Books on the topic 'SINGLE POLARIZATION'
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1
W, Hunter William, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Optical transmission through a polarization preserving single mode optical fiber at two Ar⁺ laser wavelengths. [Washington, D.C.?: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1990.
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2
Craig, Rex M. Measurement assurance program for wavelength dependence of polarization dependent loss of fiber optic devices in the 1535 nm to 1560 nm wavelength range. Boulder, Colo.]: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2003.
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3
Peter Singer and Christian ethics: Beyond polarization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012.
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4
Grimm, Jannis Julien. Contested Legitimacies. Nieuwe Prinsengracht 89 1018 VR Amsterdam Nederland: Amsterdam University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789463722650.
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Since the overthrow of President Mursi in mid-2013, Egypt has witnessed an authoritarian rollback and shrinking spaces for civil society. Nationalist discourses have villified popular protest and channelled pressure for reform into a state-centric model of governance. Despite this hostile environment for social mobilization, protest has persisted. Contested Legitimacies explores this resilience of contentious politics through a multimethod approach that is attuned to the physical and discursive interactions among key players in Egypt’s protest arena. Drawing from a unique archive of sources, it investigates the rise and fall of different coalitions of contenders, from the Tamarod uprising against Mursi, to the Anti-Coup resistance against the military coup, to the challenges posed by the Tiran and Sanafir island campaign to Al-Sisi's regime. It highlights the decisive impact of battles fought in a discursive arena on the conditions of possibility for street politics: In postrevolutionary Egypt, a contest over the meaning of political legitimacy cemented political polarization, limited social movements’ coalition choices, and ultimately paved the way for a restoration of autocracy.
5
Anders, Juergen. Evolution of polarization along a single mode fiber. 1988.
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6
McCarty, Nolan. Polarization. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wentk/9780190867782.001.0001.
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The 2016 election of Donald J. Trump invoked a time for reflection about the state of American politics and its deep ideological, cultural, racial, regional, and economic divisions. But one aspect that the contemporary discussions often miss is that these fissures have been opening over several decades and are deeply rooted in the structure of American politics and society. Nolan McCarty's Polarization: What Everyone Needs to Know® is an accessible introduction to polarization in America. McCarty takes readers through what scholars know and don't know about the origins, development, and implications of our rising political conflicts, delving into social, economic, and geographic determinants of polarization in the United States. While the current political climate makes it clear that extreme views are becoming more popular, McCarty also argues that, contrary to popular belief, the 2016 election was a natural outgrowth of 40 years of polarized politics, instead of a significant break with the past. He explains the factors that have created this state of affairs, including gerrymandered legislative districts, partisan primary nomination systems, and our private campaign finance system. He also considers the potential of major reforms such as instating proportional representation or single-transferable voting to remedy extreme polarization. A concise overview of a complex and crucial topic in US politics, this book is for anyone wanting to understand how to repair the cracks in our system.
7
Resolving the biophysics of axon transmembrane polarization in a single closed-form description. Melville, NY, USA: Journal of Applied Physics (published by the American Institute of Physics), 2015.
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8
Resolving the biophysics of axon transmembrane polarization in a single closed-form description. Journal of Applied Physics, 2015.
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9
Resolving the biophysics of axon transmembrane polarization in a single closed-form description. New York: Journal of Applied Physics, 2015.
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10
Sonawala, Paula. Rotation of polarization in single mode optical fibers and its relation to Berry's Phase. 1988.
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11
Zadok, Avi, Hilel Hagai Diamandi, Yosef London, and Gil Bashan. Forward Brillouin Scattering in Standard Optical Fibers: Single-Mode, Polarization-Maintaining, and Multi-Core. Springer International Publishing AG, 2022.
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12
Takanashi, K., and Y. Sakuraba. Spin polarization in magnets. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198787075.003.0005.
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This chapter explains how the exchange splitting between up- and down-spin bands in ferromagnets unexceptionally generates spin-polarized electronic states at the Fermi energy. The quantity of spin polarization P in ferromagnets is one of the important parameters for application in spintronics, since a ferromagnet having a higher P is able to generate larger various spin-dependent effects such as the magnetoresistance effect, spin transfer torque, spin accumulation, and so on. However, the spin polarizations of general 3d transition metals or alloys generally limit the size of spin-dependent effects. Thus,“‘half-metals” attract much interest as an ideal source of spin current and spin-dependent scattering because they possess perfectly spin-polarized conduction electrons due to the energy band gap in either the up- or down-spin channel at the Fermi level.
