Journal articles: 'Single target'

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Kim, Youjin, and Junseok Kwon. "Orthogonal Single-Target Tracking." IEEE Access 10 (2022): 33527–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3162200.

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Woo, Patrick C. Y., Gibson K. S. Woo, Susanna K. P. Lau, Samson S. Y. Wong, and Kwok-yung Yuen. "Single gene target bacterial identification." Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease 44, no. 2 (October 2002): 143–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0732-8893(02)00439-x.

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Drury, Colin G., and Seung-Kweon Hong. "Generalizing from single target search to multiple target search." Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science 1, no. 4 (January 2000): 303–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14639220052399122.

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Zhang, Jinyu, Taiyang Hu, Xiaolang Shao, Mengxuan Xiao, Yingjiao Rong, and Zelong Xiao. "Multi-Target Tracking Using Windowed Fourier Single-Pixel Imaging." Sensors 21, no. 23 (November 28, 2021): 7934. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21237934.

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The single-pixel imaging (SPI) technique enables the tracking of moving targets at a high frame rate. However, when extended to the problem of multi-target tracking, there is no effective solution using SPI yet. Thus, a multi-target tracking method using windowed Fourier single-pixel imaging (WFSI) is proposed in this paper. The WFSI technique uses a series of windowed Fourier basis patterns to illuminate the target. This method can estimate the displacements of K independently moving targets by implementing 6K measurements and calculating 2K windowed Fourier coefficients, which is a measurement method with low redundancy. To enhance the capability of the proposed method, we propose a joint estimation approach for multi-target displacement, which solves the problem where different targets in close proximity cannot be distinguished. Using the independent and joint estimation approaches, multi-target tracking can be implemented with WFSI. The accuracy of the proposed multi-target tracking method is verified by numerical simulation to be less than 2 pixels. The tracking effectiveness is analyzed by a video experiment. This method provides, for the first time, an effective idea of multi-target tracking using SPI.

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Aroya, Ishai Ben, Ilan Newman, and Assaf Schuster. "Randomized Single-Target Hot-Potato Routing." Journal of Algorithms 23, no. 1 (April 1997): 101–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jagm.1996.0811.

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Brierley, Andrew S., Bjørn Eric Axelsen, David C. Boyer, Christopher P. Lynam, Carol A. Didcock, Helen J. Boyer, Conrad A. J. Sparks, Jennifer E. Purcell, and Mark J. Gibbons. "Single-target echo detections of jellyfish." ICES Journal of Marine Science 61, no. 3 (January 1, 2004): 383–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.icesjms.2003.12.008.

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Abstract Acoustic target-strength (TS) measurements are presented for tethered and free-swimming individual Chrysaora hysoscella (Scyphozoa) and Aequorea aequorea (Hydrozoa) medusae in Namibian waters. Tethered individual C. hysoscella (17–54 cm total umbrella diameter) and A. aequorea (19–28 cm total umbrella diameter) were ensonified at 38 kHz using a portable echosounder. Mean TS values for individual medusae at this frequency ranged from −67.3 to −52.8 dB for C. hysoscella and from −65.4 to −50.1 dB for A. aequorea. There was a positive relationship between medusa diameter and TS for both species. TS of individual medusae varied cyclically over time by about 15 dB, probably because of the periodic contraction of the medusae whilst swimming. C. hysoscella was parasitized by hyperid amphipods (maximum infestation >1800 parasites per medusa). A fluid-cylinder scattering model was used to determine the expected backscatter from the parasites, and it suggested that even at the highest observed level of infestation the jellyfish itself remained the major contributor to total backscatter at 38 kHz. Single-target echoes from targets identified by trawling as medusae were obtained from vessel-mounted echosounders at 18, 38, 120, and 200 kHz. Triangulation between echosounder beams to identify targets detected simultaneously at all four frequencies increased confidence that echoes were in fact from single targets. The 38-kHz TS values from free-swimming medusae corresponded with values obtained from tethered animals at the same frequency, providing strong evidence that the TS estimates were robust. TS values at all four frequencies (Chrysaora hysoscella mean umbrella diameter 41 cm, TS at 18 kHz = −60.0 dB, 38 kHz = −65.5 dB, 120 kHz = −68.0 dB, and 200 kHz = −70.5 dB. Aequorea aequorea mean inner-umbrella diameter 6.5 cm, TS at 18 kHz = −66.0 dB, 38 kHz = −65.5 dB, 120 kHz = −68.0 dB, and 200 kHz = −73 dB) were consistent with previously published data. Given these robust TS estimates, the possibility may now exist for multi-frequency identification and evaluation of these jellyfish species in some circumstances, and for the use of acoustic-survey techniques to estimate jellyfish abundance.

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Zhang Shuaiyu, Hu Guohang, Wang Lin, Liu Yongjiang, Wei Ling, Zheng Yifan, and Shao Yuchuan. "Wireless Laser Power Transmission System for Dynamic Target Using Rotation of Single Component." Laser & Optoelectronics Progress 59, no. 17 (2022): 1736001. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/lop202259.1736001.

