Journal articles: 'Single-use bags'

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Vachette, Elisabeth, Lucie Delaunay, Magali Barbaroux, Gerhard Greller, Christel Fenge, Heiko Hackel, and Jean-Marc Cappia. "Assuring the Quality of Single-Use Bags." Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News 35, no. 4 (February 15, 2015): 28–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/gen.35.04.14.

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Misgana, Bikila, and Gudina Terefe Tucho. "Assessment of Community’s Perception Toward Single-Use Plastic Shopping Bags and Use of Alternative Bags in Jimma Town, Ethiopia." Environmental Health Insights 16 (January 2022): 117863022210850. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/11786302221085047.

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Background: The use of plastic shopping bags increases and poses tremendous pressure on the local environment. However, little is known about its utilization among different population categories and their perception of its utilization and willingness to use other sustainable alternatives. This study aimed to assess the community’s perception toward the use of plastic shopping bags and its options in Jimma town, Ethiopia Methods: A community-based descriptive cross-sectional study design was conducted on 351 customers and retailers selected from the town’s main marketing areas. The data was collected using a structured questionnaire in a face-to-face interview and analyzed using SPSS v.21. Results: The results show that all the respondents use plastic shopping bags for different shopping services. The majority (147 (41.9%)) of the respondents said that they use 5 to 10 shopping bags, and 66 (18.8%) use more than 10 shopping bags per week. Participants responded with different reasons for the frequent use of plastic bags for shopping. Accordingly, 116 (33.0%) responded that plastic bags are cheap, 92 (26.2%) use them due to lack of alternatives, and 89 (25.4%) responded that plastic bags are light and convenient to use. However, 326 (93%) of the respondents support efforts to reduce single-use plastic bags, 284 (80.9%) support a ban on single-use plastic bags, and 319 (90%) were willing to pay for alternative shopping bags. Conclusion: Communities are aware of the environmental problems associated with the intensive use of plastic shopping bags, their wastes, and the need for alternative options. However, it will continue to pose significant environmental challenges unless low-cost and environment-friendly alternative options are available.

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Khanal, Ashish. "Survey on usage of single use plastic bags in Nepal." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1057, no. 1 (August 1, 2022): 012008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1057/1/012008.

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Abstract The rapid urbanization and economic growth have caused increase of plastic products globally. The least developed countries (LDCs) have been facing severe problems with solid waste due to lack of people’s awareness, lack of skilled manpower to handle waste and necessary equipment to manage in sustainable manner. Nepal, a LDC in South Asia, lacks source segregation leading the maximum plastic items reaching to the landfill site. It is even difficult for the planning authorities to make effective plans for sustainable management of plastic waste due to lack of waste generation data. Nepal has made many rules and directives to ban plastic bags till date but has failed in its implementation. This study is the first of its kind to capture the perception of youths towards single use bags in Nepal. This study was conducted among 569 Nepalese youths of age between 18-40 years. A closed ended self-administered questionnaire was distributed among the respondents and responses were collected for three weeks. The questionnaire was prepared using google form and distributed via Facebook. A snowball method was used where the respondents were asked to share the questionnaire in their network. It was found that majority of Nepalese youths have been practicing the source segregation at their houses. The use of single use plastic is very common in Nepal with an individual using at least 208 plastic bags in a year. The gender and source segregation of waste was statistically significant with p-value of 0.02 (<0.05). The main reason of using plastic bags was its easy availability. There is lack of alterative to the plastic bags in Nepal. However, the youths are ready to support the government plastic ban policy and have asked the alternatives to the plastic bags. The result has shown that the Nepalese people have negative perception towards single use plastics and are in search of alternatives. The government need to implement heavy penalty for producing plastic bags greater than 30 micron and deploy tax with shop keepers and customer if found using it.

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Romer, Jennie R. "Single-Use Plastic Carryout Bags: An lcon of Waste." Sustainability: The Journal of Record 5, no. 6 (December 2012): 341–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/sus.2012.9921.

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Wagner, Travis P. "Reducing single-use plastic shopping bags in the USA." Waste Management 70 (December 2017): 3–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2017.09.003.

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Abdullah, Noor Aziah, Hui Cheang, and Mohd Harryzman Harun. "SINGLE-USE PLASTIC: REDUCE OR IGNORE." International Journal of Law, Government and Communication 6, no. 26 (December 1, 2021): 120–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.35631/ijlgc.626010.

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Malaysia is one of the worst countries overflowed with tonnes of single-use plastic waste in Asia. Our reliance on these plastics means we are accumulating waste at a staggering rate. The users flavor single-use plastic due to the fact durable, cheap, easy to obtain, and makes packaging convenient. Single-use plastic packaging such as plastic cups and straws, wrapper, plastic cutlery, and plastic bags are used by humans every day. The overuse of single-use plastic harmed the ecosystem, human health, and the image of Malaysia. Therefore, this study aims to create public awareness about the seriousness of single-use plastic waste's effect on their living environment and encourage the audiences to reduce using the these-use plastic product. An in-depth interview has conducted with two environmental-based experts and an environmental organization to understand more information about the single-use plastic issue in Malaysia. A few alternative materials to replace single-use plastic has been introduced: edible cutlery, bio-degradable grocery bags, paper bag, bamboo, and paper straw. Hence, the public must be concerned about single-use plastic issues to reduce the unnecessary usage of plastic, which will increase the burden on the environment. This study will benefit the Government and agencies related to how to solve the single-use plastic issue.

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Frater, Lori, and Robert G. Lee. "Leading the charge? Payments for single use carrier bags in Wales." Northern Ireland Legal Quarterly 63, no. 4 (March 9, 2020): 551–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.53386/nilq.v63i4.403.

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Harianja, A. H., G. S. Saragih, and R. Fauzi. "Replacing single use plastic bags with compostable carriers: socio-economic approach." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 407 (December 17, 2019): 012001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/407/1/012001.

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Mugobo, Victor Virimai, and Herbert Ntuli. "Consumer Preference for Attributes of Single-Use and Multi-Use Plastic Shopping Bags in Cape Town: A Choice Experiment Approach." Sustainability 14, no. 17 (August 31, 2022): 10887. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141710887.

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Single-use plastic bags are increasingly becoming unpopular across the globe due to growing concerns over plastic pollution, which is threatening both terrestrial and marine ecosystems. Creating policy interventions to reduce plastic consumption requires objective information about local conditions. This study uses a choice experiment to elicit consumer preference for attributes of shopping bags from a sample of 250 consumers in Cape Town. Following the literature, we estimate the conditional logit model and the mix logit model and perform appropriate tests to establish a model which fits our data. Our results show that consumers in Cape Town prefer small and medium-sized bags relative to the status quo. They also care about durability, reusability, style, and recyclability of shopping bags. The highest willingness to pay is associated with a medium-sized shopping bag (R3.76), followed by a shopping bag that is reusable (R3.35), then a shopping bag that is styled (R2.16), then a small-sized shopping bag (R1.74), then a durable shopping bag (R1.50) and finally a recyclable shopping bag (R1.25). By aggregation, the willingness to pay of a small-sized shopping bag that is recyclable is R2.99 which is equivalent to the maximum price that the respondent is offering for a single-use plastic bag (R2.92). The willingness to pay of a medium-sized and reusable shopping bag is R7.11 per unit which is at least as high as the minimum price that respondents would consider for alternative packaging (R7.37). Finally, taking into consideration all the important attributes, we arrive at a willingness to pay ranging from R9.99 to R12.01 per bag for a small and medium shopping bag, respectively. Our results call for a combination of policy instruments such as a subsidy on expensive durable and reusable shopping bags to increase demand while at the same time increasing the levy on single-use plastic bags to reduce demand. More effort is needed to increase appreciation and perception of recyclable products.

