Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Single target'
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1
Crockett, Mark T. "Target Motion Estimation Techniques for Single-Channel SAR." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2014. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/4111.
Full textAbstract:
Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) systems are versatile, high-resolution radar imagers useful for providing detailed intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance, especially when atmospheric conditions are non-ideal for optical imagers. However, moving targets in SAR images are smeared. Along-track interferometry is a commonly-used method for extracting the motion parameters of moving targets but requires a dual-aperture SAR system, which may be power- size- or cost-prohibitive. This thesis presents a method of estimating target motion parameters in single-channel SAR data given geometric target motion constraints. I test this method on both simulated and actual SAR data. This estimation method includes an initial estimate, computation of the SAR ambiguity function, and application of the target motion constraints to form a focused image of the moving target. The constraints are imposed by assuming that target motion is restricted to a road. Finally, I measure its performance by investigating the error introduced in the motion estimates using both simulated and actual data.
2
Hristova, Ivana. "Transverse-target single-spin azimuthal asymmetry in hard exclusive electroproduction of single pions at HERMES." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät I, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/15839.
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Wir präsentieren die Analyse der Daten, die in den Jahren 2002-2004 mit dem 27.56 GeV Positronenstrahl des HERA Speicherrings am DESY und dem internen transversal polarisierten Wasserstofftarget (''fixed target'') des HERMES Experiments aufgenommen wurden. Ereignisse mit einem gestreuten Positron und einem erzeugter Pion wurden selektiert. Die ausschließliche Erzeugung eines einzelnen Pions, e p -> e'' n pi+, wird durch die Anforderung gewährleistet, daß die fehlende Masse des Ereignisses der Masse des Neutrons, das nicht gemessen wird, entspricht. Der Streuquerschnitt für diesen Prozess hängt von der Bjorken-Skalenvariable, den Vierer-Impulsübertrag und den Transversalimpulsübertrag, deren durchschnittliche Werte für unsere Datensätze bei =0.12, =2.3 GeV^2, =-0.18 GeV^2 liegen, sowie zwei azimuthale Winkel: der Winkel phi zwischen den Streu- und Produktionsebene (die Schnittlinie der Ebenen enthält das virtuelle Photon), und der Winkel phi_S zwischen der Streuebene und dem Polarisationsvector des Targets. Die Asymmetrie, auch Transversal-Target-Einzelspin-Azimuthalasymmetrie genannt, wird als das Verhältnis der Differenz zur Summ der Streuquerschnitte für die positive und negative Targetpolarisation definiert. Es wird durch sechs azimuthale Sinus-Modulationen charakterisiert, deren Amplituden von -1 bis 1 varieren können. Wir messen die Asymmetrie eines Datensatzes von 2093 Ereignissen mit einem Signal-Rausch-Verhältnis von 1:1. Im Durchschnitt wurden geringe oder mit Null übereinstimmende Amplitudenwerte gefunden, abgesehen von der Amplitude von der sin(phi_S) Modulation, allerdings innerhalb der großen exprimentellen Unsicherheiten. Ein direkter und genauerer Vergleich der Daten mit der Theorie verlangt größere Statistik und verbesserte Fähigkeiten des Detektor als für die vorliegende Messung vorhanden waren.We present the analysis of data taken in the years 2002-2004 with the 27.56 GeV positron beam of the HERA storage ring at DESY and the internal transversely polarised hydrogen fixed target of the HERMES experiment. Events with a scattered positron and a produced pion are selected. Exclusive production of single pions, e p -> e'' n pi+, is ensured by requiring the missing mass in the event to be equal to the mass of the neutron, which is not detected. The cross section for this process depends on the Bjorken scaling variable, the four-momentum transfer, and the transverse four-momentum transfer, whose average values for our sample are =0.12, =2.3 GeV^2, =-0.18 GeV^2, respectively, and two azimuthal angles: the angle phi between the scattering and production planes (their common line contains the virtual photon), and the angle phi_S between the scattering plane and the target polarisation vector. The asymmetry, also called transverse-target single-spin azimuthal asymmetry, is defined as the ratio of the difference to the sum of the cross sections for positive and negative target polarisation. It is characterised by six azimuthal sine modulations, whose amplitudes can vary from -1 to 1. We measure the asymmetry from a sample of 2093 events with a signal-to-background ratio of 1:1. At average kinematics, the values of the amplitudes are found to be small or consistent with zero, except for the amplitude of the sin(phi_S) modulation, however, within their large statistical uncertainties. A direct and more precise data-to-theory comparison requires larger statistics and improved detector capabilities than available for the present measurement.
3
Iovenitti, Pio Gioacchino, and piovenitti@swin edu au. "Three-dimensional measurement using a single camera and target tracking." Swinburne University of Technology, 1997. http://adt.lib.swin.edu.au./public/adt-VSWT20060724.151747.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis involves the development of a three-dimensional measurement system
for digitising the surface of an object. The measurement system consists of a single
camera and a four point planar target of known size. The target is hand held, and is
used to probe the surface of the object being measured. The position of the target is
tracked by the camera, and the contact point on the object is determined. The vision
based digitising technique can be used in the industrial and engineering design fields
during the product development phase.
The accuracy of measurement is an important criterion for establishing the success
of the 3-D measurement system, and the factors influencing the accuracy are
investigated. These factors include the image processing algorithm, the intrinsic
parameters of the camera, the algorithm to determine the position, and various
procedural variables. A new iterative algorithm is developed to calculate position.
This algorithm is evaluated, and its performance is compared to that of an analytic
algorithm. Simple calibration procedures are developed to determine the intrinsic
parameters, and mathematical models are constructed to justify these procedures.
The performance of the 3-D measurement system is established and compared to
that of existing digitising systems.
4
Gok, Sercan. "Fuzzy Decision Fusion For Single Target Classification In Wireless Sensor Networks." Master's thesis, METU, 2009. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/3/12611296/index.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
Nowadays, low-cost and tiny sensors are started to be commonly used due to developing technology. Wireless sensor networks become the solution for a variety of applications such as military applications. For military applications, classification of a target in a battlefield plays an important role. Target classification can be done effectively by using wireless sensor networks. A wireless sensor node has the ability to sense the raw signal data in battlefield, extract the feature vectors from sensed signal and produce a local classification result using a classifier. Although only one sensor is enough to produce a classification result, decision fusion of the local classification results for the sensor nodes improves classification accuracy and loads lower computational burden on the sensor nodes. Decision fusion performance can also be improved by picking optimum sensor nodes for target classification.
In this thesis, we propose fuzzy decision fusion methods for single target classification in wireless sensor networks. Our proposed fusion algorithms use fuzzy logic for selecting the appropriate sensor nodes to be used for classification. Our solutions provide better classification accuracy over some popular decision fusion algorithms. In addition to fusion algorithms, we present some techniques for feature vector size reduction on sensor nodes, and training set formation for classifiers.
5
Carlhamn, Rasmussen Liv. "Evaluation of Cu2ZnSnS4 Absorber Films Sputtered from a Single, Quaternary Target." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för kemi - Ångström, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-199838.
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Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) is a promising absorber material for thin-film solar cells since it contains no rare or toxic elements, has a high absorption coefficient and a near ideal bandgap energy. It does, however, present some challenges due to the limited single-phase region of the desired kesterite phase and its instability towards decomposition. Sputtering of CZTS from quaternary, compound targets using RF magnetron sputtering is known. In this thesis work CZTS absorbers were made using pulsed DC magnetron sputtering on stainless steel substrates. The effects of varying substrate temperature and adding seed layers to promote grain growth were investigated, as well as the effects of a rapid thermal anneal in a S-rich atmosphere. Film compositions determined by X-ray fluorescence were found to be inside or close to the kesterite single-phase region in the phase diagram, but were generally too Cu-rich and Zn-poor to yield good results. The kesterite phase was confirmed with X-ray crystallography and Raman spectroscopy, indicating that it is possible to sputter CZTS from a single target with a high deposition rate. It was found that Cu2S seed layers could induce a significant increase in grain size, and preliminary experiments showed no evidence of the seed layer remaining after deposition of the absorber. Higher substrate temperatures also lead to increased grain size, but excessive heating caused the decomposition of the CZTS. Annealing induced grain growth, relaxed internal stress in the material and improved the electrical properties of the CZTS films, primarily by the removal of shunts.
6
Matsunaga, Shinichiro. "A single-chip CMOS tracking image sensor for a complex target." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/15285.
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Recently CMOS sensors have been greatly improved, and various smart sensors, which include processing units inside the chip, have been reported. Although a number of methods for motion detection are reported in the literature, little attention has been paid to tracking sensors. Many motion detection sensors have been reported, and sometimes motion detection and motion object tracking are regarded as equivalent, since they typically use the same algorithm at the front end. However they are not the same. Tracking means tracing the progress of objects as they move about in a visual scene. The target must be followed continuously for a long time. On the other hand motion detectors only output instantaneous target movement. There are two main problems in the existing design of tracking sensors. Firstly they cannot handle complex target images, therefore simple features are used as the target for some sensors, even though the target does not always have those features in the real-world. Usually those sensors only track simple features such as edges or bright points. Secondly the precision of tracking is quite poor due to their circuit techniques. So although they perform well on synthetic data, performance is poor on real-world images. This thesis investigates how to realize a single chip tracking sensor which can deal with complex real-world object. A survey of existing tracking algorithms, which can be implemented on silicon is presented. A computation directed algorithm, which is known as BMA (Block Matching Algorithm) has been adopted and modified. This algorithm can deal not only with edges but also with more ambiguous features, and a performance of the algorithm is tested with real-world images. Hybrid circuits consisting sensors, analogue and digital circuits have been developed, and high precision tracking circuits are presented. The circuits, which incorporate 64x64 Active Pixel Sensors, parallel analogue memory and a Switched Capacitor parallel processing unit, are implemented on a single chip and fabricated. The circuits have been tested electrically, and total chip performance has been examined with test bed for tracking. Finally ideas for future improvements are presented. These are actually possible with current CMOS technology.
