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Academic literature on the topic 'Singleton v'

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Published: 26 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Singleton v"

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Gabos, Kelly A. "The Perils of Singleton v. Norris: Ethics and beyond." American Journal of Law & Medicine 32, no. 1 (March 2006): 117–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009885880603200104.

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Nearly 20 years ago, in Ford v. Wainright, the Supreme Court held that it is unconstitutional to execute a legally incompetent inmate. Due to advancements in pharmacological therapy and the ability to make inmates legally competent through medication, various courts since Ford have determined the mechanisms by which competency through medication can be accomplished. Those decisions led to cases involving the legality of forcibly medicating inmates to make them competent to stand trial and to be executed. One recent case involving execution competency is the Eighth Circuit’s decision in Singleton v. Norris.In Singleton, the Eighth Circuit held that execution as an ultimate consequence of administering psychotropic medication to legally incompetent inmates cannot be considered in the determination of whether it was proper to forcibly medicate that inmate. The Eighth Circuit’s decision permitted the execution of Charles Singleton, a schizophrenic who fought against involuntary administration of the medications that rendered him competent to be executed.
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Isariyapalakul, Supachoke, Witsarut Pho-on, and Varanoot Khemmani. "The true twin classes-based investigation for connected local dimensions of connected graphs." AIMS Mathematics 9, no. 4 (2024): 9435–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/math.2024460.

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<abstract><p>Let $ G $ be a connected graph of order $ n $. The representation of a vertex $ v $ of $ G $ with respect to an ordered set $ W = \{w_1, w_2, ..., w_k\} $ is the $ k $-vector $ r(v|W) = (d(v, w_1), d(v, w_2), ..., d(v, w_k)) $, where $ d(v, w_i) $ represents the distance between vertices $ v $ and $ w_i $ for $ 1\leq i\leq k $. An ordered set $ W $ is called a connected local resolving set of $ G $ if distinct adjacent vertices have distinct representations with respect to $ W $, and the subgraph $ \langle W\rangle $ induced by $ W $ is connected. A connected local resolving set of $ G $ of minimum cardinality is a connected local basis of $ G $, and this cardinality is the connected local dimension $ \mathop{\text{cld}}(G) $ of $ G $. Two vertices $ u $ and $ v $ of $ G $ are true twins if $ N[u] = N[v] $. In this paper, we establish a fundamental property of a connected local basis of a connected graph $ G $. We analyze the connected local dimension of a connected graph without a singleton true twin class and explore cases involving singleton true twin classes. Our investigation reveals that a graph of order $ n $ contains at most two non-singleton true twin classes when $ \mathop{\text{cld}}(G) = n-2 $. Essentially, our work contributes to the characterization of graphs with a connected local dimension of $ n-2 $.</p></abstract>
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Haynes, Teresa W., Jason T. Hedetniemi, Stephen T. Hedetniemi, Alice A. McRae, and Raghuveer Mohan. "Self-coalition graphs." Opuscula Mathematica 43, no. 2 (2023): 173–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.7494/opmath.2023.43.2.173.

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A coalition in a graph \(G = (V, E)\) consists of two disjoint sets \(V_1\) and \(V_2\) of vertices, such that neither \(V_1\) nor \(V_2\) is a dominating set, but the union \(V_1 \cup V_2\) is a dominating set of \(G\). A coalition partition in a graph \(G\) of order \(n = |V|\) is a vertex partition \(\pi = \{V_1, V_2, \ldots, V_k\}\) such that every set \(V_i\) either is a dominating set consisting of a single vertex of degree \(n-1\), or is not a dominating set but forms a coalition with another set \(V_j\) which is not a dominating set. Associated with every coalition partition \(\pi\) of a graph \(G\) is a graph called the coalition graph of \(G\) with respect to \(\pi\), denoted \(CG(G,\pi)\), the vertices of which correspond one-to-one with the sets \(V_1, V_2, \ldots, V_k\) of \(\pi\) and two vertices are adjacent in \(CG(G,\pi)\) if and only if their corresponding sets in \(\pi\) form a coalition. The singleton partition \(\pi_1\) of the vertex set of \(G\) is a partition of order \(|V|\), that is, each vertex of \(G\) is in a singleton set of the partition. A graph \(G\) is called a self-coalition graph if \(G\) is isomorphic to its coalition graph \(CG(G,\pi_1)\), where \(\pi_1\) is the singleton partition of \(G\). In this paper, we characterize self-coalition graphs.
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KENDZIORRA, ANDREAS, and STEFAN E. SCHMIDT. "NETWORK CODING WITH MODULAR LATTICES." Journal of Algebra and Its Applications 10, no. 06 (December 2011): 1319–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219498811005208.

