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Books on the topic 'Single organ'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Salvarani, Carlo, Luigi Boiardi, and Francesco Muratore, eds. Large and Medium Size Vessel and Single Organ Vasculitis. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-67175-4.

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2

Self, Will. Liver: A fictional organ with a surface anatomy of four lobes. New York: Bloomsbury, 2010.

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3

Liver: A fictional organ with a surface anatomy of four lobes. New York: Bloomsbury, 2009.

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4

Liver: A fictional organ with a surface anatomy of four lobes. London: Viking, 2008.

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5

Vandenburgh, Herman H. Computer aided mechanogenesis of skeletal muscle organs from single cells in vitro. [Washington, DC]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1990.

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6

1930-, Gruber U. F., ed. Indications for single-dose antibiotic prophylaxis in surgery and gynaecology. Toronto: H. Huber, 1985.

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7

Francis, Dorothy Brenner. Eden Palms murder: A Key West mystery. Waterville, Me: Five Star, 2008.

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8

Francis, Dorothy Brenner. Eden Palms murder: A Key West mystery. Waterville, Me: Thorndike Press, 2008.

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9

Francis, Dorothy Brenner. Eden Palms murder. Toronto: Worldwide, 2010.

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10

A natural history of the senses. New York: Vintage Books, 1991.

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11

A natural history of the senses. New York: Random House, 1990.

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12

Richards, Sarah Elizabeth. Motherhood, rescheduled: Five women, five quests to stop the biological clock. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster, 2010.

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13

Motherhood, rescheduled: Five women, five quests to stop the biological clock. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster, 2010.

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14

Salvarani, Carlo, Luigi Boiardo, and Francesco Muratore. Large and Medium Size Vessel and Single Organ Vasculitis. Springer International Publishing AG, 2021.

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15

Salvarani, Carlo, Francesco Muratore, and Luigi Boiardi. Large and Medium Size Vessel and Single Organ Vasculitis. Springer International Publishing AG, 2022.

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16

Van Winkle, Lon J., Philip Iannaccone, and Rebecca Ryznar, eds. From Single Stem Cells to Organoids, Organ Repair, and Public Health. Frontiers Media SA, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/978-2-88974-624-8.

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17

Sabharwal, Nikant, Chee Yee Loong, and Andrew Kelion. Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199206445.003.0004.

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Introduction to SPECT 40Specific issues of instrumentation, acquisition and processing 42SPECT reconstruction: filtered back-projection 44SPECT reconstruction: iterative reconstruction 46Image reorientation 46Colour display 46Gated SPECT: acquisition and reconstruction 48Attenuation correction 50Ensuring high quality SPECT 52Planar scintigraphic imaging represents a three-dimensional distribution of counts within a patient as a two-dimensional image. This results in a loss of contrast between the organ of interest and surrounding tissues due to activity in overlying and underlying structures....

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18

Sabharwal, Nikant, Parthiban Arumugam, and Andrew Kelion. Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198759942.003.0004.

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Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) allows an organ to be imaged in three dimensions with enhanced contrast. Of particular relevance in nuclear cardiology, it also allows the heart to be reorientated relative to its own axes, and slices presented in standard orthogonal planes. Scintigraphic imaging is thereby rendered more accessible to cardiologists already familiar with echocardiography and other imaging modalities. This chapter explores specific issues of instrumentation, acquisition, and processing, discussing camera options and specific quality control issues. SPECT reconstruction is covered with reference to both filtered back-projection and iterative reconstruction. Other key aspects of SPECT covered include image reorientation, colour display, gated SPECT, and attenuation correction.

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19

Stauffer, George B. Miscellaneous Organ Trios from Bach’s Leipzig Workshop. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252040191.003.0003.

