Academic literature on the topic 'Single Material SPR'
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Journal articles on the topic "Single Material SPR"
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He, Xiao Cong. "Sheet Material Property Effects upon Dynamic Behavior in Self-Pierce Riveted Joints." Materials Science Forum 675-677 (February 2011): 999–1002. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.675-677.999.
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Self-pierce riveting (SPR) technology offers an alternative to resistance spot welding (RSW) for joining sheet materials. It has been found that the SPR technology produced a much stronger joint than the RSW in fatigue test. For efficient design of SPR structures, the knowledge of dynamic characteristics of the SPR beams is essential. In this paper, the free transverse vibration characteristics of single lap-jointed cantilevered SPR beams are investigated in detail. The focus of the analysis is to reveal the influence on the natural frequency and natural frequency ratio of these beams caused by variations in the material properties of sheet materials to be jointed. It is shown that the transverse natural frequencies of single lap jointed cantilevered SPR beams increase significantly as the Young’s modulus of the sheet materials increases, but change slightly corresponding to the change in Poisson’s ratio. It is also found that the material density of the sheets have significant effects on the free transverse vibration characteristics of the beams.
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Dorozinska, H. V. "INFLUENCE MATERIAL OF PRISM ON THE SENSITIVITY OF SPR SENSORS." Optoelektronìka ta napìvprovìdnikova tehnìka 55 (December 31, 2020): 179–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/iopt.2020.55.179.
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Theoretical analysis of the influence of the sensor prism material on the basis of the phenomenon of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) on its sensitivity and temperature stability of the measurement result is carried out. The analysis was performed for the infrared wavelength range of excitation surface plasmon radiation (980... 1550 nm) using materials for prisms with different refractive indices, namely: glass ceramics Zerodur (n D = 1,5423), optical glasses N-FK51A (n D = 1, 4865) and N-BK7 (n D = 1,5167) with low refractive index, single crystal material CaF 2 (n D = 1.4339), as well as flints N-SF2 (n D = 1,6475) and N-SF11 (n D = 1,7845). The temperature stability of the measurement result was determined for the temperature range from 20 °C to 70 °C, which corresponds to the operating temperature range of most refractometers and commercial SPR sensors. The coefficient of temperature shift of the minimum reflection characteristic for the investigated materials was calculated as the ratio of the magnitude of the angular shift ∆θ to the corresponding change of temperature ∆Т, which caused this shift. The results of the study showed that for all materials, regardless of the refractive index value, the temperature effect decreases with increasing wavelength of radiation. For the material with a lower refractive index (CaF 2 ), the temperature coefficient was 2 times higher than for flint glass (N-SF11). According to the results of the analysis, it was found that the sensitivity of the SPR sensor increases threefold from 52.83 deg./RIU to 173.16 deg./RIU when the refractive index of the prism changes from n D = 1.79 to n D = 1.43. It was also found that increasing the wavelength of the radiation increased both the sensitivity of the SPR sensor and temperature stability regardless of the prism material. The results of the study can be used both to develop new SPR sensors and to optimize the modes of operation of existing ones, in particular the choice of optimal sensitivity at a given range of measurement of the refractive index of the test substance.
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Liu, Chunlan, Yang Gao, YaChen Gao, Yong Wei, Ping Wu, and Yudong Su. "Enhanced sensitivity of fiber SPR sensor by metal nanoparticle." Sensor Review 40, no. 3 (April 1, 2020): 355–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sr-12-2019-0310.
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Purpose This paper aims to clarify the relationship between the performance of the metal nanoparticles and the sensitivity of the fiber surface plasma resonance (SPR) sensor. It proposes modeling the sensing effects of a single-mode fiber SPR sensor with a cone angle structure decorated with metal nanoparticles. This study uses the metal nanoparticles to the realize enhanced sensitivity of refractive index sensing. Design/methodology/approach This paper opted for an exploratory study using a simulation approach of finite-difference time-domain (FDTD). Specifically, the effect of size, the material and the shape of the metal nanoparticle on sensing performance are investigated theoretically. Findings In conclusion, it is evident that the localized SPR (LSPR) effect weakens as the diameter of the gold nanosphere increases, the SPR effect enhances and the SPR sensitivity increases first and then decreases. The metal nanoparticle with the different materials and different shapes also have different LSPR and SPR sensitivity and wavelength length dynamic range. The investigation shows that, by changing parameters, the reflection spectra of the fiber SPR sensor exhibit an obvious transition from LSPR to SPR characteristics, and enhanced sensitivity of the refractive index is realized. Originality/value This paper fulfills an identified need to study how the sensitivity of the fiber SPR sensor can be enhanced by the metal nanoparticle. After the optimization of parameters, the sensitivity of 5,140 nm/RIU is achieved, which provides a new research direction for sensitivity enhancement of fiber SPR sensor.
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He, Xiao Cong, Ian Pearson, and Ken W. Young. "Three Dimensional Finite Element Analysis of Transverse Free Vibration of Self-Pierce Riveting Beam." Key Engineering Materials 344 (July 2007): 647–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.344.647.
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Self-pierce riveting (SPR) is nowadays widely used in the car manufacturing industry where aluminium alloys are used for body construction. For the design of mechanical structures, formed by the joining of component parts, a knowledge of the vibration characteristics of different joint types (adhesive bonding, spot welding, SPR etc) is essential. The free transverse vibration characteristics of single lap-jointed encastre SPR beams are investigated theoretically in this paper using the three dimensional finite element method (FEM). Numerical examples are provided to show the influence on the natural frequencies, natural frequency ratios and mode shapes of these beams caused by variations in the material properties (E and υ) of the sheet material. It is shown that the transverse natural frequencies of single lap jointed encastre SPR beams increases significantly as the Young’s Modulus of the sheets increases, but only slight changes are encountered for variations of Poisson’s Ratio. It is found that an exponential curve gives an acceptable fit to the relationship between natural frequency and Young’s Modulus. As expected, odd modes shapes were found to be symmetrical about the mid-length position and even modes were anti-symmetrical.
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Jepps, Lewis, Paul Briskham, Neil Sims, and Luca Susmel. "Investigation into the Effect of Interlock Volume on SPR Strength." Materials 16, no. 7 (March 29, 2023): 2747. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16072747.