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Kötter and Kschischang presented in 2008 a new model for error correcting codes in network coding. The alphabet in this model is the subspace lattice of a given vector space, a code is a subset of this lattice and the used metric on this alphabet is the map d : (U, V) ↦ dim (U+V)- dim (U∩V). In this paper we generalize this model to arbitrary modular lattices, i.e. we consider codes, which are subsets of modular lattices. The used metric in this general case is the map d : (u, v) ↦ h(u ∨ v) - h(u ∧ v), where h is the height function of the lattice. We apply this model to submodule lattices. Moreover, we show a method to compute the size of spheres in certain modular lattices and present a sphere packing bound, a sphere covering bound, and a Singleton bound for codes, which are subsets of modular lattices.
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NEVILS, B. "Cervical cerclage for treatment of symptomatic placenta previa in singleton gestation." Journal of the Society for Gynecologic Investigation 2, no. 2 (April 1995): 303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1071-5576(95)94434-v.

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Sudev, N. K., K. P. Chithra, and K. A. Germina. "The sparing number of certain graph powers." Acta Universitatis Sapientiae, Mathematica 11, no. 1 (August 1, 2019): 186–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ausm-2019-0015.

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Abstract Let ℕ0 be the set of all non-negative integers and 𝒫(ℕ0) be its power set. Then, an integer additive set-indexer (IASI) of a given graph G is an injective function f : V(G) → P(ℕ0) such that the induced function f+ : E(G) → 𝒫(ℕ0) defined by f+(uv) = f(u) + f(v) is also injective. An IASI f is said to be a weak IASI if |f+(uv)| = max(|f(u)|, |f(v)|) for all u, v ∈ V(G). A graph which admits a weak IASI may be called a weak IASI graph. The set-indexing number of an element of a graph G, a vertex or an edge, is the cardinality of its set-labels. The sparing number of a graph G is the minimum number of edges with singleton set-labels, required for a graph G to admit a weak IASI. In this paper, we study the admissibility of weak IASI by certain graph powers and their corresponding sparing numbers.
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Wallace, Jacqueline M., John S. Milne, and Raymond P. Aitken. "The effect of overnourishing singleton-bearing adult ewes on nutrient partitioning to the gravid uterus." British Journal of Nutrition 94, no. 4 (October 2005): 533–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn20041398.

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Overnourishing the singleton-bearing adolescent sheep throughout pregnancy promotes maternal tissue synthesis at the expense of the nutrient requirements of the gravid uterus. Consequently, the growth of the placenta is impaired and results in the premature delivery of low-birth-weight lambs relative to moderately fed adolescents of equivalent age. To establish if this phenomenon is unique to the growing animal, singleton pregnancies to a single sire were established by embryo transfer into primiparous adult ewes who had attained the normal mature body size for their genotype. Thereafter ewes were offered a maintenance or a high level of a complete diet throughout gestation. High maternal intakes resulted in elevated maternal insulin, no significant change in growth hormone or glucose, and attenuated progesterone and NEFA concentrations. Live weight gain during the first 93 d of gestation was 48 and 244 g/d, and adiposity score at term was 2·4 and 3·7 in the maintenance and high groups, respectively (P<0·001). In spite of achieving levels of adiposity similar to overnourished adolescents, placental (477 (sem 30) v. 518 (sem 41) g) and fetal (5190 (sem 320) v. 5420 (sem 250) g) weights were equivalent in maintenance and high groups. Gestation length was shorter (P<0·01) and colostrum yield at parturition lower (P<0·05) in high v. maintenance dams. Thus, adult sheep appear to be relatively insensitive to the oversupply of nutrients during pregnancy and have the ability to meet the nutrient requirements for normal conceptus growth in spite of their increased adiposity.
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Forster, T. E. "Term models for weak set theories with a universal set." Journal of Symbolic Logic 52, no. 2 (June 1987): 374–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2274387.