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This chapter examines various independent trio movements that Johann Sebastian Bach either composed or transcribed, probably prior to the composition of the Six Sonatas for organ. The Six Trio Sonatas for Organ, BWV 525–530, were assembled for the use of Bach’s oldest son, ilhelm Friedemann, to give final polish to his organ technique. This chapter first describes the Six Trio Sonatas before discussing Bach’s miscellaneous free organ trios in more detail. It then considers Bach’s Leipzig workshop and suggests that the miscellaneous organ trios and Six Sonata variants represent a unified repertory arising from a single period of activity in Leipzig: 1725 to 1730 or so. Aside from serving as preparatory exercises for the Six Sonatas, the organ trios were used as display pieces for demonstrating the chamber music registers of the progressive Central German organ, as well as a teaching material for students like Johann Tobias Krebs and Gottfried August Homilius.

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20

Rahman, Shamima, and Mirian C. H. Janssen. Disorders of Mitochondrial Energy Metabolism. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199972135.003.0007.

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Mitochondrial disease can be diagnosed at every age, and the clinical presentation is very heterogeneous. In rare cases only a single organ is affected, but multisystem involvement may develop with progression of the disease. Organ systems relying most on aerobic metabolism are preferentially affected, including the central nervous system, peripheral nerves, eye, skeletal and cardiac muscle, and endocrine organs. These disorders can be classified according to whether the causative mutations affect mitochondrial DNA or nuclear DNA. Since specific treatment options are still limited, the management of mitochondrial disorders is largely supportive.

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21

Detailed Review Document on Hazard Classification Systems for Specific Target Organ Systemic Toxicity Following Single or Repeated Exposure in OECD Member Countries. OECD, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264078420-en.

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22

D, Ramesh B. M., Madhuri Vidyashankar, and Dimri, Pooja Sharma, M.D. Single-Port Laparoscopic Surgery in Gynecology. Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers Pvt Ltd, 2013.

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23

Bloos, Frank, and Konrad Reinhart. Mixed and central venous oxygen saturation monitoring in the ICU. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0134.

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Haemodynamic resuscitation should target goals that reflect the tissue oxygen needs of an individual patient. Venous oximetry may be such a tool. Oxygen saturation of blood in the pulmonary artery contains venous blood from the whole body and is referred to as mixed oxygen saturation (SvO2). Measurement of oxygen saturation in blood obtained from a central venous catheter is referred to as central venous oxygen saturation (ScvO2). Both values are not identical since a catheter placed into the superior vena cava only represents venous blood draining the upper body. While it is not possible, in the clinical setting, to predict SvO2 from ScvO2, changes in SvO2 are adequately mirrored by changes in ScvO2. Post-operative patients and patients admitted to intensive care with a low ScvO2 show a higher morbidity and mortality. Early goal-directed therapy (EGDT) combines several haemodynamic goals into a treatment algorithm, including a ScvO2 target. However, recent studies do not support the systematic use of this protocolized approach. A normal value of SvO2 or ScvO2 saturation does not always exclude tissue hypoxia, since it is not possible to identify an inadequate oxygen supply in single organs. A further limitation of this technique is that organ dysfunction can progress, or serum lactate increases, despite normal or even increased venous oximetry values.

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24

Kihara, Kazunori. Gasless Single-Port RoboSurgeon Surgery in Urology. Ingramcontent, 2015.

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25

Kihara, Kazunori. Gasless Single-Port RoboSurgeon Surgery in Urology. Springer, 2016.

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26

Kihara, Kazunori. Gasless Single-Port RoboSurgeon Surgery in Urology. Springer, 2015.

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27

Marlow, Heather, ed. Evolutionary Development of Marine Larvae. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198786962.003.0002.