7
Secmen, Mustafa. "A Novel Music Algorithm Based Electromagnetic Target Recognition Method In Resonance Region For The Classification Of Single And Multiple Targets." Phd thesis, METU, 2008. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/2/12609306/index.pdf.
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This thesis presents a novel aspect and polarization invariant electromagnetic target recognition technique in resonance region based on use of MUSIC algorithm for the extraction of natural-resonance related target features. In the suggested method, the feature patterns called &ldquoMUSIC Spectrum Matrices (MSMs)&rdquo
are constructed for each candidate target at each reference aspect angle using targets&rsquo
scattered data at different late-time intervals. These individual MSMs correspond to maps of targets&rsquo
natural-resonance related power distributions. All these patterns are first used to obtain optimal late-time interval for classifier design and a &ldquo
Fused MUSIC Spectrum Matrix (FMSM)&rdquo
is generated over this interval for each target by superposing MSMs. The resulting FMSMs include more complete information for target resonances and are almost insensitive to aspect and polarization. In case of multiple target recognition, the relative locations of a multi-target group and separation distance between targets are also important factors. Therefore, MSM features are computed for each multi-target group at each &ldquo
reference aspect/topology&rdquo
combination to determine the optimum late-time interval. The FMSM feature of a given multi-target group is obtained by the superposition of all these aspect and topology dependent MSMs. In both single and multiple target recognition cases, the resulting FMSM power patterns are main target features of the designed classifier to be used during real-time decisions. At decision phase, the unknown test target is classified either as one of the candidate targets or as an alien target by comparing correlation coefficients computed between MSM of test signal and FMSM of each candidate target.
8
Naeem, Asad. "Single and multiple target tracking via hybrid mean shift/particle filter algorithms." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2010. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/12699/.
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This thesis is concerned with single and multiple target visual tracking algorithms and their application in the real world. While they are both powerful and general, one of the main challenges of tracking using particle filter-based algorithms is to manage the particle spread. Too wide a spread leads to dispersal of particles onto clutter, but limited spread may lead to difficulty when fast-moving objects and/or high-speed camera motion throw trackers away from their target(s). This thesis addresses the particle spread management problem. Three novel tracking algorithms are presented, each of which combines particle filtering and Kernel Mean Shift methods to produce more robust and accurate tracking. The first single target tracking algorithm, the Structured Octal Kernel Filter (SOK), combines Mean Shift (Comaniciu et al 2003) and Condensation (Isard and Blake 1998a). The spread of the particle set is handled by structurally placing the particles around the object, using eight particles arranged to cover the maximum area. Mean Shift is then applied to each particle to seek the global maxima. In effect, SOK uses intelligent switching between Mean Shift and particle filtering based on a confidence level. Though effective, it requires a threshold to be set and performs a somewhat inflexible search. The second single target tracking algorithm, the Kernel Annealed Mean Shift tracker (KAMS), uses an annealed particle filter (Deutscher et al 2000), but introduces a Mean Shift step to control particle spread. As a result, higher accuracy and robustness are achieved using fewer particles and annealing levels. Finally, KAMS is extended to create a multi-object tracking algorithm (MKAMS) by introducing an interaction filter to handle object collisions and occlusions. All three algorithms are compared experimentally with existing single/multiple object tracking algorithms. The evaluation procedure compares competing algorithms' robustness, accuracy and computational cost using both numerical measures and a novel application of McNemar's statistic. Results are presented on a wide variety of artificial and real image sequences.
9
Barker, Amy Magoolagan. "Evaluating a single-stranded RNA genome as an anti-viral drug target." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2018. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/20768/.
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In ssRNA viruses, generating progeny can create antigenic drift as a result of protein mutations. This enables viruses to evade vaccine control meaning novel anti-viral targets are always in demand. The discovery of the evolutionarily conserved packaging signal (PS)-mediated assembly mechanism has been proposed as a novel anti-viral target and the work described here is the first to direct drugs towards the RNA stem-loops (SLs) involved. Using T=3 bacteriophage MS2 as a model for studying (+)ssRNA viruses, the secondary structure of RNAs derived from genomic RNA (gRNA) were explored as anti-viral targets. Using in silico modelling, ligands were identified and tested in vitro to verify binding to MS2’s highest affinity PS, translational repressor (TR). One ligand, mitoxantrone (MTX), was shown to bind RNA stem-loop “TR” with KD = 302 ± 22 nM. MTX is known to bind RNA at unpaired adenosine bases, removing the bulged adenosine base from TR increased the KD to 1.11 ± 0.17 uM. TR-mediated MS2 reassembles in the presence of MTX formed species ≤67 kDa. MTX did not bind to MS2 coat protein dimer, inferring that it exerts its anti-assembly effect(s) via RNA binding. gRNA-mediated reassemblies in the presence of MTX produced mis-assembled capsids. In vivo MTX reduced the infectivity of wild-type MS2 in E.coli. After three passages, the presence of MTX generated escape mutants. Next Generation Sequencing showed that MS2 generated a unique nucleotide mutation, G393U in the 5′ region, encoding for the Maturation Protein (MP), within a SL that also binds the MP. Comparing in virio to in vitro reassembled particles by X-ray footprinting showed an increase in hydroxyl radical reactivity, implying this region of RNA binds the MP in virio. ssRNA bacteriophage use their MP to recognise the host cell and to protect the ends of its viral RNA, an interaction that is necessary for successful infection. Targeting important RNA:protein complexes that underpin infectious virion assembly is a novel route for anti-viral therapy.
10
Oakey, Mary E. "Developing a Quantitative Means for Evaluating Single Isocenter Multi-Target SRS Plans." University of Toledo Health Science Campus / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=mco1556908025631349.
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Trevisoli, Priscila Anchieta. "Association of predicted deleterious single nucleotide polymorphisms with carcass traits in meat-type chickens." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11139/tde-21082018-152925/.
Full textAbstract:
Breeding has been the mainly responsible for the increase of poultry efficiency in the last decades. The breeding programs are geared towards higher meat yield and feed efficiency. Among the used genomic approaches, genome wide association studies (GWAS) identified quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with carcass traits in a meat-type population (TT Reference Population). GWAS analysis identifies variants in linkage disequilibrium with the possible causal mutation and with the aim of refining these results, association study with missense single nucleotide polymorphisms can be useful. A missense SNP can be predicted as deleterious via Sorting Intolerant From Tolerant (SIFT) score when the amino acid change has the potential to impact the protein function and consequently may affects the phenotype. Therefore, in this study, predicted deleterious SNPs within QTLs regions were identified and associated with thigh, drumstick, abdominal fat and breast weight and their yields. Mixed model was used with sex, incubation and SNPs genotypes as fixed effects and family as random effect. From the 20 SNPs analyzed, six were significantly associated (p <0.05) with weight and yield of thigh, breast and drumstick. Three of them s736010549, rs739508259 and rs313532967 are located in the genes WDR77, VWA8 and BARL, respectively. These genes are involved in biological process as steroid hormone signaling pathway, estrogen binding, and regulation of cell proliferation. We determined these genes as candidates for muscle growth. Our strategy allowed the identification of potential causal mutations associated with muscle growth and development.O melhoramento genético é o principal responsável pelo aumento da eficiência da produção avícola nas últimas décadas e os programas de melhoramento de aves estão direcionados para um maior rendimento de carne e eficiência alimentar. Dentre as abordagens genômicas, estudos de associação genômica ampla (GWAS) identificaram loci associados com características quantitativas (QTLs) de carcaça em uma população de frangos de corte. Análise de GWAS identifica regiões em desequilíbrio de ligação com possíveis mutações causais e com o objetivo de refinar esses resultados, estudos de associações usando polimorfismos de base única (SNPs) não sinônimos podem ser úteis. O SNP não sinônimo pode ser predito como deletério por meio do Sorting Intolerant From Tolerant (SIFT) score quando a alteração de aminoácidos tem o potencial de impactar a função da proteína e consequentemente pode afetar o fenótipo. Portanto, neste estudo, SNPs preditos como deletérios localizados em regiões de QTLs foram identificados e associados com peso e rendimento de coxa, sobrecoxa, gordura abdominal e peito de frangos de corte. Modelo misto foi utilizado, com sexo, incubação e genótipos dos SNPs como efeitos fixos e família como efeito aleatório. De 20 SNPs analisados, seis foram associados significativamente (p<0,05) com peso e rendimento de coxa, sobrecoxa e peito, e três deles rs736010549, rs739508259 e rs313532967 estão presentes nos genes WDR77, VWA8 e BARL, respectivamente. Estes genes estão relacionados com processos biológicos como via de sinalização de esteroide, receptores de estrogênio e de ácidos biliares. Nossa estratégia permitiu a identificação de potenciais mutações causais associadas com crescimento e desenvolvimento muscular.
