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Journal articles on the topic 'Single polymer biophysics'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 6 September 2023

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1

Qian, Hong, and Elliot L. Elson. "Quantitative Study of Polymer Conformation and Dynamics by Single-Particle Tracking." Biophysical Journal 76, no. 3 (March 1999): 1598–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0006-3495(99)77319-4.

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2

Li, Isaac T. S., Matthew Paige, and Gilbert C. Walker. "Solvent Effect on the Unfolding Force of a Single Hydrophobic Polymer." Biophysical Journal 98, no. 3 (January 2010): 592a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bpj.2009.12.3220.

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3

Wong, Wai Cheng, Jz-Yuan Juo, Chih-Hsiang Lin, Yi-Hung Liao, Ching-Ya Cheng, and Chia-Lung Hsieh. "Single Protein Dynamics in Polymer-Cushioned Lipid Bilayers Derived from Cell Plasma Membranes." Biophysical Journal 118, no. 3 (February 2020): 233a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bpj.2019.11.1377.

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4

Deverall, M. A., E. Gindl, E. K. Sinner, H. Besir, J. Ruehe, M. J. Saxton, and C. A. Naumann. "Membrane Lateral Mobility Obstructed by Polymer-Tethered Lipids Studied at the Single Molecule Level." Biophysical Journal 88, no. 3 (March 2005): 1875–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1529/biophysj.104.050559.

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5

Roder, Friedrich, Dirk Paterok, Sharon Waichman, Oliver Beutel, and Jacob Piehler. "Polymer-Supported Membranes for Probing Transmembrane Protein Diffusion and Interaction by Single-Molecule Techniques." Biophysical Journal 100, no. 3 (February 2011): 257a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bpj.2010.12.1619.

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6

Barnes, M. D., K. C. Ng, K. P. McNamara, C. Y. Kung, J. M. Ramsey, and S. C. Hill. "Fluorescence imaging of single molecules in polymer microspheres." Cytometry 36, no. 3 (July 1, 1999): 169–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-0320(19990701)36:3<169::aid-cyto4>3.0.co;2-i.

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7

Kang, Seungtae, and Byung Jun Yoon. "Application of Reptation Model on Brownian Dynamics for Electrophoresis of Single DNA in Polymer Solution." Biophysical Journal 98, no. 3 (January 2010): 43a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bpj.2009.12.247.

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8

Siegel, Amanda P., Ann Kimble-Hill, Rainer Jordan, and Christoph A. Naumann. "Raft Recruitment Processes and Oligomerization State of Integrins Studied in Polymer-Tethered Single and Double Bilayer Systems." Biophysical Journal 100, no. 3 (February 2011): 332a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bpj.2010.12.2013.

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9

Niu, Qiaoli, Yunhua Xu, Jiaxing Jiang, Junbiao Peng, and Yong Cao. "Efficient polymer white-light-emitting diodes with a single-emission layer of fluorescent polymer blend." Journal of Luminescence 126, no. 2 (October 2007): 531–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jlumin.2006.10.004.

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10

KÖSTER, SARAH, HOLGER STARK, THOMAS PFOHL, and JAN KIERFELD. "FLUCTUATIONS OF SINGLE CONFINED ACTIN FILAMENTS." Biophysical Reviews and Letters 02, no. 02 (April 2007): 155–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793048007000374.

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Thermal fluctuations of individual actin filaments confined in rectangular microchannels with dimensions similar to the mesh size of the cytoskeleton in eukaryotic cells are studied experimentally using fluorescence microscopy and theoretically by a combination of analytical methods and Monte Carlo simulations. Compared to freely fluctuating filaments, long filaments confined in narrow channels exhibit enhanced tangent correlations and a characteristic shape of their correlation function. The tangent correlation function is calculated analytically by approximating the confining geometry by a parabolic potential. This approximation is validated by Monte Carlo simulations. For the quantitative analysis of experimental data additional corrections for image analysis effects have to be included, for which we provide a modified analytical approximation formula which is corroborated by simulations. This allows us to obtain both the persistence length LP describing the bending rigidity of the polymer and the deflection length λ characterizing confinement effects from fits to the experimental data. Our results confirm the scaling relation λ ∝ d2/3 between the deflection length and the channel width d.

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11

Marquitan, Miriam, Adrian Ruff, Mattia Bramini, Stefan Herlitze, Melanie D. Mark, and Wolfgang Schuhmann. "Polymer/enzyme-modified HF-etched carbon nanoelectrodes for single-cell analysis." Bioelectrochemistry 133 (June 2020): 107487. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bioelechem.2020.107487.

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12

PAN, XIAOTAO, CAILI AW, YANAN DU, HANRY YU, and THORSTEN WOHLAND. "CHARACTERIZATION OF POLY(ACRYLIC ACID) DIFFUSION DYNAMICS ON THE GRAFTED SURFACE OF POLY(ETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE) FILMS BY FLUORESCENCE CORRELATION SPECTROSCOPY." Biophysical Reviews and Letters 01, no. 04 (October 2006): 433–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793048006000264.