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We shall be concerned here with weak axiomatic systems of set theory with a universal set. The language in which they are expressed is that of set theory—two primitive predicates, = and ϵ, and no function symbols (though some function symbols will be introduced by definitional abbreviation). All the theories will have stratified axioms only, and they will all have Ext (extensionality: (∀x)(∀y)(x = y· ↔ ·(∀z)(z ϵ x ↔ z ϵ y))). In fact, in addition to extensionality, they have only axioms saying that the universe is closed under certain set-theoretic operations, viz. all of the formand these will always include singleton, i.e., ι′x exists if x does (the iota notation for singleton, due to Russell and Whitehead, is used here to avoid confusion with {x: Φ}, set abstraction), and also x ∪ y, x ∩ y and − x (the complement of x). The system with these axioms is called NF2 in the literature (see [F]). The other axioms we consider will be those giving ⋃x, ⋂x, {y: y ⊆x} and {y: x ⊆ y}. We will frequently have occasion to bear in mind that 〈 V, ⊆ 〉 is a Boolean algebra in any theory extending NF2. There is no use of the axiom of choice at any point in this paper. Since the systems with which we will be concerned exhibit this feature of having, in addition to extensionality, only axioms stating that V is closed under certain operations, we will be very interested in terms of the theories in question. A T-term, for T such a theory, is a thing (with no free variables) built up from V or ∧ by means of the T-operations, which are of course the operations that the axioms of T say the universe is closed under.
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Xu, Lihua, Dengfeng Li, Yigang Tong, Jing Fang, Rui Yang, Weinan Qin, Wei Lin, Lingtin Pan, and Wencai Liu. "A Novel Singleton Giant Phage Yong-XC31 Lytic to the Pyropia Pathogen Vibrio mediterranei." Applied Sciences 11, no. 4 (February 10, 2021): 1602. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11041602.

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Vibrio mediterranei 117-T6 is extensively pathogenic to several Pyropia species, leading to the death of conchocelis. In this study, the first V. mediterranei phage (named Vibrio phage Yong-XC31, abbreviated as Yong-XC31) was isolated. Yong-XC31 is a giant phage containing an icosahedral head about 113 nm in diameter and a contractible tail about 219 nm in length. The latent period of Yong-XC31 is 30 min, and burst size is 64,227. Adsorption rate of Yong-XC31 to V. mediterranei 117-T6 can reach 93.8% in 2 min. The phage genome consisted of a linear, double-stranded 290,532 bp DNA molecule with a G + C content of 45.87%. Bioinformatic analyses predicted 318 open reading frames (ORFs), 80 of which had no similarity to protein sequences in current (26 January 2021) public databases. Yong-XC31 shared the highest pair-wise average nucleotide identity (ANI) value of 58.65% (below the ≥95% boundary to define a species) and the highest nucleotide sequence similarity of 11.71% (below the >50% boundary to define a genus) with the closest related phage. In the proteomic tree based on genome-wide sequence similarities, Yong-XC31 and three unclassified giant phages clustered in a monophyletic clade independently between the family Drexlerviridae and Herelleviridae. Results demonstrated Yong-XC31 as a new evolutionary lineage of phage. We propose a new phage family in Caudovirales order. This study provides new insights and fundamental data for the study and application of giant phages.
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Kholmatov, Shokhrukh Yu, Ahmad Khalkhuzhaev, and Mardon Pardabaev. "Expansion of eigenvalues of the perturbed discrete bilaplacian." Monatshefte für Mathematik 197, no. 4 (February 5, 2022): 607–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00605-022-01678-1.