12
Xiao, Jingjing. "Single-target tracking of arbitrary objects using multi-layered features and contextual information." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2016. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/6688/.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis investigated single-target tracking of arbitrary objects. Tracking is a difficult problem due to a variety of challenges such as significant deformations of the target, occlusions, illumination variations, background clutter and camouflage. To achieve robust tracking performance under these severe conditions, this thesis proposed firstly a novel RGB single-target tracker which models the target with multi-layered features and contextual information. The proposed algorithm was tested on two different tracking benchmarks, i.e., VTB and VOT, where it demonstrated significantly more robust performance than other state-of-the-art RGB trackers. Proposed secondly was an extension of the designed RGB tracker to handle RGB-D images using both temporal and spatial constraints to exploit depth information more robustly. For evaluation, the thesis introduced a new RGB-D benchmark dataset with per-frame annotated attributes and extensive bias analysis, on which the proposed tracker achieved the best results. Proposed thirdly was a new tracking approach to handle camouflage problems in highly cluttered scenes exploiting global dynamic constraints from the context. To evaluate the tracker, a benchmark dataset was augmented with a new set of clutter sub-attributes. Using this dataset, it was demonstrated that the proposed method outperforms other state-of-the-art single target trackers on highly cluttered scenes.
13
Oztan, Baha Baran. "Linear Prediction For Single Snapshot Multiple Target Doppler Estimation Under Possibly Moving Radar Clutter." Master's thesis, METU, 2008. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12609741/index.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
We have devised a processor for pulsed Doppler radars for multi-target detection in same folded range under land and moving clutter. To this end, we have investigated the estimation of parameters, i.e., frequencies, amplitudes, and phases, of complex exponentials that model target echoes under radar clutter characterized by antenna scanning modulation with observation limited to single snapshot, i.e., one burst. The Maximum Likelihood method of estimation is presented together with the bounds on estimates, i.e., Cramér-Rao bounds. We have analyzed linear prediction, together with its efficient implementation invented by Tufts &
Kumaresan, and compared its performance to other high resolution frequency estimation algorithms all modified to run under clutter. The essential part of the work is that line spectra estimation techniques model the clutter process also as a complex exponential. In addition, linear prediction combined with linear time&ndash
invariant maximum Signal to Interference Ratio (SIR) processor is analyzed. A technique to determine the model order, which is required by the frequency estimation algorithms, is presented that does not distinguish between targets and clutter. Clutter region concept is introduced to identify targets from clutter. The possibility to use these algorithms for target classification is briefly explained after providing a literature survey on helicopter echoes.
14
Zajac, Pawel. "Parallel target selection by trinucleotide threading." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Genteknologi, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-11284.
Full textAbstract:
DNA is the code for all life. Via intermediary RNA the information encoded by the genome is relayed to proteins executing the various functions in a cell. Together, this repertoire of inherently linked biological macromolecules determines all characteristics and features of a cell. Technological advancements during the last decades have enabled the pursuit of novel types of studies and the investigation of the cell and its constituents at a progressively higher level of detail. This has shed light on numerous cellular processes and on the underpinnings of several diseases. For the majority of studies focusing on nucleic acids, an amplification step has to be implemented before an analysis, scoring or interrogation method translates the amplified material into relevant biological information. This information can, for instance, be the genotype of particular SNPs or STRs, or the abundance level of a set of interesting transcripts. As such, amplification plays a significant role in nucleic acid assays. Over the years, a number of techniques – most notably PCR – has been devised to meet this amplification need, specifically or randomly multiplying desired regions. However, many of the approaches do not scale up easily rendering comprehensive studies cumbersome, time-consuming and necessitating large quantities of material.Trinucleotide threading (TnT) – forming the red thread throughout this thesis – is a multiplex amplification method, enabling simultaneous targeted amplification of several nucleic acid regions in a specific manner. TnT begins with a controlled linear DNA thread formation, each type of thread corresponding to a segment of interest, by a gap-fill reaction using a restricted trinucleotide set. The whole collection of created threads is subsequently subjected to an exponential PCR amplification employing a single primer pair. The generated material can thereafter be analyzed with a multitude of readout and detection platforms depending on the issue or characteristic under consideration.TnT offers a high level of specificity by harnessing the inherent specificities of a polymerase and a ligase acting on a nucleotide set encompassing three out of the four nucleotide types. Accordingly, several erroneous events have to occur in order to produce artifacts. This necessitates override of a number of control points.The studies constituting this thesis demonstrate integration of the TnT amplification strategy in assays for analysis of various aspects of DNA and RNA. TnT was adapted for expression profiling of intermediately-sized gene sets using both conventional DNA microarrays and massively parallel second generation 454 sequencing for readout. TnT, in conjunction with 454 sequencing, was also employed for allelotyping, defined as determination of allele frequencies in a cohort. In this study, 147 SNPs were simultaneously assayed in a pool comprising genomic DNA of 462 individuals. Finally, TnT was recruited for parallel amplification of STR loci with detection relying on capillary gel electrophoresis. In all investigations, the material generated with TnT was of sufficient quality and quantity to produce reliable and accurate biological information.Taken together, TnT represents a viable multiplex amplification technique permitting parallel amplification of genomic segments, for instance harboring polymorphisms, or of expressed genes. In addition to these, this versatile amplification module can be implemented in assays targeting a range of other features of genomes and transcriptomes.QC 20100819
15
Leschhorn, Günther. "Time-resolved measurements on a single molecular target and Discrete Kink Solitons in Ion traps." Diss., lmu, 2012. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-139027.
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16
Chan, N. M. M. "Isolation of a single chain antibody fragment specific to a molecular target of MLL leukaemias." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.597424.
Full textAbstract:
The isolation of a single chain variable fragment (scFv), a format of intrabody, specific to a downstream molecular target of MLL-AF9 and MLL-ENL translocations is described. Further characterisation allowed assessment of its potential as a therapeutic agent. MLL-AF9t(11;9)(q23,q23) and MLL-ENL t(11;19)(q23;p13.3) are frequently implicated in spontaneous acute leukaemias. In both cases, fusion proteins are produced. MLL-fusion proteins are believed to play a dominant role in leukaemogenesis. AF9 and ENL are related transcriptional activators; their MLL-fusion proteins might possess aberrant transcriptional activating potential and by disrupting normal haematopoietic differentiation programmes leukaemia might result. Two engineered mouse models mimicking MLL-AF9 and NILL-ENL translocations have been described. These mice developed myeloid leukaemia and Hoxa7, Hoxa9 and Hoxa10 were up-regulated in tumour tissues. These are all known targets of human MLL-AF9 and MLL-ENL translocations. Furthermore, nude mice injected with cell lines derived from these tumour tissues themselves developed tumours. These findings supported the representativeness of these mouse models to the human disease. Hoxa9 was chosen for further study. It is believed to have a dominant role in leukaemogenesis. Using the laboratory’s intracellular antibody capture (IAC) protocol, an scFv targeting the Hoxa9 homeodomain (HD) was isolated. The IAC protocol allows top-down isolation of functional scFvs from a large pool of target-specific binders from scFv libraries. scFvs representing three unique sequences were isolated from in vitro phage display screening, and one was found to bind to the Hoxa9 HD in vivo. Further characterisation of this scFv revealed that both domains are required for antigen-recognition. Hoxa9 belongs to an evolutionarily conserved family. There are 39 HOX proteins in humans and they are highly homologous. Besides the Hoxa9 HD, this scFv also recognised Hoxal0, another downstream target of MLL-AF9 and MLL-ENL translocations. Hox HDs consist of three helices. In Hoxa9 these helices were replaced individually by the respective helices of HOX11, which are poorly resemblant to Hoxa9’s. It was determined that all three helices of the Hoxa9 HD are required for scFvIII binding, since scFvIII failed to bind any chimaeric Hoxa9 HD. This also indicates high antigen-binding specificity. scFvIII may touch all three helices. This work provides an example of the isolation of target-specific intrabodies which may neutralise the activity of disease-causing proteins inside cells and hence be used as therapeutic agents in the future.
17
Alkhairy, Sahar Ashraf. "Comprehensive single and paired drug target identification in healthy and disease models of NF-kB pathway." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/105937.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis: M. Eng. in Computer Science and Molecular Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2016.This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 81-82).
Nuclear NF-[kappa]B ("NF-[kappa]Bn") is a transcription factor responsible for regulating many genes that play important roles in inter- and intra-cellular signaling, cellular stress responses, cell growth, survival and apoptosis. Defective levels of NF-[kappa]Bn has been associated with cancer, inflammatory, and autoimmune diseases. Therefore, it is important to identify species in the NF-[kappa]B pathway that if inhibited/ targeted by added drugs normalize the levels of NF-[kappa]Bn. Also, since there is a limit to how effective single drug targets are in complicated diseases, identification of combinations of targets is very important. Existing experimental and computational work are disease specific, not comprehensive as they only analyze specific drug targets, and rarely analyze combinations of targets. In this thesis, we computationally modify a healthy model of the pathway to reflect what is defective in different classes of diseases. Then for each of the healthy and disease models, we score individual targets based on how much change in concentration of NF-[kappa]Bn they induce when inhibited with an added inhibitor. Furthermore, we explain (1) why certain species score better than others, (2) why the inhibition profile of the output (NF-[kappa]Bn) is not linear, and (3) why some isoforms of the same species score better than others. We also classify pairs of targets based on whether they are synergistic, additive, or antagonistic and obtain general trends for synergism of target combinations. Finally, we provide a comparison of the identified best targets with previously identified ones. One of our main findings is that very few species are effective at low levels of inhibition but many are effective at extremely high levels of inhibition. We also find that the scores of the species greatly depend on their steady state concentrations, the relative reaction parameters such as nuclear import/export rates and synthesis rates, and the relative concentrations of IKK and NF-[kappa]B. Furthermore, we find that all species that have some effect on the output are synergistic with one another. In departure from other approaches we have computationally targeted both individual proteins and protein complexes, rather than just individual proteins. Although protein complexes score better they are more difficult to inhibit physically.
by Sahar Ashraf Alkhairy.
