Relevant bibliographies by topics / Single organ

Academic literature on the topic 'Single organ'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Single organ"

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Yamaguchi, Tetsuo. "Single organ sarcoidosis." Japanese Journal of Sarcoidosis and Other Granulomatous Disorders 41, no. 1_2 (October 1, 2021): 49–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.7878/jjsogd.41.1_2_49.

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Wichmann, Susan, and D. R. Martin. "Single-Organ Patients." Physician and Sportsmedicine 20, no. 2 (February 1992): 176–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00913847.1992.11947420.

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&NA;. "Single Organ Vasculitis." JCR: Journal of Clinical Rheumatology 18, no. 4 (June 2012): 224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/rhu.0b013e31825d652b.

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Kim, Alexander, and Korey Kasper. "Single-Organ Athletes." Current Sports Medicine Reports 19, no. 4 (April 2020): 127–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/jsr.0000000000000699.

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Hernández-Rodríguez, José, Eamonn S. Molloy, and Gary S. Hoffman. "Single-organ vasculitis." Current Opinion in Rheumatology 20, no. 1 (January 2008): 40–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/bor.0b013e3282f176a0.

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Hernández-Rodríguez, José, Carmela D. Tan, E. René Rodríguez, and Gary S. Hoffman. "Single-Organ Gallbladder Vasculitis." Medicine 93, no. 24 (November 2014): 405–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/md.0000000000000205.

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Hernández-Rodríguez, José, and Gary S. Hoffman. "Updating single-organ vasculitis." Current Opinion in Rheumatology 24, no. 1 (January 2012): 38–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/bor.0b013e32834d8482.

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Han, Ming, Zhi-Yong Guo, Qiang Zhao, Xiao-Ping Wang, Xiao-Peng Yuan, Xing-Yuan Jiao, Chun-Hua Yang, et al. "Liver transplantation using organs from deceased organ donors: a single organ transplant center experience." Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Diseases International 13, no. 4 (August 2014): 409–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1499-3872(14)60274-5.

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Lungu, Iulia Ioana, and Alexandru Mihai Grumezescu. "Microfluidics – Organ-on-chip." Biomedical Engineering International 1, no. 1 (September 30, 2019): 2–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.33263/biomed11.002008.

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This review is an introduction into the world of organ-on-chip models. By briefly explaining the concept of microfluidics and ‘lab-on-chip’, the main focus is on organs-on-chip and body-on-a-chip. The usual method to test the toxicity of a drug is through animal testing. However, the results do not always correlate to humans. In order to avoid animal testing, but also attain useful results, human-derived cell cultures using microfluidics have gained attention. Among all the different types of organ-on-chip devices, this review focuses on three distinct organs: heart, skin and liver. The main requirements for each organ-on-chip, as well as recent researches are presented. There have been considerable advancements with organ-on-chip models; however, even these have their limitations. Due to the fact that the system mimics a single organ, the systemic effect of drugs cannot be fully tested. Therefore, body-on-a-chip systems have been developed; which basically are a composed of a single chip that has several chambers, each chamber accounting for a distinct organ. Multi-organ-on-chip systems have been investigated, and even commercialized, the field still being under extensive research.
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Pek, Jen Heng, Vui Kian Ho, Wei Sheng Ng, Tousif Kabir, Ling Tiah, and Yexin Koh. "Missed opportunities for organ donation in patients with intracranial haemorrhage at the emergency department: A single-centre study." Proceedings of Singapore Healthcare 28, no. 4 (August 12, 2019): 274–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2010105819868487.

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Background: The demand for transplantable organs has increased in Singapore. However, organ donation has been consistently lower than international standards. Donation after brain death (DBD) most commonly follows intracranial haemorrhage (ICH). Objective: Our aim was to identify missed opportunities for organ donation among those who presented to the Emergency Department (ED) and died following ICH. Methods: A retrospective study was carried out for all cases of ICH presenting to the ED from 1 January 2013 to 31 December 2017. The patients’ medical records were reviewed for identification of potential donors and actualisation of organ donation. Results: There were 615 cases of ICH, with a mortality rate of 6.0%. Among those who died, 28 (75.7%) died in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) and nine (24.3%) patients had withdrawal of care in the ED. Thirty patients (81.1%) were potential donors but organ donation was actualised in only three (8.1%) patients. Thirteen organs, as well as heart valves and iliac vessels were retrieved from the organ donors for transplantation. Conclusion: There were missed opportunities for organ donation. EDs have an important role to play in the national organ donation programme by identifying potential donors for organ donation and considering admitting these patients to ICU to facilitate organ donation.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Single organ"

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Kolb, Kellie Elizabeth. "Single-cell response to perturbations across biological scales : single organ, organ system and phenotypic individuals." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/123245.

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Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Chemistry, 2019
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references.
The biological processes that sustain a complex organism require the orchestrated dynamics of complex cellular ensembles. Several vital systems - such as the immune system, the digestive system and more - must process internal and external signals to maintain functional homeostasis in response to perturbations at the systems-level. To further understand how groups of cells collectively respond to perturbations, we have applied single-cell RNA-sequencing and complementary techniques to explore cellular behaviors within complex systems at multiple relevant biological scales: from within a single organ, to an organ system, to across several human individuals with differing genetic backgrounds linked by a shared phenotype. More specifically, at the level of the organ, we have explored acute injury responses in the liver. We have identified and described a new compensatory phase of the liver response to injury, in which surviving hepatocytes upregulate their expression of critical liver function genes to maintain overall organ function. Next, we extended our approach from a focus on an acute injury targeting a single organ to exploring chronic damage resulting from a long-term high fat diet across multiple gastrointestinal and immune compartments. Our analysis revealed molecular pathways and changes in stem gene expression which may contribute to obesity-related disease. Finally, we characterized shared features across multiple unique human donors with a common phenotype, elite control of HIV-1. We identified and validated a subset of highly functional dendritic cells, and developed broadly applicable computational approaches to identify reproducible responses across donors and to nominate candidate targets for rationally modulating the system. Overall, our work demonstrates the utility of single-cell RNA-sequencing for uncovering important cellular phenotypes that inform systems-level responses at any biological scale.
by Kellie Elizabeth Kolb.
Ph. D.
Ph.D. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Chemistry
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Miller, Zachary Dalton. "Tensile Properties of Single Vaginal Smooth Muscle Cells." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/83567.