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AbstractWe consider the family $$\begin{aligned} {\widehat{{ H}}}_\mu := {\widehat{\varDelta }} {\widehat{\varDelta }} - \mu {\widehat{{ V}}},\qquad \mu \in {\mathbb {R}}, \end{aligned}$$ H ^ μ : = Δ ^ Δ ^ - μ V ^ , μ ∈ R , of discrete Schrödinger-type operators in d-dimensional lattice $${\mathbb {Z}}^d$$ Z d , where $${\widehat{\varDelta }}$$ Δ ^ is the discrete Laplacian and $${\widehat{{ V}}}$$ V ^ is of rank-one. We prove that there exist coupling constant thresholds $$\mu _o,\mu ^o\ge 0$$ μ o , μ o ≥ 0 such that for any $$\mu \in [-\mu ^o,\mu _o]$$ μ ∈ [ - μ o , μ o ] the discrete spectrum of $${\widehat{{ H}_\mu }}$$ H μ ^ is empty and for any $$\mu \in {\mathbb {R}}\setminus [-\mu ^o,\mu _o]$$ μ ∈ R \ [ - μ o , μ o ] the discrete spectrum of $${\widehat{{ H}_\mu }}$$ H μ ^ is a singleton $$\{e(\mu )\},$$ { e ( μ ) } , and $$e(\mu )<0$$ e ( μ ) < 0 for $$\mu >\mu _o$$ μ > μ o and $$e(\mu )>4d^2$$ e ( μ ) > 4 d 2 for $$\mu <-\mu ^o.$$ μ < - μ o . Moreover, we study the asymptotics of $$e(\mu )$$ e ( μ ) as $$\mu \searrow \mu _o$$ μ ↘ μ o and $$\mu \nearrow -\mu ^o$$ μ ↗ - μ o as well as $$\mu \rightarrow \pm \infty .$$ μ → ± ∞ . The asymptotics highly depends on d and $${\widehat{{ V}}}.$$ V ^ .
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Singleton v"

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Meshkov, Ivan. "Control of molecular movement based on porphyrins." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAF006/document.

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Les travaux décrits dans ce manuscrit s’intéressent au contrôle du mouvement moléculaire. Après une introduction dédiée à l’état de l’art des machines moléculaires, le premier chapitre s’intéresse à la conception de tourniquets moléculaires à base de complexes porphyriniques de P(V). Le mouvement moléculaire a pu être contrôlé de manière réversible soit par l’utilisation des sites de coordination présents à la périphérie du système soit par des variations de pH. Le deuxième chapitre s’intéresse aux propriétés photophysiques des porphyrines de P(V) obtenues et plus particulièrement à leur capacité à générer de l’oxygène singulet avec une application potentielle en Thérapie Photodynamique (PDT).Le troisième chapitre concerne l’élaboration d’un complexe contenant deux porphyrines de Zn(II) dont le mouvement relatif a pu être bloqué réversiblement par l’utilisation des positions axiales des cations métalliques
The manuscript focuses on molecular machines and the control of their movement. Two different devices have been designed, synthetized and characterized. Moreover, a series of new potential photosensitizer was obtained.The introduction gives a general overview on molecular machines, reported during the past 20 years. The first chapter describes the synthesis of molecular turnstiles based on P(V) porphyrins. The molecular motion was controlled reversibly using either coordination chemistry or by changing the pH. The second part is dedicated to the study of the photophysical properties of P(V) porphyrins and especially their capacity to generate singlet oxygen under irradiation., making them potential photosensitizers that can be use in Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) or as catalyst. The third chapter is devoted to the study of a molecular break based on a Zn (II) porphyrin dimer. The control of the movement was performed using the coordination of a bidentate ligand in the axial position of the metal cations
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Le, Bourlot Jacques. "Calcul de probabilites de transition d'intercombinaison entre les etats x **(1)sigma ::(g)**(+) et a **(3)pi ::(v) de c::(2) carbone moleculaire : application a l'equilibre de c::(2) dans les nuages interstellaires diffus." Paris 7, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA077128.