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During the design of automotive structures assembled using Self-Piercing Rivets (SPRs), a rivet and die combination is selected for each joint stack. To conduct extensive physical tensile testing on every joint combination to determine the range of strength achieved by each rivet–die combination, a great deal of lab technician time and substrate material are required. It is much simpler and less material-consuming to select the rivet and die solution by examining the cross sections of joints. However, the current methods of measuring cross sections by measuring the amount of mechanical interlock in a linear X–Y direction, achieved with the flared rivet tail, do not give an accurate prediction of joint strength, because they do not measure the full amount of material that must be defeated to pull the rivet tail out of the bottom sheet. The X–Y linear interlock measurement approach also makes it difficult to rapidly rank joint solutions, as it creates two values for each cross section rather than a single value. This study investigates an innovative new measurement method developed by the authors called Volumelock. The approach measures the volume of material that must be defeated to pull out the rivet. Creating a single measurement value for each rivet–die combination makes it much easier to compare different rivet and die solutions; to identify solutions that work well across a number of different stacks; to aid the grouping of stacks on one setter for low-volume line; and to select the strongest solutions for a high-volume line where only one or two different stacks are made by each setter. The joint stack results in this paper indicate that there is a good predictive relationship between the new Volumelock method and peel strength, measured by physical cross-tension testing. In this study, the Volumelock approach predicted the peel strength within a 5% error margin.
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Dai, Xiaoyu, Yanzhao Liang, Yuting Zhao, Shuaiwen Gan, Yue Jia, and Yuanjiang Xiang. "Sensitivity Enhancement of a Surface Plasmon Resonance with Tin Selenide (SnSe) Allotropes." Sensors 19, no. 1 (January 5, 2019): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19010173.
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Single layers of tin selenide (SnSe), which have a similar structure as graphene and phosphorene, also show excellent optoelectronic properties, and have received much attention as a two-dimensional (2D) material beyond other 2D material family members. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensors based on three monolayer SnSe allotropes are investigated with the transfer matrix method. The simulated results have indicated that the proposed SnSe-containing biochemical sensors are suitable to detect different types of analytes. Compared with the conventional Ag-only film biochemical sensor whose sensitivity is 116°/RIU, the sensitivities of these SnSe-based biochemical sensors containing α-SnSe, δ-SnSe, ε-SnSe, were obviously increased to 178°/RIU, 156°/RIU and 154°/RIU, respectively. The diverse biosensor sensitivities achieved with these three SnSe allotropes suggest that these 2D materials can adjust SPR sensor properties.
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Lu, Yi, Xiao Cong He, and Yi Feng Wang. "Study on Mechanical Properties of Self-Piercing Riveted Joints about Titanium Alloy." Applied Mechanics and Materials 723 (January 2015): 856–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.723.856.
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Adopting self-piercing riveting (SPR) joining, a new light sheet material joining method, to examine the joining of copper-titanium alloy (H62-TA1) sheet and titanium-aluminum alloy (TA1-Al5052) sheet. Also, using quasi-static mechanical test to figure out mechanical properties of H62-TA1 SPR single-lap joint and TA1-Al5052 SPR single-lap joint. In this study, using Dixon guidelines to eliminate abnormal value and adopting coefficient of variation method to validate reliability of test datum. The results show that failure mode of H62-TA1 joints is that the rivets are pulled out, failure mode of TA1-Al5052 joints is that the bottom sheet fracture. And tensile displacement and energy absorption of H62-TA1 joints are higher than that of TA1-Al5052 joints.
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Kim, Min Gun, Jin Hak Kim, Kun Chan Lee, and Won Yi. "Assessment for Structural Stiffness and Fatigue Life on Self-Piercing Rivet of Car Bodies." Key Engineering Materials 297-300 (November 2005): 2519–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.297-300.2519.
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The highest structural stiffness of an SPR joint was exhibited in the specimen constituted with 5J32 and ASPH, and the lowest stiffness in that constituted with the single 5J32 combination. Even though the structural stiffness of an SPR joint specimen is roughly the same with another type of joint, the fatigue life is different according to sheet material and its thickness. The results of numerical analysis are nearly identical to those of experiments. Thus, it can be that FEM modeling in accordance with FEMFAT is effective in assessing the stiffness and fatigue life of SPR joints, and can be an alternative to experimental analysis.
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Liu, Min, Xu Yang, Bingyue Zhao, Jingyun Hou, and Ping Shum. "Square array photonic crystal fiber-based surface plasmon resonance refractive index sensor." Modern Physics Letters B 31, no. 36 (December 13, 2017): 1750352. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984917503523.
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Based on surface plasmon resonance (SPR), a novel refractive index (RI) sensor comprising a square photonic crystal fiber (PCF) is proposed to realize the detection of the annular analyte. Instead of hexagon structure, four large air-holes in a square array are introduced to enhance the sensitivity by allowing two polarization directions of the core mode to be more sensitive. The gold is used as the only plasmonic material. The design purpose is to reduce the difficulty in gold deposition and enhance the RI sensitivity. The guiding properties and the effects of the parameters on the performance of the sensor are numerically investigated by the Finite Element Method (FEM). By optimizing the structure, the sensor can exhibit remarkable sensitivity up to 7250 nm/RIU and resolution of [Formula: see text] RIU with only one plasmonic material, which is very competitive compared with the other reported externally coated and single-layer coated PCF-based SPR (PCF–SPR) sensors, to our best knowledge.
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Hossain, Md Biplob, and Md Masud Rana. "DNA Hybridization Detection Based on Resonance Frequency Readout in Graphene on Au SPR Biosensor." Journal of Sensors 2016 (2016): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/6070742.
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This paper demonstrates a numerical modeling of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor for detecting DNA hybridization by recording the resonance frequency characteristics (RFC). The proposed sensor is designed based on graphene material as biomolecular recognition elements (BRE) and the sharp SPR curve of gold (Au). Numerical analysis shows that the variation of RFC for mismatched DNA strands is quiet negligible whereas that for complementary DNA strands is considerably countable. Here, graphene is used to perform faster immobilization between target DNA and probe DNA. The usage of graphene also changes the RFC that ensure hybridization of DNA event by utilizing its optochemical property. In addition, proposed sensor successfully distinguishes between hybridization and single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) by observing the variation level of RFC and maximum transmittance. Therefore, the proposed frequency readout based SPR sensor could potentially open a new window of detection for biomolecular interactions. We also highlight the advantage of using graphene sublayer by performing the sensitivity analysis. Sandwiching of each graphene sublayer enhances 95% sensitivity comparing with conventional SPR sensor.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Single Material SPR"
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Ring, Josh. "Novel fabrication and testing of light confinement devices." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2016. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/novel-fabrication-and-testing-of-light-confinement-devices(51572720-0c49-482e-8523-e44ca877117f).html.