M. Eng. in Computer Science and Molecular Biology
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Don, Nicola. "A single molecule approach to investigate how AP1 transcriptional regulators find their target sites on DNA." Thesis, University of Essex, 2015. http://repository.essex.ac.uk/16580/.
Full textAbstract:
Transcriptional regulator protein family members Activator Protein-1 (AP1) bind to their target site TGAC/GTCA during the normal cell cycle. Their over-expression is linked to the initiation of cancer. Regulating cFos and cJun interactions with AP1 binding sites is a potential cancer therapy strategy. How the proteins find their target sites and whether non-specific DNA binding occurs will be investigated. The Protein Fragment Complementation Assay (PCA) derived inhibitor FosW is also capable of interfering with its target cJun. To study these proteins, DNA tightropes were created where single strands of λ, pUC19, pUCap1 and target-free λ (TFλ) DNA were suspended above the surface of a glass coverslip on 5 μm high pedestals. Oblique Angle Fluorescence (OAF) microscopy was used to image Quantum dot (Qdot) conjugated proteins in vitro. The protein combinations cFos:cFos, cJun:cJun, cFos:cJun, FosW and FosW+cJun (Mason et al. 2006, Worrall and Mason 2011) were studied interacting with the different DNA substrates and within the AP1 family. 71 ± 3.1% cJun:cJun, 53 ± 6.1% cFos:cJun heterodimers diffused 3-Dimensionally and 1-Dimensionally along λ DNA, indicating this is a crucial part of their search mechanism. Surprisingly, cFos is capable of dimerising, a previously unseen observation. 45 ± 3.7% of these cFos:cFos homodimers also diffused 3-Dimensionally and 1-Dimensionally. Diffusion decreased when the proteins interacted with pUC19 and pUCap1 and cJun only showed 3 ± 1.5% movement on TFλ, an unexpected observation. The interaction between FosW and cJun:cJun indicated clear interference with cJun dimerization. 55 ± 11.0% FosW and 39 ± 11.0% FosW+cJun diffused 3-Dimensionally and 1-Dimensionally. This was observed to occur directly on DNA and clarifies the mechanism of competitive inhibition and partner exchange in the AP1 family. This insight may significantly impact our understanding on how these proteins regulate transcription and help define new mechanisms of inhibition.
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Winkler, Joseph W. "An Investigation into Ground Moving Target Indication (GMTI) Using a Single-Channel Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR)." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2013. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/3555.
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Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) was originally designed as an airborne ground-imaging radar technology. But it has long been desired to also be able to use SAR imaging systems to detect, locate, and track moving ground targets, a process called Ground Moving Target Indication (GMTI). Unfortunately, due to the nature of how SAR works, it is inherently poorly suited to the task of GMTI. SAR only focuses targets and image features that remain stationary during the data collection. A moving ground target therefore does not focus in a conventional SAR image, which complicates the process of performing GMTI with SAR systems. This thesis investigates the feasibility of performing GMTI with single-channel, unsquinted, broadside stripmap SAR despite this inherent limitation. This study focuses solely on the idealized case of direct energy returns from point targets on flat ground, where they and the airborne radar platform all move rectilinearly with constant speed. First, the various aspects of how SAR works, the signal processing used to collect the SAR data, and the backprojection image formation algorithm are explained. The effects of target motion are described and illustrated in actual and simulated SAR images. It is shown how the backprojection (BPJ) algorithm, typically used to image a stationary landscape scene, can also focus on moving targets when the target motion is known a priori. A SAR BPJ ambiguity function is also derived and presented. Next, the time-changing geometry between the airborne radar and a ground target is mathematically analyzed, and it is shown that the slant range between the radar and any ground target, moving or stationary, is a hyperbolic function of time. It is then shown that this hyperbolic range history causes the single-channel SAR GMTI problem to be underdetermined. Finally, a method is then presented for resolving the underdetermined nature of the problem. This is done by constraining a target's GMTI solution using contextual information in the SAR image. Using constraining information, a theoretical way is presented to perform limited GMTI with a single-channel SAR system by using a modified form of the BPJ imaging algorithm, and practical considerations are addressed that complicate the process. Instead of focusing on stationary pixels, this GMTI method uses the BPJ ambiguity function to search for moving targets on a straight path, such as a road, by performing matched filtering on a collection of moving pixels in a position-velocity image space. Nevertheless, it is concluded that for moving point targets, general GMTI with no path constraints is infeasible in practice with a single-channel SAR.
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Gittens, Shaun. "Neural network generation of temporal sequences from single static vector inputs using varying length distal target sequences." College Park, Md. : University of Maryland, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/6710.
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Thesis (Ph. D.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2007.Thesis research directed by: Computer Science. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.
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Croci, R. "RNA DEPENDENT RNA POLYMERASE: A VALUABLE TARGET TO BLOCK VIRAL REPLICATION IN SINGLE-STRANDED (+)SENSE RNA VIRUSES." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/243352.
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The (+)strand RNA viruses include a very large group of viruses that cause epidemic diseases in humans, including dengue fever and gastroenteritis. The human (+)RNA viruses include Flaviviruses (FV) and Norovirus (NV). Both encode for proteins essential for viral replication, such as the RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). Since human cells lack RdRp, it appears as one of the most promising targets for antivirals development. I worked on the identification of new non-nucleotide inhibitors against FV and NV, using RdRp as the main target. In this context, suramin and NF023 have been identified in my lab as NV RdRp inhibitors that, however both are hampered in their application by pharmacokinetics problems. To overcome such problems, I analyzed the potential inhibitory role of Naf2, a fragment derived from these two molecules. Although Naf2 showed a low inhibitory activity, the crystal structures of NV RdRp/Naf2 complex revealed a new binding site. To further map this new site, I tested a Naf2 related molecule, PPNDS. The crystal structures of the RdRp/PPNDS complex revealed interesting features about the new binding site. I also focused on structurally related molecules synthesized following structure-driven information. NV RdRp crystal structures in complex with one of these compounds (Cpd6) were analyzed, providing new knowledge on the interactions between a small fragment and NV RdRps, establishing a platform for structure-guided drug optimization. In parallel to the NV work, I screened in silico a library of compounds against FV RdRp. One of the best compounds identified (HeE1-2Tyr) was able to inhibit the RdRp activity and several FVs in cell-based assays. Although the crystallographic analyses don't reveal clear enough electron density for the inhibitor, indirect evidence suggests that HeE1-2Tyr interferes with the RdRp priming loop that appears disordered.
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Dutta, Chiranjib. "MEASUREMENT OF SINGLE-TARGET SPIN ASYMMETRIES IN THE ELECTROPRODUCTION OF NEGATIVE PIONS IN THE SEMI-INCLUSIVE DEEP INELASTIC REACTION n↑(e,éπ¯)X ON A TRANSVERSELY POLARIZED 3He TARGET." UKnowledge, 2010. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/gradschool_diss/29.
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The experiment E06010 measured the target single spin asymmetry (SSA) in the semiinclusive deep inelastic (SIDIS) n↑(e,éπ¯)X reaction with a transversely polarized 3He target as an effective neutron target. This is the very first independent measurement of the neutron SSA, following the measurements at HERMES and COMPASS on the proton and the deuteron. The experiment acquired data in Hall A at Jefferson Laboratory with a continuous electron beam of energy 5.9 GeV, probing the valence quark region, with x = 0.13→0.41, at Q2 = 1.31→3.1 GeV2. The two contributing mechanisms to the measured asymmetry, viz, the Collins effect and the Sivers effect can be realized through the variation of the asymmetry as a function of the Collins and Sivers angles. The neutron Collins and Sivers moments, associated with the azimuthal angular modulations, are extracted from the measured asymmetry for the very first time and are presented in this thesis. The kinematics of this experiment is comparable to the HERMES proton measurement. However, the COMPASS measurements on deuteron and proton are in the low-x region. The results of this experiment are crucial as the first step toward the extraction of quark transversity and Sivers distribution functions in SIDIS. With the existing results on proton and deuteron, these new results on neutron will provide powerful constraints on the transversity and Sivers distributions of both the u and d-quarks in the valence region.
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Récamier, Vincent. "Single particle imaging in the cell nucleus : a quantitative approach." Phd thesis, Université René Descartes - Paris V, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00998389.