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Improving treatment and prevention of pelvic organ prolapse, a disorder affecting up to half of parous women, requires thorough mechanical analysis of the vagina and other endopelvic structures at the cellular level. In this study, we tested single vaginal smooth muscle cells (SMCs) to quantify their elastic moduli. Cells were enzymatically isolated from vaginal walls of freshly sacrificed, virgin Long Evans rats and cultured using well-established methods. A custom-built experimental setup was used to perform tensile tests. Micropipettes were fabricated to serve as cantilever-type load cells, which were coated in cellular adhesive. Two pipettes applied tension to SMCs until adhesion between the cell and a pipette failed. During mechanical testing, images of SMCs were collected and translated into strain and stress. Specifically, force/stress data were calculated using Euler-Bernoulli Beam Theory and by making simplifying geometric assumptions. The average initial and total elastic moduli (mean ± SEM) for single vaginal SMCs were 6.06 ± 0.26 kPa and 5.4 ± 0.24 kPa, respectively, which is within the range reported for other types of SMCs, mainly airway and vascular, of various species. This protocol can and will be applied to further investigate mechanics of single cells from the pelvic region with independent variables such as parity, age, body mass index, and various stages of POP. Results of these experiments will provide critical information for improving current treatments like drug therapies, surgical procedures, medical grafts and implants, and preventative practices like stretching and exercise techniques.
Master of Science
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Thair, Simone. "The discovery of functional single nucleotide polymorphisms and novel gene mechanisms that may explain mortality and organ dysfunction in septic shock." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/45337.

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Septic shock (sepsis accompanied by cardiovascular failure) is an extreme manifestation of the host inflammatory response to severe infection. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) super family induced nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathways play a critical role in the pathophysiology of the disease. A better understanding of how TNFα induced NF-κB signaling influences the pathogenesis of septic shock is imperative. NF-κB signaling is activated by a canonical pathway or a non-canonical pathway. The canonical NF-κB pathway requires the IκB kinase (IKK) complex comprised of IKKα/β/γ. Activation of the IKK complex in response to inflammatory stimuli, such as TNFα, results in ubiquitin-dependent degradation of IκBα or IκBβ, releasing p50 related dimers to the nucleus. In response to TNFα superfamily induced inflammation in the non-canonical pathway, NF-κB inducing kinase (NIK), a docking molecule, recruits IΚΚα to p100 thus activating IΚΚα. This phosphorylates p100, which is then degraded, releasing p52 containing RelB heterodimers to the nucleus. It has been shown that genetic variation in key inflammatory genes contributes to outcome in sepsis. We hypothesized that genetic variation in genes of TNFα super family induced NF- κB signaling would be associated with mortality in septic shock. Specifically, we first tested the hypothesis that genetic variation within the cytosolic members of the canonical and noncanonical pathway may be associated with mortality in septic shock. We found that the CC genotype of NIK rs7222094 is associated with increased mortality and organ dysfunction in septic shock patients. This is perhaps due to altered regulation of NF-κB pathway genes, including CXCL10. We then tested the hypothesis that genetic variation in genes upregulated by these pathways may be associated with mortality in septic shock. We showed that the G allele of TNFAIP2 rs8126 is associated with increased mortality and organ dysfunction in septic shock patients. We then elucidated a novel biological mechanism whereby TNFAIP2 is a novel inhibitor of Ras, CREB and NF-κB; TNFAIP2 levels are controlled by rs8126; and these by allele differences are reflected in the inhibiton of Ras, CREB and NF-κB.
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Singh, Sanjay. "Monomeric organo-aluminum and gallium monohydroxides as precursor for homo- and heterobimetallic oxides synthetic, reactivity and structural investigations including gold(I) N-heterocyclic carbene complexes /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2006. http://webdoc.sub.gwdg.de/diss/2006/singh.

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Boll, Hanne [Verfasser]. "Ultraschnelle hochauflösende single breath-stop-Mikro-Computertomographie thorakaler und abdomineller Organe der lebenden Maus unter Verwendung einer vereinfachten Intubationsmethode / Hanne Boll." Gießen : Universitätsbibliothek, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1064024343/34.

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Krenkel, Martin Verfasser], Tim [Akademischer Betreuer] [Salditt, and Detlev [Akademischer Betreuer] Schild. "Cone-beam x-ray phase-contrast tomography for the observation of single cells in whole organs / Martin Krenkel. Betreuer: Tim Salditt. Gutachter: Tim Salditt ; Detlev Schild." Göttingen : Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1078774285/34.

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Krenkel, Martin [Verfasser], Tim [Akademischer Betreuer] Salditt, and Detlev [Akademischer Betreuer] Schild. "Cone-beam x-ray phase-contrast tomography for the observation of single cells in whole organs / Martin Krenkel. Betreuer: Tim Salditt. Gutachter: Tim Salditt ; Detlev Schild." Göttingen : Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:7-11858/00-1735-0000-0023-9684-C-9.

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Papenburg, Jens Gerrit. "Hörgeräte." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philosophische Fakultät III, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/16485.