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The goal of this project is to study novel nanoscale excitation volumes, sensitive enoughto study individual chromophores and go on to study new and exciting self assemblyapproaches to this problem. Small excitation volumes may be engineered using light con-finement inside apertures in metal films. These apertures enhance fluorescence emissionrates, quantum yields, decrease fluorescence quenching, enable higher signal-to-noiseratios and allow higher concentration single chromophore fluorescence, to be studied byrestricting this excitation volume. Excitation volumes are reported on using the chro-mophore's fluorescence by utilising fluorescence correlation spectroscopy, which monitorsfluctuations in fluorescence intensity. From the correlation in time, we can find the res-idence time, the number of chromophores, the volume in which they are diffusing andtherefore the fluorescence emission efficiency. Fluorescence properties are a probe ofthe local environment, a particularly powerful tool due to the high brightness (quantumyield) fluorescent dyes and sensitive photo-detection equipment both of which are readilyavailable, (such as avalanche photodiodes and photomultiplier tubes). Novel materialscombining the properties of conducting and non-conducting materials at scales muchsmaller than the incident wavelength are known as meta-materials. These allow combi-nations of properties not usually possible in natural materials at optical frequencies. Theproperties reported so far include; negative refraction, negative phase velocity, fluorescenceemission enhancement, lensing and therefore light confinement has also been proposed tobe possible. Instead of expensive and slow lithography methods many of these materialsmay be fabricated with self assembly techniques, which are truly nanoscopic and otherwiseinaccessible with even the most sophisticated equipment. It was found that nanoscaled volumes from ZMW and HMMs based on NW arrays wereall inefficient at enhancing fluorescence. The primary cause was the reduced fluorescencelifetime reducing the fluorescence efficiency, which runs contrary to some commentatorsin the literature. NW based lensing was found to possible in the blue region of the opticalspectrum in a HMM, without the background fluorescence normally associated with a PAAtemplate. This was achieved using a pseudo-ordered array of relatively large nanowireswith a period just smaller than lambda / 2 which minimised losses. Nanowires in the traditionalregime lambda / 10 produced significant scattering and lead to diffraction, such that they werewholly unsuitable for an optical lensing application.
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Profizi, Paul. "Development of a numerical model of single particle impact with adhesion for simulation of the Cold Spray process." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSEI088/document.
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Dans le cadre du procédé de revêtement de surface Cold Spray, un modèle numérique d’impact de particule sur substrat à haute vitesse est créé, ainsi qu’une nouvelle interaction adhésive, dans le logiciel de dynamique explicite du CEA Europlexus. Le modèle utilise des Éléments Finis et la méthode sans maillage SPH (Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics) avec la loi matériau de Johnson-Cook, couramment utilisée pour modéliser les métaux à des vitesses de déformation élevées et prenant en compte le durcissement plastique, le durcissement en vitesse de déformation, et l’assouplissement thermique. L’interaction adhésive est basée sur les modèles de zone cohésive de Dugdale-Barenblatt et Griffith, avec une limite sur la contrainte cohésive et la rupture de l’adhésion dictée par l’énergie dissipée. L’étude de cette interaction dans le cas des corps déformables à haute vitesse de déformation montre que le type de modèle cohésif utilisé impacte directement et de façon très prononcée les résultats du calcul. L’interaction adhésive est ensuite liée à un mécanisme physique connu pour être la raison majeure de l’adhésion entre métaux lors du procédé Cold Spray : l’instabilité en cisaillement à l’interface de contact (présente dans la simulation grâce à une loi d’endommagement). Pour ce faire, un critère d’activation de l’adhésion est créé, basé sur une chute de la valeur locale de limite élastique du matériau. Ce critère permet de retrouver le phénomène de vitesse critique nécessaire pour l’adhésion de la particule lors du procédé. Un critère de rupture de l’adhésion supplémentaire est ajouté, basé sur la valeur de l’endommagement dans les éléments collés, et permet de retrouver le phénomène de vitesse maximale pour l’adhésion de la particule. Le modèle complet, construit sur des principes physiques, est ainsi capable de simuler le phénomène d’adhésion Cold Spray. Des tests de dureté et images EBSD sont aussi présentés et comparés aux résultats numériquesIn the context of the Cold Spray process, a numerical model of a single particle impact is developed. The point of interest is the adhesion of the particle to the substrate, thus an adhesive interaction model is also created. The impact model uses the Smooth Particle Hydrodynamics and/or the Finite Elements methods, with a Johnson-Cook material law, commonly used for metals at high strain rates, which takes into account strain hardening, strain rate hardening and thermal softening. The adhesive interaction is a Griffith and Dugdale-Barenblatt cohesive model with energy dissipation and a limit on the cohesive stress. Using this model it is shown that in the case of fast dynamics and deformable bodies, not only the adhesion parameters but also the type of model has an influence on the results. The adhesion model is also, contrary to previous works, linked with an actual physical mechanism known to induce adhesion in Cold Spray: a shear stress instability at the interface. This is done by adding an activation criterion to the cohesive model. This criterion is defined as a local drop in yield strength on either element in contact. Only when this criterion is locally met are the cohesive stresses applied and cohesive energy dissipated. The result is the apparition of a critical velocity, under which adhesion cannot occur due to either not enough initial kinetic energy to create an instability at the interface, or not enough adhesive surface created to keep the particle from rebounding. For the model to localize and undergo shear banding/shear instability, a damage value is added to the material law. An erosion criterion is then implemented in the cohesive model to remove the cohesive stresses from highly damaged parts of the adhesive surface. This results at high impact speeds in a maximal velocity above which the interfacial material is too damaged to sustain adhesion and prevent the particle from rebounding. A deposition behavior similar to the Cold Spray process is then observed, with a range of low velocities without any adhesion of the particle, then a critical speed initiating a velocity range of adhesion of the particle, and finally a maximum speed above which the interface is too damaged to sustain the adhesion. A set of experimental observations is also carried out to better understand the actual microstructural dynamics and changes at the interface of 1 mm copper particles impacted on copper. The results are compared to simulations and the use of the macroscopic Johnson-Cook law at a microscopic level is validated
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Kumar, Santosh. "New Mechanical Methods to Join Sheets in Lap and Butt Configuration and Analytical Model to Predict and Improve Clinching Joint Strength." Thesis, 2018. https://etd.iisc.ac.in/handle/2005/5487.
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Mechanical joining of sheets has many advantages over other joining methods in terms of wide variety combination of similar, dissimilar and non-metallic material sheet joining.
In conventional SPR joining, the rivet and sheet materials are different, which causes problem in recyclability and corrosion. In study of new proposed method called Single Material SPR (SMSPR) joining, the aluminum sheets are joined using rivet made from the same material. In this method, since rivet needs to pierce through the first (top) sheet and flare in the second (bottom) sheet, rivet need to be higher strength than the sheets. To achieve required strength difference between sheet and rivet, the sheets are heated to a higher temperature and rivet is maintained at room temperature. The combination of temperature, ram speed, rivet and die profile are studied to obtain Single Material SPR (SMSPR) joint strength close to the conventional method.