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The cell nucleus is a chemical reactor. Nuclear components interact with each other to express genes, duplicate the chromosomes for cell division, and protect DNA from alteration. These reactions are regulated along the cell cycle and in response to stress. One of the fundamental nuclear processes, transcription, enables the production of a messenger RNA from a template DNA sequence. While mandatory for the cell, transcription nevertheless may involve a very small number of molecules. Indeed, a single gene would have only few copies in the genome. During my PhD, I studied nuclear processes in human cells nuclei at the single molecule level with novel imaging techniques. I developed new statistical tools to quantify nuclear components movement that revealed a dynamic nuclear architecture. Since the 90s, simple methods have been developed for the observation of single molecules in the cell. These experiments can be conducted in an ordinary inverted microscope. We used these methods to monitor nuclear molecules called transcription factors (TF) that regulate transcription. From TF dynamics, we concluded that nuclear exploration by transcription factors is regulated by their chemical interactions with partners. The organization of the components of the nucleus guide transcription factors in their search of a gene. As an example of this organization, we then studied chromatin, the de-condensed form of nuclear DNA, proving that it displays the characteristics of a self-organized fractal structure. This structure changes in response to cellular fate and stress. In yeast, we showed that the interminglement of chromatin constrained DNA locus movement in a reptation regime. All these results show the interdependence of the structure of the nucleus and of its chemical reactions. With combination of realistic modeling and high resolution microscopy, we have enlightened the specificity of the nucleus as a chemical reactor. This thesis has also enabled the development of accurate methods for the statistical analysis of single molecule data.
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Keaikitse, Advice Seiphemo. "Long-term tracking of multiple interacting pedestrians using a single camera." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/86632.
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Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2014.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Object detection and tracking are important components of many computer vision applications including automated surveillance. Automated surveillance attempts to solve the challenges associated with closed-circuit camera systems. These include monitoring large numbers of cameras and the associated labour costs, and issues related to targeted surveillance. Object detection is an important step of a surveillance system and must overcome challenges such as changes in object appearance and illumination, dynamic background objects like ickering screens, and shadows. Our system uses Gaussian mixture models, which is a background subtraction method, to detect moving objects. Tracking is challenging because measurements from the object detection stage are not labelled and could be from false targets. We use multiple hypothesis tracking to solve this measurement origin problem. Practical long-term tracking of objects should have re-identi cation capabilities to deal with challenges arising from tracking failure and occlusions. In our system each tracked object is assigned a one-class support vector machine (OCSVM) which learns the appearance of that object. The OCSVM is trained online using HSV colour features. Therefore, objects that were occluded or left the scene can be reidenti ed and their tracks extended. Standard, publicly available data sets are used for testing. The performance of the system is measured against ground truth using the Jaccard similarity index, the track length and the normalized mean square error. We nd that the system performs well.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die opsporing en volging van voorwerpe is belangrike komponente van baie rekenaarvisie toepassings, insluitend outomatiese bewaking. Outomatiese bewaking poog om die uitdagings wat verband hou met geslote kring kamera stelsels op te los. Dit sluit in die monitering van groot hoeveelhede kameras en die gepaardgaande arbeidskoste, en kwessies wat verband hou met toegespitse bewaking. Die opsporing van voorwerpe is 'n belangrike stap in 'n bewakingstelsel en moet uitdagings soos veranderinge in die voorwerp se voorkoms en beligting, dinamiese agtergrondvoorwerpe soos ikkerende skerms, en skaduwees oorkom. Ons stelsel maak gebruik van Gaussiese mengselmodelle, wat 'n agtergrond-aftrek metode is, om bewegende voorwerpe op te spoor. Volging is 'n uitdaging, want afmetings van die voorwerp-opsporing stadium is nie gemerk nie en kan afkomstig wees van valse teikens. Ons gebruik verskeie hipotese volging (multiple hypothesis tracking ) om hierdie meting-oorsprong probleem op te los. Praktiese langtermynvolging van voorwerpe moet heridenti seringsvermoëns besit, om die uitdagings wat voortspruit uit mislukte volging en okklusies te kan hanteer. In ons stelsel word elke gevolgde voorwerp 'n een-klas ondersteuningsvektormasjien (one-class support vector machine, OCSVM) toegeken, wat die voorkoms van daardie voorwerp leer. Die OCSVM word aanlyn afgerig met die gebruik van HSV kleurkenmerke. Daarom kan voorwerpe wat verdwyn later her-identi seer word en hul spore kan verleng word. Standaard, openbaar-beskikbare datastelle word vir toetse gebruik. Die prestasie van die stelsel word gemeet teen korrekte afvoer, met behulp van die Jaccard ooreenkoms-indeks, die spoorlengte en die genormaliseerde gemiddelde kwadraatfout. Ons vind dat die stelsel goed presteer.
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Gulez, Taner. "Weapon-target Allocation And Scheduling For Air Defense With Time Varying Hit Probabilities." Master's thesis, METU, 2007. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12608471/index.pdf.
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In this thesis, mathematical modeling and heuristic approaches are developed for surface-to-air weapon-target allocation problem with time varying single shot hit probabilities (SSHP) against linearly approaching threats. First, a nonlinear mathematical model for the problem is formulated to maximize sum of the weighted survival probabilities of assets to be defended. Next, nonlinear objective function and constraints are linearized. Time varying SSHP values are approximated with appropriate closed forms and adapted to the linear model obtained. This model is tested on different scenarios and results are compared with those of the original nonlinear model. It is observed that the linear model is solved much faster than the nonlinear model and produces reasonably good solutions. It is inferred from the solutions of both models that engagements should be made as late as possible, when the threats are closer to the weapons, to have SSHP values higher. A construction heuristic is developed based on this scheme. An improvement heuristic that uses the solution of the construction heuristic is
also proposed. Finally, all methods are tested on forty defense scenarios. Two fastest solution methods, the linear model and the construction heuristic, are compared on a large scenario and proposed as appropriate solution techniques for
the weapon-target allocation problems.
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BALAPA, MANOHAR. "A HEURISTIC FLIGHT PATH PLANNER FOR A SMALL UAV ATTEMPTING TO FIND A SINGLE TARGET IN MINIMUM TIME." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1201285427.
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Kissel, Jay D. "Target specificity and structural characterization of single-stranded DNA aptamer RT1t49, a broad inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptases." [Bloomington, Ind.] : Indiana University, 2007. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3274917.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Indiana University, Dept. of Biology, 2007.Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 68-07, Section: B, page: 4320. Adviser: Donald H. Burke-Aguero. Title from dissertation home page (viewed Apr. 22, 2008).
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Alexander, Jason S. "Interference effects due to projective-target nucleus scattering in single ionization of molecular hydrogen by 75 keV proton impact." Diss., Rolla, Mo. : Missouri University of Science and Technology, 2009. http://scholarsmine.mst.edu/thesis/pdf/Alexander_09007dcc8064b51f.pdf.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Missouri University of Science and Technology, 2009.Vita. The entire thesis text is included in file. Title from title screen of thesis/dissertation PDF file (viewed April 27, 2009) Includes bibliographical references (p. 70-74).
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Ozkilic, Sibel. "Performance Improvement Of A 3-d Configuration Reconstruction Algorithm For An Object Using A Single Camera Image." Master's thesis, METU, 2004. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/1095793/index.pdf.
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Performance improvement of a 3-D configuration reconstruction algorithm using a passive secondary target has been focused in this study. In earlier studies, a theoretical development of the 3-D configuration reconstruction algorithm was achieved and it was implemented by a computer program on a system consisting of an optical bench and a digital imaging system. The passive secondary target used was a circle with two internal spots.
In order to use this reconstruction algorithm in autonomous systems, an automatic target recognition algorithm has been developed in this study. Starting from a pre-captured and stored 8-bit gray-level image, the algorithm automatically detects the elliptical image of a circular target and determines its contour in the scene. It was shown that the algorithm can also be used for partially captured elliptical images.
Another improvement achieved in this study is the determination of internal camera parameters of the vision system.
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Hales, Audra Marie. "Using Systematic and Engaging Early Literacy Instruction and Digital Books to Teach At-Risk Kindergarteners to Read Target Words." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2012. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/3468.
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The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of using Systematic and Engaging Early Literacy (SEEL) intervention activities that incorporate digital books to teach kindergarteners to read. The study used a single-subject-multiple-baseline-across-behaviors design to compare kindergarten students' reading of comparable CVC words before and after intervention. Four students at-risk for reading difficulties were chosen for the study based on their performance on assessments and their teachers' recommendations. Students were divided into two dyads and received intervention three times a week for 25 minutes for approximately six weeks, or 18 total sessions. Baseline assessment data was collected prior to intervention, and performance on each target was monitored through the same assessment task after every intervention session. Students received SEEL instruction on one set of word targets while a comparable set was kept at baseline phase. After six intervention sessions on the first set of word targets, a second set was introduced while the first set was monitored for maintenance. Finally, a third set of target words was introduced and taught in six sessions, and the first two sets of words were monitored for maintenance. Instruction involved using meaningful and interactive activities that incorporated playful practice, multiple exposures to targets, explicit statement of the goal, and reciprocal teacher-student exchanges where students' contributions were acknowledged and incorporated into the lesson or meaning construction. After being exposed to the target words (orally and in writing), children were provided with additional opportunities to read and write the words within digital books created on the iPad.
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Bjering, Beatrice. "Estimations of 3D velocities from a single camera view in ice hockey." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för kemi, bioteknologi och hälsa (CBH), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-254320.