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Htway, Ei Ei, Aye Thida Htun, Thiri Hlaing, Moh Moh Lwin, and Hla Myoe Min. "Determination of chemicals released from single use low density polyethylene plastic bags." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 496 (June 18, 2020): 012012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/496/1/012012.

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Steiger, Nina, and Regine Eibl. "Interlaboratory Test for Detection of Cytotoxic Leachables arising from Single-Use Bags." Chemie Ingenieur Technik 85, no. 1-2 (December 3, 2012): 26–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.201200171.

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Steiger, Nina, and Regine Eibl. "Interlaboratory Test for Detection of Cytotoxic Leachables arising from Single-Use Bags." Chemie Ingenieur Technik 85, no. 4 (March 22, 2013): 396. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.201390026.

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Dorival-García, Noemí, Sara Carillo, Christine Ta, Dominic Roberts, Kate Comstock, Simon Lofthouse, Elena Ciceri, et al. "Large-Scale Assessment of Extractables and Leachables in Single-Use Bags for Biomanufacturing." Analytical Chemistry 90, no. 15 (June 26, 2018): 9006–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.8b01208.

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Padmavathy, Chandrasekaran, and Geetha Rajendran. "EFFECTS OF EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL INFLUENCES ON INTENTIONS TO AVOID SINGLE-USE PLASTIC BAGS." Global Business and Economics Review 1, no. 1 (2024): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/gber.2024.10051361.

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Oke, Adekunle, Sarah Pedersen, and Seonaidh McDonald. "Public perceptions of the introduction of the single-use carrier bags charge in Scotland." Social Business 7, no. 2 (August 31, 2017): 127–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1362/204440817x14970183958041.

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Romano, Alessandro, and Chiara Sotis. "Odi et Amo: A nudge to reduce the consumption of single-use carrier bags." Waste Management 120 (February 2021): 382–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2020.09.021.

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Rumsfeld, Jens, and Jens Kubischik. "Single-Use Bags for Sampling and Storage Studies - Reflecting the State of the Art." Chemie Ingenieur Technik 85, no. 1-2 (January 8, 2013): 29–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.201200232.

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Girard-Perier, Nina, Magalie Claeys-Bruno, Sylvain R. A. Marque, Nathalie Dupuy, Fanny Gaston, and Samuel Dorey. "Monitoring of Peroxide in Gamma Irradiated EVA Multilayer Film Using Methionine Probe." Polymers 12, no. 12 (December 17, 2020): 3024. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12123024.

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In this study, the oxidation of methionine is used as a proxy to model the gamma radiation-induced changes in single-use bags; these changes lead to the formation of acids, radicals, and hydroperoxides. The mechanisms of formation of these reactive species and of methionine oxidation are discussed. With the help of reaction kinetics, the optimal conditions for the use of these single-use bags minimizing the impact of radical chemistry are highlighted. Biopharmaceutical bags gamma irradiated from 0 kGy to 260 kGy and aged from 0 to 36 months were filled with a methionine solution to follow the oxidation of the methionine. The methionine sulfoxide was measured with HPLC after different storage times (0, 3, 10, 14, 17, and 21 days). Three main results were analyzed through a design of experiments: the oxidative induction time, the methionine sulfoxide formation rate, and the maximum methionine sulfoxide concentration detected. A key aspect of the study is that it highlights that methionine is oxidized not necessarily directly by hydro(gen) peroxide but throughperacid, and likely peracetic acid. The answers to the design of experiments were considered to obtain the desirability domain for the optimization of the conditions of use for the single-use bags limiting the oxidation of methionine as well as the release of reactive species thereof.

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Bahya Zahran, Allan, Atika Sari, Almairah Nurfauziah, Denita Nur Anisya, and Munaya Fauziah. "The Effect of Attitude of FKM UMJ Students on The Use of Paid Plastic Bags in 2021." Muhammadiyah International Public Health and Medicine Proceeding 1, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 563–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.53947/miphmp.v1i1.99.

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Plastic, particularly plastic bags, is an object that cannot be separated from everyday life. Plastic bags can be used as a wrapper and to transport luggage or groceries, among other things. The use of plastic bags is out of control as a result of the practice of giving them out for free. As a result, better management is required to limit the usage of plastic bags, one of which is the establishment of a paid plastic bag policy. The goal of this study was to see how FKM UMJ students' opinions influenced their use of paid plastic bags in 2021. In June 2021, a qualitative investigation was done as part of this research. In-depth interviews and document reviews were used to acquire data. Purposive sampling was used to choose students from the FKM UMJ Class of 2019 as informants for this investigation. Based on the research that has been done, it is found that the influence of the attitude of FKM UMJ students towards the use of paid plastic bags is positive and supports government policies regarding this matter. So it's time for us to take wise steps in using single-use plastic bags.

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Wei, Changbin, Zhiling Ma, Jian Qiao, Xinming Tang, Qingze Yan, Lizhu Tang, and Liqing Du. "Effect of bagging on the aroma compounds in mangoes during different postharvest stages." E3S Web of Conferences 165 (2020): 03058. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202016503058.

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In order to study the effect of bagging on the aroma quality of mangoes, experiments were performed on “Tainong No.1” mangoes with 2 types of bags, namely white single-layer bags (WB) and yellow/black double-layer bag (BB). With non-bagging fruits as the control group, the aroma compounds in the mangoes in different postharvest stages were analyzed via solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SPME-GC-MS). The results indicated that 19 aroma compounds were detected in testing fruits, which were mainly terpenoids. We observed that the effect of bagging on the synthesis of aroma compounds in the mangoes differed among different postharvest stages. Compared with the control group, bagging inhibited the aroma synthesis in the fruits in the early postharvest stages, but facilitated it in the later stages. Additionally, the white single-layer fruit bags had a better effect on the aroma synthesis in postharvest mangoes; hence, it is advisable to use white single-layer fruit bags for mango production.

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Vinnerås, Björn, Mikael Hedenkvist, Annika Nordin, and Anders Wilhelmson. "Peepoo bag: self-sanitising single use biodegradable toilet." Water Science and Technology 59, no. 9 (May 1, 2009): 1743–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2009.184.

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Unsafe water, sanitation and hygiene together with deficient nutritional status are major contributors to the global burden of disease. Safe collection, disposal and reuse of human excreta would enable the risk of transmission of diseases to be decreased and household food security to be increased in many regions. However, the majority of the 2.5 billion people lacking improved sanitation comprise poor people in societies with weak infrastructure. This study developed a low cost sanitation option requiring little investment and maintenance—a single use, self-sanitising, biodegradable toilet (Peepoo bag) and tested it for smell, degradability and hygiene aspects. It was found that no smell was detectable from a 25 μm thick bag filled with faeces during 24 h in a 10 m2 room at 30°C. Bags that had been in contact with urea-treated faeces or urine for 2 months in air, compost or water at 24 or 37°C showed little signs of degradation. Furthermore, pathogen inactivation modelling of the 4 g of urea present in the bag indicated that appropriate sanitation of faecal material collected is achieved in the bag within 2–4 weeks, after which the bag can be degraded and reused as fertiliser.