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Häcker, P., and B. Yang. "Single snapshot DOA estimation." Advances in Radio Science 8 (October 1, 2010): 251–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ars-8-251-2010.

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Abstract. In array signal processing, direction of arrival (DOA) estimation has been studied for decades. Many algorithms have been proposed and their performance has been studied thoroughly. Yet, most of these works are focused on the asymptotic case of a large number of snapshots. In automotive radar applications like driver assistance systems, however, only a small number of snapshots of the radar sensor array or, in the worst case, a single snapshot is available for DOA estimation. In this paper, we investigate and compare different DOA estimators with respect to their single snapshot performance. The main focus is on the estimation accuracy and the angular resolution in multi-target scenarios including difficult situations like correlated targets and large target power differences. We will show that some algorithms lose their ability to resolve targets or do not work properly at all. Other sophisticated algorithms do not show a superior performance as expected. It turns out that the deterministic maximum likelihood estimator is a good choice under these hard conditions.

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Fisher, Joseph G., Sean A. Peffer, Geoffrey B. Sprinkle, and Michael G. Williamson. "Performance Target Levels and Effort: Reciprocity across Single- and Repeated-Interaction Settings." Journal of Management Accounting Research 27, no. 2 (March 1, 2015): 145–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/jmar-51089.

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ABSTRACT We examine how reciprocity affects the relation between performance target levels and effort across single- and repeated-interaction settings. Using a laboratory experiment where participants make choices from a payoff matrix representing target and effort levels, we model a setting where employee-participants have economic incentives to respond to higher target assignments by superior-participants with higher effort. However, reciprocity could lead employees to reward low target assignments with high effort and punish high target assignments with low effort. In a single-interaction setting where only innate preferences can drive reciprocal behavior, we find that superiors select higher targets and that employees generally respond with higher effort. In a repeated-interaction setting where reciprocal behavior can emerge for strategic reasons, we find that superiors set lower targets and that employees generally respond to low targets with high effort and to high targets with low effort. Collectively, our results suggest that reciprocity plays a limited role in affecting target and effort levels in a single-interaction setting. Rather, reciprocity appears to emerge for more strategic reasons brought on by repeated interactions. As most work relationships extend over multiple periods, our results may help explain why organizations tend to set readily achievable performance targets.

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Feldmann, Christian, Dimitar Yonchev, and Jürgen Bajorath. "Structured data sets of compounds with multi-target and corresponding single-target activity from biological assays." Future Science OA 7, no. 5 (June 2021): FSO685. http://dx.doi.org/10.2144/fsoa-2020-0209.

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Aim: Providing compound data sets for promiscuity analysis with single-target (ST) and multi-target (MT) activity, taking confirmed inactivity against targets into account. Methodology: Compounds and target annotations are extracted from screening assays. For a given combination of targets, MT and ST compounds are identified, ensuring test data completeness. Exemplary results & data: A total of 1242 MT compounds active against five or more targets and 6629 corresponding ST compounds are characterized, organized and made freely available. Limitations & next steps: Screening campaigns typically cover a smaller target space than compounds from the medicinal chemistry literature and their activity annotations might be of lesser quality. Reported compound groups will be subjected to target set-based promiscuity analysis and predictions.

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Barrett, Doug J. K., and Oliver Zobay. "Concurrent evaluation of independently cued features during perceptual decisions and saccadic targeting in visual search." Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics 82, no. 3 (September 9, 2019): 966–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13414-019-01854-w.

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Abstract Simultaneous search for one of two targets is slower and less accurate than search for a single target. Within the Signal Detection Theoretic (SDT) framework, this can be attributed to the division of resources during the comparison of visual input against independently cued targets. The current study used one or two cues to elicit single- and dual-target searches for orientation targets among similar and dissimilar distractors. In Experiment 1, the accuracy of target discrimination in brief displays was compared at setsizes of 1, 2 and 4. Results revealed a reduction in accuracy that scaled with the product of set size and the number of cued targets. In Experiment 2, the accuracy and latency of observers’ saccadic targeting were compared. Fixations on single-target searches were highly selective towards the target. On dual-target searches, the requirement to detect one of two targets produced a significant reduction in target fixations and equivalent rates of fixations to distractors with opposite orientations. For most observers, the dual-target cost was predicted by an SDT model that simulated increases in decision-noise and the distribution of capacity-limited resources during the comparison of selected input against independently cued targets. For others, search accuracy was consistent with a single-item limit on perceptual decisions and saccadic targeting during search. These findings support a flexible account of the dual-target cost based on different strategies to resolve competition between independently cued targets.

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Bodkin, Stephan G., Jay Hertel, and Joseph M. Hart. "Gaze Accuracy Differences During Single-Leg Balance Following Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction." Journal of Sport Rehabilitation 30, no. 5 (July 1, 2021): 737–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsr.2020-0287.