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Ice hockey is a contact sport with a high risk of brain injuries such as concussions. This is a serious health concern and there is a need of better understanding of the relationship between the kinematics of the head and concussions. The velocity and the direction of impact are factors that might affect the severity of the concussions. Therefore the understanding of concussions can be improved by extracting velocities from video analysis. In this thesis a prototype to extract 3D velocities from one single camera view was developed by using target tracking algorithms and homography. A validation of the method was done where the mean error was estimated to 21.7%. The prototype evaluated 60 cases of tackles where 30 resulted in concussions and the other 30 tackles did not result in concussions. No significant difference in the velocities between the two groups could be found. The mean velocity for the tackles that resulted in concussions were 6.55 m/s for the attacking player and 4.59 m/s for the injured player. The prototype was also compared with velocities extracted through SkillSpector from a previous bachelor thesis. There was a significant difference between the velocities compiled with SkillSpector and the developed prototype in this thesis. A validation of SkillSpector was also made, which showed that it had a mean error of 37.4%.Ishockey är en kontaktsport med hög risk för hjärnskador, så som hjärnskakningar. Detta är ett stort hälsoproblem och det finns ett behov av större förståelse mellan huvudets kinematik och hjärnskakningar. Hastigheten och riktningen av kollisionerna är faktorer som kan påverka svårighetsgraden av hjärnskakningarna. Därför kan förståelsen av hjärnskakningar förbättras genom att extrahera hastigheter med videoanalys. I denna rapport utvecklades en prototyp för att ta fram 3D hastigheter från en kameravinkel genom att använda målsökningsalgoritmer och homografi. En validering av prototypen gjordes där medelfelet uppskattades till 21.7%. Prototypen utvärderade även 60 fall av tacklingar där 30 resulterade hjärnskakningar och där de andra 30 tacklingarna inte resulterade i hjärnskakningar. Ingen signifikant skillnad mellan de två grupperna kunde påvisas. Medelhastigheten för tacklingarna som resulterade i hjärnskakning var 6.55 m/s för den attackerande spelaren och 4.59 m/s för den skadade spelaren. Prototypen jämfördes också med hastigheter som tagits fram med SkillSpector i ett tidigare kandidatexamensarbete. Det var en signifikant skillnad mellan de hastigheter som togs fram med prototypen och de som tog fram med SkillSpector. En validering av SkillSpector gjordes också, som visade att medelfelet var 37.4%.
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Deneault, Dustin. "Tracking ground targets with measurements obtained from a single monocular camera mounted on an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle." Thesis, Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/528.
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Kilic, Varlik. "Performance Improvement Of A 3d Reconstruction Algorithm Using Single Camera Images." Master's thesis, METU, 2005. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12606259/index.pdf.
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In this study, it is aimed to improve a set of image processing techniques used in a previously developed method for reconstructing 3D parameters of a secondary passive target using single camera images. This 3D reconstruction method was developed and implemented on a setup consisting of a digital camera, a computer, and a positioning unit. Some automatic target recognition techniques were also included in the method. The passive secondary target used is a circle with two internal spots.
In order to achieve a real time target detection, the existing binarization, edge detection, and ellipse detection algorithms are debugged, modified, or replaced to increase the speed, to eliminate the run time errors, and to become compatible for target tracking. The overall speed of 20 Hz is achieved for 640x480 pixel resolution 8 bit grayscale images on a 2.8 GHz computer
A novel target tracking method with various tracking strategies is introduced to reduce the search area for target detection and to achieve a detection and reconstruction speed at the maximum frame rate of the hardware.
Based on the previously suggested lens distortion model, distortion measurement, distortion parameters determination, and distortion correction methods for both radial and tangential distortions are developed. By the implementation of this distortion correction method, the accuracy of the 3D reconstruction method is enhanced.
The overall 3D reconstruction method is implemented in an integrated software and hardware environment as a combination of the methods with the best performance among their alternatives. This autonomous and real time system is able to detect the secondary passive target and reconstruct its 3D configuration parameters at a rate of 25 Hz. Even for extreme conditions, in which it is difficult or impossible to detect the target, no runtime failures are observed.
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Leschhorn, Günther [Verfasser], and Tobias [Akademischer Betreuer] Schätz. "Time-resolved measurements on a single molecular target and Discrete Kink Solitons in Ion traps / Günther Leschhorn. Betreuer: Tobias Schätz." München : Universitätsbibliothek der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1019479159/34.
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Sun, Li. "Microfluidic Platform for the Detection of Single Cell Immune Activity and Tag-Free Selection of Individual Target-Cell Responsive Effector Cells." Thesis, Harvard University, 2016. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:33493489.
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Adoptive Immunotherapy has long been explored as a possible cure for challenging diseases including cancer and HIV infection. The key step in such therapies is to identify and select disease-specific effector cells, which in the past have relied on well-plate based bulk manipulations. But as effector cells against a specific disease are often scarce, bulk studies are ineffective at identifying and selecting the rare effector cells with accuracy. It also takes weeks to prepare a desired population. Though recent advances such as genetically engineered T cell technology and the mutation selection technology have shown great promises, the former is limited by the difficulty in identifying the receptor and antigen, the latter is limited by the direct cell surface fluorescent tagging which could impairs the functional epitomes of surface activation marker and the ineffectiveness of the surface activation marker based selection. Thus I developed a microfluidic system to identify and select effector cells with unprecedented accuracy and speed, by probing the dynamic single cell immune response through co assessing single cell cytokine secretion and cytolysis in picoliter droplets.Engineering and Applied Sciences - Applied Physics
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Kazemisaber, Mohammadreza. "Clutter Removal in Single Radar Sensor Reflection Data via Digital Signal Processing." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för fysik och elektroteknik (IFE), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-99874.
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Due to recent improvements, robots are more applicable in factories and various production lines where smoke, fog, dust, and steam are inevitable. Despite their advantages, robots introduce new safety requirements when combined with humans. Radars can play a crucial role in this context by providing safe zones where robots are operating in the absence of humans. The goal of this Master’s thesis is to investigate different clutter suppression methods for single radar sensor reflection data via digital signal processing. This was done in collaboration with ABB Jokab AB, Sweden. The calculations and implementation of the digital signal processing algorithms are made with Octave. A critical problem is false detection that could possibly cause irreparable damage. Therefore, a safety system with an extremely low false alarm rate is desired to reduce costs and damages. In this project, we have studied four different digital low pass filters: moving average, multiple-pass moving average, Butterworth, and window-based filters. The results are compared, and it is ascertained that all the results are logically compatible, broadly comparable, and usable in this context.
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Katich, Joseph M. "Measurement of the Target-Normal Single-Spin Asymmetry A(n,y) in the Deep Inelastic Region from the Reaction Helium-3 (e,e')." W&M ScholarWorks, 2011. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539623578.
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A first measurement of the inclusive target single-spin asymmetry, Any , has been performed in deep-inelastic scattering of electrons from a 3He target polarized normal to the electron scattering plane. This asymmetry is void of contributions at the Born level, and thus is a direct observable for two-photon physics. The experiment was performed in Hall A at Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility from October 2008 through early February 2009.;The measurement is the first from a polarized neutron target. The final overall precision is several times better than previously existing SLAC proton data, and significantly extends the kinematic range over which the asymmetry has been measured. The asymmetry was measured at five kinematic points in the deep inelastic scattering region covering Q² = 1--3 GeV² and xB = 0.16--0.41. The asymmetry varied from 0.006 to 0.071 with a statistical precision at the 10-2 level.
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Saygin, Oktay. "An Effectiveness Evaluation Method For Airburst Projectiles." Master's thesis, METU, 2011. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12613202/index.pdf.
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Airburst projectiles increase the effectiveness of air defense, by forming clouds of small pellets. In this work, in order to evaluate the effectiveness of airburst projectiles, Single Shot Kill Probability (SSKP) is computed at different burst distances by using three lethality functions defined from different measures of effectiveness. These different measures are target coverage, number of sub-projectile hits on the target and kinetic energy of sub-projectiles after burst. Computations are carried out for two different sub-projectile distribution patterns, namely circular and ring patterns. In this work, for the determination of miss distance, a Monte Carlo simulation is implemented, which uses Modified Point Mass Model (MPMM) trajectory equations. According to the results obtained two different distribution patterns are compared in terms of effectiveness and optimum burst distance of each distribution pattern is determined at different ranges.
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Uzbaş, Fatma [Verfasser], Heiko [Akademischer Betreuer] Lickert, Heiko [Gutachter] Lickert, and Wolfgang [Gutachter] Wurst. "Development of a Novel Target Enrichment and Barcoding Method for Next-Generation Sequencing, and Implementation for Single-Cell Transcriptomics / Fatma Uzbaş ; Gutachter: Heiko Lickert, Wolfgang Wurst ; Betreuer: Heiko Lickert." München : Universitätsbibliothek der TU München, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1221279653/34.
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Vestin, Albin, and Gustav Strandberg. "Evaluation of Target Tracking Using Multiple Sensors and Non-Causal Algorithms." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Reglerteknik, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-160020.
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Today, the main research field for the automotive industry is to find solutions for active safety. In order to perceive the surrounding environment, tracking nearby traffic objects plays an important role. Validation of the tracking performance is often done in staged traffic scenarios, where additional sensors, mounted on the vehicles, are used to obtain their true positions and velocities. The difficulty of evaluating the tracking performance complicates its development. An alternative approach studied in this thesis, is to record sequences and use non-causal algorithms, such as smoothing, instead of filtering to estimate the true target states. With this method, validation data for online, causal, target tracking algorithms can be obtained for all traffic scenarios without the need of extra sensors. We investigate how non-causal algorithms affects the target tracking performance using multiple sensors and dynamic models of different complexity. This is done to evaluate real-time methods against estimates obtained from non-causal filtering. Two different measurement units, a monocular camera and a LIDAR sensor, and two dynamic models are evaluated and compared using both causal and non-causal methods. The system is tested in two single object scenarios where ground truth is available and in three multi object scenarios without ground truth. Results from the two single object scenarios shows that tracking using only a monocular camera performs poorly since it is unable to measure the distance to objects. Here, a complementary LIDAR sensor improves the tracking performance significantly. The dynamic models are shown to have a small impact on the tracking performance, while the non-causal application gives a distinct improvement when tracking objects at large distances. Since the sequence can be reversed, the non-causal estimates are propagated from more certain states when the target is closer to the ego vehicle. For multiple object tracking, we find that correct associations between measurements and tracks are crucial for improving the tracking performance with non-causal algorithms.