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Valtin-Erwin, Leah. "A Bag for All Systems: Historicizing Shopping Bags in Eastern European Consumer Culture, 1980–2000." Journal of Contemporary History 57, no. 1 (November 18, 2021): 159–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00220094211057820.

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Amidst widespread shortages in the 1980s, consumers in late communist-era Eastern Europe strategically carried shopping bags with them everywhere in case an opportunity to pick up scarce goods arose. After 1989, the routine use of reusable string shopping bags declined in favor of single-use plastic bags provided in supermarkets. Over time, however, string bags were widely reconstituted as a popular nostalgic commodity. This paralleled, in reverse, the trajectory of plastic bags, especially those bearing Western branding, which had been desired but scarce commodities in the 1980s before postcommunist reforms rendered them ubiquitous. In this article, I argue that the shopping bag’s function as both an instrument of consumption and a potential commodity in and of itself helps us better historicize how late communist shortage, the rupture of 1989, and the ensuing period of change transformed the perception and memory of the role of material objects in late twentieth-century Eastern Europe. To ascertain how their embedded meaning and social function has been constantly repurposed, I analyze representations of shopping bags in print and media culture from the 1980s and 1990s as well as nostalgic sources created more recently, alongside anecdotes and recollections in academic and commercial texts.

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Genon, Jamaica, Jessa Mabunay, James Opsima, Rochelle Zamora, Jay Repaso, and John Michael Villagorda Sasan. "Solutions and Strategies to Reduce Damaging Impact of Single-Use Plastic Bag in Toledo City." Amalee: Indonesian Journal of Community Research and Engagement 3, no. 1 (March 19, 2022): 59–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.37680/amalee.v3i1.1304.

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The goal of this study is to gain a better understanding of residents' personal concerns about improper plastic disposal and to give voice to their thoughts about the Toledo City Government's prospective ideas and approaches for minimizing the city's plastic pollution. Residents of Magdugo, Toledo City, Cebu, Philippines, have been subjected to increasing levels of plastic pollution. The vast number of discarded plastic items that eventually end up in canals, drainage systems, and city streets, generating flooding that poses a severe challenge in agriculture, health, and sanitation. According to the findings, the city's inefficient waste management system has resulted in a massive accumulation of durable plastics. Toledo City, on the other hand, has improved waste management, restored cleanliness, and minimized the environmental effect of plastics through regulatory initiatives. The majority of citizens in Toledo City have enthusiastically embraced the city's ordinance prohibiting the use of plastic bags. Plastic bag littering has been shown to decrease throughout the city, resulting in a cleaner and healthier environment. The city's achievement might serve as a model for other places that have yet to abolish plastic bags. As a result of a cleaner and healthier environment, people have become more productive, and tourists have returned to the city, contributing to the city's economic growth. Policy management in the reduction of plastic pollution.

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Werdiyasa, Ida Bagus Komang Surya. "War against plastic, a genuine commitment of Denpasar City in prevailing Tri Hita Karana concept." Bali Tourism Journal 3, no. 1 (April 5, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.36675/btj.v3i1.26.

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On the first day of 2019, Government of Denpasar City, Bali, published a new regulation, namely Mayor Regulation No. 36/2018 (Perwali No. 36 Tahun 2018) to minimize the usage of plastic, as single used shopping Bags in Denpasar City. The regulation has been active since January 1, 2019. Plastic has become part of modern days civilization. Various industries apply the usage of plastic, due to its durability, lightweight and easy to afford. However, beyond all the convenience it offers, turns out a terrible fact awaits; a hazardous plastic waste that impossible to decompose naturally. Plastic is classified into seven types according to its composition, they are Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET), High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE), Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC), Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE), Polypropylene (PP), Polystyrene (PS) and the ‘O.’ Plastic is recyclable, nevertheless, it mostly ended in the ocean, due to the finite availability of plastic recycler in Indonesia, as well as low social awareness in keeping the environment clean. Mayor Regulation No.36/2018 is an effort of Denpasar city to minimize single-use plastic bag. The Government through the local regulation suggests shopping centers and modern stores provide environmental-friendly alternative bags with biodegradable standard or permanent bags that can be used repeatedly, to reduce society’s dependence on using single-use plastic bags when shopping. The regulation is a clear example of Denpasar City in preserving the environment based on the philosophical foundation of the concept of Tri Hita Karana. It is a Balinese concept to maintain harmonious relationships between humans to God, among humankind, as well as human and their environment.

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Kırdök, Onur, Berker Çetintaş, Asena Atay, İrem Kale, Tutku Didem Akyol Altun, and Elif Esin Hameş. "A Modular Chain Bioreactor Design for Fungal Productions." Biomimetics 7, no. 4 (October 27, 2022): 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics7040179.

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Plastic bag bioreactors are single-use bioreactors, frequently used in solid culture fermentation. This study developed plastic bag bioreactors with more effective aeration conditions and particular connection elements that yield sensors, environmental control, and modular connectivity. This bioreactor system integrates the bags in a chain that circulates air and moisture through filtered connections. Within the present scope, this study also aimed to reveal that cultures in different plastic bags can be produced without affecting each other. In this direction, biomass production in the modular chain bioreactor (MCB) system developed in this study was compared to traditional bag systems. In addition, contamination experiments were carried out between the bags in the system, and it was observed that the filters in the developed system did not affect the microorganisms in different bags.

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Xanthos, Dirk, and Tony R. Walker. "International policies to reduce plastic marine pollution from single-use plastics (plastic bags and microbeads): A review." Marine Pollution Bulletin 118, no. 1-2 (May 2017): 17–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.02.048.

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Sari, Maria Ardianti Kurnia. "THE INFLUENCE OF AMERICAN ZERO WASTE YOUTUBE VIDEOS ON GLOBAL AND MASSIVE INDONESIAN ZERO WASTE LIFESTYLE AND MOVEMENT." Rubikon : Journal of Transnational American Studies 6, no. 2 (September 30, 2019): 128. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/rubikon.v6i2.61494.

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Plastic has become a massive problem globally since there is a large portion of the ocean contaminated with plastic waste. Plastic becomes a material that cannot be broken down by soil and takes years to be broken. Therefore, many people try to influence each other to adoptthe zero waste lifestyle as a concern to the Earth. Zero waste has become a global activity that always encourages the society to reduce single-use plastics. Using single-use plastics can be found in everyday life, such as when going shopping to the market, sometimes the sellers will give plastic bag to the buyers. Most of the time, the plastic bag is only used once tobe throwninto the trash can. This research uses qualitative method. The researcher analyzes through zero waste lifestyle videos and books as the primary sources of this analysis. The results of this research are first, the step to get started to become a “zero-waste lifestyler”, second, how to be the “zero waste lifestyler”, and third, how zero waste can give the global lifestyle movement in Bali, Indonesia as their primary program, Bye Bye Plastic Bags, as in June 2019, Bali becomes the first province in Indonesia to ban in using single-use plastics.Keywords: bye bye plastic bags, single-use plastic; zero waste lifestyle

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Setyawati, Ni Luh Yuni, I. Ketut Kasta Arya Wijaya, and Luh Putu Suryani. "Pelaksanaan Peraturan Walikota Denpasar Nomor 36 Tahun 2018 tentang Pengurangan Penggunaan Kantong Plastik." Jurnal Interpretasi Hukum 2, no. 3 (November 27, 2021): 501–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.22225/juinhum.2.3.4127.501-506.

