Academic literature on the topic 'Singoli fotoni'

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Journal articles on the topic "Singoli fotoni"

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Guglielmi, G., G. M. Giannatempo, M. G. Bonetti, T. Scarabino, and M. Cammisa. "Prospettive della densitometria ossea: Indicazioni, limiti e sviluppi futuri delle diverse metodiche." Rivista di Neuroradiologia 7, no. 3_suppl (October 1994): 13–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/19714009940070s304.

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L'osteoporosi, una delle malattie sociali più rilevanti e costose, si manifesta prevalentemente nella seconda metà della vita ed è caratterizzata dalla presenza di fratture atraumatiche. Pertanto una diagnosi di osteoporosi il più precoce possibile è molto importante in termini di profilassi e di trattamento. Negli anni passati c'è stato un considerevole progresso nello sviluppo e nell'applicazione clinica dei metodi non invasivi per misurare la massa ossea (densitometria ossea). Questo articolo rivisita le metodiche densitometriche tradizionali: densitometria a singolo raggio fotonico (SPA), densitometria a doppio raggio fotonico (DPA), densitometria a raggi x a doppia energia (DXA), tomografia computerizzata quantitativa (QCT) e le più moderne tecniche come gli Ultrasuoni (QUS) e la risonanza magnetica (QMR). Il crescente interesse per la densitometria ossea porterà certamente ulteriori miglioramenti tecnologici e renderà più semplice la comprensione della complessa biomeccanica del tessuto osseo, per predire, in ultima analisi, più accuratamente il rischio di fratture.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Singoli fotoni"

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GUARDIANI, ANTONIO. "QUANTUM ENGINEERING AT THE SINGLE PHOTON LEVEL." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/311352.