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Ranu, Navpreet Singh. "Targeted sequencing : single cells and single strand breaks." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/119977.
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Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Biological Engineering, 2018.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 77-92).
Sequencing the human genome has spurred systematic work on understanding how gene expression and genomic integrity contribute to disease. To date, 3,519 genes have been identified as the underlying cause of specific single gene disorders. However, complex diseases still pose a daunting challenge that require both an understanding of cell function as well as how the genome interacts with its cellular environment. Sequencing technologies are now routinely applied to interrogate gene variants, gene expression patterns, chromosome accessibility, among other measurements to infer gene and cell function. We build upon past work to address the challenge of targeting sequencing effort to cells and genomic loci of interest to probe the molecular mechanisms behind disease. In this thesis, we demonstrate two novel targeted sequencing methods that can enable a greater understanding of cell function. (1) The development of targeted sequencing in pooled single cell RNA-seq libraries and (2) the development of a novel sequencing approach that allows for the quantification and identification of single stranded break (SSB) locations across the genome. First, we introduce a new targeted sequencing approach to identify rare cells of interest in pooled sequence libraries. Improved throughput in single cell sequencing has enabled the transcriptional profiling of thousands of cells at once. However, due to reliance on pooled library construction methods, it is now more difficult to focus on and analyze particular cells of interest, apart from analyzing the library in its entirety. We designed multiplex PCR primers to simultaneously enrich targeted cells from a complex DNA library pool of single cells. We show how molecular enrichment can be used to efficiently target rare cell types, such as the recently identified AXL+SIGLEC6+ dendritic cell (AS DC). Next, we demonstrate a new targeted sequencing approach, called NickSeq, to locate and quantify DNA SSBs with single nucleotide resolution. SSBs are the most common form of DNA damage at an estimated 10,000 per cell per day, but there is no available method to robustly determine the exact sites of damage. SSB accumulation correlates with disease, but it is unknown how the location and amount of damage relate to health outcomes. We intentionally create a unique mutational signature at the SSB that is a fingerprint for this specific type of DNA damage when the locus is sequenced. Taken as a whole, we introduce two novel strategies to further understand cell function through studying rare cells in single cell populations and analyzing DNA SSB damage in relation to cell health. This work demonstrates that targeted sequencing approaches have promise for understanding the molecular mechanisms behind aberrant cell function, a necessary step in the prevention and treatment of disease.
by Navpreet Singh Ranu.
Ph. D.
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Steyn, G. F., and C. Vermeulen. "Saturation conditions in elongated single-cavity boiling water targets." Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:d120-qucosa-165869.
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Introduction
It is shown that a very simple model reproduces the pressure versus beam current characteristics of elongated single-cavity boiling water targets for 18F production surprisingly well. By fitting the model calculations to measured data, values for a single free parameter, namely an overall heat-transfer coefficient, have been extracted for several IBA Nirta H218O targets. IBA recently released details on their new Nirta targets that have a conical shape, which constitutes an improvement over the original Nirta targets that have a cylindrical shape [1,2]. These shapes are shown schematically in FIGURE 1. A study by Alvord et al. [3] pointed out that elevated pressures and temperatures in excess of the saturation conditions may exist in a water target during bombardment. However, as long as the rate of condensation matches the rate of vaporization, the bulk of the system should remain at saturation conditions. Superheated regions are therefore likely to form but also likely to disappear rapidly, typically on the scale of a few milliseconds. Even though the boiling process is generally quite complex, enhanced by radiation-induced nucleation, the presence of fast mixing mechanisms in the water volume justifies some simplifications to be made.
Materials and Methods
The simplified model assumes that the bulk of the target water has a constant temperature, which is the same as the inner wall temperature of the cavity, Tw. A second simplification is to neglect the temperature difference across the target chamber wall, which is only justified if the wall is thin. The boiling is not explicitly taken into consideration, including the rather complex boiling behaviour at the Havar window, except to acknowledge that it is the main mixing mechanism. Large temperature gradients can briefly exist in the water medium but they also rapidly disappear. A further assumption is that a single, overall convective heat-transfer coefficient can be applied, which is constant over the entire water-cooled surface. As the wall thickness is neglected, the heat-transfer surface is assumed to be the inner surface of the cavity, excluding the surface of the Havar window. One can then write down an energy balance between the beam heating and the convection cooling (Newton’s law of cooling), where Ib is the beam intensity, ΔE is the energy windows of the target (taken as 18 MeV), h is the convective heat-transfer coefficient, A is the inner cavity surface through which the heat has to be transferred from the target-water volume to the cooling water, and T0 is the cooling-water temperature. The saturated vapour pressure of water versus temperature is a characteristic curve, given by the steam tables [4]. Assuming the bulk of the system at saturation conditions, one gets from (1) and (2). The function f is represented by a polynomial. The only unknown in Equation (3) is the overall convective heat-transfer coefficient h. Our approach was to adjust h until a good fit with a set of measured data was obtained. It also has to be mentioned that subtle differences in the physical properties between 18O-water and natural water have been neglected. All in all, quite a few assumptions and simplifications are made in deriving Equation (3) and the system is, admittedly, much more complex. Nevertheless, the results obtained by applying Equation (3) are rather interesting.
Results and Conclusion
Measured data and corresponding calculations are shown in FIGURE 2 for three different conical targets and one cylindrical target. The extracted convective heat-transfer coefficients are pre-sented in TABLE 1 for the four cavities. As can be seen in FIGURE 2, while there are some differences between the data and calculated curves, especially towards lower beam currents, the overall agreement is remarkably good. It is possible that the better agreement towards higher beam intensities is related to more ebullient boiling and more rapid mixing, i.e. closer to the conditions that the model assumes. The values obtained for the overall convective heat-transfer coefficient are also remarkably similar. This tells us that, by and large, all the cavities perform in a similar way and the performance in terms of maximum operational beam current depends largely on the available surface to effectively remove the heat from. The values of h increase marginally if a smaller value is adopted for the cooling water. Note that the choice of T0 = 30 ᵒC used to obtain the results in TABLE 1 is typical for the room temperature closed-loop cooling system used at iThemba LABS, once it has stabilized under operational conditions.
A study by Buckley [5] on a quite different target design reports a value of h = 0.49 W cm−2 ᵒC−1, which is reassuringly similar. That study describes a cylindrical target cavity with a volume of 0.9 cm3, 8 mm deep, cooled with 25 ᵒC water from the back, operated with a 15 MeV proton beam with an intensity of 30 µA. The Nb Nirta targets are typically filled with 18O-water to about 60% of the cavity volume (see refs. [1,2] for the recommended values). The elongated shape, in combination with the ebullient properties of the boiling water, prevents burn-through. All the targets deliver the expected saturation yield. The targets are self-regulating ─ no external gas pressure is required. While the thermosyphon targets seemingly take advantage of a superior concept, we are now questioning whether this is really so in practice? It is not clear to us that the much more complex thermosyphon targets deliver any operational and/or performance advantages compared to the simple elegance of these elongated, single-cavity boiling target designs.
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Rodríguez, Marrero Ana Yaiza. "Measurement of the exclusive ([Ni][Mi subíndex][Ro] -> [Mi][- elevat][Ro][Pi][+ elevat]) and inclusive ([Ni][Mi subíndex] N -> [Mi][- elevat] N' [Pi][+ elevat]) single pion [Ni] interaction cross section in a carbon target using the SciBar detector at the K2K experiment." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/3392.
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Barham, Joshua Philip. "Single electron transfer in organic synthesis targeted towards sustainable manufacture." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2017. http://digitool.lib.strath.ac.uk:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=30673.
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Single electron transfer technology has received considerable interest in organic synthesis in recent years. Single electron transfer gives rise to unconventional modes of reactivity and intermediates, thus serving as a platform for innovative bond constructions, deconstructions and functional group transformations. This is of key importance to the pharmaceutical industry, where the brevity of synthetic routes to small molecules both accelerates drug discovery and drives chemical efficiency in late-stage development. In many cases, single electron transfer chemistry unlocks reaction conditions which are milder, safer and more cost-effective than conventional chemistries. This Thesis investigates two fields of single electron transfer research and contributes new methodology and mechanistic understanding to both. Volume 1 investigates the N-functionalisation of tertiary amines, which is an important method for the elaboration of naturally occuring raw materials into pharmaceutically useful compounds. Two complementary methodologies driven by single electron oxidation were developed. The first method, using visible-light photoredox catalysis, achieved selective benzylic N-CHN₂ functionalisation of N-substituted tetrahydroisoquinolines. The second method, using stable radical cation salts, achieved selective N-CHN₃ functionalisation of trialkylamines. Volume 2 investigates transition metal-free C-H arylation reactions, which are of particular importance to the pharmaceutical industry, given the costly nature of transition metals typically used in catalysis and their long-term sustainability. These reactions are triggered by single electron reduction, effected by a combination of simple alkali metal alkoxide bases and cheap, readily available organic additives. The interplay of the alkoxide and the different organic additives is not fully understood but is key to unlocking milder reaction conditions and broadening substrate scope in these reactions. Comprehensive mechanistic studies were undertaken in this regard.