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KOVAŘÍKOVÁ, Michaela. "Přítomnost singletového kyslíku v povrchových vodách." Master's thesis, 2019. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-394420.

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This master thesis deals with the methods of measurement of singlet oxygen steady state concentrations in surface water and the factors affecting this concentration. The first part of this work shows theoretical background and an introduction to photochemistry of surface water with respect to the reactive oxygen species. The second part describes the methodology of conducted experiments and discuss its results with respect to current literature.
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Scholz, Marek. "Spektroskopické studium singletního kyslíku v buňkách a modelových systémech." Doctoral thesis, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-347485.

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Title: Spectroscopic Study of Singlet Oxygen in Cells and Model Systems Author: Marek Scholz Department: Department of Chemical Physics and Optics Supervisor: doc. RNDr. Roman Dědic, Ph.D., KChFO Abstract: Singlet oxygen (1O2), the first excited state of molecular oxygen, plays many important roles in nature and technology. The work is aimed at development of novel methods for monitoring of 1O2 in cells and other biological samples. Two main ap- proaches were employed: direct detection of the very weak near-infrared phospho- rescence of 1O2, and detection of Singlet Oxygen-Feedback Delayed Fluorescence (SOFDF), which is the emission from the photosensitizer induced by energy transfer from 1O2. The first part of the thesis introduces the basic concepts of photophysics and photochemistry of 1O2: its generation, deactivation, applications, and overview of detection methods. The second part presents the experimental results. Wide-field mi- crospectroscopic detection of 1O2 phosphorescence enabled us to acquire 1O2-based images and near-infrared spectra from single cells incubated with photosensitizers. However, the direct detection suffers from the inherently very low phosphorescence quantum yield. It is shown that SOFDF may overcome this problem and become a promising alternative tool for studies of 1O2 and...
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Books on the topic "Singleton v"

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Singleton, V., and R. F. Kunkee. Singleton v princip les & practices. Springer, 1998.

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United States. Supreme Court. Singleton v. U S U.S. Supreme Court Transcript of Record with Supporting Pleadings. Gale, U.S. Supreme Court Records, 2011.

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Book chapters on the topic "Singleton v"

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Stroud, Jason. "Samuel Spencer, Anti-Federalist." In North Carolina's Revolutionary Founders, 199–216. University of North Carolina Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469651200.003.0010.

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This essay is a sympathetic treatment of the often maligned Anson County judge Samuel Spencer. He is usually remembered, if at all, for the seemingly absurdist circumstances surrounding his death: according to legend, he was mortally wounded by a turkey. Yet Spencer was arguably the most thoughtful and eloquent critic of the Constitution at the Hillsborough convention of 1788. A Princeton alumnus, a wealthy landowner, and an early opponent of Great Britain’s colonial policies, Spencer joined the North Carolina superior court in 1777 and concurred in the court’s Bayard v. Singleton decision, a critical precedent in the development of judicial review. Well within the mainstream of Anti-Federalist thought, Spencer was not unalterably opposed to a stronger central government, but he recognized federal power could be abused, and he hoped his opposition to the Constitution would create pressure for amendments, including a bill of rights.
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"The Struggle Between Traditional Constitutionalism and the Constitution of Judicial Review in North Carolina: The Case of Bayard v. Singleton, 1786–1787, and Its Aftermath." In 'To Save the People from Themselves', 332–86. Cambridge University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781108989619.010.