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Poly(acrylic acid) (PAAc) is a commonly used polymer grafted on poly(ethylene terephthalate) films for the immobilization of bioactive molecules that directly interact with living cells or tissues for the maintenance of their viability and functionality. The diffusion property of the grafted PAAc on the surface is a critical parameter related to the density, length of polymer chains, and ionic strength of the solution. Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) is able to measure the diffusion coefficient of fluorescent particles in solution with single molecule sensitivity and specificity. It was used as an effective tool to detect diffusion dynamics of Atto 565 molecules, a good indicator for viscosity of PAAc, in both aqueous polymer solutions and polymer grafted film surfaces immersed in solution. In this work we determine the polymer chain length under different polymerization conditions in solution and deduce the solution viscosity by FCS measurements of Atto 565 as tracer molecule. By using the same tracer on the grafted polymer films we can infer the viscosity of these grafted layers under a variety of conditions, including the PAAc chain length, the UV exposure time during polymerization, the ionic strength, and the pH value of the immersed solution.

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13

Ren, Y., A. Ma, J. Li, X. Jiang, Y. Ma, A. Toda, and W. Hu. "Melting of polymer single crystals studied by dynamic Monte Carlo simulations." European Physical Journal E 33, no. 3 (October 19, 2010): 189–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1140/epje/i2010-10661-8.

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14

Walser, A., G. Zumofen, A. Renn, S. Götzinger, and V. Sandoghdar. "Spectral dynamics and spatial localization of single molecules in a polymer." Molecular Physics 107, no. 18 (September 20, 2009): 1897–909. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00268970903078575.

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15

SMITH, DAVID, BRIAN GENTRY, BJÖRN STUHRMANN, FLORIAN HUBER, DAN STREHLE, CLAUDIA BRUNNER, DANIEL KOCH, MATTHIAS STEINBECK, TIMO BETZ, and JOSEF A. KÄS. "THE CYTOSKELETON: AN ACTIVE POLYMER-BASED SCAFFOLD." Biophysical Reviews and Letters 04, no. 01n02 (April 2009): 179–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793048009000983.

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The motility of cells is a multifaceted and complicated cytoskeletal process. Significant inroads can be made into gaining a more detailed understanding, however, by focusing on the smaller, more simple subunits of the motile system in an effort to isolate the essential protein components necessary to perform a certain task. Identification of such functional modules has proven to be an effective means of working towards a comprehensive understanding of complex, interacting systems. By following a bottom-up approach in studying minimal actin-related sub-systems for keratocyte motility, we revealed several fundamentally important effects ranging from an estimation of the force generated by the polymerization of a single actin filament, to assembly dynamics and the production of force and tension of composite actin networks, to the contraction of actin networks or smaller bundled structures by the motor myosin II. While even motile keratocyte fragments represent a far more complex situation than the simple reconstituted systems presented here, clear parallels can be seen between in vivo cell motility and the idealized in vitro functional modules presented here, giving more weight to their continued focus.

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16

Hernández, Jose Carlos Rodríguez, Manuel Salmerón Sánchez, José Miguel Soria, José Luis Gómez Ribelles, and Manuel Monleón Pradas. "Substrate Chemistry-Dependent Conformations of Single Laminin Molecules on Polymer Surfaces are Revealed by the Phase Signal of Atomic Force Microscopy." Biophysical Journal 93, no. 1 (July 2007): 202–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1529/biophysj.106.102491.

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17

Ichiba, Yuta, and Kenichi Yoshikawa. "Single Chain Observation on Collapse Transition in Giant DNA Induced by Negatively-Charged Polymer." Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 242, no. 2 (January 1998): 441–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/bbrc.1997.7967.

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18

Yoshinaga, N., K. Yoshikawa, and T. Ohta. "Different pathways in mechanical unfolding/folding cycle of a single semiflexible polymer." European Physical Journal E 17, no. 4 (August 2005): 485–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1140/epje/i2005-10023-9.

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19

Al Attar, Hameed A., Jean Norden, Stephen O’Brien, and Andy P. Monkman. "Improved single nucleotide polymorphisms detection using conjugated polymer/surfactant system and peptide nucleic acid." Biosensors and Bioelectronics 23, no. 10 (May 2008): 1466–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2008.01.005.

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20

Menichetti, Roberto, Giuseppe D’Adamo, Andrea Pelissetto, and Carlo Pierleoni. "Integral equation analysis of single-site coarse-grained models for polymer–colloid mixtures." Molecular Physics 113, no. 17-18 (April 30, 2015): 2629–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00268976.2015.1039088.