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Context: Individuals following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) demonstrate altered postural stability and functional movement patterns. It is hypothesized that individuals following ACLR may compensate with sensory adaptations with greater reliance on visual mechanisms during activities. It is unknown if visual compensatory strategies are implemented to maintain postural stability during functional tasks. Objective: To examine visual gaze accuracy during a single-leg balance task in individuals following ACLR compared with healthy, active controls. Design: Case control. Setting: Controlled laboratory. Participants: A total of 20 individuals (10 ACLR and 10 healthy controls) participated in the study. Data Collection and Analysis: Visual gaze patterns were obtained during 20-second single-leg balance trials while participants were instructed to look at presented targets. During the Stationary Target Task, the visual target was presented in a central location for the duration of the trial. The Moving Target Task included a visual target that randomly moved to 1 of 9 target locations for a period of 2 seconds. Targets were stratified into superior, middle, and inferior levels for the Moving Target Task. Results: The Stationary Target Task demonstrated no differences in visual error between groups (P = .89). The Moving Target Task demonstrated a significant interaction between group and target level (F2,36 = 3.76, P = .033). Individuals following ACLR demonstrated greater visual error for the superior targets (ACLR = .70 [.44] m, healthy = .41 [.21] m, Cohen d = 0.83 [0.06 to 1.60]) and inferior targets (ACLR = .68 [.25] m, healthy = .33 [.16] m, Cohen d = 1.67 [0.81 to 2.52]). Conclusion: Individuals following ACLR demonstrate greater visual error during settings of high or low visual stimuli compared with healthy individuals to maintain single-limb postural stability. This population may rely on visual input to compensate for the somatosensory changes following injury.

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Hu, Jun-ying, C. J. Richard Shi, and Jiang-she Zhang. "Saliency-based YOLO for single target detection." Knowledge and Information Systems 63, no. 3 (January 13, 2021): 717–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10115-020-01538-0.

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Moon, SangJun, Elvan Ceyhan, Umut Atakan Gurkan, and Utkan Demirci. "Statistical Modeling of Single Target Cell Encapsulation." PLoS ONE 6, no. 7 (July 21, 2011): e21580. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0021580.

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Spaethling, Jennifer M., and James H. Eberwine. "Single-cell transcriptomics for drug target discovery." Current Opinion in Pharmacology 13, no. 5 (October 2013): 786–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coph.2013.04.011.

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Chabod, S. P., J. Ch David, D. Ene, D. Ridikas, and N. Thiollière. "In-target radioactive nuclei production rates with EURISOL single-stage target configuration." European Physical Journal A 45, no. 1 (May 20, 2010): 131–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1140/epja/i2010-10989-7.

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Li, Yuanbo, Qirun Zhang, and Thomas Reps. "Single-Source-Single-Target Interleaved-Dyck Reachability via Integer Linear Programming." Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages 7, POPL (January 9, 2023): 1003–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3571228.

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An interleaved-Dyck (InterDyck) language consists of the interleaving of two or more Dyck languages, where each Dyck language represents a set of strings of balanced parentheses.InterDyck-reachability is a fundamental framework for program analyzers that simultaneously track multiple properly-matched pairs of actions such as call/return, lock/unlock, or write-data/read-data.Existing InterDyck-reachability algorithms are based on the well-known tabulation technique. This paper presents a new perspective on solving InterDyck-reachability. Our key observation is that for the single-source-single-target InterDyck-reachability variant, it is feasible to summarize all paths from the source node to the target node based on path expressions . Therefore, InterDyck-reachability becomes an InterDyck-path-recognition problem over path expressions. Instead of computing summary edges as in traditional tabulation algorithms, this new perspective enables us to express InterDyck-reachability as a parenthesis-counting problem, which can be naturally formulated via integer linear programming (ILP). We implemented our ILP-based algorithm and performed extensive evaluations based on two client analyses (a reachability analysis for concurrent programs and a taint analysis). In particular, we evaluated our algorithm against two types of algorithms: (1) the general all-pairs InterDyck-reachability algorithms based on linear conjunctive language (LCL) reachability and synchronized pushdown system (SPDS) reachability, and (2) two domain-specific algorithms for both client analyses. The experimental results are encouraging. Our algorithm achieves 1.42×, 28.24×, and 11.76× speedup for the concurrency-analysis benchmarks compared to all-pair LCL-reachability, SPDS-reachability, and domain-specific tools, respectively; 1.2×, 69.9×, and 0.98× speedup for the taint-analysis benchmarks. Moreover, the algorithm also provides precision improvements, particularly for taint analysis, where it achieves 4.55%, 11.1%, and 6.8% improvement, respectively.

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Kang, Seyoung, Taehyun Kim, and Wonzoo Chung. "Multi-Target Localization Based on Unidentified Multiple RSS/AOA Measurements in Wireless Sensor Networks." Sensors 21, no. 13 (June 29, 2021): 4455. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21134455.