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Die Geräte, durch die Musik im Zeitalter der technischen (Re-)Produktion gehört wird, haben sich immer wieder gewandelt. Solche Geräte müssen überhört werden. Nur so kann Musik gehört werden. Trotzdem – so die These der Arbeit – organisieren diese Geräte das Hören und sind Agenturen einer Bewirtschaftung und Technisierung der Wahrnehmung. In der Arbeit wird anhand von zwei Fallstudien aus der Geschichte der Rock- und Popmusik gezeigt, wie solche Geräte sowohl den Hörer als auch die gehörte Musik formieren. Durch Hörtechnologien bilden sich neue Hörpraktiken heraus und die Körperlichkeit des Hörers wird neu bestimmt. Die Anpassung von Klanggeschehen an spezifische Hörtechnologien wird im Mastering – dem letzten Schritt der technischen Musikproduktion – untersuchbar. Die Geräte, durch die Musik gehört wird, sind also weder schlichte Wiedergabetechnologien noch bloße elektrotechnische Artefakte. Vielmehr sind sie Gefüge aus Klanglichkeit, Körperlichkeit und Technologie. Diese werden in der Arbeit als Hörgeräte auf den Begriff gebracht. Die Hörgeräte der Rock- und Popmusik zielen – wie ihre medizintechnischen Verwandten – auf die Materialität der Wahrnehmung. Im Gegensatz zu diesen funktionieren sie jedoch nicht als Prothesen, die an einer gattungsweit postulierten Norm ausgerichtet sind. Statt Normen bergen sie Exzesse – an Serialität und Wiederholung – sowie Eskalationen – von Lautstärke und von hohen und tiefen Frequenzen. Die Arbeit ist in drei Kapiteln gegliedert. Im ersten Kapitel wird die These der Arbeit in Bezug auf theoretische Diskurse der Musik-, Kultur- und Medienwissenschaft verortet und eine begriffliche Systematik entwickelt. Kapitel zwei und drei sind Fallstudien gewidmet. In der ersten wird das Jukeboxhören der Rock’n’Roll-Kultur der 1950er Jahre untersucht, in der zweiten das Soundsystemhören der Disco- und Clubkultur der 1970er bis 1990er Jahre. Die im ersten Kapitel entwickelte begriffliche Systematik macht die Fallstudien vergleichbar.
The devices by which music is listened to in the age of technological (re-)production have changed over and over again. These devices must be imperceptible to the ear. Only then can music be heard. Nonetheless – this is the claim of the thesis – these devices organize hearing and are agents of a cultivation and technization of perception. Based on two case studies from the history of rock and pop music, this thesis reveals how such devices constitute not only the listener but also the music which is listened to. Through listening technologies new listening practices emerge and the corporality of the listener is newly defined. The adaptation of sound to specific listening technologies can be analysed during the mastering process, the last step in technological music production. The devices by which music is listened to are thus neither simple technologies of reproduction nor mere electrotechnical artefacts. Rather, they are assemblages of sound, corporality, and technology. In this thesis these assemblages are called “Hörgeräte” (listening devices). The listening devices of rock and pop music target – like medical-technical “Hörgeräte” (hearing aids) – the materiality of perception. Contrary to medical technologies, however, listening devices do not function as prostheses, which are calibrated according to medical industry standards. Instead, they contain excesses – of seriality and repetition – and escalations – of amplitude and high and low frequencies. The thesis is arranged in three chapters. In the first chapter I situate the main argument of the thesis within discourses of musicology, media and cultural studies, and develop my own terminology. Chapters two and three deal with case studies. In chapter two I investigate jukebox listening in 1950s rock’n’roll culture, whilst in chapter three I explore sound system listening in disco and club culture from the 1970s to the 1990s. The terminology developed in chapter one enables a comparison of the case studies.
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DiFelice, Ronald Attilio. "An Investigation of Plasma Pretreatments and Plasma Polymerized Thin Films for Titanium/Polyimide Adhesion." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/27348.

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Plasma pretreatments are environmentally benign and energy efficient processes for modifying the surface chemistry of materials. In an effort to improve the strength of the titanium alloy/FM-5 polyimide adhesive joint for aerospace applications, oxygen plasma pretreatments and novel thin plasma polymerized (PP) films were investigated as adhesion promoters. Plasma treatments were carried out using custom-built, low pressure, radio frequency, inductively coupled plasma reactors. Ti-6Al-4V coupons were plasma treated and used to prepare miniature single lap shear (SLS) joints. The effects of plasma pretreatments on surface chemistry were studied using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), Fourier transform infrared analysis (FTIR), and contact angle measurements. Relationships between composition, mechanical properties, and adhesion of PP films on Ti-6Al-4V and silicon wafers were investigated. The nanomechanical properties (modulus, hardness and adhesion) were studied using atomic force microscopy (AFM) nanoindentation and nanoscratch testing. A design of experiments (DOE) three factorial model was used to optimize the parameters for oxygen plasma treatments. Oxygen plasma pretreatments enhanced joint strength by cleaning the titanium surface and creating an extended oxide layer. Nanoindentation of oxygen plasma treated substrates showed no change in the surface mechanical properties due to the oxygen plasma treatment. This suggested that the improved SLS strength of the oxygen plasma pretreated substrates was due to the cleaning of the substrate and the removal of carbonaceous contaminants, rather than any changes in the morphology of the oxide layer. PP acetylene films were predominantly carbon, with oxygen as the other main constituent (incorporated mostly as C-O and C=O). For all SLS specimens tested, the adhesion between PP acetylene and FM-5 adhesive was adequate. However, the strength of SLS joints was limited by the adhesion of the PP acetylene to the Ti-6Al-4V substrate. The effects of a large number of plasma parameters, such as substrate pretreatment, carrier gas, input power, flow rate and film thickness were investigated. All samples failed at the PP film/Ti-6Al-4V interface or within the PP acetylene film, and thicker PP films yielded lower SLS strengths. PP films deposited at lower power exhibited higher hardness and reduced modulus than films deposited at higher power. Overall, thinner films exhibited higher hardness and reduced Young's modulus than thicker films. PP films of higher hardness yielded higher critical loads at debond (thickness normalized) during the nanoscratch test. Thin films were developed via the vapor plasma polymerization of titanium(IV) isobutoxide (TiiB). XPS results suggested that titanium was incorporated into the film as TiO2 clusters dispersed in an organic matrix. No evidence for Ti-C was obtained from the XPS spectra. PP films of TiiB were much more compliant than PP acetylene films. This behavior was attributed to decreased fragmentation and lower crosslinking that occurred during PP TiiB film deposition. These PP films did not exhibit sol-gel-like qualities, and because of the way titanium was incorporated into the films, a more appropriate name for these films might be "titanium dioxide-doped plasma polymerized films."
Ph. D.
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QIU, NAN-JIN, and 邱南津. "Determination of organ volume by single-photon emission computed tomography." Thesis, 1992. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/52522389536836941951.