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21

Huang, Jiyong, Xiliang Luo, Innam Lee, Yushi Hu, Xinyan Tracy Cui, and Minhee Yun. "Rapid real-time electrical detection of proteins using single conducting polymer nanowire-based microfluidic aptasensor." Biosensors and Bioelectronics 30, no. 1 (December 2011): 306–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2011.08.016.

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22

COLE, CHRISTINE LIND, and HONG QIAN. "THE BROWNIAN RATCHET REVISITED: DIFFUSION FORMALISM, POLYMER-BARRIER ATTRACTIONS, AND MULTIPLE FILAMENTOUS BUNDLE GROWTH." Biophysical Reviews and Letters 06, no. 01n02 (June 2011): 59–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793048011001269.

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Actin polymerization driven stochastic movement of the bacteria Listeria monocytogenes is often measured using single-particle tracking (SPT) methodology and analyzed in terms of statistics. Experimental results suggested a dynamic association between the growing actin filaments and the propelled bacteria. Based on an alternative mathematical formalism for a Brownian ratchet (BR), we introduce such an attractive interaction into the one-dimensional BR model and show that its effect is equivalent to an external resistant force on the bacterium. Such a force significantly reduces the Brownian motion of a driven bacterium, and accentuates the stepping due to polymerization. We then consider the growth, with and without a barrier, of a filamentous bundle consisting of N identical filaments. It is shown that the bundle grows with a similar rate as a single filament in the absence of a load, but can oppose N times the external force under the stalling condition. A set of relationships describing the velocity of the bacterium movement (Vz) and its apparent diffusivity (Dz) as functions of the resistant force (F) and the number of filaments in a bundle (N) are obtained. The theoretical study suggests methods for data analysis in future experiments with applied external resistant force.

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23

Sommer, J. U. "The role of the amorphous fraction for the equilibrium shape of polymer single crystals." European Physical Journal E 19, no. 4 (April 2006): 413–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1140/epje/i2005-10055-1.

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24

Zhu, X., D. H. Lee, H. Chae, and S. M. Cho. "Abrupt change of luminescence spectrum in single-layer phosphorescent polymer light emitting diode." Journal of Luminescence 132, no. 1 (January 2012): 12–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jlumin.2011.07.019.

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25

Krasnov, Igor, Tilo Seydel, Imke Greving, Malte Blankenburg, Fritz Vollrath, and Martin Müller. "Strain-dependent fractional molecular diffusion in humid spider silk fibres." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 13, no. 122 (September 2016): 20160506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2016.0506.

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Spider silk is a material well known for its outstanding mechanical properties, combining elasticity and tensile strength. The molecular mobility within the silk's polymer structure on the nanometre length scale importantly contributes to these macroscopic properties. We have therefore investigated the ensemble-averaged single-particle self-dynamics of the prevailing hydrogen atoms in humid spider dragline silk fibres on picosecond time scales in situ as a function of an externally applied tensile strain. We find that the molecular diffusion in the amorphous fraction of the oriented fibres can be described by a generalized fractional diffusion coefficient K α that is independent of the observation length scale in the probed range from approximately 0.3–3.5 nm. K α increases towards a diffusion coefficient of the classical Fickian type with increasing tensile strain consistent with an increasing loss of memory or entropy in the polymer matrix.

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26

Shams, T., U. E. Illangakoon, M. Parhizkar, A. H. Harker, S. Edirisinghe, M. Orlu, and M. Edirisinghe. "Electrosprayed microparticles for intestinal delivery of prednisolone." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 15, no. 145 (August 2018): 20180491. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2018.0491.

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Single and coaxial electrospraying was used to prepare Eudragit L100-55 polymer microparticles containing prednisolone as the active pharmaceutical ingredient. Different compositions of prednisolone and Eudragit L100-55 were used to develop five different formulations with different polymer : drug ratios. The resultant microparticles had a toroidal shape with a narrow size distribution. Prednisolone was present in an amorphous physical state, as confirmed by X-ray diffraction analysis. Dissolution studies were carried out in order to investigate the feasibility of the proposed system for site-specific release of prednisolone. The release rates were interpreted in terms of diffusion-controlled release. It was shown that utilization of pH-responsive Eudragit L100-55 could minimize the release of prednisolone in the acidic conditions of the stomach, which was followed by rapid release as the pH of the release medium was adjusted to 6.8 after the first 2 h. This is especially desirable for the treatment of conditions including inflammatory bowel disease and colon cancer.

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27

Yu. Eremchev, I., A. V. Naumov, A. A. Gorshelev, Yu G. Vainer, L. Kador, and J. Köhler. "Do impurity chromophores affect the tunneling dynamics of an amorphous polymer? Investigation by single-molecule spectroscopy." Molecular Physics 107, no. 18 (September 20, 2009): 1943–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00268970802672676.

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28

Kowerko, Danny, Jörg Schuster, and Christian von Borczyskowski. "Restricted conformation dynamics of single functionalized perylene bisimide molecules on SiO2surfaces and in thin polymer films." Molecular Physics 107, no. 18 (September 20, 2009): 1911–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00268970902758631.