The mechanical joining methods including clinching and SPR are for lap joining, there is no technique for mechanical butt joining hence, a new method Self-Lock Butt Riveting (SLBR) is studied. The rivet and die dimensions play important role in achieving the strength close to the SPR joining method.
For quick evaluation of clinching joint strength under cross tensile and lap shear loading conditions analytical method is necessary. Proposed analytical model is validated by conducting experiments on changing flange diameter, and is able to predict strength without greatly losing accuracy. Apart from quick evaluation the model offers greater understanding of joints behavior under various loading condition. Parameters (friction and wrap angle) identified in analytical model is used to increase lap shear strength without losing much of cross tensile strength by changing surface roughness
Books on the topic "Single Material SPR"
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Whybrow, Ian. Lobito Aprende a Ser Malo/Little Wolf's Book of Badness (Ediciones Lerner Single Titles). Ediciones Lerner, 2007.
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Dimmock, Matthew, and Andrew Hadfield. Amazons, Savages, and Machiavels. 2nd ed. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198871552.001.0001.
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Abstract The second edition of Amazons, Savages, and Machiavels is significantly revised and expanded, twenty years after the first edition helped to establish the field of travel and colonial writing in English. The anthology includes substantial new chapters of extracts on ‘The North’, detailing the important Arctic voyages and the search for the elusive North-West Passage to China; ‘Islamic West Asia and the Eastern Mediterranean’ includes new material on Persia, Russia, and Jerusalem; ‘England from Elsewhere’ includes observations of England and the English from European travellers; and an epilogue on women travellers explores the importance in particular of Lady Catherine Whetenhall’s journey to Italy, recorded after her early death. The chapter on Africa includes new material on the Congo, Gambia, and Sierra Leone, and the chapter on East Asia and the South Seas contains new material on China and Japan. There are new images of West African figures and Sir Anthony and Lady Sherley in Persian courtly attire. The introduction has been carefully revised to take into account the wealth of scholarship on English perceptions of Asia and the Mediterranean, and the analysis of race and racial identity has been expanded in line with contemporary concerns. Headnotes and notes have been revised and expanded throughout the text. The anthology is the most comprehensive single-volume available in English, and, with its newly modernized text and reader-friendly apparatus, is designed to appeal to the general as well as the specialist reader. No one interested in the history of travel, colonial writing, and racial politics at the time of the first British Empire can ignore this work.
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Heath, Anthony F., Elizabeth Garratt, Ridhi Kashyap, Yaojun Li, and Lindsay Richards. Social Progress in Britain. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198805489.001.0001.
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Social Progress in Britain examines how much progress has made in the years since Sir William Beveridge described the ‘five giants on the road to reconstruction’—the giants of Want, Disease, Ignorance, Squalor, and Idleness. The book has chapters examining the progress which Britain has made in improving material prosperity and tackling poverty; in extending length of life and tackling disease; in raising participation in education and improving educational standards; in tackling the scourge of unemployment, especially youth unemployment; and in providing better-quality housing and tackling overcrowding. In addition to Beveridge’s five giants, the book also explores inequalities of opportunity (focussing on inequalities between social classes, men and women, and ethnic groups), and the changing nature of social divisions and social cohesion in Britain. Throughout, the chapters put British progress into perspective by drawing comparisons with progress made in other large developed democracies such as Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Sweden, and the USA. As well as looking at the average level of prosperity, life expectancy, education, and housing, the book examines the extent of inequality around the average and pays particular attention to whether the most disadvantaged sections of society have shared in progress or have fallen behind. It concludes with an assessment of the effect of policy interventions such as Margaret Thatcher’s free market reforms of the 1980s on different aspects of social progress.
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George, Walker, Purves Robert, and Blair QC Michael, eds. Financial Services Law. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198793809.001.0001.
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This text has been revised and updated to take account of the major developments in a rapidly developing regulatory landscape. The updated text analyses all of the substantial institutional and structural changes brought, or to be brought, into effect under the additional new key statutes adopted in the area of financial services including specifically the Financial Services (Banking Reform) Act 2013 and the Bank of England and Financial Services Act 2016. The major new regulatory initiatives are covered in detail, including the Senior Managers Regime (SMR) and Certification Regime (CR). There is also coverage of new individual statutory offences, bank ring-fencing, depositor preference, bail-in stabilization and crisis management, resolution planning, payment system reform, and further Bank of England governance and PRA reform. Since the last edition there have been many developments at the European level and the fourth edition takes full account of these including the Capital Requirements Directive IV, Insolvency II, and MiFID II. At the domestic level, the division of the Financial Services Authority Handbook of Rules into the PRA Rulebook and the Financial Conduct Authority Handbook has been covered in two new chapters. There are also new chapters on ‘Individual Accountability and Liability’ following commencement of the Senior Managers and Certification Regimes, and on ‘Consumer Credit’ following the transfer of regulatory responsibility for this to the FCA. Additionally, the material on enforcement has been significantly developed in this new edition.
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Lewis, Carroll. Alice in Wonderand - with 42 Original Illustrations by Sir John Tenniel. Aziloth Books, 2011.
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Lewis, Carroll, and John Tenniel. Alice's Adventures in Wonderland: Original Story and Illustrations from Sir John Tenniel. Independently Published, 2020.
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Lewis, Carroll. Alice's Adventures in Wonderland: Classic Edition with Illustrations by Sir John Tenniel. Independently Published, 2021.
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Lewis, Carroll, and John Tenniel. Lewis Carroll's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland: Original Illustrations by Sir John Tenniel Large Print Coloring Book. Independently Published, 2020.
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Lewis, Carroll, and John Tenniel. Lewis Carroll's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland: Original Illustrations by Sir John Tenniel Large Print Coloring Book. Independently Published, 2020.
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Lewis, Carroll, and Sir John Tenniel. Alice's Adventures in Wonderland : Alice in Wonderland: The Original 1865 Edition with Complete Illustrations by Sir John Tenniel. Independently Published, 2021.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Single Material SPR"
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Chen, Bin, Dong Liang Lin, Xiao Qing Zeng, and Chen Lu. "Single Roll Drive Equal Channel Angular Process –a Potential Severe Plastic Deformation (SPD) Process for Industrial Application." In Materials Science Forum, 557–60. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-985-7.557.
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Sloan, John. "A Double Existence." In Andrew Lang, 130–57. Oxford University PressOxford, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192866875.003.0008.