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Books on the topic "Single organ"

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Salvarani, Carlo, Luigi Boiardi, and Francesco Muratore, eds. Large and Medium Size Vessel and Single Organ Vasculitis. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-67175-4.

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Self, Will. Liver: A fictional organ with a surface anatomy of four lobes. New York: Bloomsbury, 2010.

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Liver: A fictional organ with a surface anatomy of four lobes. New York: Bloomsbury, 2009.

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Liver: A fictional organ with a surface anatomy of four lobes. London: Viking, 2008.

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Vandenburgh, Herman H. Computer aided mechanogenesis of skeletal muscle organs from single cells in vitro. [Washington, DC]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1990.

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1930-, Gruber U. F., ed. Indications for single-dose antibiotic prophylaxis in surgery and gynaecology. Toronto: H. Huber, 1985.

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Francis, Dorothy Brenner. Eden Palms murder: A Key West mystery. Waterville, Me: Five Star, 2008.

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Francis, Dorothy Brenner. Eden Palms murder: A Key West mystery. Waterville, Me: Thorndike Press, 2008.

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Francis, Dorothy Brenner. Eden Palms murder. Toronto: Worldwide, 2010.

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A natural history of the senses. New York: Vintage Books, 1991.

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Book chapters on the topic "Single organ"

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Hernández-Rodríguez, José, and Gary S. Hoffman. "Single Organ Vasculitis." In Inflammatory Diseases of Blood Vessels, 332–42. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118355244.ch30.

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Hernández-Rodríguez, José, and Gary S. Hoffman. "Single-Organ Genitourinary Vasculitis." In Large and Medium Size Vessel and Single Organ Vasculitis, 241–53. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-67175-4_19.

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Klingemann, H. G. "Single and Multi-Organ Failure." In A Guide to Blood and Marrow Transplantation, 159–81. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-18248-8_16.

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Inai, Kei, Alexander K. C. Leung, Jouni Uitto, Gerhard-Paul Diller, Michael A. Gatzoulis, John-John B. Schnog, Victor E. A. Gerdes, et al. "Eosinophilic Granuloma (Single-Organ Involvement)." In Encyclopedia of Molecular Mechanisms of Disease, 585. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-29676-8_6024.

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Sutherland, David E. R., Rainer W. G. Gruessner, Arthur J. Matas, Goncal Lloveras, David S. Fryd, David L. Dunn, William D. Payne, and John S. Najarian. "Transplantation of single and double kidneys from pediatric donors." In Organ Transplantation 1990, 201–2. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3386-9_24.

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Abouna, G. M., P. John, M. S. A. Kumar, A. G. White, O. S. G. Silva, E. Shuwaikh, M. Samhan, E. M. Philips, and S. Al-Dadah. "The use of single pediatric cadaver kidneys for transplantation into adult recipients." In Organ Transplantation 1990, 211–15. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3386-9_26.

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Kennelly, Michael J., and John P. Selph. "Female SUI: Single-Incision Slings." In Minimally Invasive Therapy for Urinary Incontinence and Pelvic Organ Prolapse, 59–70. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-0008-4_5.

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Saint Hillier, Y., B. Hory, E. Racadot, C. Bresson, D. David, F. Al Freijat, P. Vautrin, V. Fournier, E. Berger, and M. Jamali. "Systemic IL-10 Release, After a Single Pre or Per Operative Large Dose of ATG-Fresenius in Human Kidney Transplantation." In Organ Shortage: The Solutions, 364. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0201-8_74.

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Saint Hillier, Y., B. Hory, E. Racadot, C. Bresson, D. David, F. Al Freijat, P. Vautrin, et al. "Systemic IL-10 Release, After a Single Pre or Per Operative Large Dose of ATG-FRESSENIUS in Human Kidney Transplantation." In Organ Shortage: The Solutions, 374. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0201-8_81.

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Rowe, P. A., E. A. McGregor, M. A. Watson, and S. G. Macpherson. "Results of an Audit of Living Related Renal Allograft Donation From a Single Centre." In Organ Replacement Therapy: Ethics, Justice Commerce, 60–63. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-76444-8_12.

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Conference papers on the topic "Single organ"

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Furst, Jacob D., Ruchaneewan Susomboom, and Daniela S. Raicu. "Single Organ Segmentation Filters for Multiple Organ Segmentation." In Conference Proceedings. Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iembs.2006.260625.

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Furst, Jacob D., Ruchaneewan Susomboom, and Daniela S. Raicu. "Single Organ Segmentation Filters for Multiple Organ Segmentation." In Conference Proceedings. Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iembs.2006.4398086.

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Susomboon, Ruchaneewan, Daniela Raicu, Jacob Furst, and David Channin. "Automatic Single-Organ Segmentation in Computed Tomography Images." In Sixth International Conference on Data Mining (ICDM'06). IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icdm.2006.24.

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Cussat-Blanc, Sylvain, Herve Luga, and Yves Duthen. "Using a single cell to create an entire organ." In 17th International Conference on Artificial Reality and Telexistence (ICAT 2007). IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icat.2007.40.

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Zhang, Jianbo, and Yin Qun. "Design of simple electronic organ based on single chip microcomputer." In 2017 IEEE 2nd Advanced Information Technology, Electronic and Automation Control Conference (IAEAC). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iaeac.2017.8053970.