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29

Trempe, Jean-François, Alexei Denisov, and Kalle Gehring. "Recoupling of residual dipolar couplings in single-domain polymer-stabilized liquid crystals undergoing magic-angle spinning." Journal of Magnetic Resonance 164, no. 2 (October 2003): 329–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1090-7807(03)00247-7.

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30

Kersey, Farrell R., David M. Loveless, and Stephen L. Craig. "A hybrid polymer gel with controlled rates of cross-link rupture and self-repair." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 4, no. 13 (December 8, 2006): 373–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2006.0187.

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A family of hybrid polymer gels is described, in which covalent cross-links create a permanent, stiff scaffold onto which reversible metal–ligand coordinative cross-links are added. The reversible metal–ligand interactions are shown to bear mechanical stress within the hybrid gel, and relaxations in response to that applied stress are consistent with the stress-free kinetics of ligand exchange in systems that model the reversible cross-links. The stress-induced dissociation of a model metal–ligand complex is examined by a single-molecule force spectroscopy, and its mechanical response is compared with a previously studied complex. The mechanical response of the individual interactions is relevant to those found in the family of hybrid gels, and the modular platform is therefore suitable for the study of stress-induced molecular dissociations, and their subsequent repair, within a macroscopic material of fixed structure.

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31

Yue, Nan, and M. H. Aliabadi. "A scalable data-driven approach to temperature baseline reconstruction for guided wave structural health monitoring of anisotropic carbon-fibre-reinforced polymer structures." Structural Health Monitoring 19, no. 5 (November 15, 2019): 1487–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1475921719887109.

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To account for the temperature effect on guided wave signals in complex structures, a significant amount of baseline measurements typically need to be collected over a large temperature range to serve as a library of signals at all possible temperatures, which, if not impossible, is highly impractical. This article presents a data-driven temperature baseline reconstruction approach that is applicable for various structures made from the same material. The influence of temperature on the amplitude and phase of guided wave measurements are experimentally quantified as dimensionless compensation factors. The derived compensation factors are used to reconstruct baselines at various temperatures for guided wave measurements in a simple flat plate and a stiffened panel. With a single baseline measurement at 20°C and the reconstructed baseline using the predetermined temperature compensation factors, impact damage was successfully detected and located when current measurements were up to 25°C and 20°C higher than the baseline temperature, respectively.

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32

Liu, Jiaxiang, Wentao Li, Baowen Wang, Yani He, Tiezheng Miao, Xingqiang Lü, and Guorui Fu. "Single-component white polymer light-emitting diode (WPLED) based on a binary tris-pyrazolonate-Sm-complex." Journal of Luminescence 221 (May 2020): 117054. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jlumin.2020.117054.

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33

Gautrot, Julien E., Britta Trappmann, Fabian Oceguera-Yanez, John Connelly, Ximin He, Fiona M. Watt, and Wilhelm T. S. Huck. "Exploiting the superior protein resistance of polymer brushes to control single cell adhesion and polarisation at the micron scale." Biomaterials 31, no. 18 (June 2010): 5030–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.02.066.

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34

Aravinda, C. L., Serge Cosnier, Wilfred Chen, Nosang V. Myung, and Ashok Mulchandani. "Label-free detection of cupric ions and histidine-tagged proteins using single poly(pyrrole)-NTA chelator conducting polymer nanotube chemiresistive sensor." Biosensors and Bioelectronics 24, no. 5 (January 2009): 1451–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2008.08.044.

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35

Zeng, Liang, Liping Huang, Zhi Luo, and Jing Lin. "Damage imaging that exploits multipath scattered Lamb waves." Structural Health Monitoring 19, no. 6 (December 16, 2019): 1629–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1475921719892828.

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This article presents a multipath Lamb wave imaging method that leverages the extra reflections present in the recorded ultrasonic waveforms for structural prognosis. Under the ray acoustic approximation, an edge behaves like a mirror, which changes the propagation path of a wave and provides more views of the damage than can be obtained from direct scattering. To accommodate for these extra reflections, the scattering path of each wave in the residual signal is simplified as a direct scattering path from an actual or virtual transmitter (created by edge mirroring) to the damage, and then back to an actual or virtual receiver (created by edge mirroring). On this basis, the Gaussian distribution function is introduced to quantify the probabilities at each spatial node in relation to all possible damage loci. Through fusing the images obtained from all individual wave packets, the structure could be inspected with far fewer transducers compared to conventional elliptical imaging. Experimental results from carbon fiber-reinforced polymer laminates and aluminum plate are provided to illustrate the effectiveness of the imaging method, where damage is correctly detected and accurately localized even with a single transmitter–receiver pair.