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Wassermann, Eric M. Direct current brain polarization. Edited by Charles M. Epstein, Eric M. Wassermann, and Ulf Ziemann. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198568926.013.0007.
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The transcranial application of weak direct current (DC) to the brain is an effective neuromodulation technique that has had more than a century of experimental and therapeutic use. Focal DC brain polarization is now undergoing renewed interest, because of the wide acceptance of TMS as a research tool and candidate treatment for brain disorders. The effects of static electrical fields on cortical neurons in vivo have been known since the advent of intracellular recording. These effects are highly selective for neurons oriented longitudinally in the plane of the electric field. DC can enhance cognitive processes occurring in the treated area. The earliest clinical application of DC polarization was in the field of mood disorders. However, due to lack of temporal and spatial resolution, this technique does not appear particularly useful for exploring neurophysiological mechanisms.
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Healey, Richard. Entanglement. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198714057.003.0003.
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Often a pair of quantum systems may be represented mathematically (by a vector) in a way each system alone cannot: the mathematical representation of the pair is said to be non-separable: Schrödinger called this feature of quantum theory entanglement. It would reflect a physical relation between a pair of systems only if a system’s mathematical representation were to describe its physical condition. Einstein and colleagues used an entangled state to argue that its quantum state does not completely describe the physical condition of a system to which it is assigned. A single physical system may be assigned a non-separable quantum state, as may a large number of systems, including electrons, photons, and ions. The GHZ state is an example of an entangled polarization state that may be assigned to three photons.
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Hallett, Mark, and Alfredo Berardelli. Movement Disorders. Edited by Charles M. Epstein, Eric M. Wassermann, and Ulf Ziemann. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198568926.013.0044.
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This article focuses on the potential therapeutic uses of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in movement disorders. The brain can be stimulated with low levels of direct electrical current, called direct current polarization (tDCS). High-frequency repetitive TMS might increase brain excitability and be used for therapy in Parkinson's disease. Single sessions with TMS, however, have not proven to be very effective. Treatment with tDCS has been performed in some open studies with some success, but these results need confirmation. Physiological findings in dystonia reveal a decrease in intracortical inhibition. There have been a few studies of patients with Tourette's syndrome with mixed results. To date, clinical results with TMS in movement disorders have been mixed, and more work will be needed to clarify the potential clinical role of TMS.
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Meeusen, Meghann. Children's Books on the Big Screen. University Press of Mississippi, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.14325/mississippi/9781496828644.001.0001.
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Adaptation studies scholars suggest that no matter how interesting it may be to pick apart a film’s consistency with and departure from its source, these approaches can be limiting because books and movies operate as two very different mediums. Children’s Books on the Big Screen moves away from this approach by tracing a pattern across films for young viewers to highlight a consistent trend: when films are adapted from children’s and YA books, concepts like self/other, male/female, and adult/child become more strongly contrasted and more diametrically opposed in the film version. Children’s Books on the Big Screen describes this as binary polarization, suggesting that more stark opposition between concepts leads to shifts in the messages that texts send, particularly when it comes to representations of gender, race, and childhood. After introducing why critics need a new way of thinking about children’s adapted texts, Children’s Books on the Big Screen uses middle-grade fantasy adaptations to consider the reason for binary polarization and looks at the ideological results of polarized binaries in adolescent films and movies adapted from picturebooks. The text also explores movies adapted from The Wonderful Wizard of Oz to dig into instances when multiple films are adapted from a single source and ends with pragmatic classroom application, suggesting teachers might utilize this theory to help students think critically about movies created by the Walt Disney corporation. Drawing from numerous popular contemporary examples, Children’s Books on the Big Screen posits a theory that can begin to explain what happens—and what is at stake—when children’s and young adult books are made into movies.
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Mason, Peggy. Electrical Communication Within a Neuron. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190237493.003.0010.