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Abstract The period from 1889 to 1894 brought significant change to Lang’s life. His Gifford lectures broke with the theories of Tylor, Spencer, and Darwin that the idea of God and the ‘soul’ evolved from primitive ancestor-worship, or fear of ghosts, and claimed evidence of belief in a high god, an ‘All Father’ even among the lowest savages. The success of Lang’s Blue Fairy Book, compiled with Nora’s help, led to a series that ran for over twenty years. The Blue Fairy Book appeared simultaneously with Prince Prigio, his own homage to the genre. He and Nora made St Andrews their home each winter, and for the rest of his life Lang lived a double existence, half the year in a small university town, the other half in London. Elected President of the Folklore Society in 1891–2, he sought an alliance between traditional folklore and contemporary investigations of abnormal occurrences by the Society for Psychical Research (SPR) - the starting-point for his own venture into the field of ‘psycho-folklore’. He also went to war with the German analytic critics of Homer by demonstrating that Homer’s epics were single-author compositions, a subject that had preoccupied him since his Oxford days. While preparing an edition of Walter Scott’s Waverley novels, he discovered astonishing facts about Jacobite history and sent transcripts of the material to Stevenson in Samoa to use in a story. Stevenson’s untimely death in December 1894 decided Lang to turn historian.
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Matsui, Hiroaki. "Biological Sensing Using Infrared SPR Devices Based on ZnO." In Biomedical Engineering. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.104562.
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Biological detection based on surface plasmon resonances (SPRs) on metallic Ga-doped zinc oxide (ZnO: Ga) film surfaces is introduced as one of the interesting functionalities of ZnO. SPRs on ZnO: Ga films (ZnO-SPRs) have attracted much attention as alternative plasmonic materials in the infrared (IR) range. This chapter focuses on the structure and optical properties of ZnO-SPR with different layer structure from experimental and theoretical approaches. First, the plasmonic properties of single ZnO: Ga films excited by Kretschmann-type SPRs were investigated. Second, an insulator–metal–insulator structure with a ZnO: Ga film applied as a metal layer is introduced. Finally, hybrid layer structures with the capping of thin dielectric layers to ZnO-SPR (dielectric-assisted ZnO-SPR) were fabricated to enhance SPR properties in the IR range. The biological sensing on ZnO-SPR is experimentally demonstrated by measuring biological interactions. This work provides new insights for fabricating biological sensing platforms on ZnO materials.
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Singh, Vickramjeet, and Ramesh L. Gardas. "Characterization Techniques for Graphene-Based Materials." In Graphene-based Carbocatalysts: Synthesis, Properties and Applications, 118–53. BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/9789815050899123010008.
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Graphene bearing 2D (dimensional) layer of carbon atoms bonded in sp2 hybridized state are only 1 atomic-scale thick. However, the graphene can be extended along the horizontal dimension. The alternate double bonds leading to perfect conjugation with sp2 hybridization are exhibited in the hexagonal structure (honeycomb) of graphene. Theoretically and experimentally, the thicknesses of graphene have been determined and are in the nano-meter range. The extraordinary mechanical and electrical properties exhibited by such a 2D material have inspired scientists for device fabrication methodologies that can shift the synthesis from lab scale to large scale. It is considered the strongest material on earth, almost 100 times stronger (i.e., strength) than the best steel. Since graphene is only 1 atomic-scale thick and transparent, the characterization of graphene is complex but essential. The thickness down to one atomic layer in graphene can be identified by the light interference causing color contrast. Thus, optical microscopy-based methods enable the identification of graphene or its derivatives; on the other hand, Raman spectroscopy, which is sensitive to molecular bonding and geometric structure, is commonly employed for the quality determination of graphene-based materials. In this chapter, various characterization techniques are discussed, enabling the characterization of graphene and graphene-based materials (GBMs).
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A. Sharaf, Mohammed, and Andrzej Kloczkowski. "Processing of Graphene/Elastomer Nanocomposites: A Minireview." In Nanocomposite Materials [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.104849.
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Since the isolation and identification of graphene, the academic and industrial communities are utilizing its superior properties. This minireview deals with the processing of graphene-based fillers/elastomer nanocomposites. The incorporation of graphene in an elastomeric matrices has significant effects on the properties of nanocomposites. The dispersion of graphene in elastomers is discussed. The processing of graphene/elastomer nanocomposites is discussed. The mechanical properties of the elastomeric matrix can be enhanced due to the presence of graphene. In this review and due to space limitations, we will present an example of improvements in the mechanical characteristics of graphene/styrene-butadiene (SBR) elastomer nanocomposites.
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Rodriguez, Erick Gonzalez, Yuliang Zheng, Holger Maune, and Rolf Jakoby. "Future Reconfigurable Radio Frontends for Cognitive Radio and Software Defined Radio." In Advances in Wireless Technologies and Telecommunication, 544–66. IGI Global, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-6571-2.ch020.
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Cognitive Radio (CR) and Software Defined Radio (SDR), concepts which were mere proposals to solve the population of services over the past two decades, are now enabled by novel materials and components to offer fully reconfigurable devices. Thus, a convergence of services can be attained within a reduced, or even single RF (Radio Frequency) signal path in the device. A solid design of reconfigurable frontends, from the RF part to the digital baseband, should consider different criteria to better exploit the available spectrum. Examples of such criteria are scattering parameters and phase linearity of components at a defined carrier frequency, RF signal bandwidth, and signal quality in terms of Error Vector Magnitude and Bit Error Rate. In this chapter, a general perspective to achieve smarter air interfaces is studied and discussed by setting out strategies based on CR and SDR techniques for the implementation and integration of future reconfigurable RF-Frontends.
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Ievlev, A. V., A. Tselev, R. Vasudevan, S. V. Kalinin, A. Morozovska, and P. Maksymovych. "Nanoscale Ferroelectric Switching: A Method to Inject and Study Non-equilibrium Domain Walls." In Domain Walls, 245–70. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198862499.003.0011.
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This chapter focuses on the electric field-induced formation of a single nanoscale polarization domain, emphasizing that nucleation, growth, and annihilation of such a domain enables injection of non-equilibrium domain walls. The focus on nanoscale domains is motivated in large part by advances in scanning probe microscopy (SPM), where the ever-increasing drive to improve spatial resolution was met by a natural reduction of the size of one of the electrodes in a ferroelectric capacitor down to nanoscale dimensions. In this case, the process of ferroelectric switching becomes dominated by the nucleation of a single domain of the opposite polarization. Once allowed to equilibrate, the end-result of the single-domain switching is injection of a new domain wall(s) into the original ferroelectric volume. Likewise, reversing the polarization under the probe will in general eliminate the domain wall(s). The nanoscale ferroelectric switching becomes, therefore, an efficient approach to inject and erase DWs on-demand. However, its primary value may be in facilitation of detailed understanding of the DW injection mechanisms as well as investigation of the range of possible DW configurations, that can be injected up to the highest fields achievable in a given material.