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36

Gautam, Khyati, Inderpreet Singh, P. K. Bhatnagar, and Koteswara Rao Peta. "Single mode waveguiding effect of ZnO nanorods to enhance the luminance of conjugated polymer based light emitting diodes." Journal of Luminescence 204 (December 2018): 59–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jlumin.2018.07.036.

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37

Rostami, Javad, Peter W. Tse, and Maodan Yuan. "Detection of broken wires in elevator wire ropes with ultrasonic guided waves and tone-burst wavelet." Structural Health Monitoring 19, no. 2 (June 12, 2019): 481–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1475921719855915.

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Elevator wire ropes with polymer cores hold and hoist heavy fluctuating loads in a corrosive environment. Such working condition causes metal fatigue, which together with abrasion around pulleys leads to progressive loss of the metallic cross section. This can be seen in the forms of a roughened and pitted surface of the ropes, reduction in diameter, and broken wires. Therefore, their deterioration must be monitored so that any unexpected damage or corrosion can be detected before it causes a fatal accident. Ultrasonic-guided wave-based inspection, which has proved its capability in nondestructive testing of platelike structures such as tubes and pipes, can monitor the cross section of wire ropes in their entire length from a single point. However, guided waves have drawn less attention for defect detection purposes in wire ropes. This article reports the condition monitoring of a steel wire rope from a hoisting elevator with broken wires as a result of corrosive environment and fatigue. Finite element analysis was conducted as a baseline to study guided wave propagation in wire ropes and plot dispersion curves. Guided wave propagation in wire ropes was experimentally investigated on a newly built cable stretching machine equipped with a load sensor under different amount of tensile loading. To expose the indication of broken wires, the recorded signals were analyzed by tailor-made continuous wavelet transform called tone burst wavelet.

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38

Trask, R. S., and I. P. Bond. "Bioinspired engineering study of Plantae vascules for self-healing composite structures." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 7, no. 47 (December 2, 2009): 921–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2009.0420.

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This paper presents the first conceptual study into creating a Plantae-inspired vascular network within a fibre-reinforced polymer composite laminate, which provides an ongoing self-healing functionality without incurring a mass penalty. Through the application of a ‘lost-wax’ technique, orthogonal hollow vascules, inspired by the ‘ray cell’ structures found in ring porous hardwoods, were successfully introduced within a carbon fibre-reinforced epoxy polymer composite laminate. The influence on fibre architecture and mechanical behaviour of single vascules (located on the laminate centreline) when aligned parallel and transverse to the local host ply was characterized experimentally using a compression-after-impact test methodology. Ultrasonic C-scanning and high-resolution micro-CT X-ray was undertaken to identify the influence of and interaction between the internal vasculature and impact damage. The results clearly show that damage morphology is influenced by vascule orientation and that a 10 J low-velocity impact damage event is sufficient to breach the vasculature; a prerequisite for any subsequent self-healing function. The residual compressive strength after a 10 J impact was found to be dependent upon vascule orientation. In general, residual compressive strength decreased to 70 per cent of undamaged strength when vasculature was aligned parallel to the local host ply and a value of 63 per cent when aligned transverse. This bioinspired engineering study has illustrated the potential that a vasculature concept has to offer in terms of providing a self-healing function with minimum mass penalty, without initiating premature failure within a composite structure.

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39

Enayati, Marjan, Zeeshan Ahmad, Eleanor Stride, and Mohan Edirisinghe. "One-step electrohydrodynamic production of drug-loaded micro- and nanoparticles." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 7, no. 45 (October 14, 2009): 667–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2009.0348.

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The objective of this work was to produce drug-loaded nanometre- and micrometre-scale particles using a single-step process that provides control over particle size and size distribution. Co-axial electrohydrodynamic processing was used, at ambient temperature and pressure, with poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) as the polymeric coating material and oestradiol as the encapsulated drug. The particle diameter was varied from less than 120 nm to a few micrometres, by simple methodical adjustments in the processing parameters (polymer concentration and applied voltage). In vitro studies were performed to determine the drug release profile from the particles during unassisted and ultrasound-stimulated degradation in simulated body fluid. An encapsulation efficiency of approximately 70% was achieved and release of the drug was sustained for a period of over 20 days. Exposing the particles to ultrasound (22.5 kHz) increased the rate of release by approximately 8 per cent. This processing method offers several advantages over conventional emulsification techniques for the preparation of drug-loaded particles. Most significantly, process efficiency and the drug's functionality are preserved, as complex multistep processing involving harsh solvents, other additives and elevated temperatures or pressures are avoided. Production rates of 10 12 particles min −1 can be achieved with a single pair of co-axial needles and the process is amenable to being scaled up by using multiple sets.

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40

Li, Long, Motoyasu Adachi, Jian Yu, Koji Kato, Akira Shinoda, Andreas Ostermann, Tobias E. Schrader, Toyoyuki Ose, and Min Yao. "Neutron crystallographic study of heterotrimeric glutamine amidotransferase CAB." Acta Crystallographica Section F Structural Biology Communications 75, no. 3 (February 21, 2019): 193–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053230x19000220.