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Postsynaptic potentials integrate across time and space within a single neuron. The influence of the length constant on spatial summation and of the time constant on temporal summation is described. Whereas passive properties give rise to graded potentials, the voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) supports the all-or-none action potential. The action potential can be used to conduct information across long distances and is therefore used in the majority of neurons that have axons. How the inactivated state of VGSCs gives rise to the refractory period and dynamic polarization is described. The meaning of the action potential threshold is fully considered and then applied to understand the clinical condition of hyperkalemic periodic paralysis. Trains of action potentials carry information, and degradation of the spike train compromises the message. The speed of action potential conduction along both unmyelinated and myelinated axons is explored. In closing, an overview of demyelinating diseases is offered.
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Acuto, Michele. How to Build a Global City. Cornell University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501759703.001.0001.
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This book considers the rise of a new generation of so-called global cities—Singapore, Sydney, and Dubai—and the power that this concept had in their ascent, in order to analyze the general relationship between global city theory and its urban public policy practice. The global city is often invoked in theory and practice as an ideal model of development and a logic of internationalization for cities the world over. But the global city also creates deep social polarization and challenges how much local planning can achieve in a world economy. Presenting a unique elite ethnography in Singapore, Sydney, and Dubai, the book discusses the global urban discourses, aspirations, and strategies vital to the planning and management of such metropolitan growth. The global city, the book shows, is not one single idea, but a complex of ways to imagine a place to be global and aspirations to make it so, often deeply steeped in politics. The book is a call to reconcile proponents and critics of the global city toward a more explicit engagement with the politics of this global urban imagination.
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Boothroyd, Andrew T. Principles of Neutron Scattering from Condensed Matter. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198862314.001.0001.
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The book contains a comprehensive account of the theory and application of neutron scattering for the study of the structure and dynamics of condensed matter. All the principal experimental techniques available at national and international neutron scattering facilities are covered. The formal theory is presented, and used to show how neutron scattering measurements give direct access to a variety of correlation and response functions which characterize the equilibrium properties of bulk matter. The determination of atomic arrangements and magnetic structures by neutron diffraction and neutron optical methods is described, including single-crystal and powder diffraction, diffuse scattering from disordered structures, total scattering, small-angle scattering, reflectometry, and imaging. The principles behind the main neutron spectroscopic techniques are explained, including continuous and time-of-flight inelastic scattering, quasielastic scattering, spin-echo spectroscopy, and Compton scattering. The scattering cross-sections for atomic vibrations in solids, diffusive motion in atomic and molecular fluids, and single-atom and cooperative magnetic excitations are calculated. A detailed account of neutron polarization analysis is given, together with examples of how polarized neutrons can be exploited to obtain information about structural and magnetic correlations which cannot be obtained by other methods. Alongside the theoretical aspects, the book also describes the essential practical information needed to perform experiments and to analyse and interpret the data. Exercises are included at the end of each chapter to consolidate and enhance understanding of the material, and a summary of relevant results from mathematics, quantum mechanics, and linear response theory, is given in the appendices.
20
Grewal, J. S. At the Simla Conference and in the General Elections. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199467099.003.0012.
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On Lord Wavell’s initiative, the Simla Conference was held to discuss the proposal of a new executive council and a new constitution for India after the war. Master Tara Singh represented the Sikh community at the Simla Conference. The Conference failed due to Jinnah’s insistence that the Muslim League alone had the right to nominate Muslim representatives on the Executive Council. The failure of the Conference made the general elections of 1945–6 all the more important. The general elections resulted in a large degree of polarization between the Hindus, Muslims, and Sikhs. The Muslim League got Muslim mandate in favour of Pakistan. The Congress got a mandate of Hindus and a considerable proportion of the Sikhs for independence without partition. The Akalis got support of the large majority of the Sikhs for an independent political entity of the Sikhs. This polarization was of crucial importance for the future.
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Horing, Norman J. Morgenstern. Interacting Electron–Hole–Phonon System. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198791942.003.0011.