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Access to a growing number of marine invertebrates with genetic and genomic tools has broadened our understanding of the diversity of developmental mechanisms, informing our understanding of larval evolution by allowing the identification of shared or divergent programs for the formation of body plan patterning and organ formation. Two such genetic programs are the apical plate patterning network and the hox/parahox trunk and gut patterning network common to larval and adult forms, respectively. While mounting evidence supports an ancient origin at the base of the Bilateria for both adult and larval forms, it is clear that many distinct organs and structures have appeared independently and can be shifted between the larval and adult phase frequently. Future advances in our understanding of larval evolution are likely to emerge from exhaustive studies of marine invertebrate cell types by single-cell sequencing technologies and through the study of the genetic basis of the metamorphic transition.

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28

Keller-Soft safety singles. 5th ed. Neenah, WI: J.J. Keller, 1998.

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29

Ehninger, Dan, and Alcino J. Silva. Tuberous Sclerosis and Autism. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199744312.003.0009.

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Tuberous sclerosis (TSC) is a single-gene disorder caused by heterozygous mutations in either the TSC1 or TSC2 genes (Consortium, 1993; van Slegtenhorst et al., 1997). In 70% of cases, TSC gene mutations arise de novo. The remaining 30% of cases are familial with an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance. Tuberous sclerosis belongs to the group of phakomatoses (neurocutaneous disorders) and is associated with characteristic manifestations in various organ systems, including the brain, skin, kidney, lung, heart, and liver (Crino, Nathanson, & Henske, 2006; Curatolo, Bombardieri & Jozwiak, 2008). Pathological manifestations in these organ systems often include tumor growths or tissue malformations (hamartomas). While penetrance is high, expressivity of TSC phenotypes is highly variable. The birth incidence of TSC is approximately 1:6,000 (Osborne, Fryer, & Webb, 1991). This chapter is an updated and extended version of a previous article on this topic (Ehninger, de Vries, & Silva, 2009)

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30

Falcone, Tommaso, and Pedro F. Escobar. Atlas of Single-Port, Laparoscopic, and Robotic Surgery: A Practical Approach in Gynecology. Springer, 2016.

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31

Falcone, Tommaso, and Pedro F. Escobar. Atlas of Single-Port, Laparoscopic, and Robotic Surgery: A Practical Approach in Gynecology. Springer London, Limited, 2014.

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32

Gooley, Dana. Postlude. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190633585.003.0008.

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THE FOREGOING CHAPTERS about free playing and discourses of improvisation could leave the impression that improvisation was “everywhere,” or at least common and familiar, in European music of the nineteenth century. It was not. One can read through hundreds of pages of musical periodicals reporting on symphonic music, amateur choirs, domestic parlor music, concert virtuosos, opera, and oratorios without discovering a single mention of an improvisation. In the one sphere where free playing was actually standard—the world of liturgical organists—it was barely recognized as improvisation and was described simply as “organ-playing” or “accompaniment.”...

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33

Cunha, Cheston B., ed. Schlossberg's Clinical Infectious Disease. 3rd ed. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190888367.001.0001.

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This book is a full-color, illustrated clinical atlas that provides practical overviews of clinical infectious disease topics for internists and infectious disease clinicians. Now in its third edition, Schlossberg’s Clinical Infectious Disease covers both syndromes and microorganisms through their epidemiology, clinical manifestations, differential diagnosis, and treatment. Besides organ-system or pathogen-related infections, this volume reviews the susceptible host (with individual chapters on the diabetic, the elderly, the injection drug user, and the neonate), infections related to travel, nosocomial infection, and bioterrorism. In addition, it includes antimicrobial stewardship and clinical responses to COVID-19. Compact and easy to use, Schlossberg’s Clinical Infectious Disease remains the single most comprehensive reference volume for daily clinical infectious disease problems.

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34

Kessel, Lipmann. Rotator Cuff Rupture and Repair (Colour Atlas on Single Surgical Procedures). Mosby, 1986.

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35

Lameire, Norbert. Yellow fever, severe acute respiratory syndrome virus, and H1N1 influenza infections. Edited by Vivekanand Jha. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0190_update_001.

