Academic literature on the topic 'Single Stage Sampling'

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Journal articles on the topic "Single Stage Sampling"

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Boistard, Hélène, Hendrik P. Lopuhaä, and Anne Ruiz-Gazen. "Functional central limit theorems for single-stage sampling designs." Annals of Statistics 45, no. 4 (2017): 1728–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1214/16-aos1507.

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Overall, John E., and Robert S. Atlas. "Comparison of a Two-Stage and Three-Stage Interim-Analysis Procedure." Psychological Reports 71, no. 1 (1992): 3–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1992.71.1.3.

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A statistical model for combining p values from multiple tests of significance is used to define rejection and acceptance regions for two-stage and three-stage sampling plans. Type I error rates, power, frequencies of early termination decisions, and expected sample sizes are compared. Both the two-stage and three-stage procedures provide appropriate protection against Type I errors. The two-stage sampling plan with its single interim analysis entails minimal loss in power and provides substantial reduction in expected sample size as compared with a conventional single end-of-study test of sig
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Qian, Hanxiang, Peng Wu, Bei Sun, and Shaojing Su. "AGS-SSD: Attention-Guided Sampling for 3D Single-Stage Detector." Electronics 11, no. 14 (2022): 2268. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11142268.

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3D object detection based on LiDAR point cloud has always been challenging. Existing point cloud downsampling approaches often use heuristic algorithms such as farthest point sampling (FPS) to extract the features from a massive raw point cloud. However, FPS has disadvantages such as low operating efficiency and inability to sample key areas. This paper presents an attention-guided downsampling method for point-cloud-based 3D object detection, named AGS-SSD. The method contains two modules: PEA (point external attention) and A-FPS (attention-guided FPS). PEA explores the correlation between th
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JONES, WILLIAM, KATHY MORRING, PHILIP MOREY, and WILLIAM SORENSON. "Evaluation of the Andersen Viable Impactor for Single Stage Sampling." American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal 46, no. 5 (1985): 294–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15298668591394833.

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Hoogduin, Lucas A., Thomas W. Hall, and Jeffrey J. Tsay. "Modified Sieve Sampling: A Method for Single- and Multi-Stage Probability- Proportional-to-Size Sampling." AUDITING: A Journal of Practice & Theory 29, no. 1 (2010): 125–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/aud.2010.29.1.125.

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SUMMARY: Widely used probability-proportional-to-size (PPS) selection methods are not well adapted to circumstances requiring sample augmentation. Limitations include: (1) an inability to augment selections while maintaining PPS properties, (2) a failure to recognize changes in census stratum membership which result from sample augmentation, and (3) imprecise control over line item sample size. This paper presents a new method of PPS selection, a modified version of sieve sampling which overcomes these limitations. Simulations indicate the new method effectively maintains sampling stratum PPS
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Wen, Miin-Jye, Li-Ching Huang, and Junjiang Zhong. "Single-stage sampling procedure of the t best populations under heteroscedasticity." Communications in Statistics - Theory and Methods 46, no. 18 (2017): 9265–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03610926.2016.1206935.

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Ghorbani, Hamid. "Carrying out single-stage probability sampling designs using functions in R software." Biometrics & Biostatistics International Journal 11, no. 1 (2022): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/bbij.2022.11.00349.

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The aim of this paper is to demonstrate how to implement some single-stage sampling designs as well as design-based estimation of finite population parameters and their variance using available R packages. A simulated data set has been used to show how the codes work.
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Chen, Demin, Wei Long, Yanyan Li, and Rui Zhang. "Study on Change Rules of Factors Affecting Gas Loss during Coalbed Air Reverse Circulation Sampling." Advances in Civil Engineering 2021 (April 20, 2021): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5550726.

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The gas loss in sampling is the root of coalbed gas content measurement error. The pressure and particle size have a significant impact on the gas loss. Using the self-developed coal particle pneumatic pipeline transportation experimental system, this study investigated the pressure and particle size changes in the sampling pipeline. It is found that the sampling process can be divided into four stages: no flow field stage, sample outburst stage, stable conveying stage, and tail purging stage. The extreme pressure in the sampling pipeline appears at the sample outburst stage; and the pressure
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Thunyasirinon, Chuleewan, Pipat Sribenjalux, and Paradee Chuaybamroong. "Comparison of a Six-Stage and a Single Stage Viable Andersen Impactor (N6) for Airborne Microbe Sampling." Khon Kaen University Journal (Graduate Studies) 07, no. 3 (2007): 107–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5481/kkujgs.2007.07.3.11.

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Temesgen, H. "Evaluation of sampling alternatives to quantify tree leaf area." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 33, no. 1 (2003): 82–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x02-159.