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Radha, N., and M. Swaminathan. "FLUORESCENCE QUENCHING OF VARIOUS ORGANIC AMINO FLUOROPHORES BY INORGANIC ANIONS." In Futuristic Trends in Chemical Material Sciences & Nano Technology Volume 3 Book 18, 257–64. Iterative International Publishers, Selfypage Developers Pvt Ltd, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.58532/v3bdcs18ch22.

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Fluorescence quenching of Aromatic amino fluorophores [Such as 2-aminodiphenyl(2ADP), 4-aminodiphenyl (4ADP), 2-amino7-bromofluorine (2ABF), 2-aminodiphenylsulphone (2ADPS), 3,3-diaminodiphenylsulphone (3DADPS), and 4,4-diaminodiphenylsulphone (4DADPS),) ] by inorganic anions [The inorganic anions used for quenching were the sodium salts of chloride (Cl-), Br–, SO42– SO32–, S2O32–, CO32–, NO3–, & HPO42–] have been studied in 95% (v/v) water-ethanol mixture medium. 2ADP, 4ADP, 2ADPS, and 3DADPS of the fluorescence quenching were observed with only one or two anions and so the quenching of these compounds is not discussed. The quenching was dynamic in 2ABF and (4DADPS). The plots of log kq values with singlet transition energy (Es) of the fluorophore and with ECTTS of the quencher are linear indicating the presence of an electron transfer quenching mechanism. ΔGTH values for charge transfer quenching have been determined for 4DADPS.
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Hirakawa, Kazutaka. "Electron Transfer-Supported Photodynamic Therapy." In Photodynamic Therapy - from Basic Science to Clinical Research [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94220.

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Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a less-invasive treatment of cancer and precancerous lesions. Porphyrin derivatives have been used and studied as the photosensitizers for PDT. In general, the biomacromolecules oxidation by singlet oxygen, which is produced through energy transfer from the photoexcited photosensitizers to oxygen molecules, is an important mechanism of PDT. However, the traditional PDT effect may be restricted, because tumors are in a hypoxic condition and in certain cases, PDT enhances hypoxia via vascular damage. To solve this problem, the electron transfer-mediated oxidation of biomolecules has been proposed as the PDT mechanism. Specifically, porphyrin phosphorus(V) complexes demonstrate relatively strong photooxidative activity in protein damage through electron transfer. Furthermore, other photosensitizers, e.g., cationic free-base porphyrins, can oxidize biomolecules through electron transfer. The electron transfer-supported PDT may play the important roles in hypoxia cancer therapy. Furthermore, the electron transfer-supported mechanism may contribute to antimicrobial PDT. In this chapter, recent topics about the biomolecules photooxidation by electron transfer-supported mechanism are reviewed.
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Taber, Douglass F. "Transition-Metal Catalyzed Ring Construction: The Yu Synthesis of α-Agorafuran." In Organic Synthesis. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199965724.003.0074.

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Valery V. Fokin of Scripps/La Jolla extended (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2010, 132, 2510) enantioselective Rh-mediated intermolecular cyclopropanation to α-olefins such as 1. Takahiro Nishimura and Tamio Hayashi of Kyoto University developed (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2010, 49, 1638) a procedure for enantioselective intramolecular cyclopropanation, beginning with a propargyl sulfonamide 4. Gerhard Hilt of Philipps-Universität Marburg established (Organic Lett. 2010, 12, 1536) that an aryl alkyne 6 could add to cyclopentene to give the cyclobutene 7. Hajime Ito of Hokkaido University devised (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2010, 132, 5990) a protocol for the borylation of an alkenyl silane 8 to give an intermediate α-lithio silane, which cyclized to the cyclobutane 9 with high diastereoconrol. Aryl alkenes worked as well. This same approach could be used to construct cyclopentanes and cyclohexanes. Zhi-Xiang Yu of Peking University showed (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2010, 132, 4542) that the triene 10 cyclized to the cyclopentane 11 with high diastereocontrol. Yong Tang of the Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry optimized (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2010, 49, 4463) a Cu catalyst for the enantioselective Nazarov cyclization of 12 to 13. The meso bis-carbonates 14 and 16 were prepared by singlet oxygenation of the inexpensive cyclopentadiene. Mark Lautens of the University of Toronto developed (J. Org. Chem. 2010, 75, 4056) a protocol for the enantioselective coupling of 14 to an arene boronic acid, giving the carbonate 15 with high enantiocontrol. Professor Ito devised (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2010, 49, 560) a complementary procedure, coupling 16 with bis-pinacolatoborane to give an intermediate allylborinate, that then added to the aldehyde 18 to give 19 with high stereocontrol. It would be interesting to know if these procedures worked as well with the meso bis-carbonates derived from cyclohexadiene. Saim Özkar of Middle East Technical University prepared (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2010, 132, 6541) Ru nanoclusters stabilized by a zeolite framework that effected hydrogenation of 20 at near ambient conditions, in contrast to the high pressure and temperature usually required.
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Taber, Douglass F. "Flow Chemistry." In Organic Synthesis. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190646165.003.0018.