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Serious yellow fever infections are associated with acute kidney injury (AKI) on the basis of haemorrhagic shock with acute tubular necrosis, although a direct viral effect on renal tissue has been suggested. A single yellow fever vaccination provides sufficient immunity against the disease, negating the need for booster vaccinations every 10 years; vaccination failures are extremely rare. Severe SARS infections may be complicated by multi-organ dysfunction syndrome including AKI. Hypotension caused by nosocomial infections, gastrointestinal bleeding, or SARS per se, and rhabdomyolysis were associated with AKI in addition to prerenal factors. Serious H1N1 viral infections are often complicated by AKI (mostly caused by acute tubular necrosis and rhabdomyolysis) with a need for renal replacement therapy. Timely oseltamivir administration has a beneficial effect on outcomes in hospitalized adults with H1N1 infection.

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36

Ray, Komal, and Mark Bellamy. Hepatic and renal disease and anaesthesia. Edited by Philip M. Hopkins. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642045.003.0085.

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Anaesthesia for the patient with liver or renal disease may seem daunting, not least because of the multisystem nature of these seemingly single-system conditions. Both kidney and liver disease are associated with systemic manifestations, and often with multiple co-morbidities. There are inherent complexities in patient assessment and risk stratification. The process of preoperative optimization is a complex one, and has to be tailored to the individual, based on a detailed understanding both of the pathophysiology of the organ dysfunction, and its clinical implications. The practical conduct of anaesthesia is further complicated by unexpected or atypical reactions to therapeutic agents (pharmacodynamic effects) as well as unexpected durations of action and drug interactions (altered pharmacokinetics). This chapter is not an exhaustive treatise on the topic, nor can it be; it does, however, attempt to point towards important issues to be considered.

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37

Baloh, Robert W. Breuer’s Experiments on the Semicircular Canals and Otolith Organs. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190600129.003.0006.

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After his groundbreaking work in the mid-1860s, Josef Breuer continued to perform experiments on the inner ear balance receptors in animals. He studied the macules of fish, reptiles, and birds and noted that all these creatures had three macules arranged in the planes of the semicircular canals, perpendicular to one another. By contrast, mammals had only two macules located in the utricle (horizontal plane) and saccule (vertical plane), again perpendicular to each other. He developed the concept of “slip” to describe the movement of the otoconial membrane over the underlying sensory epithelium that occurred with linear displacement or gravity. He developed a mathematical model to hypothesize that in humans there was only one combination of responses from the two macules on each side for a single head position in space.

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38

Lehmann, Vicky, and Marrit A. Tuinman. Body Image Issues Across Cancer Types. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190655617.003.0005.

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Abstract: This chapter provides a broad overview of body image challenges experienced by cancer patients and survivors, first focusing on patient characteristics and common treatment side effects that can affect body image and then summarizing findings specific to certain clusters of diagnoses. Research in the area of body image and cancer has largely focused on patients with breast cancer. A growing body of research also recognizes the negative impact of altered appearance and functioning on body image outcomes of patients with sexual organ-related, gastrointestinal, head and neck, skin, and other cancers. Body image is typically evaluated within the context of a single type of cancer and rarely compared across different types. This chapter proposes a visibility-stability model as a conceptual framework to facilitate understanding of the impact of cancer on body image across cancer types. This framework further considers functional body changes and survivors’ subjective evaluations as core components.

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39

McLean, Donald, and Claire-Louise Chapple. CT dosimetry. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199655212.003.0015.

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The computed tomography (CT) medical examination is the highest single source of radiation to the general public in the developed world. Its use is rapidly growing, as is its technical complexity. The primary dosimetry formalism is based on the computed tomography dose index (CTDI), which can be measured in air or in standard phantoms using a calibrated pencil ionization chamber with adaptations for wide beam scanners. Displayed dose parameters can be used with caution to estimate patient organ doses, effective dose, and risk, using a variety of models and software. An understanding of automatic exposure control and the influence of patient size is essential when interpreting dosimetry results. CT examination protocols require optimisation, including the appropriate use of newly available dose reduction features. Particular consideration needs to be given to paediatric CT and to specialist applications such as radiotherapy planning, cardiac CT and volume imaging.