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Plastic waste is one of the causes of environmental problems. Therefore, the Denpasar City Government issued a Mayor Regulation on Reducing the Use of Plastic Bags. The purposes of this study are to reveal the implementation of the Denpasar Mayor Regulation Number 36 of 2018 concerning Reducing the Use of Plastic Bags and the inhibiting factors in the implementation of the Mayor's Regulation Number 36 of 2018. The type of research used is empirical legal research with a statutory approach. The technique of collecting legal materials is done by observation, interviews and documentation methods. Sources of data used are primary and secondary data sources. After the data was collected, the data were analyzed using descriptive analysis techniques. The results of the discussion revealed that the Mayor's regulation was formed with the aim of controlling environmental damage and ensuring the sustainability of living things. The implementation of this regulation has not been effective because there are still many business actors and people who use plastic bags without replacing them with alternative bags. Inhibiting factors in the implementation of Denpasar Mayor Regulation No. 36 of 2018, namely the lack of public awareness of the dangers posed by the use of single-use plastic bags, the existence of the covid-19 pandemic which hinders government programs in directly socializing this regulation. Efforts that can be made by the government in socializing the reduction of plastic use can only be done virtually through mass media in the form of radio and television.

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Maki, Dennis G., Carla Alvarado, and Carol Hassemer. "Double-Bagging of Items from Isolation Rooms is Unnecesary as an Infection Control Measure: A Comparative Study of Surface Contamination with Single- and Double-Bagging." Infection Control 7, no. 11 (November 1986): 535–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0195941700065279.

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AbstractIn many hospitals, waste materials and used linens from the rooms of patients in isolation or the clinical laboratories are routinely double-bagged to reduce contamination of the external surface of the bag that could be transmitted to hospital personnel subsequently handling them. No studies have prospectively examined the value, if any, of double-bagging. We randomly assigned waste and linens from the rooms of 42 patients in contact isolation to be transported in single bags or double bags. Shortly after a single (or double) bag had been set outside the patient's room, the surface was cultured quantitatively in two locations near the knot; over 2 months, 209 bags were cultured. Surface contamination by Staphylococcus aureus (3% to 5%), enteric gram-negative bacilli (6% to 7%), or either (9% to 12%) was infrequent and comparable in both groups; moreover, quantitative levels of contamination in the two groups were almost identical (mean, 27 and 29 colony forming units [cfu] per bag). These data suggest that there is no advantage, as regards asepsis, to double-bagging potentially contaminated items from isolation rooms or clinical laboratories as compared with using a single bag. The use of a single-bag system with a heavyduty bag, as compared with double-bagging, saved our hospital $9,400 in 1985.

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Alfei, Silvana, Anna Maria Schito, and Guendalina Zuccari. "Biodegradable and Compostable Shopping Bags under Investigation by FTIR Spectroscopy." Applied Sciences 11, no. 2 (January 10, 2021): 621. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11020621.

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In the recent years, plastic-based shopping bags have become irregular and progressively replaced by compostable ones. To be marketed, these “new plastics” must possess suitable requirements verified by specific bodies, which grant the conformity mark, and the approved physicochemical properties are periodically verified. The fast, inexpensive, non-destructive, easy to use, and reproducible Fourier-Transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy is a technique routinely applied to perform analysis in various industrial sectors. To get reliable information from spectral data, chemometric methods, such as Principal Component Analysis (PCA), are commonly suggested. In this context, PCA was herein performed on 4, 5, and 21 × 3251 matrices, collecting the FTIR data from regular and irregular shopping bags, including three freshly extruded films from the Italian industry MecPlast, to predict their compliance with legislation. The results allowed us to unequivocally achieve such information and to classify the bags as suitable for containing fresh food in bulk or only for transport. A self-validated linear model was developed capable to estimate, by acquiring a single FTIR spectrum if, after the productive process, the content of renewable poly-lactic-acid (PLA) in a new produced film respect the expectations. Surprisingly, our findings established that among the grocery bags available on the market, irregular plastic-based shopping bags continue to survive.

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Alfei, Silvana, Anna Maria Schito, and Guendalina Zuccari. "Biodegradable and Compostable Shopping Bags under Investigation by FTIR Spectroscopy." Applied Sciences 11, no. 2 (January 10, 2021): 621. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11020621.

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In the recent years, plastic-based shopping bags have become irregular and progressively replaced by compostable ones. To be marketed, these “new plastics” must possess suitable requirements verified by specific bodies, which grant the conformity mark, and the approved physicochemical properties are periodically verified. The fast, inexpensive, non-destructive, easy to use, and reproducible Fourier-Transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy is a technique routinely applied to perform analysis in various industrial sectors. To get reliable information from spectral data, chemometric methods, such as Principal Component Analysis (PCA), are commonly suggested. In this context, PCA was herein performed on 4, 5, and 21 × 3251 matrices, collecting the FTIR data from regular and irregular shopping bags, including three freshly extruded films from the Italian industry MecPlast, to predict their compliance with legislation. The results allowed us to unequivocally achieve such information and to classify the bags as suitable for containing fresh food in bulk or only for transport. A self-validated linear model was developed capable to estimate, by acquiring a single FTIR spectrum if, after the productive process, the content of renewable poly-lactic-acid (PLA) in a new produced film respect the expectations. Surprisingly, our findings established that among the grocery bags available on the market, irregular plastic-based shopping bags continue to survive.

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Nguyen, Phuong-Mai, Samuel Dorey, and Olivier Vitrac. "The Ubiquitous Issue of Cross-Mass Transfer: Applications to Single-Use Systems." Molecules 24, no. 19 (September 24, 2019): 3467. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24193467.

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The leaching of chemicals by materials has been integrated into risk management procedures of many sectors where hygiene and safety are important, including food, medical, pharmaceutical, and biotechnological applications. The approaches focus on direct contact and do not usually address the risk of cross-mass transfer of chemicals from one item or object to another and finally to the contacting phase (e.g., culture medium, biological fluids). Overpackaging systems, as well as secondary or ternary containers, are potentially large reservoirs of non-intentionally added substances (NIAS), which can affect the final risk of contamination. This study provides a comprehensive description of the cross-mass transfer phenomena for single-use bags along the chain of value and the methodology to evaluate them numerically on laminated and assembled systems. The methodology is validated on the risk of migration i) of ϵ-caprolactam originating from the polyamide 6 internal layer of the overpackaging and ii) of nine surrogate migrants with various volatilities and polarities. The effects of imperfect contacts between items and of an air gap between them are particularly discussed and interpreted as a cutoff distance depending on the considered substance. A probabilistic description is suggested to define conservative safety-margins required to manage cross-contamination and NIAS in routine.

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Yuhani, Nor Shafiqizni, Nur Ashikin Mohd Effendi, Norsyaza Hanis Rushdan, Farah Nadira Zamri, and Saodah Wok. "Factors Influencing the Participation in IIUM Zero Single-Use Plastic Campaign." Jurnal Komunikasi: Malaysian Journal of Communication 36, no. 4 (December 11, 2020): 85–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jkmjc-2020-3604-06.