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Chapter 11 employs variational differential techniques and the Schwinger Action Principle to derive coupled-field Green’s function equations for a multi-component system, modeled as an interacting electron-hole-phonon system. The coupled Fermion Green’s function equations involve five interactions (electron-electron, hole-hole, electron-hole, electron-phonon, and hole-phonon). Starting with quantum Hamilton equations of motion for the various electron/hole creation/annihilation operators and their nonequilibrium average/expectation values, variational differentiation with respect to particle sources leads to a chain of coupled Green’s function equations involving differing species of Green’s functions. For example, the 1-electron Green’s function equation is coupled to the 2-electron Green’s function (as earlier), also to the 1-electron/1-hole Green’s function, and to the Green’s function for 1-electron propagation influenced by a nontrivial phonon field. Similar remarks apply to the 1-hole Green’s function equation, and all others. Higher order Green’s function equations are derived by further variational differentiation with respect to sources, yielding additional couplings. Chapter 11 also introduces the 1-phonon Green’s function, emphasizing the role of electron coupling in phonon propagation, leading to dynamic, nonlocal electron screening of the phonon spectrum and hybridization of the ion and electron plasmons, a Bohm-Staver phonon mode, and the Kohn anomaly. Furthermore, the single-electron Green’s function with only phonon coupling can be rewritten, as usual, coupled to the 2-electron Green’s function with an effective time-dependent electron-electron interaction potential mediated by the 1-phonon Green’s function, leading to the polaron as an electron propagating jointly with its induced lattice polarization. An alternative formulation of the coupled Green’s function equations for the electron-hole-phonon model is applied in the development of a generalized shielded potential approximation, analysing its inverse dielectric screening response function and associated hybridized collective modes. A brief discussion of the (theoretical) origin of the exciton-plasmon interaction follows.
22
Kalleberg, Arne L. Precarious Work and Young Workers in the United States. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190685898.003.0003.
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This chapter discusses how the growth of precarious work and the polarization of the US labor market have produced major problems for the employment experiences of young workers. A prominent indicator of young workers’ difficulties in the labor market has been the sharp increase in their unemployment rates since the Great Recession. Another, equally if not more severe, problem faced by young workers today is the relatively low quality of the jobs that they were able to get. Other problems include the exclusion of young workers from the labor market and from education and training opportunities; the inability to find jobs that utilize their education, training, and skills; and the inability to obtain jobs that provide them with an opportunity to get a foothold in a career that would lead to progressively better jobs and thus be able to construct career narratives.
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Zapata-Román, Gabriela. The role of skills and tasks in changing employment trends and income inequality in Chile. 48th ed. UNU-WIDER, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35188/unu-wider/2021/986-0.
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Using decomposition methods, we analyse the role of the changing nature of work in explaining changes in employment, wage inequality, and job polarization in Chile from 1992 to 2017. Changes in occupational structure confirm a displacement of workers from low-skill occupations towards jobs demanding non-routine higher skills (professionals and technicians), and to jobs demanding routine manual and cognitive tasks (services and sales). Changes in occupational earnings have had an equalizing effect, with more substantial gains in favour of lower-skill occupations and also at the top of the skill premium. Inequality reductions since the 2000s are explained by a fall in earnings in the top percentiles of the distribution, which have been reallocated most noticeably around the median (2000–06) and the bottom 30 per cent (2006–17). Changes in the returns to education and the relocation of workers towards less-routine occupations have contributed to the inequality reduction.
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West, John. Conclusion. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198816409.003.0006.
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Literary history often positions Dryden as the precursor to the great Tory satirists of the eighteenth century, like Pope and Swift. Yet a surprising number of Whig writers expressed deep admiration for Dryden, despite their political and religious differences. They were particularly drawn to the enthusiastic dimensions of his writing. After a short reading of Dryden’s poem to his younger Whig contemporary William Congreve, this concluding chapter presents three case studies of Whig writers who used Dryden to develop their own ideas of enthusiastic literature. These three writers are Elizabeth Singer Rowe, John Dennis, and the Third Earl of Shaftesbury. These case studies are used to critique the political polarizations of seventeenth- and eighteenth-century literary history and to stress instead how literary friendship crossed political allegiances, and how writers of differing ideological positions competed to control mutually appealing ideas and vocabularies.
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Haggard, Stephan, and Myung-Koo Kang. The Politics of Growth in South Korea. Edited by Carol Lancaster and Nicolas van de Walle. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199845156.013.22.