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Rüller, K., I. Fiz, JC Kölmel, M. Burghartz, J. Steimer, and C. Sittel. "Organ erhaltende Strategie bei laryngealen Chondrosarkomen: Eine Single-Center-Studie." In Abstract- und Posterband – 90. Jahresversammlung der Deutschen Gesellschaft für HNO-Heilkunde, Kopf- und Hals-Chirurgie e.V., Bonn – Digitalisierung in der HNO-Heilkunde. Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1685912.

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Rüller, K., I. Fiz, JC Kölmel, M. Burghartz, J. Steimer, and C. Sittel. "Organ preservation strategy in laryngeal chondrosarcoma: A single-center experience." In Abstract- und Posterband – 90. Jahresversammlung der Deutschen Gesellschaft für HNO-Heilkunde, Kopf- und Hals-Chirurgie e.V., Bonn – Digitalisierung in der HNO-Heilkunde. Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1686060.

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Zhang, Mengyun, and Changxue Xu. "Ligament Flows of Exit-Pinching During Drop-on-Demand Inkjetting of Alginate Solution." In ASME 2016 11th International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2016-8582.

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Organ printing is an emerging technology for fabricating artificial tissues and organs, which are constructed layer by layer by precisely placing tissue spheroids or filaments as building blocks. These fabricated artificial organs offers a great potential as alternatives to replace the damaged human organs, providing a promising solution to solve organ donor shortage problem. Inkjetting, one of the key technologies in organ printing, has been widely developed for organ printing because of its moderate fabrication cost, good process controllability and scale-up potentials. Droplet formation process as the first step towards inkjetting 3D cellular structures needs to be studied and controlled precisely. This paper focuses on the ligament flow of exit-pinching during droplet formation process of inkjet printing. The ligament flow directions during pinch-off process of inkjet printing of a sodium alginate solution with a concentration of 0.5% (w/v) have been studied. It is found that two different types of flow directions inside a single ligament during pinch-off process may occur. At an excitation voltage of 30 V, the ligament flow has two different directions at the locations near the nozzle orifice and the jet front head: the negative z direction at the location near the nozzle orifice due to the dominant capillary effect, and the positive z direction at the location near the jet front head due to both the fluid inertial and capillary effects. On the contrary, at an excitation voltage of 70 V, the ligament flow directions are the same at the locations near the nozzle orifice and the jet front head: the positive z direction at the location near the nozzle orifice due to the sufficiently large fluid inertial effect, and the same positive z direction at the location near the jet front head due to both the fluid inertial and capillary effects. Two flow directions inside a single ligament benefit single droplet formation without satellite droplets, but the droplet trajectory will be easily affected by the airflow in the laboratory due to the small droplet velocity as well as the droplet deposition accuracy. Single flow direction inside a single ligament usually results in a long ligament due to the large fluid inertia which eventually breaks into several undesirable satellite droplets. The resulting knowledge will be beneficial for better understanding of the ligament pinch-off during droplet formation process of inkjet printing biological viscoelastic alginate bioink for 3D cellular structure fabrication as well as precise droplet controllability for good quality of fabricated 3D structures.
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Rutherford, Colin, S. Winward, I. Lawrie, S. Towell, P. Ging, J. Kleinerova, and J. Egan. "Retrospective single centre review of solid-organ malignancy post-lung transplant." In ERS International Congress 2019 abstracts. European Respiratory Society, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.congress-2019.pa1109.

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Krenkel, Martin, Mareike Töpperwien, Matthias Bartels, Paul Lingor, Detlev Schild, and Tim Salditt. "X-ray phase contrast tomography from whole organ down to single cells." In SPIE Optical Engineering + Applications, edited by Stuart R. Stock. SPIE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2060390.

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Reports on the topic "Single organ"

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Eshed, Yuval, and John Bowman. Harnessing Fine Scale Tuning of Endogenous Plant Regulatory Processes for Manipulation of Organ Growth. United States Department of Agriculture, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2005.7696519.bard.

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Background and objectives: Manipulation of plant organ growth is one of the primary reasons for the success of mankind allowing increasing amounts of food for human and livestock consumption. In contrast with the successful selection for desirable growth characteristics using plant breeding, transgenic manipulations with single genes has met limited success. While breeding is based on accumulation of many small alterations of growth, usually arise from slight changes in expression patterns, transgenic manipulations are primarily based on drastic, non-specific up-regulation or knock down of genes that can exert different effects during different stages of development. To successfully harness transgenic manipulation to attain desirable plant growth traits we require the tools to subtly regulate the temporal and spatial activity of plant growth genes. Polar morphology along the adaxial/abaxial axis characterizes lateral organs of all plants. Juxtaposition of two cell types along this axis is a prerequisite of laminar growth induction. In the study summarized here, we addressed the following questions: Can we identify and harness components of the organ polarity establishment pathway for prolonged growth? Can we identify specific regulatory sequences allowing spatial and temporal manipulation in various stages of organ development? Can we identify genes associated with YABBY-induced growth alterations? Major conclusions and implications: We showed that regulated expression, both spatially and temporally of either organ polarity factors such as the YABBY genes, or the organ maturation program such as the CIN-TCPs can stimulate substantial growth of leaves and floral organs. Promoters for such fine manipulation could be identified by comparison of non-coding sequences of KAN1, where a highly conserved domain was found within the second intron, or by examination of multiple 5” regions of genes showing transient expression along leaf ontogeny. These promoters illustrate the context dependent action of any gene we examined thus far, and facilitate fine tuning of the complex growth process. Implications, both scientific and agricultural. The present study was carried out on the model organism Arabidopsis, and the broad application of its findings were tested in the tomato crop. We learned that all central regulators of organ polarity are functionally conserved, probably in all flowering plants. Thus, with minor modifications, the rules and mechanisms outlined in this work are likely to be general.
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Tohti Bughda, Enver. Uyghurs in China: Personal Testimony of a Uyghur Surgeon. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/creid.2021.010.