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I progressi nel campo del calcolo quantistico potrebbero fornire rilevanti applicazioni in molte aree di ricerca come la biologia e la metrologia su tutte. Tuttavia, per quanto riguarda il campo delle telecomunicazioni, la cosiddetta "supremazia quantistica" nella potenza di calcolo del computer quantistico rappresenta un’enorme minaccia per gli schemi di crittografia classici, mettendo a rischio la riservatezza di dati sensibili. I progressi nella distribuzione delle chiavi quantistiche hanno dimostrato di poter risolvere il problema dell’eavesdropping utilizzando qubit di fotoni ma nel solo caso di trasferimento a corto raggio. Per migliorare l’affidabilità e il raggio dei protocolli di comunicazione quantistica, la sorgente dei fotoni deve soddisfare requisiti rigorosi come l’elevata purezza di singolo fotone, l’entanglement quasi perfetto, l’elevata luminosità e l’elevata velocità di funzionamento. Con questa tesi abbiamo presentato e confermato un modello che predice in maniera consistente l’evoluzione dell’entanglement per un quantum dot di AlGaAs che sembra non soffrire di alcun meccanismo di sfasamento se pompato con un’eccitazione risonante a due fotoni. I risultati sperimentali sottolineano che il comportamento di questi emettitori a stato solido dipende solo dalla precessione degli eccitoni, soprattutto considerando che i quantum dots di AlGaAs possiedono uno spin nucleare significativo. Pertanto, si potrebbe dedurre che l’interazione tra i portatori di carica coinvolti nell’emissione e i nuclei non sia un meccanismo di sfasamento rilevante entro il tempo di decadimento radiativo dell’eccitone. Inoltre, in questo manoscritto si dimostra che, sebbene non si verifichi alcun meccanismo di sfasamento nel quantum dot in esame, il raggiungimento di un livello di concorrenza pari a uno, sinonimo di entanglement perfetto, rimane un compito difficile. Alla luce di questi risultati, presentiamo due possibili soluzioni. Innanzitutto, il miglioramento della risoluzione temporale del sistema di rilevamento che è volto ad aumentare il grado di entanglement. Questo perchè, secondo il modello teorico, il valore della concorrenza è degradato dalla risoluzione temporale del sistema di rilevamento. A tal proposito riportiamo la realizzazione di una nuova generazione di amplificatori criogenici accoppiati a rivelatori a singolo fotone di nanofili superconduttori che migliorano notevolmente le prestazioni di risoluzione temporale del sistema di rilevamento. Tuttavia, poiché la risoluzione temporale dello strumento sarà sempre finita e non raggiungerà mai lo zero, una misurazione di entanglement non potrà mai produrre un valore costante di concorrenza pari a uno durante l’intero decadimento radiativo del quantum dot. Per questo motivo, si introduce una seconda direzione di ricerca che consiste nell’ingegnerizzare le proprietà dell’emissione eccitonica e bieccitonica agendo sulle frequenze dei fotoni. Tale approccio consente di evitare difficili tecniche di compensazione post-crescita. L’idea centrale è di ingegnerizzare i singoli fotoni attraverso la modulazione di fase a dente di sega per compensare lo splitting di struttura fine. La tesi fornisce una prova preliminare della possibile compensazione con la tecnologia di modulazione di fase già disponibile a livello commerciale riportando esperimenti di traslazione di frequenza su una sorgente laser. Gli spettri misurati mostrano che la modulazione di fase a dente di sega può raggiungere l’obiettivo nonostante i limiti tecnologici che necessitano di ulteriori miglioramenti. A tal fine si presenta un metodo per migliorare modulazione di fase utilizzando la consolidata tecnologia di phase-locked loop, che attraverso la sincronizzazione dei segnali, può evitare il sorgere di contributi spuri.
Advances in the field of quantum computation could disclose powerful means applicable in many areas of research such as life sciences and metrology among others. However, concerning the field of telecommunication, the so-called “quantum supremacy” in computational power provided by quantum computers poses a huge threat to classical encryption schemes making the transmission of sensitive data unsafe. Progress in Quantum Key Distribution has demonstrated to solve the issue of eavesdropping by using photon qubits but only in short-range transfer. In order to enhance the reliability and range of the quantum communication protocols, the source of photons have to comply with stringent requirements like high single-photon purity, near-to-perfect entanglement, high brightness and high operation rate. With this thesis we have presented and confirmed a model that predicts consistently the entanglement evolution for an AlGaAs quantum dot. This system seems not to suffer from any dephasing mechanism if pumped with two-photon resonant excitation. The experimental results point out that the behavior of these solid-state emitters only depend on the exciton precession, especially considering that AlGaAs Qdots do possess significant nuclear spin. Thus, we could infer that the interaction between the charge carriers involved in the emission and the nuclei is not a relevant dephasing mechanism within the time of the exciton radiative decay. We show that, although no dephasing mechanism occurs for the quantum dot under investigation, reaching a steady concurrence level of one during the whole radiative decay, that indicates perfect entanglement, does still remain a challenge. In light of these findings, we present here two possible workarounds. First, by improving the time resolution of the detection system we aimed at increasing the measurable degree of entanglement, because, according to the theoretical model, the concurrence is lowered by the timing jitter of the detection system. To this end, we have reported the realization of a new generation of cryogenic amplifiers coupled to superconducting nanowire single photon detectors that greatly improve the jitter performance of the detection system. However, since the physical time resolution will always be finite and never reach zero, an entanglement measurement can never yield a steady value of one for the concurrence over the whole radiative lifetime of the quantum dot. This is why we introduce a second research direction which consists of engineering the properties of the exciton and biexciton emission by acting on their frequencies. This has the major benefit to avoid difficult post-growth fine-structure splitting compensation techniques. Here we present the idea of engineering single photons through sawtooth phase modulation and stress on the point that this technique is a valuable alternative to achieve fine-structure compensation. The thesis gives a preliminary evidence of feasible compensation with current commercial phase modulation technology by performing frequency translation experiments on a laser source. The measured spectra show that sawtooth phase modulation can reach the target despite the technological limitations, but further improvements are needed. We explain one method to boost sawtooth phase modulation, namely with the use of the well-established phase-locked loop technology which, through signals synchronization, avoids the rise of undesired spurious components. Despite the necessary development in quantum repeater technology, with this work we foresee the feasibility in the realization of a quantum photonic infrastructure where the photons are fully entangled enabling the exchange of photon qubits in long-range quantum communication.
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Karlberg, Thomas Andre. "Optical Studies of Single Semiconductor Nanowires by Micro-Photoluminescence Spectroscopy." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for elektronikk og telekommunikasjon, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-11147.