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Heterotrimeric glutamine amidotransferase CAB (GatCAB) possesses an ammonia-self-sufficient mechanism in which ammonia is produced and used in the inner complex by GatA and GatB, respectively. The X-ray structure of GatCAB revealed that the two identified active sites of GatA and GatB are markedly distant, but are connected in the complex by a channel of 30 Å in length. In order to clarify whether ammonia is transferred through this channel in GatCAB by visualizing ammonia, neutron diffraction studies are indispensable. Here, GatCAB crystals were grown to approximate dimensions of 2.8 × 0.8 × 0.8 mm (a volume of 1.8 mm3) with the aid of a polymer using microseeding and macroseeding processes. Monochromatic neutron diffraction data were collected using the neutron single-crystal diffractometer BIODIFF at the Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum, Germany. The GatCAB crystals belonged to space group P212121, with unit-cell parameters a = 74.6, b = 94.5, c = 182.5 Å and with one GatCAB complex (molecular mass 119 kDa) in the asymmetric unit. This study represented a challenge in current neutron diffraction technology.

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41

Phang, In Yee, Nick Aldred, Xing Yi Ling, Jurriaan Huskens, Anthony S. Clare, and G. Julius Vancso. "Atomic force microscopy of the morphology and mechanical behaviour of barnacle cyprid footprint proteins at the nanoscale." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 7, no. 43 (July 2009): 285–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2009.0127.

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Barnacles are a major biofouler of man-made underwater structures. Prior to settlement, cypris larvae explore surfaces by reversible attachment effected by a ‘temporary adhesive’. During this exploratory behaviour, cyprids deposit proteinaceous ‘footprints’ of a putatively adhesive material. In this study, footprints deposited by Balanus amphitrite cyprids were probed by atomic force microscopy (AFM) in artificial sea water (ASW) on silane-modified glass surfaces. AFM images obtained in air yielded better resolution than in ASW and revealed the fibrillar nature of the secretion, suggesting that the deposits were composed of single proteinaceous nanofibrils, or bundles of fibrils. The force curves generated in pull-off force experiments in sea water consisted of regions of gradually increasing force, separated by sharp drops in extension force manifesting a characteristic saw-tooth appearance. Following the relaxation of fibrils stretched to high strains, force–distance curves in reverse stretching experiments could be described by the entropic elasticity model of a polymer chain. When subjected to relaxation exceeding 500 ms, extended footprint proteins refolded, and again showed saw-tooth unfolding peaks in subsequent force cycles. Observed rupture and hysteresis behaviour were explained by the ‘sacrificial bond’ model. Longer durations of relaxation (>5 s) allowed more sacrificial bond reformation and contributed to enhanced energy dissipation (higher toughness). The persistence length for the protein chains ( L P ) was obtained. At high elongation, following repeated stretching up to increasing upper strain limits, footprint proteins detached at total stretched length of 10 µm.

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Baker, Richard M., Megan E. Brasch, M. Lisa Manning, and James H. Henderson. "Automated, contour-based tracking and analysis of cell behaviour over long time scales in environments of varying complexity and cell density." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 11, no. 97 (August 6, 2014): 20140386. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2014.0386.

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Understanding single and collective cell motility in model environments is foundational to many current research efforts in biology and bioengineering. To elucidate subtle differences in cell behaviour despite cell-to-cell variability, we introduce an algorithm for tracking large numbers of cells for long time periods and present a set of physics-based metrics that quantify differences in cell trajectories. Our algorithm, termed automated contour-based tracking for in vitro environments (ACT IV E), was designed for adherent cell populations subject to nuclear staining or transfection. ACT IV E is distinct from existing tracking software because it accommodates both variability in image intensity and multi-cell interactions, such as divisions and occlusions. When applied to low-contrast images from live-cell experiments, ACT IV E reduced error in analysing cell occlusion events by as much as 43% compared with a benchmark-tracking program while simultaneously tracking cell divisions and resulting daughter–daughter cell relationships. The large dataset generated by ACT IV E allowed us to develop metrics that capture subtle differences between cell trajectories on different substrates. We present cell motility data for thousands of cells studied at varying densities on shape-memory-polymer-based nanotopographies and identify several quantitative differences, including an unanticipated difference between two ‘control’ substrates. We expect that ACT IV E will be immediately useful to researchers who require accurate, long-time-scale motility data for many cells.

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Nash, Michael A. "Single-molecule and Single-cell Approaches in Molecular Bioengineering." CHIMIA International Journal for Chemistry 74, no. 9 (September 30, 2020): 704–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2533/chimia.2020.704.