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Dr Enver Tohti Bughda is a qualified medical surgeon and a passionate advocate for Uyghur rights. Having been ordered to remove organs from an executed prisoner, Enver has since taken up a major role in the campaign against forced organ harvesting and is determined to bring China’s darkest secret to light. In this personal testimony, Enver shares his experience working as a surgeon in Xinjiang and reflects more broadly on the situation of Uyghurs in China, explaining that unless Uyghurs earn the sympathy and support of China’s Han majority, unless it is understood that all Chinese people are the victims of the same authoritarian regime, ethnic animosity will continue to serve the political purposes of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP).
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Bennett, Alan B., Arthur A. Schaffer, Ilan Levin, Marina Petreikov, and Adi Doron-Faigenboim. Manipulating fruit chloroplasts as a strategy to improve fruit quality. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7598148.bard.

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The Original Objectives were modified and two were eliminated to reflect the experimental results: Objective 1 - Identify additional genetic variability in SlGLK2 and IPin wild, traditional and heirloom tomato varieties Objective 2 - Determine carbon balance and horticultural characteristics of isogenic lines expressing functional and non-functional alleles of GLKsand IP Background: The goal of the research was to understand the unique aspects of chloroplasts and photosynthesis in green fruit and the consequences of increasing the chloroplast capacity of green fruit for ripe fruit sugars, yield, flavor and nutrient qualities. By focusing on the regulation of chloroplast formation and development solely in fruit, our integrated knowledge of photosynthetic structures/organs could be broadened and the results of the work could impact the design of manipulations to optimize quality outputs for the agricultural fruit with enhanced sugars, nutrients and flavors. The project was based on the hypothesis that photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic plastid metabolism in green tomato fruit is controlled at a basal level by light for minimal energy requirements but fruit-specific genes regulate further development of robust chloroplasts in this organ. Our BARD project goals were to characterize and quantitate the photosynthesis and chloroplast derived products impacted by expression of a tomato Golden 2- like 2 transcription factor (US activities) in a diverse set of 31 heirloom tomato lines and examine the role of another potential regulator, the product of the Intense Pigment gene (IP activities). Using tomato Golden 2-like 2 and Intense Pigment, which was an undefined locus that leads to enhanced chloroplast development in green fruit, we sought to determine the benefits and costs of extensive chloroplast development in fruit prior to ripening. Major conclusions, solutions, achievements: Single nucleotide polymorphisms in the promoter, coding and intronicSlGLK2 sequences of 20 heirloom tomato lines were identified and three SlGLK2 promoter lineages were identified; two lineages also had striped fruit variants. Lines with striped fruit but no shoulders were not identified. Green fruit chlorophyll and ripe fruit soluble sugar levels were measured in 31 heirloom varieties and fruit size correlates with ripe fruit sugars but dark shoulders does not. A combination of fine mapping, recombinant generation, RNAseq expression and SNP calling all indicated that the proposed localization of a single locus IP on chr 10 was incorrect. Rather, the IP line harbored 11 separate introgressions from the S. chmielewskiparent, scattered throughout the genome. These introgressions harbored ~3% of the wild species genome and no recombinant consistently recovered the IP parental phenotype. The 11 introgressions were dissected into small combinations in segregating recombinant populations. Based on these analyses two QTL for Brix content were identified, accounting for the effect of increased Brix in the IP line. Scientific and agricultural implications: SlGLK2 sequence variation in heirloom tomato varieties has been identified and can be used to breed for differences in SlGLK2 expression and possibly in the green striped fruit phenotype. Two QTL for Brix content have been identified in the S. chmielewskiparental line and these can be used for increasing soluble solids contents in breeding programs.
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Ostersetzer-Biran, Oren, and Jeffrey Mower. Novel strategies to induce male sterility and restore fertility in Brassicaceae crops. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2016.7604267.bard.

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Abstract Mitochondria are the site of respiration and numerous other metabolic processes required for plant growth and development. Increased demands for metabolic energy are observed during different stages in the plants life cycle, but are particularly ample during germination and reproductive organ development. These activities are dependent upon the tight regulation of the expression and accumulation of various organellar proteins. Plant mitochondria contain their own genomes (mtDNA), which encode for rRNAs, tRNAs and some mitochondrial proteins. Although all mitochondria have probably evolved from a common alpha-proteobacterial ancestor, notable genomic reorganizations have occurred in the mtDNAs of different eukaryotic lineages. Plant mtDNAs are notably larger and more variable in size (ranging from 70~11,000 kbp in size) than the mrDNAs in higher animals (16~19 kbp). Another unique feature of plant mitochondria includes the presence of both circular and linear DNA fragments, which undergo intra- and intermolecular recombination. DNA-seq data indicate that such recombination events result with diverged mitochondrial genome configurations, even within a single plant species. One common plant phenotype that emerges as a consequence of altered mtDNA configuration is cytoplasmic male sterility CMS (i.e. reduced production of functional pollen). The maternally-inherited male sterility phenotype is highly valuable agriculturally. CMS forces the production of F1 hybrids, particularly in predominantly self-pollinating crops, resulting in enhanced crop growth and productivity through heterosis (i.e. hybrid vigor or outbreeding enhancement). CMS lines have been implemented in some cereal and vegetables, but most crops still lack a CMS system. This work focuses on the analysis of the molecular basis of CMS. We also aim to induce nuclear or organellar induced male-sterility in plants, and to develop a novel approach for fertility restoration. Our work focuses on Brassicaceae, a large family of flowering plants that includes Arabidopsis thaliana, a key model organism in plant sciences, as well as many crops of major economic importance (e.g., broccoli, cauliflower, cabbage, and various seeds for oil production). In spite of the genomic rearrangements in the mtDNAs of plants, the number of genes and the coding sequences are conserved among different mtDNAs in angiosperms (i.e. ~60 genes encoding different tRNAs, rRNAs, ribosomal proteins and subunits of the respiratory system). Yet, in addition to the known genes, plant mtDNAs also harbor numerous ORFs, most of which are not conserved among species and are currently of unknown function. Remarkably, and relevant to our study, CMS in plants is primarily associated with the expression of novel chimericORFs, which likely derive from recombination events within the mtDNAs. Whereas the CMS loci are localized to the mtDNAs, the factors that restore fertility (Rfs) are identified as nuclear-encoded RNA-binding proteins. Interestingly, nearly all of the Rf’s are identified as pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) proteins, a large family of modular RNA-binding proteins that mediate several aspects of gene expression primarily in plant organelles. In this project we proposed to develop a system to test the ability of mtORFs in plants, which are closely related to known CMS factors. We will induce male fertility in various species of Brassicaceae, and test whether a down-relation in the expression of the recombinantCMS-genes restores fertility, using synthetically designed PPR proteins.
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Savaldi-Goldstein, Sigal, and Todd C. Mockler. Precise Mapping of Growth Hormone Effects by Cell-Specific Gene Activation Response. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7699849.bard.