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Arturo Macchi of the University of Ottawa and Dominique M. Roberge of Lonza sum­marized (Org. Process Res. Dev. 2014, 18, 1286) a “toolbox approach” for the evolution from batch to continuous chemical synthesis. Michael D. Organ of York University developed (Org. Process Res. Dev. 2014, 18, 1315) a flow reactor with inline analyt­ics, and Timothy D. White of Eli Lilly described (Org. Process Res. Dev. 2014, 18, 1482) the continuous production of solid products under flow conditions. Electrochemical reduction and oxidation are particularly easy under flow conditions. Steven V. Ley of the University of Cambridge oxidized (Org. Lett. 2014, 16, 4618) 1 under flow conditions, then condensed the product with tryptamine 2 to pre­pare the indole alkaloid Nazlinine 3. Thomas Wirth of Cardiff University electrolyzed (Org. Process Res. Dev. 2014, 18, 1377) the carbonate 4 in a non-divided cell to return the deprotected phenol 5. Timothy Noël of the Eindhoven University of Technology gathered (Chem. Eur. J. 2014, 20, 10562) an overview of photochemical transformations under flow condi­tions. Kevin I. Booker-Milburn of the University of Bristol observed (Chem. Eur. J. 2014, 20, 15226) superior yields for the coupling of 6 with 7 to form 8 under flow compared to batch conditions. Koichi Fukase of Osaka University and Ilhyong Ryu of Osaka Prefecture University converted (Chem. Eur. J. 2014, 20, 12750) 9 selectively to 10 under flow conditions. Alexei A. Lapkin, also of the University of Cambridge, optimized (Org. Process Res. Dev. 2014, 18, 1443) the singlet oxygen conversion of 11 to 12. Shawn K. Collins of the Université de Montréal cyclized (Org. Process Res. Dev. 2014, 18, 1571) 13 to 14. There have been several advances in the use of enzymes under flow conditions. Rodrigo O. M. A. de Souza of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro found (Org. Process Res. Dev. 2014, 18, 1372) that lipase in a microemulsion-based organogel efficiently converted coupled 15 with 16 to make 17. Timothy F. Jamison of MIT developed (Org. Lett. 2014, 16, 6092) a catch-and-release protocol for the reductive amination of 18 with 19 to give 20.
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"It has been observed above that although rules on mistake are generally concerned with the allocation of losses, they may also be employed to deal with unexpected gains. This too is in line with the principle that regard should be had to the reasonable expectations of both parties, since if a person makes a gain which he did not reasonably expect to make as a result of a mistake made by the other party, it may be reasonable to assume that neither party had any intention that the gain be made. Accordingly, at common law there may be an operative fundamental mistake and in equity relief may also be granted. For example, in Hartog v Colin & Shields, there was a trade custom to the effect that hareskins were normally sold at a price per piece, but the defendant had offered to sell the same commodity at a price per pound. Normally, there were three pieces to the pound, with the result that the buyer stood to make a substantial gain. There was also correspondence between the parties which referred to a price per piece, but the buyer purported to accept the offer and sued when the defendant failed to deliver. Because of the relevant trade custom, the buyer was taken to be aware of the defendants’ mistake and, applying the common law rule, it was held that he could not expect to benefit from the gain which would otherwise have been made had the contract been valid. Singleton J held that: ‘The offer was wrongly expressed, and the." In Sourcebook on Contract Law, 333. Routledge-Cavendish, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781843141518-130.