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Over the recent years semiconductor nanowires have gained much attention for their potential to either improve existing technology or create novel devices. This potential has been realized in devices such as semiconductor nanowire lasers[2-3] and nanowire single-photon detectors[4]. With nanowire technology it could be possible to create single-photon nanowire lasers that emit photons in the near infrared region. Such devices should prove very interesting for telecommunications and quantum cryptography.The purpose of this master thesis was the study of the optical properties of GaAs nanowires with GaAsSb inserts. For this reason, both nanowires with and without an AlGaAs coating to increase the nanowire Quantum Efficiency (QE) have been subjected to low temperature PL spectroscopy. In an attempt to determine the physical origin of the different optical properties of different nanowires, µ-PL spectroscopy, Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (STEM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) was carried out on the same nanowires of a sample with AlGaAs shell nanowires. Through these measurements, it was found that STEM at 30 kV did not change the optical properties of the nanowire, but 200 kV TEM had a detrimental effect on nanowire PL. Through the structurally and optically correlated examination, it was found that stacking faults near the insert was not the origin of the power dependent behavior of the insert emission, and in combination with PL measurements of both zincblende (ZB) and wurtzite (WZ) GaAs nanowires the electronic band structure of the nanowire inserts was determined to very likely be type-II. Also, a theoretical explanation of the origin of the observed insert emission behavior was presented, and polarization dependent PL measurements were presented and discussed.
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Pino, Sorroche Francisco. "Reconstrucción y cuantificación de estudios SPECT en animal pequeño." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/294274.

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Los sistemas SPECT de animal pequeño alcanzan una resolución espacial inferior al milímetro. Para conseguirlo, es necesario utilizar colimadores pinhole, ya que la imagen del objeto proyectada en la gammacámara a través del pequeño orificio del colimador puede estar ampliada respecto al objeto. Con el fin de optimizar el proceso de reconstrucción y obtener resoluciones submilimétricas utilizando equipos de pequeño formato equipados con un colimador pinhole, es necesario utilizar métodos de reconstrucción iterativos. Estos algoritmos ofrecen una calidad de imagen superior y una mejor exactitud en la cuantificación que los métodos de reconstrucción analíticos, al poder corregir las diferentes degradaciones sufridas en el proceso de formación de la imagen. A continuación se detalla el trabajo desarrollado y los principales resultados obtenidos para conseguir este objetivo: 1. Implementación de un programa de calibración para calcular los parámetros geométricos que describen la adquisición de un equipo SPECT equipado con colimador pinhole. 2. Desarrollo de un algoritmo de reconstrucción iterativa OSEM para la reconstrucción de estudios SPECT con colimador pinhole. 3. Adaptación el algoritmo de reconstrucción y el programa de calibración a un equipo SPECT con colimador pinhole de pequeño formato desarrollado en nuestro centro. La resolución tomográfica del equipo fue de 1 mm para radios de adquisición pequeños. Las imágenes reconstruidas de estudios en ratones muestran la viabilidad del equipo para su utilización con pequeños animales. 4. Incorporación en la matriz de transición del sistema la geometría del sistema, la penetración septal a través del colimador y la respuesta del detector. La resolución, el contraste y los coeficientes de recuperación mejoran al incorporar la penetración septal respecto a la modelización geométrica, aunque la mejora más importante se obtuvo al incluir la respuesta del detector. El número de iteraciones utilizadas en la reconstrucción debe limitarse para evitar la aparición de artefactos de anillo. Estos artefactos son de mayor importancia cuando la modelización del sistema incorpora la geometría, la penetración septal y la respuesta del detector. 5. Comparación del algoritmo de reconstrucción desarrollado con un algoritmo de reconstrucción que calcula la matriz de transición con técnicas de Monte Carlo. El tiempo de cálculo de la matriz de transición del sistema con la aproximación analítica fue tres órdenes de magnitud inferior al de la aproximación por Monte Carlo. La resolución y el contraste de las imágenes reconstruidas mediante ambas aproximaciones fueron similares. Las imágenes reconstruidas con el modelo Monte Carlo presentaban una relación señal/ruido sensiblemente más baja, posiblemente asociada a problemas de precisión en el cálculo de los elementos de matriz por la utilización de un número insuficiente de historias de fotones en el cálculo.
Small animal SPECT systems can achieve a spatial resolution of less than 1 mm. Such resolution is possible thanks to pinhole collimators, which can amplify the gamma camera projection of the object, and by using iterative reconstruction methods. These methods improve image quality and offer better quantification accuracy than analytic reconstruction methods, by correcting the different degradations that occur during the image formation process. The work developed and the main results are detailed as follows: 1. A calibration program to calculate geometric parameters that describe the acquisition process of a SPECT system with a pinhole collimator was implemented. 2. An OSEM iterative reconstruction algorithm for SPECT studies acquired with a pinhole collimator was developed. 3. The reconstruction algorithm and the calibration program were adapted to an in-house developed small SPECT device with a pinhole collimator. Tomographic resolution was 1 mm for small acquisition radii. Image reconstruction of mice studies showed the viability of using the equipment with small animals. 4. System geometry, septal penetration through the collimator and detector were incorporated response to the transition matrix. In the first approach, the system geometry was incorporated. Resolution, contrast, and recovery coefficients improved when septal penetration was modeled, although the greatest improvement was obtained when detector response was included. Iterations had to be limited to avoid the appearance of ring-artifacts. 5. The reconstruction algorithm developed (analytical model) was compared with a reconstruction algorithm which calculates the transition matrix based on Monte Carlo techniques (Monte Carlo model). The computation time of the transition matrix system using the analytical approach was three orders of magnitude lower than the Monte Carlo approach. Resolution and contrast of the reconstructed images using the two approaches were similar. Images reconstructed with the Monte Carlo model presented a lower signal-to-noise ratio than images reconstructed with the analytical model, possibly due to accuracy problems associated with the matrix elements because of an insufficient number of photons in the calculation.
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Gil, Navarro Silvia. "Afasias primarias progresivas. Caracterización clínica y marcadores biológicos." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/126034.