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Plant yield largely depends on a complex interplay and feedback mechanisms of distinct hormonal pathways. Over the past decade great progress has been made in elucidating the global molecular mechanisms by which each hormone is produced and perceived. However, our knowledge of how interactions between hormonal pathways are spatially and temporally regulated remains rudimentary. For example, we have demonstrated that although the BR receptor BRI1 is widely expressed, the perception of BRs in epidermal cells is sufficient to control whole-organ growth. Supported by additional recent works, it is apparent that hormones are acting in selected cells of the plant body to regulate organ growth, and furthermore, that local cell-cell communication is an important mechanism. In this proposal our goals were to identify the global profile of translated genes in response to BR stimulation and depletion in specific tissues in Arabidopsis; determine the spatio-temporal dependency of BR response on auxin transport and signaling and construct an interactive public website that will provide an integrated analysis of the data set. Our technology incorporated cell-specific polysome isolation and sequencing using the Solexa technology. In the first aim, we generated and confirmed the specificity of novel transgenic lines expressing tagged ribosomal protein in various cell types in the Arabidopsis primary root. We next crossed these lines to lines with targeted expression of BRI1 in the bri1 background. All lines were treated with BRs for two time points. The RNA-seq of their corresponding immunopurified polysomal RNA is nearly completed and the bioinformatic analysis of the data set will be completed this year. Followed, we will construct an interactive public website (our third aim). In the second aim we started revealing how spatio-temporalBR activity impinges on auxin transport in the Arabidopsis primary root. We discovered the unexpected role of BRs in controlling the expression of specific auxin efflux carriers, post-transcriptionally (Hacham et al, 2012). We also showed that this regulation depends on the specific expression of BRI1 in the epidermis. This complex and long term effect of BRs on auxin transport led us to focus on high resolution analysis of the BR signaling per se. Taking together, our ongoing collaboration and synergistic expertise (hormone action and plant development (IL) and whole-genome scale data analysis (US)) enabled the establishment of a powerful system that will tell us how distinct cell types respond to local and systemic BR signal. BR research is of special agriculture importance since BR application and BR genetic modification have been shown to significantly increase crop yield and to play an important role in plant thermotolerance. Hence, our integrated dataset is valuable for improving crop traits without unwanted impairment of unrelated pathways, for example, establishing semi-dwarf stature to allow increased yield in high planting density, inducing erect leaves for better light capture and consequent biomass increase and plant resistance to abiotic stresses.
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Waisel, Yoav, Bobbie McMichael, and Amram Eshel. Decision Making within Plant Root Systems. United States Department of Agriculture, March 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1996.7613030.bard.

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Architecture of a root system is the expression of the potential of various root types to branch, to grow and to coordinate with other plant organs, under the specific limitations of the environmental conditions. The present investigation has proven the following points. 1) Genotypes with different types of root systems were identified. The growth patterns of their roots and the distribution of laterals along their main axes were recorded. 2) The patterns of development of the root systems of four cotton genotypes, throughout the entire life cycle of the plants, were described, even at such a late stage of development when the total length of the roots exceeded two kilometers. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that an analysis of this type is accomplished. 3) The development of root systems under restrictive soil conditions were compared with those that have developed under the non-restrictive conditions of aeroponics. Results indicate that in the absence of the mechanical impedance of the soil, cotton plants develop single roots that reach the length of 6 m, and have a total root length of 2000 m. Thus, root growth is strongly inhibited by the soil, with some root types being inhibited more than others. 4) One of the important decisions, in constructing an operational root system architecture of mature plants, is the shift of the balance between various root fractions in favor of the very fine roots. 5) Root system architecture is determined, in part, by the sites of initiation of the lateral roots. This is determined genetically by the number of xylem archs and by the totuosity of the stele. Selection for such traits should be sought.
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Barg, Rivka, Erich Grotewold, and Yechiam Salts. Regulation of Tomato Fruit Development by Interacting MYB Proteins. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7592647.bard.