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All existing hybrid target localization algorithms using received signal strength (RSS) and angle of arrival (AOA) measurements in wireless sensor networks, to the best of our knowledge, assume a single target such that even in the presence of multiple targets, the target localization problem is translated to multiple single-target localization problems by assuming that multiple measurements in a node are identified with their originated targets. Herein, we first consider the problem of multi-target localization when each anchor node contains multiple RSS and AOA measurement sets of unidentified origin. We propose a computationally efficient method to cluster RSS/AOA measurement sets that originate from the same target and apply the existing single-target linear hybrid localization algorithm to estimate multiple target positions. The complexity analysis of the proposed algorithm is presented, and its performance under various noise environments is analyzed via simulations.

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Man, Yi, Qingyun Yang, and Tao Chen. "Infrared Single-Frame Small Target Detection Based on Block-Matching." Sensors 22, no. 21 (October 29, 2022): 8300. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22218300.

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The robust detection of small targets is one of the crucial techniques in an infrared system. It is still a challenge to detect small targets under complex backgrounds. Aiming at the problem where infrared small target detection is easily disturbed by complex backgrounds, an infrared single frame detection method based on a block-matching approach is proposed in this paper. Firstly, the input infrared image is processed by extracting blocks from it. A new infrared model is constructed by finding blocks that are similar to each such block. Then, the small target detection based on the block-matching model is formulated as an optimization problem of recovering low-rank and sparse matrices, which are effectively solved using robust principal component analysis. Finally, the results of processing are reconstructed to obtain the target and background images. A simple segmentation method is used to segment the target image. The experimental results from the actual infrared sequences show that the proposed method has better background suppression ability under complex backgrounds and better detection performance than conventional baseline methods.

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Yang, Yang, Yufei Wang, Dechang Pi, and Ruchuan Wang. "Optimization of Self-Directed Target Coverage in Wireless Multimedia Sensor Network." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/416218.

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Video and image sensors in wireless multimedia sensor networks (WMSNs) have directed view and limited sensing angle. So the methods to solve target coverage problem for traditional sensor networks, which use circle sensing model, are not suitable for WMSNs. Based on the FoV (field of view) sensing model and FoV disk model proposed, how expected multimedia sensor covers the target is defined by the deflection angle between target and the sensor’s current orientation and the distance between target and the sensor. Then target coverage optimization algorithms based on expected coverage value are presented for single-sensor single-target, multisensor single-target, and single-sensor multitargets problems distinguishingly. Selecting the orientation that sensor rotated to cover every target falling in the FoV disk of that sensor for candidate orientations and using genetic algorithm to multisensor multitargets problem, which has NP-complete complexity, then result in the approximated minimum subset of sensors which covers all the targets in networks. Simulation results show the algorithm’s performance and the effect of number of targets on the resulting subset.

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Kazem, Ali, Adnan Malki, and Anas Mahmoud Almanofi. "Target Coordinates Estimation by Passive Radar with a Single non-Cooperative Transmitter and a Single Receiver." Journal of communications software and systems 16, no. 2 (May 4, 2020): 156–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.24138/jcomss.v16i2.984.

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Passive radar is a bistatic radar that detects and tracks targets by processing reflections from non-cooperative transmitters. Due to the bistatic geometry for this radar, a target can be localized in Cartesian coordinates by using one of the following bistatic geometries: multiple non-cooperative transmitters and a single receiver, or a single non-cooperative transmitter and multiple receivers, whereas the diversity of receivers or non-cooperative transmitters leads to extra signal processing and a ghost target phenomenon. To mitigate these two disadvantages, we present a new method to estimate Cartesian coordinates of a target by a passive radar system with a single non-cooperative transmitter and a single receiver. This method depends on the ability of the radar receiver to analyze a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and estimate two arrival angles for the target’s echo signal. The proposed passive radar system is simulated with a Digital Video Broadcasting-Terrestrial (DVB-T) transmitter, and the simulation results show the efficiency of this system compared with results of other researches.

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Sun, Xiu Hua, Chang Lu Gao, and Li Qun Gu. "Synthetic Glass Nanopore for Single Molecule Detection." Applied Mechanics and Materials 229-231 (November 2012): 197–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.229-231.197.

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The molecular-scale pore structure, called nanopore, interacting with target molecules in its functionalized lumen, can produce characteristic changes in the pore conductance, which allows us to identify single molecules and simultaneously quantify each target species in the mixture. Nanopore sensors have been created for tremendous biomedical detections, with targets ranging from metal ions, drug compounds and cellular second messengers, to proteins and DNAs. Here we will review our recent discoveries with a lab-in-hand glass nanopore: single-molecule discrimination of chiral enantiomers with a trapped cyclodextrin, sensing of bioterrorist agent ricin and site-directed capturing a single nanoparticle.

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Ling, Jiankun. "Target Tracking Using Kalman Filter Based Algorithms." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2078, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2078/1/012020.