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INTRODUCCIÓN: La actual clasificación de afasia primaria progresiva (APP) reconoce tres variantes clínicas principales: no-fluente/agramatical (APP-vnf), semántica (APP-vs) y logopénica (APP-vl). Cada una presenta un patrón de neuroimagen estructural y/o funcional característico, que sirve como biomarcador de apoyo al diagnóstico clínico; sin embargo, la asociación entre ambos criterios diagnósticos no ha sido evaluada a nivel individual en la práctica clínica. Además, el papel de diversos marcadores genéticos y bioquímicos (como los niveles séricos de progranulina y los biomarcadores de enfermedad de Alzheimer (EA) en líquido cefalorraquídeo (LCR)), todavía no ha sido establecido en el estudio de la APP y éstos no figuran en la actual clasificación. Por otra parte, evolutivamente algunos pacientes con APP-vnf desarrollan un parkinsonismo atípico con sustrato neuropatológico de una degeneración lobular fronto-temporal (DLFT)-tau. Sin embargo, no hay estudios que valoren in vivo la integridad de la vía nigroestriatal mediante 123I-FP-CIT SPECT en sujetos con APP sin parkinsonismo clínico. MÉTODOS: En el trabajo 1, centrado en una cohorte prospectiva de sujetos con APP, se realizó: exploración clínica y neuropsicológica, neuroimagen estructural (RM) y funcional (PET/SPECT), genotipado APOE, estudio de biomarcadores de EA en LCR (Aβ42, tau-total y tau fosforilada), niveles séricos de progranulina y cribado de mutaciones en MAPT, GRN y C9ORF72. En el trabajo 2 se compararon los niveles séricos de progranulina en una cohorte retrospectiva de pacientes con diagnóstico clínico de DFT, APP y EA. Se realizó secuenciación directa de GRN en aquellos sujetos con niveles séricos de progranulina <120 ng/mL. En el trabajo 3 se evaluó la vía nigroestriatal mediante 123I-FP-CIT SPECT en pacientes con APP-vnf y APP-vl sin parkinsonismo clínico respecto a controles. Además se realizó estudio de biomarcadores de EA en LCR (Aβ42, tau-total y tau fosforilada) y niveles séricos de progranulina. RESULTADOS: 1. La mayoría de los sujetos se clasificaron en las tres variantes clínicas de APP aunque un 15,6% resultó inclasificable (APP-i) según los actuales criterios diagnósticos. Todos los casos de APP-vs y APP-vl mostraron positividad de, al menos, uno de los dos biomarcadores de neuroimagen. En la APP-vnf sólo un 66% de los casos presentaba algún biomarcador de imagen positivo, si bien se producía un alto grado de congruencia entre la localización de la atrofia y/o hipoperfusión/hipometabolismo. Todas las APP-vl y el 60% de las APP-i mostraron un perfil de biomarcadores en LCR sugestivo de EA. En tres sujetos con APP-vnf e historia familiar de demencia de inicio precoz, se detectaron mutaciones genéticas patogénicas (una en GRN y dos en C9ORF72). 2. No se apreciaron diferencias en los niveles de progranulina entre controles y sujetos con diversos síndromes cognitivos, entre ellos APP. Detectamos dos mutaciones nulas de GRN en tres sujetos con los niveles séricos medios más bajos (50,5 ng/ml) y una mutación de patogenicidad incierta en el sujeto con los niveles más altos (92,3 ng/ml). 3. Los sujetos con APP-vnf mostraron una reducción de la captación estriatal del 123I-FP-CIT respecto a controles, pero no los sujetos con APP-vl. El grupo de APP-vnf, enriquecido con biomarcadores (biomarcadores de EA en LCR y niveles séricos de progranulina) también mostró una reducción de la captación esrtiatal del trazador respecto a controles y respecto al grupo APP-vl estudiado con biomarcadores. CONCLUSIONES: 1. Existe una excelente asociación entre los criterios clínicos y de neuroimagen actuales en la APP-vs y la APP-vl. Los resultados de biomarcadores de neuroimagen, bioquímicos y genéticos de la APP-vnf sugiere un sustrato patogénico más heterogéneo. La incorporación del estudio de marcadores biológicos y genéticos en la APP podría ayudar a mejorar in vivo la predicción del sustrato neuropatológico, especialmente en la APP-vnf y APP-i. 2. Los niveles séricos de progranulina reducidos son un útil biomarcador para detectar portadores de mutaciones en GRN. 3. El 123I-FP-CIT SPECT detecta disminución de la captación estriatal del trazador en APP-vnf sin parkinsonismo clínico y apoya la existencia de degeneración subclínica nigroestriatal en estos sujetos. Esta técnica podría ser un potencial biomarcador para identificar in vivo pacientes con APP a riesgo de desarrollar un síndrome parkinsoniano, posiblemente relacionado con una DLFT-tau.