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IIUM Zero Single-Use Plastic Campaign was launched in February 2019, requiring everyone in IIUM not to use plastics including plastic straws, plastic bags, and plastic food containers. As such, this study attempted to gauge the IIUM community’s reception towards the Zero Single-Use Plastic Campaign. The objectives of this study are: (1) to determine the level of awareness, perception, attitude, readiness, and behaviour towards the Zero Single-Use Plastic Campaign; (2) to analyze the relationship among awareness, perception, attitude, readiness, and behaviour in the Zero Single-Use Plastic Campaign; and (3) to find out the best predictor of community behaviour towards such campaign. The study tested the theory of planned behaviour and employed a quantitative research design using the survey method with the questionnaire as its research instrument for data collection. A total of 398 respondents participated in the study. The results of the study show that there is a high level of awareness, perception, attitude, readiness, and behaviour towards the Zero Single-Use Plastic Campaign. Also, there are positive and significant relationships between the factors and behaviour (usage). Readiness is the best predictor of the zero single-use plastic usage. All the hypotheses are supported. Therefore, it can be concluded that the IIUM campus community supports the campaign. Hence, the theory of planned behaviour holds true and is supported by this study. Keywords: Attitude, awareness, behaviour, perception, readiness towards the campaign.

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Agustina, Arik, and Ni Putu Isha Aprinica. "The Effect of Regulations on Using Disposable Plastic in Community and Tourism Behaviors in Denpasar, Bali." Journal of Business on Hospitality and Tourism 7, no. 1 (June 29, 2021): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.22334/jbhost.v7i1.257.

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Plastic waste have been a problem for the sustainability of tourism, especially Bali. Efforts to reduce plastic waste have been carried out by the government, such as the issuance of Denpasar Mayor Regulation Number 36 of 2018 and then followed by Bali Governor Regulation Number 97 of 2018. This paper aims to find out the opinions and changes in behavior of Balinese people, especially in Denpasar City after the enactment of the Denpasar Mayor Regulation and the Bali Governor Regulation about plastic waste. Data collection carried out through questionnaires distributed to tourists, students (tourism department), traders, the general public, and Lecturer. The result is everyone is aware of the government regulation on limiting single-use plastic bags, but some residents only know about the existence of government regulations without knowing where the regulations came from. Most of the people agree with the policy, but there are also people who disagree because the use of plastic bags is more efficient, however. This policy has led people to cultivate bringing their shopping bags.

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Ke, Ai-Ying, Jian Chen, Jie Zhu, Yao-Hua Wang, Yuan Hu, Zheng-Li Fan, Man Chen, et al. "Impacts of leachates from single-use polyethylene plastic bags on the early development of clam Meretrix meretrix (Bivalvia: Veneridae)." Marine Pollution Bulletin 142 (May 2019): 54–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.03.029.

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Gede Putu Oka Brahma Adhi, I Wayan Rideng, and Ida Ayu Putu Widiati. "Pelaksanaan Peraturan Gubernur Bali Nomor 97 Tahun 2018 Tentang Pemakaian Kantong Plastik Sekali Pakai di Kota Denpasar." Jurnal Interpretasi Hukum 2, no. 2 (June 18, 2021): 346–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.22225/juinhum.2.2.3439.346-352.

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The community and the Government of Denpasar City took the initiative to save Bali Island, which is known as the last paradise island, "The Last Island Paradise" with the hope of having an impact on preserving the universe. Public reactions to the issuance of Regional Regulation Number 97 of 2018 are very diverse. There are those who agree and then provide support with the real action not to use plastic-based containers. The purpose of this study is to reveal the inhibiting factors for the implementation of Bali Governor Regulation Number 97 of 2018 against the restriction of single-use plastic bags in Denpasar City and the impact of implementing Bali Governor Regulation Number 97 of 2018 on Tourism Development in Denpasar City. The type of research used in this research is empirical law research. Based on the research that has been done, it is an inhibiting factor for the implementation of Governor Regulation Number 97 of 2018 concerning Reducing the Use of Plastic Bags, among others: lack of public awareness, lack of facilities to manage waste, the culture of the community using plastic bags is still high, law enforcement of Denpasar Mayor Regulation Number 36 of 2018 is still weak.

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E. Borda, Benjamin, Nathalie E. Lahura, and José Iannacone. "Diagnóstico sobre el consumo de bolsas de plástico de un solo uso y su impacto negativo en el ambiente." Cátedra Villarreal 8, no. 2 (February 18, 2021): 121–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.24039/cv202082962.

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El objetivo fue diagnosticar el comportamiento de la población en el Perú sobre el consumo de bolsas de plástico de un solo uso. Para la encuesta se utilizó un cuestionario semiestructurado de 26 preguntas, compuesto de cuatro dimensiones: información primaria, estilos de consumo, conocimiento ambiental y tendencia al cambio. La muestra fue de 1400 personas en forma presencial y virtual durante el 2019. En relación a la información primaria, viven de tres a cinco individuos por vivienda, prevalecen personas con grado universitario y sin instrucción, compuesta por trabajadores independientes, siendo el sexo femenino el dominante, con edad de 20 a 40 años. Sobre los estilos de consumo, los encuestados realizan sus compras en mercados minoristas y en supermercados, acudiendo de una a dos veces por semana, no llevan ningún material para almacenar sus compras y reciben bolsas de plástico de estos establecimientos. Referente al conocimiento ambiental, prefieren bolsas de plástico para trasladar sus compras por no tener costo. Referente al impacto ambiental, mencionan que sí conocen, pero no cuentan con otra opción, recibiendo de seis a 10 bolsas por compra que son dispuestas para la eliminación de la basura. Finalmente, para la tendencia al cambio, prefieren que los establecimientos dejen de facilitar gratuitamente las bolsas, para no contaminar, prefiriendo que se entreguen bolsas reutilizables, y están dispuestos a pagar hasta cinco céntimos de sol por bolsa. Finalmente, se requieren políticas para orientar a los consumidores a l uso de bolsas de plástico de un solo uso. ABSTRACT The objective was to diagnose the behavior of the population in Peru regarding the consumption of single-use plastic bags. For the survey, a 26-question semi-structured questionnaire was used, made up of four dimensions: primary information, consumption styles, environmental knowledge and tendency to change. The sample was 1,400 people in person and online during 2019. In relation to primary information, 3 to 5 individuals live per home; people with a university degree and without instruction prevail, made up of independent workers, the female sex being the dominant, aged 20 to 40 years. Regarding consumption styles, respondents make their purchases in retail markets and supermarkets, coming from one to two times a week, they do not carry any materials to store their purchases and they receive plastic bags from these establishments. Regarding environmental knowledge, they prefer plastic bags to carry their purchases because they have no cost. Regarding the environmental impact, they mention that they do know, but have no other option, receiving 6 to 10 bags per purchase that are disposed of for the disposal of garbage. Finally, for the tendency to change, they prefer that the establishments stop providing the bags free of charge, so as not to contaminate, preferring that reusable bags be delivered, and they are willing to pay up to 5 cents per bag. Finally, policies are required to guide consumers to the use of single-use plastic bags. Keywords: Awareness, bags, environment, plastic, pollution, reduce, reuse.