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Suzuki, Motoshi, Yasuhiro Kamei, Shunsuke Yuba, and Shin Takagi. "Manipulating behaviors of targeted single cells in vivo by using IR-LEGO." IEEE, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/13889.
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Bain, Amanda Louise. "Investigation of the Physiological Role of Ssb1 using an in-vivo Targeted Mouse Model." Thesis, Griffith University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/366937.
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Single-stranded DNA binding proteins (SSBs) are critical for binding, protecting and sequestering single-stranded DNA intermediates during multiple cellular transactions, including DNA replication, repair and transcription. The canonical SSB in eukaryotes, Replication Protein A (RPA), is a heterotrimeric protein essential for numerous cellular processes, including DNA repair by homologous recombination (HR). Recently, Richard et al. (2008) identified a novel human SSB, designated human Single-Stranded DNA Binding protein 1 (hSSB1), critical to DNA repair and the maintenance of genomic stability. siRNA-mediated depletion of hSSB1 led to attenuation of ATM signalling in response to DNA damage by ionizing radiation (IR), impairment of DNA repair by HR, and overall genetic instability. Moreover, hSSB1 was subsequently shown to itself function in a heterotrimeric complex in a manner analogous to RPA, with Integrator complex subunit 3 (INTS3), and a small, uncharacterised acidic protein C9Orf80/MISE/SSBIP1. siRNA-mediated depletion of these components led to similar DNA damage-related phenotypes to what has been observed for hSSB1 depletion alone, suggesting that complex formation may be important for hSSB1 functioning. Moreover, hSSB2, a homolog of hSSB1, was shown to be able to form a similar complex with INTS3 and C9Orf80 in place of hSSB1, suggesting an element of functional redundancy in the roles of hSSB1 and hSSB2.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Biomolecular and Physical Sciences
Science, Environment, Engineering and Technology
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Jacksén, Johan. "Improved techniques for CE and MALDI-MS including microfluidic hyphenations foranalysis of biomolecules." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Analytisk kemi, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-27342.
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In this thesis, improved techniques for biomolecule analysis using capillary electrophoresis (CE) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) and hyphenations between those have been presented.A pre-concentration method which is possible to apply in both techniques, has also been investigated. In this work the off-line MS mode has been used either in the form of fractionation (Paper I) or by incorporating the MALDI target in the CE separation system (Paper II).In Paper I, a protocol for CE-MALDI analysis of cyanogen bromide digested bacteriorhodopsin (BR) peptides as model integral membrane protein peptides were established. Also, an improved protocol for partially automated manufacturing of a concentration MALDI-target plate is presented. The design of the targets was suitable for the fractions from the CE. A novel technique for the integration of CE to MALDI-MS using a closed-open-closed system is presented in Paper II, where the open part is a micro canal functioning as a MALDI target window. A protein separation was obtained and detected with MALDI-MS analysis in the micro canal. A method has been developed for detection of monosaccharides originating from hydrolysis of a single wood fiber performed in a micro channel, with an incorporated electromigration pre-concentration step preceding CE analysis in Paper III. The pre-concentration showed to be highly complex due to the fact that several parameters are included that affecting each other. In Paper IV a protocol using enzymatic digestion, MALDI-TOF-MS and CE with laser induced fluorescence (LIF) detection for the investigation of the degree of substitution of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) to bovine serum albumin (BSA), as a contact allergen model system for protein-hapten binding in the skin, is presented. The intention of a further CE-MALDI hyphenation has been considered during the work. In Paper V 2,6-dihydroxyacetophenone (DHAP) was investigated, showing promising MALDI-MS matrix properties for hydrophobic proteins and peptides. 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHB) was undoubtedly the better matrix for the hydrophilic proteins, but its performance for the larger and hydrophobic peptides was not optimal. Consequently, DHAP can be used as a compliment matrix for improved analysis of hydrophobic analytes.QC 20101214
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Chemali, Raja. "«In Vitro» evaluation of single walled carbon nanotubes as targeted drug delivery systems." Thesis, McGill University, 2012. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=110416.
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Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have become some of the most promising drug delivery systems due to their unique properties, especially their high surface area and their ease to penetrate cells. The aim of this thesis was to render single walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) more biocompatible, and to test their ability to selectively deliver suitable dosages of anti-cancer drugs to αvβ3 integrins and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) expressing cancer cells used as delivery targets. Those two targets are important to consider, as they are highly present on the cell membrane of several cancer cells, such as colon, breast, leukemic, and lung cancer. Results reveal that the combination of covalent and noncovalent surface modification of SWNTs increased SWNTs biocompatibility towards RAW 264.7 and Caco-2 cells by 17.4% and 20.8%, respectively, compared to covalently modified SWNTs. Results also show that the delivery of the widely used anti-cancer drug, doxorubicin (DOX), was higher when targeted by the SWNTs. In fact, the concentration of targeted DOX was 1.4 (± 0.3) folds higher and 2 (± 0.7) folds higher than that of free DOX in Caco-2 and RAW 264.7 cells, respectively. Similarly, the cytotoxicity of the SWNT-targeted DOX on RAW 264.7 cells at 48h post exposure was 3.6 folds higher than that of free DOX. Thus, the study reveals that SWNTs are capable to enhance drug effect on cancer cell lines. Further in vivo studies are recommended to evaluate the full potentials.Grace à leurs propriétés uniques tel que leur grande surface de contact et leur aisance de pénètre les cellules humaines, les nanotubes de carbone sont désormais de prometteurs systèmes de livraison des médicaments. Le but de cette thèse est de rendre les nanotubes de carbone plus biocompatible, et de tester leur habileté de cibler la chimiothérapie vers les cellules cancéreuses qui possèdent les intégrines αvβ3 et les récepteurs EGF. Ces deux récepteurs sont spécifiquement ciblés car ils sont présents en grandes concentrations sur la surface des cellules cancéreuses telles que les cellules colorectales et les cellules du cancer du sein. Les résultats montrent que la modification covalente et non covalente de la surface des nanotubes de carbone augmente leur compatibilité envers les cellules RAW 264.7 et Caco-2 de 17% et 20.8%, respectivement, comparèrent aux nanotubes modifies de façon covalente seulement. Les résultats montrent aussi que la concentration de la chimiothérapie doxorubicine (DOX) était plus grande lorsqu'elle est délivrée par les nanotubes. En effet, la concentration de DOX délivrée par les nanotubes était 1.4 (± 0.3) et 2 (±0.4) fois plus élevée dans les cellules Caco-2 et RAW 264.7, respectivement, que celle de DOX délivrée sans système de livraison. De même, la cyto-toxicité de DOX délivré par les nanotubes de carbone aux cellules RAW 264.7 était 3.6 (± 0.7) fois plus élevée que celle de DOX délivrée sans système de livraison à 48 h post exposition. L'étude montre que les nanotubes de carbone sont capables d'augmenter la concentration du médicament dans les cellules cancéreuses. Pour étudier tout le potentiel des nanotubes de carbone, d'autres études in vivo seront nécessaire.
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Lu, Linyu, and 陸林宇. "Investigations into the feasibility of single-strandedoligonucleotide-mediated targeted gene repair in mammalian cells." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2006. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B38722793.
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Boyer, Patrick D. "Single Wall Carbon Nanotube–Protein Complexes and Immune Cells: Uptake, Processing, and Targeted Delivery." Research Showcase @ CMU, 2015. http://repository.cmu.edu/dissertations/569.
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The immune system is composed of a network of cells that are precisely regulated to protect the body from infection. Abnormal activity of this cellular network can result in numerous diseases and disorders including chronic inflammation, rheumatoid arthritis, atherosclerosis, and cancer. Modulation of immune cells via the targeted delivery of immunologically active compounds has the potential to redirect the immune response and restore health. The unique nanostructure and properties of single wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) are well-suited for cellular applications particularly in the manipulation of immune cell function. SWCNTs must be properly functionalized to maintain their inherent properties and to provide control over their uptake, processing, and delivery. This thesis focuses on understanding the macrophage cellular response to SWCNT-protein complexes and engineering the SWCNT-protein complex interface to build new functionalities that preserve inherent SWCNT properties while enabling targeting and delivery applications. Kinetic parameters governing the uptake of SWCNT-protein complexes in macrophages are determined using Raman spectroscopy. The cellular inflammatory activity level is found to contribute more to uptake than different SWCNT interfaces. The subcellular concentrations and distribution of SWCNT-protein complexes processed by macrophages are revealed in the context of aggregation state. Short SWCNTs-protein complexes are found to be concentrated in highly bundled regions, whereas long SWCNTs-protein complexes and SWCNTs in fibroblasts were not. Protein structure is further engineered to direct the subcellular localization of SWCNT-protein complexes in cells. A native cellular protein is engineered with a favorable structure for SWCNT dispersion and an exposed nuclear localization sequence for subcellular targeting to the nucleus. Finally, non-covalent SWCNT-protein interactions are tuned to enable SWCNT loading and delivery of molecules within cells. Delivery is achieved with chemotherapeutic and immunosuppressive drugs resulting in enhanced anti-proliferative and anti-inflammatory effects compared to non-complexed drugs. The scientific discoveries reveal important information about macrophage uptake and processing of SWCNTs that may be used to probe cell behavior or develop delivery approaches for therapeutic applications. The strategies developed to create excellent SWCNT dispersions with tailored functionalities through protein modifications may be used generally by other researchers to initiate new ways to modulate cellular response with nanomaterials.