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40

Saving History (Sun and Moon Classics). Sun and Moon Press, 1993.

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41

Schechter, Marcos. Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (Ebola, Lassa, Hantavirus). Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199976805.003.0066.

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Viral hemorrhagic fever (VHF) designates diseases caused by enveloped, single-stranded RNA viruses belonging to the families Ebola, Lassa, Hantavirus, and yellow fever. Unifying features include fever, capillary leak, and coagulation defects. These viruses can affect all organ systems; transmission occurs via contact with rodent excretions, either by ingestion or through mucosa or non-intact skin. Aerosolized rodent urine and saliva are also infectious. Person-to-person spread has been documented in Lassa and Machupo viruses, both by direct contact with bodily fluids and by airborne transmission. Thrombocytopenia is a common laboratory finding. Most acutely ill patients have high concentrations of virus in the blood as measured by polymerase chain reaction assay. Clinical differentiation between the various causes of VHF is difficult. Care is supportive. No antiviral drug, including ribavirin, has activity against these viruses. Most of these diseases do not occur naturally in the United States; however, some are considered viable for bioterrorism.

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42

Rajagopal, Keshava, and Bartley P. Griffith. Intensive care management in cardiac transplantation. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0372.

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Cardiac transplant recipients are among the most complex critically-ill patients in the peri-transplant phase. In this chapter, a comprehensive multi-organ system review of heart transplant recipient management is undertaken, after a brief summary of the pre-implantation donor organ management and the conduct of the transplantation procedures themselves. Specific issues addressed that are unique to the transplant recipient include technical complications, primary allograft dysfunction, and hyperacute and acute allograft rejection. Since issues in heart and lung transplantation are reviewed separately, heart–lung transplantation is not discussed as an independent topic.

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43

Rajagopal, Keshava, and Bartley P. Griffith. Intensive care management in lung transplantation. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0373.

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Lung transplant recipients are among the most complex critically-ill patients in the peri-transplant phase. In this chapter, a comprehensive multi-organ system review of lung transplant recipient management is undertaken, after a brief summary of the pre-implantation donor organ management and the conduct of the transplantation procedures themselves. Specific issues addressed that are unique to the transplant recipient include technical complications, primary allograft dysfunction, and hyperacute and acute allograft rejection. Since issues in heart and lung transplantation are reviewed separately, heart-lung transplantation is not discussed as an independent topic.

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44

Vasilevskis, Eduard E., and E. Wesley Ely. Causes and epidemiology of agitation, confusion, and delirium in the ICU. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0226.

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Confusion is a non-specific, non-diagnostic term to describe a patient with disorientation, impaired memory, or abnormal thought process. Agitation describes an increased level of psychomotor activity, and anxious or aggressive behaviour. Many agitated patients may also be delirious, yet they only represent a minority of all delirious patients. ICU delirium is an acute cognitive disorder of both consciousness and content of thought. The hallmark of ICU delirium is a fluctuating mental status, inattention, and an altered level of consciousness. Delirium is the end product of a sequence of insults and injury that lead to a common measurable manifestation of end-organ brain injury. It does not have a single aetiology, but often has multiple different and potentially interacting aetiologies. Both non-modifiable and modifiable risk factors play important roles in the development of delirium. Importantly, the new onset of delirium should prompt the physician to investigate the underlying cause. Cognitive impairment and age are among the most important non-modifiable risk factors, whereas administration of benzodiazepines is the greatest. The alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonist dexmedetomidine shows promise as a sedative reducing the risk for delirium when compared with benzodiazepines.

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45

Ronco, Pierre M. Kidney involvement in plasma cell dyscrasias. Edited by Giuseppe Remuzzi. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0150.