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Hartung, Julia C., Silke Wilitzki, Marta Thio-Lluch, Arjan B. te Pas, Gerd Schmalisch, and Charles C. Roehr. "Reliability of Single-Use PEEP-Valves Attached to Self-Inflating Bags during Manual Ventilation of Neonates – An In Vitro Study." PLOS ONE 11, no. 2 (February 25, 2016): e0150224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0150224.

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Jamaica Genon, Jessa Mabunay, James Opsima, Rochelle Zamora, Jay Repaso, and John Michael Villagorda Sasan. "Exploring The Alternative Solutions and Strategies of Toledo City Government for The Damaging Impact of Single-Use Plastic Bag in the Environment." International Journal of Education and Humanities 1, no. 4 (February 18, 2022): 213–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.58557/ijeh.v1i4.39.

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The object of research: The goal of this study is to gain a better understanding of residents' personal concerns about improper plastic disposal and to give voice to their thoughts about the Toledo City Government's prospective ideas and approaches for minimizing the city's plastic pollution.Investigated problem: Residents of Magdugo, Toledo City have been subjected to increasing levels of plastic pollution. The vast number of discarded plastic items that eventually end up in canals, drainage systems, and city streets, generating flooding that poses a severe challenge in agriculture, health, and sanitation. The main scientific results: According to the findings, the city's inefficient waste management system has resulted in a massive accumulation of durable plastics. Toledo City, on the other hand, has improved waste management, restored cleanliness, and minimized the environmental effect of plastics through regulatory initiatives. The area of practical use of the research results: The majority of citizens in Toledo City have enthusiastically embraced the city's ordinance prohibiting the use of plastic bags. Plastic bag littering has been shown to decrease throughout the city, resulting in a cleaner and healthier environment. The city's achievement might serve as a model for other places that have yet to abolish plastic bags. Innovative technological product: As a result of a cleaner and healthier environment, people have become more productive, and tourists have returned to the city, contributing to the city's economic growth. Scope of the innovative technological product: Policy management in the reduction of plastic pollution

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Artru, Maxime, and Antoine Lecerf. "Slow degradation of compostable plastic carrier bags in a stream and its riparian area." Annales de Limnologie - International Journal of Limnology 55 (2019): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/limn/2019017.

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There is no place on Earth where plastic debris could not be found. Impacts of plastics on aesthetics, biota and ecosystems are dependent on how long plastic items last, and what degradation products are released, in recipient environments. As bio-based plastics tend to replace petroleum-based plastics in everyday life, it is important to upgrade knowledge on the degradation of new polymers in natural environments. Single-use plastic carrier bags are nowadays made of bio-plastics certified as biodegradable and compostable. It is unclear, however, whether claims of biodegradability and compostability can be taken as evidence of rapid degradation of plastic bags outside recycling/composting facilities. This study sought to provide quantified information about the degradation of compostable plastic carrier bags in streams and riparian zones. We found that plastic samples enclosed in different types of mesh bags lost weight at extremely slow rates, albeit significant when submerged in a stream. 95% of initial plastic mass remained after 77 days spent in water whereas alder leaf litter allowed to decompose under the same condition had completely disappeared before the end of the study. Determination of respiration rate and invertebrate abundance in plastic samples showed a greater decomposer activity in the stream than in the riparian environment. However, biotically-mediated degradation by decomposers was probably overridden by dissolution processes in mediating plastic mass loss. Our findings suggest that mismanaged plastic carrier bags could impact recipient ecosystems even when they are claimed as biodegradable or compostable.

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Genon, Jamaica, Jessa Mabunay, James Opsima, Rochelle Zamora, Jay Repaso, and John Michael Sasan. "Exploring the alternative solutions and strategies of toledo city government for the damaging impact of single-use plastic bag in the environment." ScienceRise, no. 1 (February 28, 2022): 3–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.21303/2313-8416.2022.002148.

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The object of research: The aim of this research is to gain a better understanding of residents' personal concerns about improper plastic disposal and to give voice to their thoughts about the Toledo City Government's prospective ideas and approaches for minimizing the city's plastic pollution. Investigated problem: Residents of Magdugo, Toledo City have been subjected to increasing levels of plastic pollution. The vast number of discarded plastic items that eventually end up in canals, drainage systems, and city streets, generating flooding that poses a severe challenge in agriculture, health, and sanitation. The main scientific results: According to the findings, the city's inefficient waste management system has resulted in a massive accumulation of durable plastics. Toledo City, on the other hand, has improved waste management, restored cleanliness, and minimized the environmental effect of plastics through regulatory initiatives. The area of practical use of the research results: The majority of citizens in Toledo City have enthusiastically embraced the city's ordinance prohibiting the use of plastic bags. Plastic bag littering has been shown to decrease throughout the city, resulting in a cleaner and healthier environment. The city's achievement might serve as a model for other places that have yet to abolish plastic bags. Innovative technological product: As a result of a cleaner and healthier environment, people have become more productive, and tourists have returned to the city, contributing to the city's economic growth. Scope of the innovative technological product: Policy management in the reduction of plastic pollution

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Hauck, Annabelle Susann, Isabel Buchwald, Henrik Watz, Frederik Trinkmann, Charlotte Söling, Andrea Rabenstein, Tobias Ruether, Kai Mortensen, Daniel Drömann, and Klaas Frederik Franzen. "Impact of Chewing Bags, E-Cigarettes, and Combustible Cigarettes on Arterial Stiffness and Small Airway Function in Healthy Students." Toxics 11, no. 1 (January 14, 2023): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics11010077.

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Several substitute products are discussed as a healthier alternative to smoking, thereunder e-cigarettes and smokeless tobacco products, e.g., chewing bags, which are increasingly used in this context. We investigated the acute effects of chewing bags compared to combustible cigarettes and e-cigarettes with and without nicotine on small airways and arterial stiffness in a head-to-head design. This single-center, four-arm cross-overstudy included 20 healthy occasional smokers (25 ± 0.6 years). On four test days, participants consumed one product per day. Before, during, and after consumption, peripheral and central hemodynamic as well as arterial stiffness parameters were measured by Mobil-O-Graph™ (I.E.M., Germany). Resistance and small airway function were assessed by tremoFlo® c-100 (THORASYS Thoracic Medical Systems Inc.). The combustible cigarette and the e-cigarettes with and without nicotine significantly increased the resistance of the small airways (p < 0.05), while chewing bags had no effect. All nicotine containing products (e-cigarette with nicotine, combustible cigarette, chewing bag) as well as the e-cigarette without nicotine significantly increased parameters of hemodynamic and arterial stiffness. Changes in blood pressure and arterial stiffness were similar after smoking, vaping, and using chewing bags. We conclude that e-cigarettes and combustible cigarettes have similar acute harmful effects on small airway dysfunction. All nicotine containing products are associated with an increased cardiovascular risk compared with no product use.

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KASE, JULIE A., STACEY BORENSTEIN, ROBERT J. BLODGETT, and PETER C. H. FENG. "Microbial Quality of Bagged Baby Spinach and Romaine Lettuce: Effects of Top versus Bottom Sampling." Journal of Food Protection 75, no. 1 (January 1, 2012): 132–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-11-097.