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High within- and among-tree crown variation have contributed to the difficulty of tree-crown sampling and single-tree leaf area (area available for photosynthesis) estimation. Using reconstructed trees, simulations were used to compare five sampling designs for bias, mean square error (MSE), and distribution of the estimates. All sampling designs showed nearly zero bias. For most sample trees, stratified random sampling resulted in the lowest MSE values, followed by ellipsoidal, two-stage systematic, simple random, and then by two-stage unequal probability sampling. The poor performance of two
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Single Stage Sampling"

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Agnew, Robert J. "Assessment of the variablity of indoor viable airborne mold sampling using the Anderson N-6 single stage impactor." Oklahoma City : [s.n.], 2002. http://library.ouhsc.edu/epub/theses/Agnew-Robert-J.pdf.

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Bryan, Paul David. "Accelerating microarchitectural simulation via statistical sampling principles." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/47715.

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The design and evaluation of computer systems rely heavily upon simulation. Simulation is also a major bottleneck in the iterative design process. Applications that may be executed natively on physical systems in a matter of minutes may take weeks or months to simulate. As designs incorporate increasingly higher numbers of processor cores, it is expected the times required to simulate future systems will become an even greater issue. Simulation exhibits a tradeoff between speed and accuracy. By basing experimental procedures upon known statistical methods, the simulation of systems may be dra
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Vestin, Albin, and Gustav Strandberg. "Evaluation of Target Tracking Using Multiple Sensors and Non-Causal Algorithms." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Reglerteknik, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-160020.

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Today, the main research field for the automotive industry is to find solutions for active safety. In order to perceive the surrounding environment, tracking nearby traffic objects plays an important role. Validation of the tracking performance is often done in staged traffic scenarios, where additional sensors, mounted on the vehicles, are used to obtain their true positions and velocities. The difficulty of evaluating the tracking performance complicates its development. An alternative approach studied in this thesis, is to record sequences and use non-causal algorithms, such as smoothing, i
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Books on the topic "Single Stage Sampling"

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Balogh, Amy L., Jina Kang, Hyun Chul Paul Kim, and Tammi J. Schneider, eds. New Era of Comparison in Biblical Studies. Lexington Books, 2025. https://doi.org/10.5040/9781978748873.

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A New Era of Comparison in Biblical Studies: Case Studies in Applied Methodology provides a snapshot and assessment of the state of comparison in biblical studies and has significant implications for the future of the field. It is fitting that this book comes as an edited volume, because the future of academic comparison lies not with a single method but in a plurality of methods united by ethical concerns. The ten case studies in this volume represent a diverse set of approaches to comparative method as applied to a wide range of biblical and non-biblical materials—including Homer, the Qur’an
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Book chapters on the topic "Single Stage Sampling"

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Wu, Changbao, and Mary E. Thompson. "Simple Single-Stage Sampling Methods." In ICSA Book Series in Statistics. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-44246-0_2.

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de Vries, Pieter G. "Single- and More-Stage Cluster Sampling." In Sampling Theory for Forest Inventory. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-71581-5_8.

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de Vries, Pieter G. "Single-Stage Cluster Sampling as a Research Tool." In Sampling Theory for Forest Inventory. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-71581-5_9.

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Ilieva, Nevena, Jiaojiao Liu, Xubiao Peng, et al. "Sampling in In Silico Biomolecular Studies: Single-Stage Experiments vs Multiscale Approaches." In Large-Scale Scientific Computing. Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73441-5_56.

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Dawar, Kshitij, Sanjay Srinivasan, and Mort D. Webster. "Application of Reinforcement Learning for Well Location Optimization." In Springer Proceedings in Earth and Environmental Sciences. Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-19845-8_7.

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AbstractThe extensive deployment of sensors in oilfield operation and management has led to the collection of vast amounts of data, which in turn has enabled the use of machine learning models to improve decision-making. One of the prime applications of data-based decision-making is the identification of optimum well locations for hydrocarbon recovery. This task is made difficult by the relative lack of high-fidelity data regarding the subsurface to develop precise models in support of decision-making. Each well placement decision not only affects eventual recovery but also the decisions affec
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Castillo-Santiago, Miguel Ángel, Edith Mondragón-Vázquez, and Roberto Domínguez-Vera. "Sample Data for Thematic Accuracy Assessment in QGIS." In Land Use Cover Datasets and Validation Tools. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-90998-7_6.