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Abstract Kalman filter and its families have played an important role in information gathering, such as target tracking. Data association techniques have also been developed to allow the Kalman filter to track multiple targets simultaneously. This paper revisits the principle and applications of the Kalman filter for single target tracking and multiple hypothesis tracking (MHT) for multiple target tracking. We present the brief review of the Bayes filter family and introduce a brief derivation of the Kalman filter and MHT. We show examples for both single and multiple targets tracking in simulation to illustrate the efficacy of Kalman filter-based algorithms in target tracking scenarios.

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Hess, Bernhard J. M., and H. Misslisch. "Three-dimensional ocular kinematics underlying binocular single vision." Journal of Neurophysiology 116, no. 6 (December 1, 2016): 2841–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00596.2016.

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We have analyzed the binocular coordination of the eyes during far-to-near refixation saccades based on the evaluation of distance ratios and angular directions of the projected target images relative to the eyes' rotation centers. By defining the geometric point of binocular single vision, called Helmholtz point, we found that disparities during fixations of targets at near distances were limited in the subject's three-dimensional visual field to the vertical and forward directions. These disparities collapsed to simple vertical disparities in the projective binocular image plane. Subjects were able to perfectly fuse the vertically disparate target images with respect to the projected Helmholtz point of single binocular vision, independent of the particular location relative to the horizontal plane of regard. Target image fusion was achieved by binocular torsion combined with corrective modulations of the differential half-vergence angles of the eyes in the horizontal plane. Our findings support the notion that oculomotor control combines vergence in the horizontal plane of regard with active torsion in the frontal plane to achieve fusion of the dichoptic binocular target images.

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Li, Yang, Jia Bao Wang, Jian Jiang Lu, Zhuang Miao, and Peng Fei Fang. "Single Frame Infrared Image Targets Detection Based on Multi-Mixture Filters Model." Advanced Materials Research 468-471 (February 2012): 1389–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.468-471.1389.

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To detect the targets in single frame infrared image, a target detection method based on multi-mixture filters model were proposed. The multi-mixture filters model involves four modules. Firstly, smooth filter is used to restrain and eliminate random noise. Secondly background Gaussian filter is used to construct a rough background model. Thirdly target Gaussian filter is used to construct an accurate target model. Finally morphologic filter is used to optimize the final target shape. Experiments show that this method can achieve a higher detection efficiency and accuracy.

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Lu, Zhun, and Wenjuan Mao. "Single-Spin Asymmetries AULsinϕh in Semi-Inclusive Pions Production." International Journal of Modern Physics: Conference Series 40 (January 2016): 1660045. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010194516600454.

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The single-spin asymmetry [Formula: see text] of charged and neutral pion production in semi-inclusive deep-inelastic scattering on longitudinally polarized nucleon targets is studied. We particularly consider the effects of the twist-3 transverse-momentum dependent distribution functions [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], which are calculated in two different spectator-diquark models. We estimate the asymmetry for [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] produced off the proton target at HERMES and compare the results with the HERMES measurements. We also predict the same asymmetric moment for different pions at the kinematics of CLAS 5.5 GeV on a proton target, as well as at COMPASS on a deuteron target for comparison.

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Gonsalvez, Craig J., Robert J. Barry, Jacqueline A. Rushby, and John Polich. "Target-to-target interval, intensity, and P300 from an auditory single-stimulus task." Psychophysiology 44, no. 2 (March 2007): 245–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.2007.00495.x.

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Kozin, Aleksandr A., and Viktor I. Shapovalov. "Modeling of thermal processes in magnetrons with single hot target and “sandwich-target”." Surface and Coatings Technology 359 (February 2019): 451–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2018.12.070.

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Hameed, Syed Waqar. "Peaks Detector Algorithm after CFAR for Multiple Targets Detection." EAI Endorsed Transactions on AI and Robotics 1 (July 13, 2022): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4108/airo.v1i.1124.

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The constant false alarm rate (CFAR) algorithm is a strong technique to detect and track dynamic targets in an environment of an unknown noise floor. Multiple reflections of a pulse from a target and different signal processing techniques applied to the received pulse, make it spread along the range and/or Doppler axis. Spreading of a pulse results in a cluster of targets detection for a single target when the CFAR technique is applied to it. This causes difficulties in calculating those target’s parameters which require only a single maximum peak for a target, such as Radar cross-section (RCS), relative phase, etc. This manuscript proposes a solution, which extracts a single independent peak for a target that had clusters of peaks after CFAR. The novelty of the algorithm is that it works well to extract a single peak for each of all targets in the multiple targets environment, as compared to the conventional global maxima finding techniques which outputs only one target of the maximum amplitude while suppressing the rest of the small targets. The algorithm is basically a local maxima finder algorithm termed as peaks detector algorithm. An attractive feature of this algorithm is that it neither disturbs the Probability of false alarm rate (Pfa) of CFAR nor it affects the probability of detection (Pd) of a target. The algorithm is tested and its performance is evaluated in a multiple targets environment on the output of 1D and 2D CFAR.

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Belfadel, Djedjiga, Yaakov Bar-Shalom, and Peter Willett. "Single Space Based Sensor Bias Estimation Using a Single Target of Opportunity." IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems 56, no. 3 (June 2020): 1676–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/taes.2019.2895709.