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Contamination with Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella have called into question the safety and microbial quality of bagged ready-to-eat leafy greens. This study expands on previous findings that these goods have high total bacteria counts (TBC) and coliform counts, variation in counts among different lots, that Escherichia coli is present, and disparities in counts when bags are top or bottom sampled. Nearly 100 bags of baby spinach and hearts of romaine lettuce from a single brand were subjected to both top and bottom sampling. Product was blended, and a portion serially diluted and plated to obtain TBC. Total coliform and E. coli levels were estimated by the most-probable-number (MPN) technique with ColiComplete discs. Top-sampled TBC from bags of baby spinach (48 bags, 13 different lots) ranged from 3.9 to 8.1 log CFU/g and bottom-sampled TBC ranged from 4.0 to 8.2 log CFU/g, with 52% of the bags (or 39% of the lots) producing TBC higher in bottom samples. For hearts of romaine (47 bags from 19 different lots), top-sampled bags had TBC ranging from 2.4 to 7.0 log, and bottom-sampled bags had TBC from 3.3 to 7.3 log, with 64% of the bags (or 63% of the lots) showing higher TBC in bottom samples. However, we are unable to reject the hypothesis that the top and bottom samples from either commodity contain the same TBC (P ≥ 0.08). No E. coli was detected and total coliform bacteria counts were, with few exceptions, ≥210 MPN/g, irrespective of TBC. In general, lots with the most number of days before the printed “use-by” date had lower TBC. However, the R2 values for either baby spinach (0.4085) or hearts of romaine (0.2946) suggest that age might not be a very good predictor of higher TBC. TBC varied widely between lots and even more so within same-lot samples, as indicated by the sum of squares results. This finding, along with higher TBC in bottom samples, suggests further consideration when a microbiological sampling scheme of bagged produce is designed.

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Haque, Md Sazzadul, Shafkat Sharif, Aseer Masnoon, and Ebne Rashid. "SARS-CoV-2 pandemic-induced PPE and single-use plastic waste generation scenario." Waste Management & Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy 39, no. 1_suppl (January 7, 2021): 3–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x20980828.

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The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has demonstrated both positive and negative effects on the environment. Major concerns over personal hygiene, mandated and ease in lockdown actions and slackening of some policy measures have led to a massive surge in the use of disposable personal protective equipment (PPE) and other single-use plastic items. This generated an enormous amount of plastic waste from both healthcare and household units, and will continue to do so for the foreseeable future. Apart from the healthcare workers, the general public have become accustomed to using PPE. These habits are threatening the land and marine environment with immense loads of plastic waste, due to improper disposal practices across the world, especially in developing nations. Contaminated PPE has already made its way to the oceans which will inevitably produce plastic particles alongside other pathogen-driven diseases. This study provided an estimation-based approach in quantifying the amount of contaminated plastic waste that can be expected daily from the massive usage of PPE (e.g. facemasks) because of the countrywide mandated regulations on PPE usage. The situation of Bangladesh has been analysed and projections revealed that a total of 3.4 billion pieces of single-use facemask, hand sanitizer bottles, hand gloves and disposable polyethylene bags will be produced monthly, which will give rise to 472.30 t of disposable plastic waste per day. The equations provided for the quantification of waste from used single-use plastic and PPE can be used for other countries for rough estimations. Then, the discussed recommendations will help concerned authorities and policy makers to design effective response plans. Sustainable plastic waste management for the current and post-pandemic period can be imagined and acted upon.

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Abril Ortiz, Adriana, Dolores Sucozhañay, Paul Vanegas, and Andrés Martínez-Moscoso. "A Regional Response to a Global Problem: Single Use Plastics Regulation in the Countries of the Pacific Alliance." Sustainability 12, no. 19 (October 1, 2020): 8093. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12198093.

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Unsustainable production and consumption patterns of single use plastics are causing worldwide negative environmental and socioeconomic impacts on land-based and marine ecosystems. Nevertheless, in Latin America, plastics governance is still fragmented across borders because of dispersed normative adoption and limited regional coordination. In this context, the instrumental level of articulation between the international principles of environmental law and the formal legal arrangements from the Pacific Alliance countries is assessed to analyze how this strategic platform can contribute to offering a regional response to the global problem of single use plastics. For this purpose, an illustrative case study of the national and subnational regulation developed by the Pacific Alliance and its members was performed. To this end, a framework analysis was conducted on the official legal documents from Mexico, Colombia, Chile, Peru, and Ecuador. The results show extensive and scattered subnational regulation to control the consumption of plastic bags and single use plastics, with diverse policies on extended producer responsibility, educational and economic strategies to influence mainly the consumer’s behaviour. Recommendations are presented in order to improve plastics governance in the region through the legal component.

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Abdul Rahman, Haliza. "Impacts of Plastic Usage on Human Health." Asian Journal of Medicine and Biomedicine 6, S1 (November 4, 2022): 19–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.37231/ajmb.2022.6.s1.509.

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To date, most of natural materials used in manufacturing such as paper, glass, and cotton, have been replaced by plastic. Global production currently exceeds 320 million tonnes (Mt) per year, over 40% of which is used as single-use packaging, resulting in plastic waste [1]. In Malaysia, plastic shopping or carrier bags are one of the main sources of plastic waste, therefore, Malaysia is tracking global trends in both the overall generation of plastic waste and the consumption of single-use plastics. Malaysia ranks second in Asia after Philippines for annual per capita plastic use and, it ranks eighth among nations worldwide that mismanage plastic waste [2]. At every stage of its lifecycle, plastic poses distinct risks to human health. However, many traders still prefer to use non-environmentally friendly plastic bags because they are cheaper than biodegradable ones [2]. Chemicals are added to plastics to give them characteristics such as plasticity, colour, malleability, durability, or the hardness that some products need. Some groups of these chemicals such as bisphenol A (BPA) and phthalates have been identified as hazardous for human health, as they have been suspected of disrupting our hormonal system. BPA has been associated with several health problems such as ovarian chromosomal damage, decreased sperm production, rapid puberty, rapid changes in immune system, type-2 diabetes, cardiovascular disorder, obesity etc. Some studies have also claimed that BPA increases the risk of breast cancer, prostate cancer, pains, metabolic disorders, etc. BPA in women can be associated with impaired health, including obesity, endometrial hyperplasia, recurrent miscarriages, sterility, and polycystic ovarian syndrome [4]. Moreover, substances such as POPs, benzyne, and VOCs are present, which are all proven to adversely affect human health [3]. Exposure to harmful chemicals during manufacturing, leaching in the stored food items while using plastic packages or chewing of plastic teethers and toys by children are linked with severe adverse health outcomes such as cancers, birth defects, impaired immunity, endocrine disruption, developmental and reproductive effects etc. [3]. Thus, the objective of this study is to determine the impact of plastic to human health. This paper involved with secondary data collected from journals, proceedings, books, and internet sources regarding the topic. To conclude, Malaysia recycled just 24% of key plastic resins in 2019 and currently is not on track to meet the JPSPN (National Solid Waste Management Department) recycling target of 40% by 2025. Hence, removing plastic from the environment is incredibly urgent, as it creates environmental and health problems for both humans and marine life. Thus, plastics recognized to be a global contaminant of concern by policymakers, scientists, media, and public attention on the issue steadily increasing. Hence, promotion of plastics substitutes and safe disposal of plastic waste requires urgent and definitive action to take care of this potential health hazard in future [3]. One of the immediate campaigns launched was a No Plastic Bag Day (NPBD) in 2011 in raising awareness and reducing the use of single-use plastics in Malaysia. Through this campaign, free plastic bags in grocery stores were banned nationwide with a levy of 0.20 MYR was also added per plastic bag consumed in grocery stores and supermarkets to change consumer behaviour. This was followed by a nationwide ban on the use of straws in 2020 [5]. Recognizing that plastic pollution is a serious emerging issue, Malaysia’s Roadmap towards Zero Single-Use Plastics 2018–2030 was gazetted back in 2018 with the vision to take a phased, evidence-based, and holistic approach by involving all stakeholders in jointly addressing single-use plastics pollution in Malaysia [5].

