military alliance with India. The growing power of India makes the U.S. and the Soviet adjust their policies with India. Meanwhile, the relationship between China and the U.S. gets closer in recent years and the deficient in the balance of trade makes them depend on each other more deeply. William Perry, the ex-minister of Defense of the U.S., once claimed that America in the 21st century should take the policy of “Preventive Defense.” He also considered that the U.S. should take its chance to influence China and make it as a “partner” instead of “enemy”. In 2004, China signed the military strategy with the Soviet and solved the border problem. I hope to study the Sino-Indian Relation and to find how it influences the Asian-Pacific Security. Meanwhile, I also wish to find some brief conclusions in this area.

When analyzing the policies of the John F. Kennedy administration towards the People’s Republic of China, previous historians have focused on the lack of substantive change, emphasizing the continuity of action with the prior polices of the Dwight D. Eisenhower administration. At the same time, a number of historians have noted that it was during the years Kennedy was in office that a majority of the American people began viewing communist China as a greater threat to world peace than the Soviet Union. However, none have sought to explain this sizeable shift in public opinion, or analyze its potential impact on policy. This thesis incorporates archival materials with contemporary print and visual media to make a connection between the sources of public opinion shifts and a change in the assumptions upon which U.S. China policy was based. Almost from the moment the new president assumed office, Robert Komer at the National Security Council and Chester Bowles at the State Department began pushing for changes in China policy based on the assumptions that the communist regime was not a “passing phase,” would only become more powerful and over time constitute an inexorable greater threat to U.S. interests in Asia, and that rapprochement, rather than isolation, was the best means of ameliorating this threat. Together with James Thomson, Roger Hilsman, and eventually Walt Rostow, they pushed for the adoption of what A. Doak Barnett would later term “Containment Without Isolation.” While the Sino-Soviet split accentuated charges of Chinese anti-white racism and the Great Leap Forward reinforced the sense of Mao’s irrationality, the Sino-Indian War confirmed both rising Chinese power and their leadership’s capacity for rational calculation. Meanwhile, in the popular culture, particularly motion pictures, the Yellow Peril enjoyed a revival as Chinese villains stepped to the fore, beginning to free themselves of their Soviet masters. However, while foreign Chinese were feared as never before, Chinese in America gained new acceptance. Laying the groundwork for the next five decades of China policy and enemy images, Kennedy’s Thousand Days constituted a turning point.

碩士
國防大學政治作戰學院
政治研究所
103
Since 1978, the CCP economy has reformed and opened up, in response to the increasing requirements of domestic development, the dependence for energy are growing. Especially, the requirement for oil is the most important, almost totally depending on importing, and the most of transporting has to cross through the Malacca Strait to Mainland China, because CCP pursues to the profits from the Marine Lines, "Malacca dilemma" has become the core issues about the security of energy to CCP. Furthermore, according to the effect of the "China Threat" and the "Strings of pearls, the countries led by US and the countries surrounding in the Indian ocean including India start to confuse and defense for the rising of CCP ,due to this, it will be a huge challenge to CCP to develop its Strategy in Indian ocean. However, Myanmar is not only a Indian ocean regional country but also closing to the Mainland China, so it is not only playing an important role for CCP to get profits from the area of India ocean, but also becoming one of the best way to let the CCP enter the Indian ocean and cure the "Malacca Dilemma". In this paper, by using the concepts of the Strategic Research, try to probe the playing role and the value about Myanmar to CCP’s strategy, and at the same time not only analyze the relationship between Mainland China and Myanmar, but also face the influences and challenges from itself and another countries.