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AbstractWe present an approach that is widely used in the field of remote sensing for the validation of single LUC maps. Unlike other chapters in this book, where maps are validated by comparison with other maps with better resolution and/or quality, this approach requires a ground sample dataset, i.e. a set of sites where LUC can be observed in the field or interpreted from high-resolution imagery. Map error is assessed using techniques based on statistical sampling. In general terms, in this approach, the accuracy of single LUC maps is assessed by comparing the thematic map against the refer
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Neves, Claudia Mara Sperandio, João Felipe Coimbra Leite Costa, Leonardo Souza, Fernando Guimaraes, and Geraldo Dias. "Methodology for Defining the Optimal Drilling Grid in a Laterite Nickel Deposit Based on a Conditional Simulation." In Springer Proceedings in Earth and Environmental Sciences. Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-19845-8_13.

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AbstractIn mining projects, the confidence in an estimate is associated with the quantity and quality of the available information. Thus, the closer the data to the targeted location, the smaller the error associated with the estimated value. In the advanced stages of a project (i.e. the pre-feasibility and feasibility phases), it is usual to take samples derived from drillings. Since sampling and chemical analysis involve high costs, it is essential that these costs contribute to a reduction in the uncertainty of estimation. This paper presents a workflow for a case study of a lateritic nicke
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Evans, Talfan, Shreya Pathak, Hamza Merzic, Jonathan Schwarz, Ryutaro Tanno, and Olivier J. Hénaff. "Bad Students Make Great Teachers: Active Learning Accelerates Large-Scale Visual Understanding." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-72643-9_16.

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AbstractPower-law scaling indicates that large-scale training with uniform sampling is prohibitively slow. Active learning methods aim to increase data efficiency by prioritizing learning on the most relevant examples. Despite their appeal, these methods have yet to be widely adopted since no one algorithm has been shown to a) generalize across models and tasks b) scale to large datasets and c) yield overall FLOP savings when accounting for the overhead of data selection. In this work we propose a method which satisfies these three properties, leveraging small, cheap proxy models to estimate “
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Murata, Chenai, and Gladman Thondhlana. "Challenges to the Use of Traditional Ecological Knowledge in Natural Resource Management in Rural Eastern Cape, South Africa." In Sustainable Development Goals Series. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-85512-2_9.

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Abstract Although it boasts a rich historical wealth of traditional ecological knowledge, the rural Eastern Cape of South Africa continues to be an environmental hotspot since the mid-twentieth century, suffering land degradation, overharvesting of resources and water scarcity. Over the years, much research effort has been directed to investigating how local communities use traditional knowledge to manage resources. By and large, the studies argue that traditional knowledge provided effective management strategies in the past, hence communities should continue using it. This raises the questio
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Hankin, David G., Michael S. Mohr, and Ken B. Newman. "Single-stage cluster sampling: Clusters of equal size." In Sampling Theory. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198815792.003.0006.

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Similar to strata, population units may instead be grouped into clusters. Usually, units within clusters are geographically or genetically close to one another—all households on a city block, individuals within a single family. In (single-stage) equal size cluster sampling, the total population consists of N clusters, with equal numbers of population units within each cluster. A sample of n clusters is selected by SRS, y values of all population units within clusters are measured, and an unbiased estimator of the population mean is the simple average of cluster means in the sample. An ANOVA su
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Conference papers on the topic "Single Stage Sampling"

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Ajorlou, S., and A. Ajorlou. "A fuzzy-based design procedure for a single-stage sampling plan." In 2009 IEEE International Conference on Fuzzy Systems (FUZZ-IEEE). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/fuzzy.2009.5277316.

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"T-SSD: A Transformer-based Single-Stage Multi-Scale Sampling Object Detector." In 2023 the 13th International Workshop on Computer Science and Engineering. WCSE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18178/wcse.2023.06.022.

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van Beek, Anton, Siyu Tao, and Wei Chen. "Global Emulation Through Normative Decision Making and Thrifty Adaptive Batch Sampling." In ASME 2019 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2019-98223.

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Abstract We consider the problem of adaptive sampling for global emulation (metamodeling) with a finite budget. Conventionally this problem is tackled through a greedy sampling strategy, which is optimal for taking either a single sample or a handful of samples at a single sampling stage but neglects the influence of future samples. This raises the question: “Can we optimize the number of sampling stages as well as the number of samples at each stage?” The proposed thrifty adaptive batch sampling (TABS) approach addresses this challenge by adopting a normative decision-making perspective to de
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Ribeiro, Hugo, Fernando Silva, Sonia Pinto, and Beatriz Borges. "Single stage inverter for PV applications with One Cycle Sampling technique in the MPPT algorithm." In IECON 2009 - 35th Annual Conference of IEEE Industrial Electronics (IECON 2009). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iecon.2009.5415029.