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Hyslop, J. J., A. L. Tomlinson, A. Bayley, and D. Cuddeford. "Development of the mobile bag technique to study the degradation dynamics of forage feed constituents in the whole digestive tract of equids." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 1998 (1998): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200597816.

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The mobile bag technique (MBT) has recently been used to provide single time point estimates of feed digestibility in both the small intestine (Macheboeuf et al 1996) and the whole tract of equids (Hyslop and Cuddeford 1996). This experiment develops the use of the MBT as a method to study the dynamics of the digestive process over time in the whole tract of ponies.Three mature Welsh-cross pony geldings (270 kg LW) were offered ad libitum threshed grass hay plus minerals. Two sizes of mobile bag (6 x 1 cm Ø - large & 4 x 1 cm Ø - small) made from monofilament polyester with a 41 μrn pore size containing either 200 or 130 mg of feed respectively were used. Bags containing either dehydrated alfalfa (DHA), threshed grass hay (THAY), dehydrated grass (DHG) or grass hay (HAY) were introduced directly into the stomach via a naso-gastric tube in batches of 22 (14 large and 8 small). Batches of bags were administered twice daily on days 1, 2, 8 and 9 of a 14 day period according to an incomplete latin square experimental design giving a total of 44 bags per feed in each pony. On recovery in the faeces, dry matter (DM) disappearances were calculated for each bag.

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Hyslop, J. J., A. L. Tomlinson, A. Bayley, and D. Cuddeford. "Development of the mobile bag technique to study the degradation dynamics of forage feed constituents in the whole digestive tract of equids." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 1998 (1998): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600033420.

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The mobile bag technique (MBT) has recently been used to provide single time point estimates of feed digestibility in both the small intestine (Macheboeuf et al 1996) and the whole tract of equids (Hyslop and Cuddeford 1996). This experiment develops the use of the MBT as a method to study the dynamics of the digestive process over time in the whole tract of ponies.Three mature Welsh-cross pony geldings (270 kg LW) were offered ad libitum threshed grass hay plus minerals. Two sizes of mobile bag (6 x 1 cm Ø - large & 4 x 1 cm Ø - small) made from monofilament polyester with a 41 μrn pore size containing either 200 or 130 mg of feed respectively were used. Bags containing either dehydrated alfalfa (DHA), threshed grass hay (THAY), dehydrated grass (DHG) or grass hay (HAY) were introduced directly into the stomach via a naso-gastric tube in batches of 22 (14 large and 8 small). Batches of bags were administered twice daily on days 1, 2, 8 and 9 of a 14 day period according to an incomplete latin square experimental design giving a total of 44 bags per feed in each pony. On recovery in the faeces, dry matter (DM) disappearances were calculated for each bag.

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Hamada, Chieko, Kayo Hayashi, Ichiyu Shou, Masanori Inaba, Yuuki Ro, Hiroaki Io, Kunimi Maeda, Mitsumine Fukui, and Yasuhiko Tomino. "Pharmacokinetics of Calcitriol and Maxacalcitol Administered into Peritoneal Dialysate Bags in Peritoneal Dialysis Patients." Peritoneal Dialysis International: Journal of the International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis 25, no. 6 (November 2005): 570–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089686080502500613.

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Objectives It is well known that injection of calcitriol (CT) or maxacalcitol (OCT) is very effective in hemodialysis patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism (2HPT). However, it is difficult to use these drugs with peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients with 2HPT because these drugs must be injected two or three times per week. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the stability of physiological activities of CT and OCT in PD bags and to determine the CT or OCT dosage for intraperitoneal (IP) administration. Materials and Methods We added CT 1.5 μg or OCT 10 μg to Dianeal PD-2 (approximate pH = 5.0, calcium = 0.87 mmol/L; Baxter, Tokyo, Japan), Midpeliq 250 (approximate pH = 7.0, Ca = 1.0 mmol/L; Terumo Corporation, Tokyo, Japan), and Peritoliq 250 (approximate pH = 5.5, Ca = 1.0 mmol/L; Terumo Corp.). Dialysis solutions were collected from the PD bags at 0, 1, 4, 8, 12, 24, 48, and 72 hours after addition of CT and OCT. The activities of CT and OCT in the dialysis effluent were measured by radioimmunoassay. The levels of serum and effluent OCT after a single IP administration of 10 μg OCT were examined in 4 PD patients with advanced 2HPT. Results Although the levels of CT and OCT in PD bags made of polyvinyl resins decreased by 70% – 75% immediately after injection, levels in PD bags made of polypropylene resins decreased only slightly. The concentration of CT mixed into the acidic solution in glass containers was stable; the decreased concentration of CT in the PD solution might be due to adsorption onto polyvinyl resins. The maximum serum concentration after IP administration of 10 μg OCT was 750 pg/mL after 5 minutes, and remained at 500 pg/mL at 60 minutes. These results show good peritoneal transport of OCT but not rapid disappearance, unlike intravenous administration. Conclusions If peritoneal administration of vitamin D derivatives is contemplated, it is important to select the composition of PD bag resins, type of vitamin D analog, and time lag to use when deciding the dosage of injectable vitamin D preparations, such as OCT or CT, for IP administration to PD patients. It appears that IP administration in overnight dwells might be useful for PD patients as a complementary vitamin D preparation.

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Zimmermann, Till, and Rebecca Bliklen. "Single-use vs. reusable packaging in e-commerce: comparing carbon footprints and identifying break-even points." GAIA - Ecological Perspectives for Science and Society 29, no. 3 (October 15, 2020): 176–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.14512/gaia.29.3.8.

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The market share of online retail has continued to grow over the past few years, most recently accelerated by the COVID-19 pandemic. Individual shipments give rise to additional shipping packaging. Our carbon footprint comparison shows that reusable packaging is environmentally advantageous if it is reused often enough. To achieve this, however, political and economic incentives seem necessary.In Germany, the revenue of e-commerce amounted to over 68 billion euros in 2018 with over two billion shipments being delivered. Up to 30 percent of online retail’s carbon footprint comes from the use of shipping packaging. Reusable packaging could make a significant contribution to resource savings and waste avoidance. Few valid findings exist as to the environmental performance of reusable packaging systems in online retail. It is also difficult to ascertain which factors influence these results most (such as material, weight, number of cycles). Against this backdrop, we examined two types of reusable shipping packaging in terms of their CO2eq emissions: a reusable PP box and a reusable shipping bag. Both were then compared with single-use alter - natives. Compared to a single-use LDPE bag, the reusable shipping bag offered an environmental advantage after a few cycles, with the absolute carbon footprint of both bags depending on whether recycled material was used. For the reusable PP box, the break-even point was between 32 and 81 cycles, depending on which assumptions were made. For a broader application of reusable shipping packaging, further challenges arise, such as the cost-efficient design of return logistics or the optimization of the packaging design.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Single-use bags'

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