INTRODUCTION: Clinical diagnosis of the three variants of primary progressive aphasia (PPA) -non-fluent/agrammatical variant (nfvPPA), semantic (svPPA) and logopenic (lvPPA)- may be further supported by neuroimaging. However the association between PPA clinical variants and consensus neuroimaging-supported diagnostic criteria and available biochemical and genetic markers has not been. Moreover, some nfvPPA patients develop atypical parkinsonism related to FTLD-tau but the nigrostriatal pathway using 123I-FP-CIT SPECT in PPA patients without clinical parkinsonism has not been evaluated. METHODS: Article 1. We performed clinical, neuropsychological evaluation, MRI and/or PET/SPECT in a cohort of PPA participants. To rule out GRN mutations and underlying AD, serum progranulin levels and CSF-AD biochemical markers (Aβ42, total- tau and phosphorylated- tau) were determined. Cases with a first-degree family history of early-onset dementia were genetically tested. Article 2. Serum progranulin levels were analyzed in patients diagnosed of FTD, PPA and AD. DNA was screened for GRN mutations when progranulin levels were < 120 ng/ml. Article 3. Visual and semi-quantitative assessment of the striatal 123I-FP-CIT uptake ratios were analyzed in nfvPPA and lvPPA patients without clinical parkinsonism and controls. CSF-AD biochemical markers and serum progranulin levels were also studied. RESULTS 1. The majority of patients fulfilled clinical criteria for the three variants of PPA but 15.6% were unclassifiable (uPPA) according to establish criteria. All svPPA and lvPPA patients presented at least one positive neuroimaging-supported diagnostic criteria but that was the case of 66% of nfvPPA. AD-CSF biomarkers were associated to lvPPA and 60% of uPPA. Two nfvPPA patients carried a GRN mutation and two nfvPPA the C9orf72 mutation. 2. We detected no differences in progranulin serum levels between DFT, PPA and AD patients. Serum progranulin levels of the three null mutations carriers found were reduced 1/3 respect to controls. 3. NfvPPA patients, especially those with normal progranulin and CSF-AD biomarkers, presented a reduced striatal 123I-FP-CIT uptake compared to controls and lvPPA. 70% of nfvPPA patients with normal biochemical markers develop clinical parkinsonism on follow-up, 85% of them with an abnormal 123I-FP-CIT SPECT at inclusion. CONCLUSIONS: 1. We found an excellent association between clinical and neuroimaging-supported diagnostic criteria in svPPA and lvPPA. Neuroimaging, genetic and biochemical markers suggested a heterogeneous substrate in nfvPPA. Incorporating genetic and biochemical markers into the assessment of PPA could improve neuropathological predictions, especially of nfvPPA and uPPA. 2. There are no differences in the serum progranulin levels in patients with PPA, DFT and AD, after excluding the cases of null GRN mutations. The determination of serum progranulin levels is a useful biomarker to detect GRN mutations independently of the clinical phenotype. 3. 123I-FP-CIT SPECT detects reduced striatal uptake in nfvPPA without clinical parkinsonism indicating the existence of subclinical nigrostriatal. This technique could be a potential biomarker to identify PPA patients at risk of developing atypical parkinsonism, probably related to FTLD-tau.
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TENÓRIO, JÚNIOR Gilberto Alves. "Inversores Fonte Z monofásicos e conversor de dois estágios para sistemas fotovoltaicos sem Transformador." Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 2016. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/19498.