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Monoclonal proliferations of the B-cell lineage are characterized by abnormal and uncontrolled expansion of a single clone of B cells at different maturation stages, with a variable degree of differentiation to immunoglobulin-secreting plasma cells. Therefore, they are usually associated with the production and secretion in blood of a monoclonal immunoglobulin and/or a fragment thereof which may become deposited in tissues. These deposits can take the form of casts (in myeloma cast nephropathy), crystals (in myeloma-associated Fanconi syndrome), fibrils (in light-chain and exceptional heavy-chain amyloidosis), or granular precipitates (in monoclonal immunoglobulin deposition disease). They may disrupt organ structure and function, inducing life-threatening complications. All of the pathologic entities related to immunoglobulin deposition principally involve the kidney, which is not only explained by the high levels of renal plasma flow and glomerular filtration rate, but also by the sieving properties of the glomerular capillary wall and by the prominent role of the renal tubule in LC handling and catabolism.The different renal (and other) manifestations are related to the unique physicochemical characteristics of each paraprotein or immunoglobulin fragment, and the rate of their production.

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46

De laet, Inneke E., and Manu L. N. G. Malbrain. Pathophysiology and management of raised intra-abdominal pressure in the critically ill. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0184.

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The deleterious effects of raised intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) on organ function and mortality have been known for decades, even centuries. Interest in this phenomenon has revived since the 1980s and, recently, the World Society for the Abdominal Compartment Syndrome has published new consensus definitions and guidelines. This chapter will focus on the new definitions for intra-abdominal hypertension (IAH) and abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS), identify risk factors for the development of IAH/ACS, provide guidelines for IAP monitoring (including when to start, how to measure, and when to stop), and discuss both surgical and medical treatment options for both IAH and ACS. The effect of increased IAP on different organ systems is explained and suggestions on how to adjust ICU management of the patient with IAH are offered.

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47

Hedenstierna, Göran, and Hans Ulrich Rothen. Physiology of positive-pressure ventilation. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0088.

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During positive pressure ventilation the lung volume is reduced because of loss of respiratory muscle tone. This promotes airway closure that occurs in dependent lung regions. Gas absorption behind the closed airway results sooner or later in atelectasis depending on the inspired oxygen concentration. The elevated airway and alveolar pressures squeeze blood flow down the lung so that a ventilation/perfusion mismatch ensues with more ventilation going to the upper lung regions and more perfusion going to the lower, dependent lung. Positive pressure ventilation may impede the return of venous blood to the thorax and right heart. This raises venous pressure, causing an increase in systemic capillary pressure with increased capillary leakage and possible oedema formation in peripheral organs. Steps that can be taken to counter the negative effects of mechanical ventilation include an increase in lung volume by recruitment of collapsed lung and an appropriate positive end-expiratory pressure, to keep aerated lung open and to prevent cyclic airway closure. Maintaining normo- or hypervolaemia to make the pulmonary circulation less vulnerable to increased airway and alveolar pressures, and preserving or mimicking spontaneous breaths, in addition to the mechanical breaths, since they may improve matching of ventilation and blood flow, may increase venous return and decrease systemic organ oedema formation (however, risk of respiratory muscle fatigue, and even overexpansion of lung if uncontrolled).

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48

Stanworth, Simon, and Stuart McKechnie. Pathophysiology of disordered coagulation. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0269.