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Protein sequences inhabit a discrete set in macromolecular space with incredible capacity to treat human disease. Despite our ability to program and manipulate protein sequences, the vast majority of protein development efforts are still done heuristically without a unified set of guiding principles. This article highlights work in understanding biophysical stability and function of proteins, developing new biophysical measurement tools and building high-throughput screening platforms to explore functional protein sequences. We highlight two primary areas. First, molecular biomechanics is a subfield concerned with the response of proteins to mechanical forces, and how we can leverage mechanical force to control protein function. The second subfield investigates the use of polymers and hydrogels in protein engineering and directed evolution in pursuit of new molecular systems with therapeutic applications. These two subdisciplines complement each other by shedding light onto sequence and structural features that can be used to impart stability into therapeutic proteins.

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Song, Jing, and Ziping Zhang. "Brinzolamide loaded core-shell nanoparticles for enhanced coronial penetration in the treatment of glaucoma." Journal of Applied Biomaterials & Functional Materials 18 (January 2020): 228080002094271. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2280800020942712.

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A neurodegenerative disorder, glaucoma is a leading cause of blindness in the world. The conventional treatment strategies do not allow the significant penetration of the drug in the cornea. Therefore, we prepare a brinzolamide (Brz) loaded core-shell nanoparticles (NPs) to enhance the coronial penetration of the drug and thus treating the glaucoma. The shell of the NPs was composed of phosphatidylserine (PS; 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-L-serine), whereas the core of the NPs contains the Brz encapsulated in brinzolamide–phosphatidylserine–polymer poly-(DL-lactic acid-co-glycolic acid)–phosphatidylserine (Brz-PS-PLGA). The synthesis of Brz-PS-PLGA was achieved by using a coaxial electrospray process (CEP), which allows the preparation of the particles in a single step. The size of Brz-PS-PLGA with PS shell and brinzolamide–poly (lactic-co-glycolic) acid (Brz-PLGA) without shell was 571 ± 27.02 nm and 456 ± 19.17 nm, respectively. The charges on the surface of Brz-PS-PLGA and Brz-PLGA were (-) 27.45 ± 2.98 mV and (-) 19.47 ± 2.83 mV. The transmission electron microscopy images clearly reveal the PS shell as a light black layer over the dark black PLGA core. The CEP allows the high encapsulation of Brz in Brz-PS-PLGA where percentage of entrapment efficiency for Brz-PS-PLGA was 88.13 ± 6.43%. The release study conducted in a simulated tear fluid revealed the sustained release patterns of Brz from Brz-PS-PLGA and these were nontoxic to the cells as revealed by the cytotoxicity studies. Further, the Brz-PS-PLGA enhanced the coronial penetration of Brz and was capable of significantly reducing the intraocular pressure (IOP) after administration to the rabbit eye in comparison to the Brz-PLGA and free Brz. The results clearly suggest that the PS coating significantly enhances the capability of the particles in reducing IOP.

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Uzawa, Takanori, Koichiro Ishimori, Dmitrii E. Makarov, and Kevin W. Plaxco. "2P133 Simple polymer physics underlying the end-to-end collision dynamics of single-stranded DNA(The 48th Annual Meeting of the Biophysical Society of Japan)." Seibutsu Butsuri 50, supplement2 (2010): S105. http://dx.doi.org/10.2142/biophys.50.s105_5.

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Wang, Mingyuan. "Degradation of Polymers and the Improvements of Polybutylene Terephthalate /Polyethylene Glycol Terephthalate Composite-material." Applied and Computational Engineering 3, no. 1 (May 25, 2023): 58–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2755-2721/3/20230345.

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Polybutylene terephthalate and polyethylene glycol terephthalate are subjected to thermal-oxidative degradation and thermomechanical degradation during the process of melt blending, which affect the polymer structure and properties. The effect of feed properties of polyethylene glycol terephthalate and the addition of modified nanoparticles on blends are a question worthy of discussion. This paper introduced the latest development of biodegradable plastics industry as well as the applications of biodegradable plastics in fibers, daily expenses of membranes and bags, agricultural products and automobile industrial products. These biodegradable plastics included poly (lactic acid), polyhydroxyalknoates, poly (butyl enes adipatecoterephthalate), and poly (propylene carbonate). In addition to biochemical effects, degradation also has biophysical effects, that is, after microorganisms erode the polymer, the polymer material is mechanically damaged due to the increase of cells. Therefore, biodegradation is not a single mechanism, but a compomise biophysical and biochemical synergy and mutual promotion of physical and chemical processes. So far, the mechanism of biodegradation has not been fully elucidated. This paper focuses on explaining the currently clear polymer degradation mechanism and the improvement in composition and structure, so as to offer some references for future studies.

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Myers, David R., Todd Sulchek, and Wilbur Lam. "Nanomechanics of Platelet Contractility." Blood 118, no. 21 (November 18, 2011): 2202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v118.21.2202.2202.