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Submitted by Fabio Sobreira Campos da Costa (fabio.sobreira@ufpe.br) on 2017-07-11T12:39:13Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Dissertação Mestrado M276 - Gilberto.pdf: 3559945 bytes, checksum: e0e92cec09c72c5a7b8b98260c3b9a8e (MD5)
Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-11T12:39:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Dissertação Mestrado M276 - Gilberto.pdf: 3559945 bytes, checksum: e0e92cec09c72c5a7b8b98260c3b9a8e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-22
Este trabalho apresenta um estudo comparativo de conversores monofásicos aplicados a sistemas fotovoltaicos sem transformador. Topologias de inversores sem transformador têm menores custos, tamanho e peso. Contudo, a não utilização do transformador pode ser responsável por consideráveis valores de correntes de fuga. A associação em série de vários módulos fotovoltaicos se faz necessária para alcançar o nível de tensão desejado no barramento c.c.. Com o intuito de reduzir o número de módulos fotovoltaicos em série, topologias com característica de elevação de tensão (boost) podem ser utilizadas. Portanto, topologias que possuem estas características e que possam apresentar baixos valores de correntes de fuga devem ser escolhidas para o estudo. As topologias presentes neste trabalho são: o conversor de dois estágios, o inversor fonte Z monofásico com diodo adicional, e o inversor fonte Z de três estados.
This work presents a comparative study of single-phase converters applied to transformerless photovoltaic systems. Topologies of transformerless inverters have lower costs, size and weight. However, not using it may cause considerable amounts of leakage currents. The association in series of several PV modules is needed to achieve the voltage level desired in d.c. bus. In order to reduce the number of photovoltaic modules in series, topologies with voltage boost characteristic can be used. Therefore, topologies that have voltage boost characteristic and can have low leakage current values are chosen for the study. Topologies present in this work are: the two stages single-phase converter, the single-phase Z-source inverter with additional diode, and the single-phase three switch three state Z-source inverter.
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Jachura, Michał. "Inżynieria modowa stanów światła dla wybranych technologii kwantowych." Doctoral thesis, 2018. https://depotuw.ceon.pl/handle/item/2853.