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Background to the topic: Early tomato fruit development is executed via extensive cell divisions followed by cell expansion concomitantly with endoreduplication. The signals involved in activating the different modes of growth during fruit development are still inadequately understood. Addressing this developmental process, we identified SlFSM1 as a gene expressed specifically during the cell-division dependent stages of fruit development. SlFSM1 is the founder of a class of small plant specific proteins containing a divergent SANT/MYB domain (Barg et al 2005). Before initiating this project, we found that low ectopic over-expression (OEX) of SlFSM1 leads to a significant decrease in the final size of the cells in mature leaves and fruits, and the outer pericarp is substantially narrower, suggesting a role in determining cell size and shape. We also found the interacting partners of the Arabidopsis homologs of FSM1 (two, belonging to the same family), and cloned their tomato single homolog, which we named SlFSB1 (Fruit SANT/MYB–Binding1). SlFSB1 is a novel plant specific single MYB-like protein, which function was unknown. The present project aimed at elucidating the function and mode of action of these two single MYB proteins in regulating tomato fruit development. The specific objectives were: 1. Functional analysis of SlFSM1 and its interacting protein SlFSB1 in relation to fruit development. 2. Identification of the SlFSM1 and/or SlFSB1 cellular targets. The plan of work included: 1) Detailed phenotypic, histological and cellular analyses of plants ectopically expressing FSM1, and plants either ectopically over-expressing or silenced for FSB1. 2) Extensive SELEX analysis, which did not reveal any specific DNA target of SlFSM1 binding, hence the originally offered ChIP analysis was omitted. 3) Genome-wide transcriptional impact of gain- and loss- of SlFSM1 and SlFSB1 function by Affymetrix microarray analyses. This part is still in progress and therefore results are not reported, 4) Search for additional candidate partners of SlFSB1 revealed SlMYBI to be an alternative partner of FSB1, and 5) Study of the physical basis of the interaction between SlFSM1 and SlFSB1 and between FSB1 and MYBI. Major conclusions, solutions, achievements: We established that FSM1 negatively affects cell expansion, particularly of those cells with the highest potential to expand, such as the ones residing inner to the vascular bundles in the fruit pericarp. On the other hand, FSB1 which is expressed throughout fruit development acts as a positive regulator of cell expansion. It was also established that besides interacting with FSM1, FSB1 interacts also with the transcription factor MYBI, and that the formation of the FSB1-MYBI complex is competed by FSM1, which recognizes in FSB1 the same region as MYBI does. Based on these findings a model was developed explaining the role of this novel network of the three different MYB containing proteins FSM1/FSB1/MYBI in the control of tomato cell expansion, particularly during fruit development. In short, during early stages of fruit development (Phase II), the formation of the FSM1-FSB1 complex serves to restrict the expansion of the cells with the greatest expansion potential, those non-dividing cells residing in the inner mesocarp layers of the pericarp. Alternatively, during growth phase III, after transcription of FSM1 sharply declines, FSB1, possibly through complexing with the transcription factor MYBI serves as a positive regulator of the differential cell expansion which drives fruit enlargement during this phase. Additionally, a novel mechanism was revealed by which competing MYB-MYB interactions could participate in the control of gene expression. Implications, both scientific and agricultural: The demonstrated role of the FSM1/FSB1/MYBI complex in controlling differential cell growth in the developing tomato fruit highlights potential exploitations of these genes for improving fruit quality characteristics. Modulation of expression of these genes or their paralogs in other organs could serve to modify leaf and canopy architecture in various crops.
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Lichter, Amnon, David Obenland, Nirit Bernstein, Jennifer Hashim, and Joseph Smilanick. The role of potassium in quality of grapes after harvest. United States Department of Agriculture, October 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2015.7597914.bard.

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Objectives: The objectives of the proposal were to study how potassium (K) enters the berry and in what tissues it accumulates, to determine what is the sensitive phenological stage that is responsive to K, to study the influence of K on sugar translocation, to determine if K has effects on expression of genes in source and sink organs and to study applied aspects of the responses to K at the vineyard level. During the research it was realized that K acts externally so a major part of the original objectives had to be deserted and new ones, i.e. the role of K in enhancing water loss from the berry, had to be developed. In addition, the US partners developed practical objectives of understanding the interaction of K application and water deficit as well as application of growth regulators. Background: In our preliminary data we showed that application of K at mid-ripening enhanced sugar accumulation of table grapes. This finding is of major implications to both early and late harvested grapes and it was essential to understand the mode of action of this treatment. Our major hypothesis was that K enters the berry and by that increases sugar translocation into the berry. In addition it was important to cover practical issues of the application which may influence its efficacy and its reproducibility. Conclusions: The major conclusion from the research was that our initial hypothesis was wrong. Mineral analysis of pulp tissue indicated that upon application of K there was a significant increase in most of the major minerals. Subsequently, we developed a new hypothesis that K acts by increasing the water loss from the berry. In vitro studies of K-treated berries corroborated this hypothesis showing greater weight-loss of treated berries. This was not necessarily expressed in the vineyard as in some experiments berry weight remained unchanged, suggesting that the vine compensated for the enhanced water loss. Importantly, we also discovered that the efficacy of different K salts was strongly correlated to the pH of the salt solution: basic K salts had better efficacy than neutral or acidic salts and modifying the pH of the same salt changed its efficacy. It was therefore suggested that K changes the properties of the cuticle making it more susceptible to water loss. Of the practical aspects it was found that application of K to the clusters was sufficient to trigger its affect and that dual application of K had a stronger effect than single application. With regard to timing, it was realized that application of K after veraison was affective and the berries responded also when ripe. While the effect of K application was significant at harvest, it was mostly insignificant one week after application, suggesting that prolonged exposure to K was required. Implications: The scientific implications of the study are that the external mineral composition of the berry may have a significant role in sugar accumulation and that water loss may have an important role in sugar accumulation in grapes. It is not entirely clear how K modulates the cuticle but according to the literature its incorporation into the cuticle may increase its polarity and facilitate generation of "water bridges" between the flesh and the environment. The practical implications of this study are very significant because realizing the mode of action of K can facilitate a much more efficient application strategy. For example, it can be understood that sprays must be directed to the clusters rather than the whole vines and it can be predicted that the length of exposure is important. Also, by increasing the pH of simple K salts, the efficacy of the treatment can be enhanced, saving in the costs of the treatment. Finally, the ability of grape growers to apply K in a safe and knowledgeable way can have significant impact on the length of the season of early grape cultivars and improve the flavor of high grape yields which may otherwise have compromised sugar levels.
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