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Lee and Kim. "In-Silico Molecular Binding Prediction for Human Drug Targets Using Deep Neural Multi-Task Learning." Genes 10, no. 11 (November 7, 2019): 906. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes10110906.

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In in-silico prediction for molecular binding of human genomes, promising results have been demonstrated by deep neural multi-task learning due to its strength in training tasks with imbalanced data and its ability to avoid over-fitting. Although the interrelation between tasks is known to be important for successful multi-task learning, its adverse effect has been underestimated. In this study, we used molecular interaction data of human targets from ChEMBL to train and test various multi-task and single-task networks and examined the effectiveness of multi-task learning for different compositions of targets. Targets were clustered based on sequence similarity in their binding domains and various target sets from clusters were chosen. By comparing the performance of deep neural architectures for each target set, we found that similarity within a target set is highly important for reliable multi-task learning. For a diverse target set or overall human targets, the performance of multi-task learning was lower than single-task learning, but outperformed single-task for the target set containing similar targets. From this insight, we developed Multiple Partial Multi-Task learning, which is suitable for binding prediction for human drug targets.

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Muqaibel, Ali H., Moeness G. Amin, and Fauzia Ahmad. "Target Localization with a Single Antenna via Directional Multipath Exploitation." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2015 (2015): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/510720.

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Target localization in urban sensing can benefit from angle dependency of the pulse shape at a radar receiver antenna. We propose a localization approach that utilizes the embedded directivity in ultra-wideband (UWB) antennas to estimate target positions. A single radar unit sensing operation of indoor targets surrounded by interior walls is considered, where interior wall multipaths are exploited to provide target cross-range. This exploitation assumes resolvability of the multipath components, which is made possible by the virtue of using UWB radar signals. The proposed approach is most attractive when only few multipaths are detectable due to propagation obstructions or owing to low signal-to-noise ratios. Both simulated and experimental data are used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.

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Sousa, Marco Antônio Perpétuo de, Flavia Regina Florêncio de Athayde, Mariângela Bueno Cordeiro Maldonado, Andressa Oliveira de Lima, Marina Rufino S. Fortes, and Flavia Lombardi Lopes. "Single nucleotide polymorphisms affect miRNA target prediction in bovine." PLOS ONE 16, no. 4 (April 21, 2021): e0249406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0249406.

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Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) can have significant effects on phenotypic characteristics in cattle. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, non-coding RNAs that act as post-transcriptional regulators by binding them to target mRNAs. In the present study, we scanned ~56 million SNPs against 1,064 bovine miRNA sequences and analyzed, in silico, their possible effects on target binding prediction, primary miRNA formation, association with QTL regions and the evolutionary conservation for each SNP locus. Following target prediction, we show that 71.6% of miRNA predicted targets were altered as a consequence of SNPs located within the seed region of the mature miRNAs. Next, we identified variations in the Minimum Free Energy (MFE), which represents the capacity to alter molecule stability and, consequently, miRNA maturation. A total of 48.6% of the sequences analyzed showed values within those previously reported as sufficient to alter miRNA maturation. We have also found 131 SNPs in 46 miRNAs, with altered target prediction, occurring in QTL regions. Lastly, analysis of evolutionary conservation scores for each SNP locus suggested that they have a conserved biological function through the evolutionary process. Our results suggest that SNPs in microRNAs have the potential to affect bovine phenotypes and could be of great value for genetic improvement studies, as well as production.

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He, Yaomin, and Jian Yang. "Polarization Estimation with a Single Vector Sensor for Radar Detection." Remote Sensing 14, no. 5 (February 25, 2022): 1137. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14051137.

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Target detection using radar has important applications in military and civilian fields. Aimed at targets containing interference, radar polarimetry can facilitate discrimination between the target and interference. Since existing methods require the utilization of interference signals without targets in advance, they have a poor effect on interference with variable polarization. To solve this problem, this paper proposes a novel synchronous method to estimate the parameters of interference. First, we introduce a definition of the pulse compression signal-to-noise ratio, and prove that it is the polarization invariant in the virtual polarization adaptation. Then, for signals containing a target, interference, and noise, we propose a novel synchronous estimation method. Subsequently, we propose the two-dimensional golden selected method to further optimize the method with minimum calculation, and prove that the method presented in this paper is convergent and globally optimal. Finally, we analyze the presented method from three aspects: robustness, complexity, and applicability; the results of which demonstrate the efficacy of the method presented in this paper.

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Akyürek, Elkan G., Nils Kappelmann, Marc Volkert, and Hedderik van Rijn. "What You See Is What You Remember: Visual Chunking by Temporal Integration Enhances Working Memory." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 29, no. 12 (December 2017): 2025–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_01175.