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Eftekhari, Ali. "Review of Smart Ionic Liquids." In Fundamentals of Smart Materials, 222–32. The Royal Society of Chemistry, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/bk9781782626459-00222.
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Chapter 18 reviews smart ionic liquids. Ionic solids such as sodium chloride (table salt) have been known for centuries. To eliminate the role of a solvent, particularly in the realm of electrochemistry, molten salts became of interest. The very first examples were the groundbreaking endeavors of Sir Humphry Davy in the synthesis of alkali metals by electrolysis, which he discovered (isolated to be precise) via this approach. However, this needs a high temperature as the ionic bonds are strong. The electrolysis of sodium chloride should be conducted at a temperature higher than 801 °C. Since high temperatures are not technologically favorable, the melting point of such ionic solids can be reduced by weakening the ionic bonds in eutectic mixtures. One of the very first examples is the pioneering work of Charles Martin Hall in the synthesis of aluminum, which is still the dominant approach for the exploitation of metallic aluminum. The high melting point of these ionic liquids is due to the close arrangement of highly charged ions within the lattice. For instance, the sodium and chlorine are small atoms, which are closely located in a cubic lattice structure. Therefore, high energy is required to separate the anion and cation.
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Lad, Urvi M., Saurabh S. Soni, and Chetan K. Modi. "Graphene-based Smart Energy Materials for Fuel and Solar Cell Applications." In Graphene-based Carbocatalysts: Synthesis, Properties and Applications (Volume 2), 136–67. BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/9789815136050123020008.
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Energy is an incising subject matter and has had both positive and negative impacts on our society. Admittance to profuse, inexpensive, unharmed, hygienic energy is advantageous for human beings. However, the process of changing one form of energy into another, hauling and plentiful use can have negative impacts on health, the environment, and cost-cutting measures of our society. These days and at this age, the production of energy and stockpiles is one of the two main burning issues. Regrettably, conventional energy producers are not competent enough to respond to ecological transformations, whereas accustomed energy storage devices are deficient in special functionalities apart from supplying electricity. Graphene, composed of a single-layered graphite with a two-dimensional sp2 -hybridized carbon network, has recently gained tremendous research interest due to its peculiar physical and chemical properties. Gratifying from unrivalled physicochemical properties, graphene-based materials facilitate dealing with the aforesaid smoldering issues and, in recent times, have been widely studied in various energy conversion and storage applications such as supercapacitors, fuel cells, batteries, and photovoltaic devices or solar cells. In this book chapter, we summarise the recent progress reported in the synthesis and fabrication of graphene-based smart energy materials with their applications in various energy storage systems. In addition to this, the panorama and future challenges in both scalable manufacturing and more energy storage-related applications are covered in this chapter as well.<br>
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Murphy, Nancy. "Intensifying “Imperfection”: Ambiguous Meter." In Times A-Changin', 125—C5N68. Oxford University PressNew York, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197635216.003.0005.
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Abstract This final analytic chapter explores the loosest, most malleable metric structures offered by the rhetorically flexible meter in singer-songwriter music: Ambiguous Meter. In this flexible metric scenario, timing is too extreme to create a Regular, multi-leveled metric hierarchy. In this chapter, I explore songs by Dylan (“Down the Highway” and “Restless Farewell”), Mitchell (“The Fiddle and the Drum”), and Sainte-Marie (“Sir Patrick Spens”) to show how each songwriter adapts source material and influences to create contexts of self-expressive Ambiguous Meter. In some cases, their Ambiguous Meter eventually demonstrates an increase in regularity, with emerging meter arising at moments of significance to the song’s narrative and rhetoric. Contexts of ambiguity reflect individual self-expressive narratives of introspection and politics and a broader fashioning of performance persona.
Conference papers on the topic "Single Material SPR"
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Di Franco, G., L. Fratini, and A. Pasta. "Fatigue strength of a single lap joint SPR-bonded." In THE 14TH INTERNATIONAL ESAFORM CONFERENCE ON MATERIAL FORMING: ESAFORM 2011. AIP, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3589690.
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He, Xiaocong. "Influence of Sheet Material Characteristics on the Torsional Free Vibration of Single Lap-Jointed Cantilevered SPR Joints." In 2009 International Conference on Measuring Technology and Mechatronics Automation. IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icmtma.2009.383.
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Bansal, Parth, Zhuoyuan Zheng, and Yumeng Li. "Uncertainty Quantification for Dissimilar Material Joints Under Corrosion Environment." In ASME 2022 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2022-89654.
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Abstract Self-Piercing Riveting (SPR) is one of the most commonly used methods for joining dissimilar materials in the automotive industry. These joints are popular due to their adaptability, high performance and short cycle time. However, since these joints involve two dissimilar materials, they are susceptible to galvanic corrosion in the presence of an electrolyte which is driven by the difference in the equilibrium potential of the metals. This can affect the safety and resilience of these joints. In this paper, we focus on galvanic corrosion in Al-Fe SPR joints. A Machine learning (ML) based surrogate model, which is based off of FE simulations, for statistical corrosion analysis is developed. This model enables the resilience and reliability analysis of SPR joints under corrosion environment. In this study, first a physics-based finite element (FE) corrosion model has been developed to simulate the galvanic corrosion between a Fe cathode and an Al anode of a SPR joint. This model takes into account the effect of the crystal microstructure of the Al anode and the precipitation of the corrosion product. Several geometric and environmental factors including crevice gap, roughness of anode, conductivity, pH and the temperature of the electrolyte that effect corrosion are investigated. A thorough Uncertainty Quantification (UQ) analysis is conducted for the overall corrosion behavior of the Fe-Al SPR joints using a novelistic Probabilistic Confidence-Based Adaptive Sampling (PCAS) technique. PCAS is used to train the surrogate model by identifying the critical sampling points and thus reducing the overall computational costs. It is found that the electrolyte temperature has the largest effects on the material loss and needs to be managed closely for better corrosion control. By understanding the corrosion performance and resultant uncertainty impact on SPR joints, the reliability and resilience of these joints can be improved.
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He, Xiaocong, Ian Pearson, and Ken Young. "Free Vibration Characteristics of SPR Joints." In ASME 8th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/esda2006-95219.
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Self-piercing riveting (SPR) has drawn more attention in recent years because it can join some advanced materials that are hard to weld, such as aluminum alloy sheets. In this paper, the free torsional vibration characteristics of single lap-jointed encastre SPR beam are investigated in detail. The focus of the analysis is to reveal the influence on the torsional natural frequencies and mode shapes of the single lap-jointed encastre SPR beam of different characteristics of sheets to be jointed. Numerical examples show that the torsional natural frequencies increase significantly as the Young’s modulus of the sheets increase, but almost no change corresponding to the change in Poisson’s ratio of the sheets to be joint. The mode shapes show that there are different deformations in the jointed section of SPR beam compared with the reference encastre beam without joint. These different deformations may cause different natural frequency values and different stress distributions.