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Imbalances in the regulation of haemostasis may manifest as bleeding (depletion of pro-coagulant factors) or thrombosis (deficiency of anti-coagulants). Disordered haemostasis is common in critically-ill patients and may result from infection, trauma, haemorrhage, inflammation, organ dysfunction (notably renal and liver dysfunction), or drug therapy. Complex patterns of coagulopathy where both bleeding and prothrombotic tendencies co-exist are well recognized in critical illness. The limitations of standard laboratory coagulation tests to predict bleeding risk, including activated partial thromboplastin time and prothrombin time, are well recognized. These assays were developed for diagnosis of inherited bleeding disorders or for monitoring of anticoagulant therapy. This has led to increased interest in global haemostatic tests, such as viscoelastic and thrombin generation tests. Thromboembolism is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in critically-ill patients. While inherited causes of bleeding appear to be often related to single gene abnormalities, thrombotic tendencies appear to reflect more complex interactions between inherited and acquired factors. Many interactions exist between coagulation pathways and inflammation. Systemic inflammation triggers widespread activation of coagulation, with pro-inflammatory cytokines activating pro-coagulant pathways and downregulating anticoagulant pathways. A net result of this interaction between inflammatory and coagulation pathways in sepsis is thrombin generation, intravascular fibrin deposition and a consumptive coagulopathy.

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49

Rice, Albert R. The Baroque Clarinet and Chalumeau. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190916695.001.0001.

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The second edition of The Baroque Clarinet (1992) is a history of the clarinet and chalumeau from antiquity to 1760 in six chapters: “Origins of the Chalumeau,” “Music for the Chalumeau,” “The Earliest Clarinets,” “Playing Techniques for the Baroque Clarinet,” “Music for the Baroque Clarinet,” and “Baroque Clarinet in Society.” There are five appendices: four checklists of extant chalumeaux, extant clarinets, chalumeau music and sources from 1694 to 1780, clarinet music and sources from about 1715 to 1760; and a fifth of chalumeau and clarinet concerts, rehearsals, and clarinets for purchase in newspaper advertisements from 1718 to 1760. The second edition has significant additions of makers, players, music, and iconography, that last in a chapter called “The Baroque Clarinet in Society.” Topics discussed include single-reed instruments in Egyptian antiquity and from the 10th through the 17th centuries; the mock trumpet; chalumeaux during the 17th and 18th centuries; Jacob Denner’s chalumeaux and clarinets; an organ pipe that sounds like a chalumeau; chalumeau players; chalumeau descriptions from the mid-18th century; later documented chalumeau makers; chalumeau reproductions; how and why Johann Christoph Denner improved the chalumeau and invented the clarinet, based on previous studies of mechanical inventions; chalumeau and clarinet music and composers; and the Baroque clarinet’s use by traveling musicians, in court and aristocratic music, church and civic music, and military music.

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50

Watts, Richard A., and Eleana Ntatsaki. Miscellaneous vasculitides. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0137.

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Abstract:

The vasculitides are a group of relatively rare conditions with a broad spectrum of clinical presentations that can cause significant morbidity and mortality. Classification of the vasculitic syndromes is done according to the size of the vessels affected and also the presence of anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA). Vasculitides can be either primary or secondary to an underlying systemic disease, malignancy, or infection. This chapter covers the spectrum of the secondary vasculitides; some of the non-ANCA-associated primary vasculitides and miscellaneous types of vasculitic syndromes. Secondary vasculitis can occur in the background of systemic rheumatic diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, spondyloarthropathies, or other connective tissue diseases. Vasculitis can also present in relation to precipitants such as drugs (propylthiouracil, hydralazine, leucotriene antagonists) or vaccines. Infection (bacterial, mycobacterial, viral, and fungal) has been associated with vasculitis either as a trigger or as a consequence of iatrogenic immunosuppression. Infection-related vasculitis can affect all types and sizes of vessels. Certain forms of vasculitis such as cryoglobulinaemia are closely associated with viral infections and more specifically with HCV infection. There are forms of vasculitis, which appear to be isolated or localized to a single organ, or site (skin, gastrointestinal, genital, and primary central nervous system vasculitis) that may be histologically similar to systemic syndromes, but have a different prognosis. Other conditions that may mimic vasculitis and miscellaneous conditions such as Cogan's syndrome and relapsing polychondritis are also discussed.

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