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Human memory benefits from information clustering, which can be accomplished by chunking. Chunking typically relies on expertise and strategy, and it is unknown whether perceptual clustering over time, through temporal integration, can also enhance working memory. The current study examined the attentional and working memory costs of temporal integration of successive target stimulus pairs embedded in rapid serial visual presentation. ERPs were measured as a function of behavioral reports: One target, two separate targets, or two targets reported as a single integrated target. N2pc amplitude, reflecting attentional processing, depended on the actual number of successive targets. The memory-related CDA and P3 components instead depended on the perceived number of targets irrespective of their actual succession. The report of two separate targets was associated with elevated amplitude, whereas integrated as well as actual single targets exhibited lower amplitude. Temporal integration thus provided an efficient means of processing sensory input, offloading working memory so that the features of two targets were consolidated and maintained at a cost similar to that of a single target.

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Han, Sung H., and Jiyoung Kwahk. "Single Line Display Menu." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 39, no. 5 (October 1995): 306–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193129503900503.

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Many electronic consumer products use a single line display which is capable of presenting a limited number of characters at a time. Although many design guidelines have been proposed, they are applicable only to the menus on ordinary CRT displays. This study examined the effects of four different variables: menu structure, user experience, navigation aid, and number of target items on designing the menu on a single line display. Four dependent measures, speed, accuracy, efficiency, and user preference of a target search task, were collected. The results showed that the 82 structure turned out to be an optimal menu structure for single-line display menus. The navigation aid improved the search performance of the inexperienced. Interestingly, multiple target search tasks recorded a better performance than single target search tasks. Based on the results, design implications were discussed.

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Yoon, Hae Won, Han Chan Lee, Seung Yong Shin, Se Hun Kwon, and Kyoung Il Moon. "Preparation of Zr-Al-Mo-Cu Single Targets with Glass Forming Ability and Deposition of Thin Film Metallic Glass." Coatings 10, no. 4 (April 17, 2020): 398. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings10040398.

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Generally, thin-film metal glass (TFMG) is deposited using two or more elemental targets. Thus, achievement of a homogeneous coating during mass production is difficult. As a new method of TFMG deposition, a single target with high glass-forming ability (GFA) has been used to improve the sputtering process, facilitating easy processing and broad application of sputtering targets. In this study, three kinds of targets (i.e., cast, amorphous, and crystalline targets) are prepared via casting and powder processes. The thermal and mechanical properties of the three targets prepared using the various methods are investigated, and the crystalline target is found to be the most thermodynamically and mechanically stable of the three alternatives. In addition, for TFMG deposited using the microcrystalline target, excellent compositional uniformity between the target and coating is achieved. Therefore, this study experimentally demonstrates that a fine crystalline target is most suitable for use as a multi-component single target in GFA manufacturing methods. These findings are expected to facilitate commercial use of TFMGs.

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38

Jiang, Xiaodong. "Target Single-Spin Asymmetry in Inclusive Hadron Production." International Journal of Modern Physics: Conference Series 37 (January 2015): 1560067. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010194515600678.

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We present the first measurement of target single-spin asymmetries (AN) in the inclusive hadron production reaction, e+3 He ↑ →h+X, using a transversely polarized 3 He target at an electron-nucleon center-of-mass energy [Formula: see text] GeV. The experiment was conducted at Jefferson Lab in Hall A using a 5.9-GeV electron beam. Several types of hadrons (π±, K± and proton) were detected with an average momentum 〈Ph〉 = 2.35 GeV/c, and an average transverse momentum 〈pT〉 = 0.64 GeV/c. The observed asymmetry strongly depends on the type of hadron. A positive asymmetry is observed for π+ and K+. A negative asymmetry is observed for π-. The π+ and π- asymmetries measured for the 3 He target and extracted the "effective- neutron" SSA. Amazingly, we found that the ratio of our observed SSA between π+ and π- productions closely resemble the ratio of up- to down-quark's contributions to neutron's anomalous magnetic moment.

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Gomez Escalada, M., A. D. Russell, J. Y. Maillard, and D. Ochs. "Triclosan-bacteria interactions: single or multiple target sites?" Letters in Applied Microbiology 41, no. 6 (December 2005): 476–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-765x.2005.01790.x.

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Davey, Samuel J. "Efficient Histogram PMHT Via Single Target Chip Processing." IEEE Signal Processing Letters 22, no. 5 (May 2015): 569–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lsp.2014.2364300.

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41

Starr, A. "Selective single trial sorting in target detection tasks." Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 103, no. 1 (July 1997): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0013-4694(97)88124-6.

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42

Heymer, Joachim, and Wolfgang Leibold. "Single and dual labelling of cytotoxic target cells." Journal of Immunological Methods 164, no. 1 (August 1993): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-1759(93)90286-g.

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43

Moreno-Salinas, D., A. M. Pascoal, and J. Aranda. "Underwater Target Positioning with a Single Acoustic Sensor." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 46, no. 33 (2013): 233–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3182/20130918-4-jp-3022.00067.