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Romero, David A., Cristina H. Amon, and Susan Finger. "On Adaptive Sampling for Single and Multi-Response Bayesian Surrogate Models." In ASME 2006 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2006-99210.

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In order to reduce the time and resources devoted to design-space exploration during simulation-based design and optimization, the use of surrogate models, or metamodels, has been proposed in the literature. Key to the success of metamodeling efforts are the experimental design techniques used to generate the combinations of input variables at which the computer experiments are conducted. Several adaptive sampling techniques have been proposed to tailor the experimental designs to the specific application at hand, using the already-acquired data to guide further exploration of the input space,
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Biela, Christoph, Martin W. Mu¨ller, Heinz-Peter Schiffer, and Carsten Zscherp. "Unsteady Pressure Measurement in a Single Stage Axial Transonic Compressor Near the Stability Limit." In ASME Turbo Expo 2008: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2008-50245.

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With the help of piezoelectric high frequency pressure probes measurements are undertaken to investigate the flow during stable compressor operation close to the stability limit. Fourteen static pressure probes record the static wall pressure and ten total pressure probes record the total pressure at the rotor exit, both in the absolute frame of reference. The data is then visualised as ensemble averaged contour and spectrum plots. With the help of wall and exit pressure, the tip leakage vortex is localised. Oscillations of the tip leakage vortex are seen as well in terms of high relative stan
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Chilla, M., G. Pullan, and S. Gallimore. "Reducing Instrumentation Errors Caused by Circumferential Flow Field Variations in Multi-Stage Axial Compressors." In ASME Turbo Expo 2019: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2019-90839.

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Abstract The effects of blade row interactions on stator-mounted instrumentation in axial compressors are investigated using unsteady numerical calculations. The test compressor is an 8-stage machine representative of an aero-engine core compressor. For the unsteady calculations, a 180deg sector (half-annulus) model of the compressor is used. It is shown that the time-mean flow field in the stator leading edge planes is circumferentially non-uniform. The circumferential variations in stagnation pressure and stagnation temperature respectively reach 4.2% and 1.1% of the local mean. Using spatia
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Jordan, Steven P., Martin R. Bache, Christopher D. Newton, and Louise Gale. "Characterisation of SiCf/SiC Specimens Using an In-Situ Tensile Stage Within a Scanning Electron Microscope." In ASME Turbo Expo 2019: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2019-90356.

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Abstract The present paper will introduce the use of scanning electron microscope based, in-situ tensile testing as a method of detecting cracking in a SiCf/SiC CMC at room temperature. Small scale tensile specimens were prepared, but still sampling multiple longitudinal and transverse fibre tows. Monotonic loading was applied to initiate cracking, whilst contemporary time lapse imaging and retrospective digital image correlation recorded the development of these cracks at the specimen surface. Examples of strain localization, crack initiation and propagation will be presented for a plain gaug
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Mu¨ller, Martin W., Christoph Biela, Heinz-Peter Schiffer, and Chunill Hah. "Interaction of Rotor and Casing Treatment Flow in an Axial Single-Stage Transonic Compressor With Circumferential Grooves." In ASME Turbo Expo 2008: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2008-50135.

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The influence of circumferential grooves on the tip flow field of an axial single-stage transonic compressor rotor has been examined experimentally and numerically. The compressor stage provides a strongly increased stall margin with only small penalties in efficiency when the casing treatment is applied. Due to the complex interactions of the grooves with the rotor flow, unsteady measurement techniques have been chosen as an attempt to identify the aerodynamic effects responsible for the operating range extension. Therefore, the casing treatment has been instrumented with piezoresistive press
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Olawoyin, Abdul-Akeem, and Rami M. Younis. "Learning to Solve Parameterized Single-Cell Problems Offline to Expedite Reservoir Simulation." In SPE Reservoir Simulation Conference. SPE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/212175-ms.

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Abstract The reservoir simulation system of residual equations is composed by applying a single parameterized nonlinear function to each cell in a mesh. This function depends on the unknown state variables in that cell as well as on those in the neighboring cells. Anecdotally, the solution of these systems relies on both the level of nonlinearity of this single-cell function as well as on how tightly the cell equations are coupled. This work reformulates this system of equations in an equivalent that is only mildly nonlinear. In an amortized offline regression stage, the single-cell equation i
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Reports on the topic "Single Stage Sampling"

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Conrad, R., M. Childs, C. Rivera-Dirks, and F. Coriz. Area G perimeter surface-soil and single-stage water sampling: Environmental surveillance for fiscal year 1993. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/92036.