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Koperski, Maciej. "Optical properties of thin layers of transition metal dichalcogenides." Doctoral thesis, 2017. https://depotuw.ceon.pl/handle/item/2063.

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The research reported in the thesis entitled ’Optical properties of thin layers of transition metal dichalcogenides’ focuses on physical phenomena which emerge in the limit of two-dimensional (2D) miniaturisation when the thickness of fabricated films reaches an atomic scale. The importance of such man-made structures has been revealed by the dynamic research on graphene: a single atomic plane of carbon atoms arranged in honeycomb lattice. Graphene is intrinsically gapless and therefore mainly explored with respect to its electric properties. The investigation of semiconducting materials which can also display the hexagonal crystal structure and which can be thinned down to individual layers, bridges the concepts characteristic of graphene-like systems (K-valley physics) with more conventional properties of semiconductors. This has been indeed demonstrated in a number of recent studies of ultra-thin films of semiconducting transition metal dichalcogenides (sc-TMD). Particularly appealing, from the point of view of optical studies, is a transformation of the bandgap alignment of sc-TMD films, from the indirect bandgap bulk crystals to the direct bandgap system in single layers. The presented thesis work provides a comprehensive optical characterisation of thin structures of sc-TMD crystals. The manuscript is divided into five parts: three main chapters with a preceding introduction and the appendix reporting the supplementary studies of another layered material: hexagonal boron nitride. Introduction. The fundamental properties of the investigated crystals are presented, especially those which are important from the point of view of optical studies. The discussion includes information on the crystal structure, Brillouin zone and electronic band structure. Also, the general description of the samples’ preparation process and experimental set-up is provided. Chapter 1. Basic optical characterisation of excitonic resonances in mono- and multi-layers of sc-TMDs. The optical response, as seen in the reflectance and luminescence spectra of thin scTMD is analysed (mostly for MoSe2 and WSe2 materials). The impact of the number of layers and temperature on the optical resonances is studied and interpreted in details. The complementary time-resolved study is also presented. Chapter 2. Zeeman spectroscopy of excitonic resonances in magnetic fields. The evolution of the optical resonances in an external magnetic field, applied perpendicularly to the layers of sc-TMD materials is investigated. Based on these results, a phenomenological model is developed aiming to describe the linear with magnetic field contributions to the energy of individual electronic states in fundamental sub-bands of sc-TMD monolayers. Furthermore, the effects of optical pumping are investigated in WSe2 monolayers, which can be tuned by tiny magnetic fields. Chapter 3. Single photon sources in thin sc-TMD flakes. The uncovering of localised narrow lines emitting centres at the edges of thin exfoliated sc-TMD flakes is discussed. The optical investigations provide information on their fundamental properties. The presented study covers a broad range of topics, such as the impact of temperature and magnetic field on the optical response of the emitting centres, analysis of their polarisation properties and excitation spectra as well as photon correlation measurements. Appendix A. Single photon emitters in boron nitride crystals. Hexagonal boron nitride also belongs to the family of layered materials, but it exhibits much larger band gap than semiconducting transition metal dichalcogenides. Narrow lines emitting centres have been observed in boron nitride structures, which reveal multiple similarities to defect centres in wide gap materials. They are characterised in a similar manner as the emitting centres in WSe2.
Badania opisane w rozprawie pod tytułem „Optyczne własności cienkich warstw dichalkogenków metali przejściowych” dotyczą zjawisk fizycznych, które pojawiają się w granicy dwuwymiarowej miniaturyzacji, gdy grubość struktur osiąga skalę atomową. Znaczenie takich wytworzonych przez człowieka struktur dla zrozumienia podstawowych własności materiałów ujawniło się podczas dynamicznie rozwijających się badań nad grafenem: pojedynczej warstwie atomów węgla ułożonych w strukturę heksagonalną. Grafen, jako materiał bez przerwy energetycznej, był rozpatrywany głównie pod kątem własności elektrycznych. Badania materiałów półprzewodnikowych, również charakteryzujących się strukturą heksagonalną, dla których udało się odizolować pojedyncze warstwy, łączą nowe idee wywodzące się z odkrycia szczególnych cech grafenu (fizyka dolin w punkcie K strefy Brillouina) z wiedzą o bardziej typowych właściwościach półprzewodników. Rzeczywiście, nowego typu zjawiska zostały zademonstrowane w licznych, prowadzonych ostatnio, badaniach ultra-cienkich warstw półprzewodnikowych dichalkogenków metali przejściowych. Szczególnie interesujące, z puntu widzenia badań optycznych, wydaje się odkrycie zmiany charakteru przerwy energetycznej, która jest skośna w kryształach objętościowych, ale staje się prosta dla pojedynczej warstwy materiału. Opisane w tej pracy badania wykorzystują szczegółową charakteryzację optycznych własności cienkich struktur dichalkogenków metali przejściowych jako podstawę do rozważań na temat ich własności elektronowych. Manuskrypt składa się z pięciu części: trzech głównych rozdziałów poprzedzonych wstępem i uzupełnionych dodatkiem, w którym omówione zostały badania dotyczące innego przedstawiciela materiałów warstwowych: heksagonalnego azotku boru. Wstęp. Przedstawione zostały podstawowe własności badanych kryształów, szczególnie istotne z punktu widzenia badań optycznych. Dyskusja obejmuje informacje o strukturze krystalicznej, strefie Brillouina i elektronowej strukturze pasmowej. Ponadto omówiono ogólnie proces wytwarzania próbek i główne cechy układów doświadczalnych. Rozdział 1. Podstawowe własności optyczne rezonansów ekscytonowych w pojedynczych warstwach i wielowarstwach półprzewodnikowych dichalkogenków metali przejściowych. Przeanalizowano optyczną odpowiedź cienkich struktur dwuselenku molibdenu (MoSe2) i dwuselenku wolframu (WSe2), badaną poprzez pomiary widm odbicia i luminescencji. Szczegółowo zinterpretowano dane doświadczalne dotyczące wpływu liczby warstw oraz temperatury na energię i szerokość optycznych rezonansów. Uwzględniono także uzupełniające badania rozdzielone w czasie. Rozdział 2. Spektroskopia Zeemana rezonansów ekscytonowych w polu magnetycznym. Zbadano wpływ pola magnetycznego, przyłożonego prostopadle do powierzchni badanych struktur, na przejścia optyczne. Na podstawie otrzymanych wyników opracowano fenomenologiczny model mający na celu opis liniowych z polem magnetycznym wkładów do energii indywidualnych stanów elektronowych w podstawowych podpasmach pojedynczych warstw dichalkogenków metali przejściowych. Ponadto przeanalizowano efekty związane z pompowaniem optycznym w pojedynczych warstwach WSe2, którego wydajność można zwiększyć poprzez przyłożenie niewielkiego pola magnetycznego. Rozdział 3. Źródła pojedynczych fotonów w cienkich warstwach półprzewodnikowych dichalkogenków metali przejściowych. Przedyskutowano odkrycie centrów emitujących światło w postaci cienkich linii widmowych w eksfoliowanych strukturach dichalkogenków metali przejściowych. Optyczne badania dostarczyły informacji o ich podstawowych własnościach. Przedstawione badania dotyczą wpływu temperatury i pola magnetycznego na optyczną odpowiedź emitujących centrów, własności polaryzacyjnych oraz widm pobudzania jak również pomiarów korelacji fotonów. Dodatek A. Emitery pojedynczych fotonów w kryształach azotku boru. Heksagonalny azotek boru również należy do rodziny materiałów warstwowych, lecz charakteryzuje się znacznie większą przerwą energetyczną niż dichalkogenki metali przejściowych. Centra emitujące wąskie linie widmowe także zostały zaobserwowane w strukturach azotku boru. Wykazują one cechy upodabniające je do barwnych centrów w innych materiałach szeroko-przerwowych. Emitery w azotku boru zostały scharakteryzowane podobnie jak emitery w kryształach WSe2.
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Conference papers on the topic "Singoli fotoni"