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Henke, Daniel, Elias Mendez Dominguez, David Small, Michael E. Schaepman, and Erich Meier. "Moving Target Tracking in Single- and Multichannel SAR." IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 53, no. 6 (June 2015): 3146–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2014.2369060.

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Zhao, Bo, Lei Huang, Jian Li, and Peichang Zhang. "Target Reconstruction From Deceptively Jammed Single-Channel SAR." IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 56, no. 1 (January 2018): 152–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2017.2744178.

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46

Umeshappa, Channakeshava Sokke, Santiswarup Singha, Jesus Blanco, Kun Shao, Roopa Hebbandi Nanjundappa, Jun Yamanouchi, Albert Pares, Pau Serra, Yang Yang, and Pere Santamaria. "SINGLE-TARGET PAN-LIVER AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE-SUPPRESSING NANOMEDICINES." Journal of Immunology 202, no. 1_Supplement (May 1, 2019): 132.17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.202.supp.132.17.

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Abstract Peptide-major histocompatibility complex class II (pMHCII)-based nanomedicines displaying tissue-specific autoantigenic epitopes can blunt specific autoimmune conditions by re-programming cognate antigen-experienced CD4+ T-cells into disease-suppressing T-regulatory type 1 cells. Here, we show that single pMHCII-based nanomedicines displaying epitopes from primary biliary cholangitis (PBC)- or autoimmune hepatitis (AIH)- relevant mitochondrial, endoplasmic reticulum or cytoplasmic antigens can broadly blunt PBC, AIH and Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis in various murine models in a non-disease-specific manner without suppressing general or local immunity against infection or metastatic allogeneic tumors. Thus, CD4+ T-cell autoreactivity against liver-enriched autoantigens in liver autoimmune inflammation is not disease-specific and can be harnessed to treat various liver autoimmune diseases broadly.

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Ishmael, Khaldoon, Yao Zheng, and Olga Borić-Lubecke. "Phase Correlation Single Channel Continuous Wave Doppler Radar Recognition of Multiple Sources." Sensors 22, no. 3 (January 26, 2022): 970. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22030970.

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Continuous-wave Doppler radar (CWDR) can be used to remotely detect physiological parameters, such as respiration and heart signals. However, detecting and separating multiple targets remains a challenging task for CWDR. While complex transceiver architectures and advanced signal processing algorithms have been demonstrated as effective for multiple target separations in some scenarios, the separation of equidistant sources within a single antenna beam remains a challenge. This paper presents an alternative phase tuning approach that exploits the diversity among target distances and physiological parameters for multi-target detection. The design utilizes a voltage-controlled analog phase shifter to manipulate the phase correlation of the CWDR and thus create different signal mixtures from the multiple targets, then separates them in the frequency domain by suppressing individual signals sequentially. We implemented the phase correlation system based on a 2.4 GHz single-channel CWDR and evaluated it against multiple mechanical and human targets. The experimental results demonstrated successful separation of nearly equidistant targets within an antenna beam, equivalent to separating physiological signals of two people seated shoulder to shoulder.

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Rodríguez-Pérez, Raquel, and Jürgen Bajorath. "Evaluation of multi-target deep neural network models for compound potency prediction under increasingly challenging test conditions." Journal of Computer-Aided Molecular Design 35, no. 3 (February 17, 2021): 285–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10822-021-00376-8.

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AbstractMachine learning (ML) enables modeling of quantitative structure–activity relationships (QSAR) and compound potency predictions. Recently, multi-target QSAR models have been gaining increasing attention. Simultaneous compound potency predictions for multiple targets can be carried out using ensembles of independently derived target-based QSAR models or in a more integrated and advanced manner using multi-target deep neural networks (MT-DNNs). Herein, single-target and multi-target ML models were systematically compared on a large scale in compound potency value predictions for 270 human targets. By design, this large-magnitude evaluation has been a special feature of our study. To these ends, MT-DNN, single-target DNN (ST-DNN), support vector regression (SVR), and random forest regression (RFR) models were implemented. Different test systems were defined to benchmark these ML methods under conditions of varying complexity. Source compounds were divided into training and test sets in a compound- or analog series-based manner taking target information into account. Data partitioning approaches used for model training and evaluation were shown to influence the relative performance of ML methods, especially for the most challenging compound data sets. For example, the performance of MT-DNNs with per-target models yielded superior performance compared to single-target models. For a test compound or its analogs, the availability of potency measurements for multiple targets affected model performance, revealing the influence of ML synergies.

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CHARNICK, S., E. FISHER, and D. LAUFFENBURGER. "Computer simulations of cell-target encounter including biased cell motion toward targets: Single and multiple cell-target simulations in two dimensions." Bulletin of Mathematical Biology 53, no. 4 (1991): 591–621. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0092-8240(05)80157-0.

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Charnick, S. B., E. S. Fisher, and D. A. Lauffenburger. "Computer simulations of cell-target encounter including biased cell motion toward targets: Single and multiple cell-target simulations in two dimensions." Bulletin of Mathematical Biology 53, no. 4 (July 1991): 591–621. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02458631.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Single target'

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