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Conference papers on the topic "Singleton v"

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Ghotbi, Ehsan, Wilkistar A. Otieno, and Anoop K. Dhingra. "A Sensitivity Based Approach to Determining Non-Cooperative Solutions in Nash and Stackelberg Games." In ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2012-88970.

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A sensitivity based approach is presented to determine Nash solution(s) in multiobjective problems modeled as a non-cooperative game. The proposed approach provides an approximation to the rational reaction set (RRS) for each player. An intersection of these sets yields the Nash solution for the game. An alternate approach for generating the RRS based on design of experiments (DOE) combined with response surface methodology (RSM) is also explored. The two approaches for generating RRS are compared on three example problems to find Nash and Stackelberg solutions. It is seen that the proposed sensitivity based approach (i) requires less computational effort than a RSM-DOE approach, (ii) is less prone to numerical errors than the RSM-DOE approach, (iii) is able to find all Nash solutions when the Nash solution is not a singleton, (iv) is able to approximate non linear RRS, and (v) is able to find better a Nash solution on an example problem than the one reported in the literature.
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Stone, Thomas, and Nicholas George. "Hybrid singlet arbitrarily dispersive element." In OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1987.wq7.

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Hybrid elements containing optical power with both diffractive (holographic) and refractive components are shown to be useful for obtaining arbitrary, or in a special case, achromatic, dispersive characteristics. In one configuration a volume holographic element is coated on the surface of a crown glass lens, and by varying the power distributions among the refractive and holographic components while maintaining constant overall optical power the effective Abbe V numbers of the resultant hybrid element are shown to span all real numbers except a narrow interval around zero.
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Torbin, A. P., M. C. Heaven, and V. N. Azyazov. "V-T relaxation of vibrationally excited singlet oxygen molecule in the EOIL systems." In XXI International Symposium on High Power Laser Systems and Applications, edited by Dieter Schuoecker, Richard Majer, and Julia Brunnbauer. SPIE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2257050.

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Greynolds, Alan W. "Some surprising results from the analytical design of high-NA aplanatic singlet lenses with only one aspheric surface." In Roland V. Shack Memorial Session: A Celebration of One of the Great Teachers of Optical Aberration Theory, edited by John P. Lehan. SPIE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2569847.

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Kwiat, P. G., A. M. Steinberg, and R. Y. Chiao. "An energy–time Bell inequality in two-photon interferometry." In OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1992.muu5.

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We have performed an EPR-type experiment first proposed by Franson,1 resulting in two-particle interference that is both nonclassical and nonlocal. We used photon pairs produced in an entangled state of energy via spontaneous down-conversion. Each photon enters an unbalanced interferometer, and we detect singles and coincidence rates at the output ports. If the long- and short-arm path-length difference is much greater than the photons’ coherence lengths, no fringes are seen in singles as the arm lengths are varied. Yet when the difference between the path-length differences of the two interferometers is less than these coherence lengths, fringes are observed in coincidence, resulting from an interference of the (indistinguishable) “long–long” and “short–short" coincidence possibilities. If the electronic resolution is sufficient to eliminate the background of "short–long" and "long–short” coincidences, the visibility may be as high as 100%.2 For V > 71%, with certain reasonable auxiliary assumptions, Bell’s inequalities can be violated. The interpretation is that no local, realistic model can yield the observed results. The use of this type of entangled state is significant because it is much closer to the original EPR paradox than the spin-singlet case commonly considered.
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