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Nwaokorie, Chukwuemeka, Ikwan Ukauku, and Chima Emelle. "Material Balance Modelling of Hydraulically Connected Reservoirs in a Single System: Case Studies." In SPE Nigeria Annual International Conference and Exhibition. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/167561-ms.
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Koga, Shumon, Leobardo Camacho-Solorio, and Miroslav Krstic. "State Estimation for Lithium Ion Batteries With Phase Transition Materials." In ASME 2017 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2017-5266.
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Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePO4 or LFP) is a common active material in lithium-ion batteries. It has been observed that this material undergoes phase transitions during the normal charge and discharge operation of the battery. Electrochemical models of lithium-ion batteries can be modified to account for this phenomena at the expense of some added complexity. We explore this problem for the single particle model (SPM) where the underlying dynamic model for diffusion of lithium ions in phase transition materials is a partial differential equation (PDE) with a moving boundary. An observer is derived for the concentration of lithium ions from the SPM via the backstepping method for PDEs in a rigorous way and simulations are provided to illustrate the performance of the observer. Our comments are stated on the gap between the proposed observer and a complete state-of-charge (SoC) estimation algorithm for lithium-ion batteries with phase transition materials.
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Alnuaimi, Hamad, Umar Amjad, Pietro Russo, Valentina Lopresto, and Tribikram Kundu. "A Non-Linear Ultrasonic Approach Using a Fine-Tuned Experimentally Defined Frequency for Structural Health Monitoring of Composite Plates." In 2022 49th Annual Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/qnde2022-98012.
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Abstract The Sideband Peak Count – Index (SPC-I) technique, which is a newly developed non-linear ultrasonic (NLU) technique has been established as a reliable technique for detecting and monitoring non-linear detects in various materials such as metals, composites, and concrete. In prior investigations the SPC-I technique is performed by exciting a wideband sweep signal through the material. Although this is a good general approach, the SPC-I technique can be fine-tuned for specific specimens under investigation. In this investigation, a single frequency is selected as an excitation signal that is propagated through the composite plate specimens. This single frequency is experimentally defined using a pristine composite plate as a control specimen. Multiple signals are propagated through the pristine specimen at a range of frequencies in order to find the sensitive frequency. By applying the SPC-I technique on the range of signals obtained for the pristine specimen, a single fine-tuned frequency can be identified that can be used to detect and monitor impact damage in composite plates. In this investigation glass fiber composite plates that are impacted with increasing impact energy (0J, 5J, 10J, 20J, 30J, 40J and 50J) are examined using the fine-tuned excitation frequency coupled with the NLU SPC-I technique. The SPC-I technique is capable of detecting and monitoring the impact induced damage in the composite plate specimens.
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ŞIMŞEK, Ü. "Crystal plasticity finite element analysis of linear and non-linear extrusion processes." In Material Forming. Materials Research Forum LLC, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21741/9781644902479-60.
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Abstract. Severe plastic deformation (SPD) induced by conventional forming processes such as extrusion has a significant effect on texture evolution and strength of metals. Conventional twist extrusion (TE) process can be used to produce ultra-fine grained (UFG) structures without introducing any significant change in the overall dimensions of the sample. However, the commercialization for industrial usage has been limited because of production efficiency and non-uniform distribution of grain refinements. In order to overcome these difficulties a new process called nonlinear twist extrusion (NLTE) has been introduced recently where TE mold channel is modified to restrain strain reversal and rigid body rotation of the workpiece. Prediction of the texture evolution in these processes is crucial for mold design and process parameters. In this work, the texture evolution during NLTE and TE processes are investigated through crystal plasticity finite element method. Single copper crystal which has a billet form is fully extruded through the TE and NLTE mold models separately. In addition to spatial stress and strain evolution investigations, the orientation differences and texture evolution of extruded billets are examined for two different initial orientations of single copper crystal. Moreover, the deformation histories at different locations of the sample are analyzed with crystal plasticity finite element method (CPFEM) to compare the performance of both techniques.
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Park, SeHyuk, Hamad Alnuaimi, Anna Hayes, Madison Sitkiewicz, Umar Amjad, Krishna Muralidharan, and Tribikram Kundu. "Linear and Nonlinear Analysis of Additively Manufactured Material With Different Porosity Induced by Varying Material Printing Speed Using Guided Acoustic Waves." In 2021 48th Annual Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/qnde2021-74686.
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Abstract Guided acoustic wave based techniques have been found to be very effective for damage detection, and both quantitative and qualitative characterization of materials. In this research, guided acoustic wave techniques are used for porosity evaluation of additively manufactured materials. A metal 3D printer, Concept Laser Mlab 200 R Cusing™, is used to manufacture 316L additively manufactured (AM) stainless steel specimens. Two levels of porosity are investigated in this study, which was controlled by a suitable combination of scan speed and laser power. The sample with lower level of porosity is obtained with a low scanning speed. Lead Zirconate Titanate (PZT) transducers are used to generate guided acoustic waves. The signal is excited and propagated through the specimens in a single sided transmission mode setup. Signal processing of the recorded signals for damage analysis involves both linear and nonlinear analyses. Linear ultrasonic parameters such as the time-of-flight and magnitude of the propagating waves are recorded. The nonlinear ultrasonic parameter, the Sideband Peak Count Index (SPC-I) is obtained by a newly developed nonlinear analysis technique. Results obtained for both specimens are analyzed and compared using both linear and nonlinear ultrasonic techniques. Finally, the effectiveness of SPC-I technique in monitoring porosity levels in AM specimens is discussed.
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Potnuru, Srikar, Susanta K. Sahoo, and Santosh K. Sahoo. "Combined Extrusion-Forging: Simulation, Experimental and Microscopic Investigation of Axisymmetric Single Collar Collet Chuck Holder." In ASME 2017 12th International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference collocated with the JSME/ASME 2017 6th International Conference on Materials and Processing. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2017-2615.
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Combined Extrusion-Forging process is a renowned metal forming method which serves as a pathway for manufacturing components of complex design. In that context processing a component with better mechanical and metallurgical properties can be enhanced by severe plastic deformation which processes the fine-grained materials formation in the product. These fine-grained materials achieved by SPD makes the component with superior quality. The novelty of the concept is to validate the presence of fine-grained materials at lower ram displacement. This paper presents the estimated forming load, metal flow pattern and alike, using aluminum 1072 as billet material for manufacturing SCCCH, along with micro-structural validation by experimental die-punch setup and simulation using modelling software DEFORM3D. Numerical analysis was also performed to estimate the forming load and metal flow patterns. Good number of experiments has been carried out at various punch movements to find out forming load and metal flow pattern. Microscopic analyses have been performed to validate the data with the results obtained from the experimentation. It was found that the numerical data was well validated with the experimental results. Further, Micro-hardness analysis was also performed. As the component was manufactured on application of heavy loads, the residual stress was also found to check the load carrying capacity of the component.