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Abstract Abstract 2202 Background: Blood clots are composed of fibrin, platelets, and other blood cells and proteins, which interact to prevent hemorrhage. Previous studies on clot formation have shown that the mechanical properties of clots have direct effects on hemostasis and thrombosis, and alterations of those clot mechanics are associated with disease. For example, clots are 50% stiffer and more resistant to dissolution in young patients with post-myocardial infarction (Collet, et al., Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 2006) than clots from healthy controls. Conversely, clots are softer and more prone to dissolution in patients with bleeding disorders (Hvas, et al., J. Thrombosis and Haemostasis, 2007). As such, understanding the mechanical properties of clots is vital to understand hemostasis and thrombosis. As platelets drive this contraction phenomenon, single platelet measurements are required to obtain a mechanistic understanding of the retraction process and to identify specific therapeutic targets for disease states in which platelet/clot retraction is pathologically altered. In addition, as fibrin has recently been shown to have extremely complex material and mechanical properties (Brown, et al., Science, 2009), single platelet studies would decouple the effects of fibrin from platelets when examining clot mechanics. However, few studies have focused on the biomechanical role of platelets in clot formation and clot mechanics, especially at the single cell level. The key barrier which has prevented the study of single platelets has been the lack of technology with the sufficient precision and sensitivity to both manipulate and measure individual platelets. To that end, we recently published the first study investigating platelet contractility at the single cell level using an atomic force microscope (AFM) (Lam, et al., Nat Mater, 2011) Results: An AFM enables precise measurements of force down to the pico-newton level. A mechanically well-defined, fibrinogen-coated cantilever is brought into contact with a platelet and then brought to a fibrinogen-coated surface as shown in Figure 1A. The platelet will contract and the resulting deflection of the cantilever is measured with high accuracy to determine the force applied by the platelet. From AFM studies, it was found that both the loading rate (Fig 1B) and maximum contraction force exerted by single platelets (Fig 1C) were a function of the mechanical stiffness of the cantilever. Furthermore, preliminary data using the same techniques is indicating that there may be a unique subpopulation of platelets which exhibit high-amplitude, oscillatory contraction as shown in Figure 1D. Conclusions and Ongoing Effort: Ours is the first reported data measuring platelet contraction at the single cell level and reveals that platelets are extremely “strong” contractile machines, especially when taking account their small size. In addition, we discovered that platelets can “sense” their mechanical microenvironment, adjusting their contractility accordingly. Based on this research, the overall theme of this proposed work is to quantitatively investigate how the biophysics interacts with the molecular biology of platelet contraction. However, our initial work and past research have shown that platelets within a given population exhibit varied behavior, and to truly obtain meaningful data, studies on large populations are necessary. We are developing a high-throughput device that is capable of individually measuring the contractility of thousands of platelets using the same principles as AFM. As this “biomechanical flow cytometer” leverages microfabrication techniques, it offers new capabilities to manipulate the platelet microenvironment while making contractility measurements. This device will use massively parallel sets of polymer cantilevers to measure individual platelet contractility with an integrated microfluidic delivery system (Figure 2). Platelets flowing in the microfluidic channel will be captured by a set of fibrinogen-coated cantilevers. As the platelet contracts, the deflection of the cantilever tip can be measured optically, which is correlated to the force with the cantilever spring constant. Leveraging the capabilities of this system to test multiple conditions simultaneously, we will vary shear stresses and expose platelet to different doses of different agonists and determine how these parameters affect contraction. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

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Boukari, Hacène, Dan L. Sackett, Peter Schuck, and Ralph J. Nossal. "Single-walled tubulin ring polymers." Biopolymers 86, no. 5-6 (2007): 424–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.20752.

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Lawrimore, Josh, Timothy M. Barry, Raymond M. Barry, Alyssa C. York, Brandon Friedman, Diana M. Cook, Kristen Akialis, et al. "Microtubule dynamics drive enhanced chromatin motion and mobilize telomeres in response to DNA damage." Molecular Biology of the Cell 28, no. 12 (June 15, 2017): 1701–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e16-12-0846.

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Chromatin exhibits increased mobility on DNA damage, but the biophysical basis for this behavior remains unknown. To explore the mechanisms that drive DNA damage–induced chromosome mobility, we use single-particle tracking of tagged chromosomal loci during interphase in live yeast cells together with polymer models of chromatin chains. Telomeres become mobilized from sites on the nuclear envelope and the pericentromere expands after exposure to DNA-damaging agents. The magnitude of chromatin mobility induced by a single double-strand break requires active microtubule function. These findings reveal how relaxation of external tethers to the nuclear envelope and internal chromatin–chromatin tethers, together with microtubule dynamics, can mobilize the genome in response to DNA damage.

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Oyama, Kotaro, Madoka Suzuki, Vadim Tseeb, Fumichika Ono, Yusuke Seto, Kaoru Iwai, and Shin'ichi Ishiwata. "Measurement of Temperature Change in Single Hela Cells with Thermosensitive Polymers." Biophysical Journal 96, no. 3 (February 2009): 294a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bpj.2008.12.1456.

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