1

Gardini, L., M. Capitanio, F. S. Pavone, and F. S. Pavone. "3D tracking of single molecular motors." In 2014 Fotonica AEIT Italian Conference on Photonics Technologies (Fotonica AEIT). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/fotonica.2014.6843925.

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Casaburi, Alessandro, Andrea Pizzone, and Robert Hugh Hadfield. "Large area Superconducting Nanowire Single Photon detector arrays." In 2014 Fotonica AEIT Italian Conference on Photonics Technologies (Fotonica AEIT). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/fotonica.2014.6843851.

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Malicka, Joanna M., Valeria Fattori, Massimo Cocchi, Alessia Colombo, Claudia Dragonetti, Lisa Murphy, and J. A. Gareth Williams. "OLEDs based on multi-emission by a single emitter." In 2014 Fotonica AEIT Italian Conference on Photonics Technologies (Fotonica AEIT). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/fotonica.2014.6843847.

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Delfino, Ines, Carlo Camerlingo, Vito Capozzi, Giuseppe Perna, Lorenzo Manti, and Maria Lepore. "Interval-Principal Component Analysis of Raman spectra of single cells exposed to X-ray radiation." In 2014 Fotonica AEIT Italian Conference on Photonics Technologies (Fotonica AEIT). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/fotonica.2014.6843958.

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Vaitiekenas, Saulius, Mareen Glaeske, and Antonio Setaro. "Optimization of the nanoplasmonic hybridization process for the enhancement of the optical response of single-walled carbon nanotubes." In 2014 Fotonica AEIT Italian Conference on Photonics Technologies (Fotonica AEIT). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/fotonica.2014.6843936.

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Colace, L., M. Bronzoni, A. De Iacovo, P. Frigeri, E. Gombia, C. Maragliano, F. Mezzadri, et al. "Single-crystal CuIn1−xGaxSe2 films grown on lattice-matched Ge by low-temperature Pulsed Electron Deposition technique." In 2014 Fotonica AEIT Italian Conference on Photonics Technologies (Fotonica AEIT). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/fotonica.2014.6843938.

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D'Arco, A., N. Brancati, M. A. Ferrara, M. Frucci, M. Indolfi, L. Zeni, and L. Sirleto. "Stimulated Raman Scattering Microscopy in Single Cell." In 18th Italian National Conference on Photonic Technologies (Fotonica 2016). Institution of Engineering and Technology, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/cp.2016.0939.

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Gardini, L., F. S. Pavone, and M. Capitanio. "Single Molecule Study of Processive Myosin Motors." In 18th Italian National Conference on Photonic Technologies (Fotonica 2016). Institution of Engineering and Technology, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/cp.2016.0940.

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Gardini, L., M. Capitanio, and F. S. Pavone. "3D Tracking of Single Quantum Dots Through Off-Focus Imaging." In 2015 Fotonica AEIT Italian Conference on Photonics Technologies. Institution of Engineering and Technology, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/cp.2015.0142.

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Bilal, S. M., and G. Bosco. "Performance analysis of different standard single stage CPE algorithms using MSE." In 2015 Fotonica AEIT Italian Conference on Photonics Technologies. Institution of Engineering and Technology, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/cp.2015.0121.

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