Reports on the topic "Single Material SPR"
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Weller, Joel I., Harris A. Lewin, and Micha Ron. Determination of Allele Frequencies for Quantitative Trait Loci in Commercial Animal Populations. United States Department of Agriculture, February 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2005.7586473.bard.
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Individual loci affecting economic traits in dairy cattle (ETL) have been detected via linkage to genetic markers by application of the granddaughter design in the US population and the daughter design in the Israeli population. From these analyses it is not possible to determine allelic frequencies in the population at large, or whether the same alleles are segregating in different families. We proposed to answer this question by application of the "modified granddaughter design", in which granddaughters with a common maternal grandsire are both genotyped and analyzed for the economic traits. The objectives of the proposal were: 1) to fine map three segregating ETL previously detected by a daughter design analysis of the Israeli dairy cattle population; 2) to determine the effects of ETL alleles in different families relative to the population mean; 3) for each ETL, to determine the number of alleles and allele frequencies. The ETL on Bostaurusautosome (BT A) 6 chiefly affecting protein concentration was localized to a 4 cM chromosomal segment centered on the microsatellite BM143 by the daughter design. The modified granddaughter design was applied to a single family. The frequency of the allele increasing protein percent was estimated at 0.63+0.06. The hypothesis of equal allelic frequencies was rejected at p<0.05. Segregation of this ETL in the Israeli population was confirmed. The genes IBSP, SPP1, and LAP3 located adjacent to BM143 in the whole genome cattle- human comparative map were used as anchors for the human genome sequence and bovine BAC clones. Fifteen genes within 2 cM upstream of BM143 were located in the orthologous syntenic groups on HSA4q22 and HSA4p15. Only a single gene, SLIT2, was located within 2 cM downstream of BM143 in the orthologous HSA4p15 region. The order of these genes, as derived from physical mapping of BAC end sequences, was identical to the order within the orthologous syntenic groups on HSA4: FAM13A1, HERC3. CEB1, FLJ20637, PP2C-like, ABCG2, PKD2. SPP, MEP, IBSP, LAP3, EG1. KIAA1276, HCAPG, MLR1, BM143, and SLIT2. Four hundred and twenty AI bulls with genetic evaluations were genotyped for 12 SNPs identified in 10 of these genes, and for BM143. Seven SNPs displayed highly significant linkage disequilibrium effects on protein percentage (P<0.000l) with the greatest effect for SPP1. None of SNP genotypes for two sires heterozygous for the ETL, and six sires homozygous for the ETL completely corresponded to the causative mutation. The expression of SPP 1 and ABCG2 in the mammary gland corresponded to the lactation curve, as determined by microarray and QPCR assays, but not in the liver. Anti-sense SPP1 transgenic mice displayed abnormal mammary gland differentiation and milk secretion. Thus SPP 1 is a prime candidate gene for this ETL. We confirmed that DGAT1 is the ETL segregating on BTA 14 that chiefly effects fat concentration, and that the polymorphism is due to a missense mutation in an exon. Four hundred Israeli Holstein bulls were genotyped for this polymorphism, and the change in allelic frequency over the last 20 years was monitored.
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McClure, Michael A., Yitzhak Spiegel, David M. Bird, R. Salomon, and R. H. C. Curtis. Functional Analysis of Root-Knot Nematode Surface Coat Proteins to Develop Rational Targets for Plantibodies. United States Department of Agriculture, October 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2001.7575284.bard.
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The goal of this research was to provide a better understanding of the interface between root-knot nematodes, Meloidogyne spp., and their host in order to develop rational targets for plantibodies and other novel methods of nematode control directed against the nematode surface coat (SC). Specific objectives were: 1. To produce additional monoclonal SC antibodies for use in Objectives 2, 3, and 4 and as candidates for development of plantibodies. 2. To determine the production and distribution of SC proteins during the infection process. 3. To use biochemical and immunological methods to perturbate the root-knot nematode SC in order to identify SC components that will serve as targets for rationally designed plantibodies. 4. To develop SC-mutant nematodes as additional tools for defining the role of the SC during infection. The external cuticular layer of nematodes is the epicuticle. In many nematodes, it is covered by a fuzzy material termed "surface coat" (SC). Since the SC is the outermost layer, it may playa role in the interaction between the nematode and its surroundings during all life stages in soil and during pathogenesis. The SC is composed mainly of proteins, carbohydrates (which can be part of glycoproteins), and lipids. SC proteins and glycoproteins have been labeled and extracted from preparasitic second-stage juveniles and adult females of Meloidogyne and specific antibodies have been raised against surface antigens. Antibodies can be used to gain more information about surface function and to isolate genes encoding for surface antigens. Characterization of surface antigens and their roles in different life-stages may be an important step towards the development of alternative control. Nevertheless, the role of the plant- parasitic nematode's surface in plant-nematode interaction is still not understood. Carbohydrates or carbohydrate-recognition domains (CROs) on the nematode surface may interact with CROs or carbohydrate molecules, on root surfaces or exudates, or be active after the nematode has penetrated into the root. Surface antigens undoubtedly play an important role in interactions with microorganisms that adhere to the nematodes. Polyclonal (PC) and monoclonal (MC) antibodies raised against Meloidogyne javanica, M. incognita and other plant-parasitic nematodes, were used to characterize the surface coat and secreted-excreted products of M. javanica and M. incognita. Some of the MC and PC antibodies raised against M. incognita showed cross-reactivity with the surface coat of M. javanica. Further characterization, in planta, of the epitopes recognized by the antibodies, showed that they were present in the parasitic juvenile stages and that the surface coat is shed during root penetration by the nematode and its migration between root cells. At the molecular level, we have followed two lines of experimentation. The first has been to identify genes encoding surface coat (SC) molecules, and we have isolated and characterized a small family of mucin genes from M. incognita. Our second approach has been to study host genes that respond to the nematode, and in particular, to the SC. Our previous work has identified a large suite of genes expressed in Lycopersicon esculentum giant cells, including the partial cDNA clone DB#131, which encodes a serine/threonine protein kinase. Isolation and predicted translation of the mature cDNA revealed a frame shift mutation in the translated region of nematode sensitive plants. By using primers homologous to conserved region of DB#131 we have identified the orthologues from three (nematode-resistant) Lycopersicon peruvianum strains and found that these plants lacked the mutation.