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Childs, M., and R. Conrad. Area G perimeter surface-soil and single-stage water sampling: Environmental surveillance for fiscal year 95. Progress report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/555425.

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Conrad, R., M. Childs, C. R. Lyons, and F. Coriz. Area G perimeter surface-soil and single-stage water sampling: Environmental surveillance for fiscal year 94, Group ESH-19. Progress report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/378844.

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Marquis Childs and Ron Conrad. Area G Perimeter Surface-Soil and Single-Stage Water Sampling: Environmental Surveillance for Fiscal Years 1996 and 1997, Group ESH-19. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1242.

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Feeley, Michael, Marilyn Brandt, David Bryan, et al. A cooperative multiagency reef fish monitoring protocol for the Florida and US Virgin Islands coral reef ecosystems: Protocol narrative version—2.0. National Park Service, 2025. https://doi.org/10.36967/2310167.

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Reef fish populations play a vital ecological and economic role in the coral reef ecosystems of Florida and the U.S. Virgin Islands (USVI). However, these populations face significant threats from habitat degradation, rising global temperature, coral diseases, and increased fishing pressures. Traditional fishery-dependent data have proven inadequate for accurately assessing reef fish populations, necessitating the development of standardized, fishery-independent methodology. This document presents the Cooperative Multiagency Reef Fish Monitoring Protocol, a unified methodology designed to asse
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Gibbs, James. Monitoring for Adaptive Management in Conservation Biology. American Museum of Natural History, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.5531/cbc.ncep.0066.

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Adaptive management is about systematically implementing management in order to achieve a desired outcome. In recent years, growing interest and effort has gone into measuring the conservation success of such programs. This module's synthesis focuses on biological monitoring (the state of the target condition), and provides an overview on how to form management goals and convert these into monitoring goals, sampling and analysis, as well as how to effectively report results to stakeholders. The accompanying simulation exercise is a model management program designed to underscore the need for f
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Adam, Gaelen P., Melinda Davies, Jerusha George, et al. Machine Learning Tools To (Semi-) Automate Evidence Synthesis. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), 2025. https://doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepcwhitepapermachine.

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Introduction. Tools that leverage machine learning, a subset of artificial intelligence, are becoming increasingly important for conducting evidence synthesis as the volume and complexity of primary literature expands exponentially. In response, we have created a living rapid review and evidence map to understand existing research and identify available tools. Methods. We searched PubMed, Embase, and the ACM Digital Library from January 1, 2021, to April 3, 2024, for comparative studies, and identified older studies using the reference lists of existing evidence synthesis products (ESPs). We p
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Reid, M. S., X. Wang, N. Utting, and C. Jiang. Comparison of water chemistry of hydraulic-fracturing flowback water from two geological locations at the Duvernay Formation, Alberta, Canada. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/329276.

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We analyzed and compared the water chemistry between 17 Fox Creek region samples, each from a different well, and 23 Three Hills region samples from a single well. Overall, the two regions were similar in chemical composition but showed small differences in some lower abundance dissolved elements. Additionally, we investigated changes in water chemistry of FPW over time from a single well. The majority of water quality parameters and water chemistry remained constant over the 7-month sampling time. Major ion chemistry showed increasing concentrations of Ca and Mg, and a decreasing concentratio
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Harter, Rachel M., Joseph P. McMichael, Derick S. Brown, Ashley Amaya, Trent D. Buskirk, and David Malarek. Telephone Appends for Address-Based Samples— An Introduction. RTI Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3768/rtipress.2018.op.0050.1802.

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Surveys with samples selected from an address frame derived from US Postal Service sources are often referred to as address-based sampling (ABS) surveys. For an ABS survey that is primarily conducted by mail, web, or face-to-face, sometimes it is helpful to have a telephone number corresponding to the sample addresses for setting appointments or conducting nonresponse follow-up prompts. The usefulness of a telephone contact mode in a mixed mode ABS design depends on both the percentage of addresses for which telephone numbers can be appended (append rate or match rate) and the accuracy of the
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Bourdeau, J. E., and R. D. Dyer. Regional-scale lake-sediment sampling and analytical protocols with examples from the Geological Survey of Canada. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/331911.

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Regional-scale lake sediment surveys have been successfully used since the 1970s as a means for reconnaissance geochemical exploration. Lake sediment sampling is typically performed in areas with a lack of streams and an overabundance of small-sized (=5 km across) lakes. Lake sediments are known to have major, minor and trace element concentrations that reflect the local geology. Overall, lake sediment surveys are planned and conducted following four distinct stages: 1) background research, 2) orientation survey, 3) regional survey, and 4) detailed survey. At the Geological Survey of Canada, s
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