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This article examines the political origins of South Korea’s rapid economic development in the 1960s and 1970s, with emphasis on the enduring effects of the developmental state era. It begins by considering developments since 1980, including the influence of democratization, the causes and consequences of the financial crisis of 1997–1998, and the market-oriented reforms pursued by the government in the wake of the crisis. It then discusses the legacy of the developmental state era in the coverage of the welfare state, along with the liberalization of the Korean economy beginning in the 1980s. The article documents South Korea’s transition into a market economy, marked by reforms in the financial sector and corporate governance, as well as reforms in foreign direct investment and even labor markets. Finally, it appraises a number of challenges that the Korean political economy must deal with, including growing economic and social polarization, inequality, and the social policy agenda.
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Bergman, Torbjörn, Hanna Back, and Johan Hellström, eds. Coalition Governance in Western Europe. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198868484.001.0001.
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Coalition government is the most frequent form of government in Western Europe, but there is relatively little systematic knowledge about how this form of government has developed in recent decades. This volume analyses governments that have formed in the Western European countries since the Second World War and covers the full life cycle of coalition governments from the formation of party alliances before elections to coalition formation after elections, governing and policy-making when parties work together in office, and the stages that eventually lead to governments terminating. Since the early 1990s, many coalition governments form in a context of increased fragmentation of party systems, increased polarization, and the rise of populist parties. The volume captures these changes and examines their implications for the different stages of the coalition life cycle. A particular emphasis of the volume is on the study of how coalitions govern together even when they have different agendas. Do individual ministers decide, or the prime minister, or are the policy outputs of a government a result of a process of coalition compromise? Focusing on the coalition governance stage, we analyse the variation in the use of various control mechanisms across countries, for example showing that many coalition governments draft extensive contracts to control their partners in cabinet. The volume covers 16 West European countries and introduces the case of Croatia. Systematic cross-national data is available in an online appendix.
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Prozorov, Sergei. Biopolitics After Truth. Edinburgh University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474485784.001.0001.
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The rise of post-truth politics marks the most serious crisis of Western liberal democracy since the end of the Cold War. The decline of trust in expert knowledge and mainstream media, the rise of social media devoid of a gatekeeping function and the growth of covert external interference in electoral processes have led to fragmentation, polarization and destabilization of Western democratic systems. What makes post-truth politics so difficult to resist is its apparently democratic character that claims to challenge bureaucratic depoliticization, the rule of experts and the disappearance of alternatives to the hegemonic policy. Biopolitics after Truth refutes this interpretation both historically and conceptually, arguing that by reducing every statement to an opinion equivalent to any other the post-truth ideology leads to the degradation of the public sphere that is essential to democratic governance. Rather than enable resistance to expertise-based biopolitical governmentalities, truth denialism dissolves the only framework where their contestation and transformation could take place. In contrast, Biopolitics after Truth argues for a positive role of truth-telling in the democratization of biopolitical governance. Drawing on Foucault’s late work on truth and subjectivity, it develops an approach to truth-telling as a disruptive speech act that constitutes a political form of life.
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Sonn, Tamara, ed. Overcoming Orientalism. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190054151.001.0001.
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The term “Orientalism” reduces Islam and Muslims to stereotypes of ignorance and violence, in need of foreign control. In scholarly discourse, it has been used to rationalize Europe’s colonial domination of most of the Muslim world and continued American-led interventions in the postcolonial period. In the past thirty years it has been represented by claims that a monolithic Islam and equally monolithic West are distinct civilizations, sharing nothing in common and, indeed, involved in an inevitable “clash” from which only one can emerge the victory. Most recently, it has appeared in alt-right rhetoric. Anti-Muslim sentiment, measured in public opinion polls, hate crime statistics, and legislation, is reaching record levels. Since John Esposito published his first book nearly forty years ago, he has been guiding readers beyond such politically charged stereotypes. This Festschrift highlights the contributions of scholars from a variety of disciplines who, like—and often inspired by—John Esposito, recognize the misleading and politically dangerous nature of Orientalist polarizations. They present Islam as a multifaceted and dynamic tradition embraced by communities in globally interconnected but substantially diverse contexts over the centuries. The contributors follow Esposito’s lead, stressing the profound commonalities among religions and replacing Orientalist discourse with holistic analyses of the complex historical phenomena that affect developments in all societies. In addition to chapters focusing on diversity among Muslims and interfaith relations, this collection includes chapters assessing the secular bias at the root of Orientalist scholarship, and contemporary iterations of Orientalism in the form of Islamophobia.