Academic literature on the topic 'Single-conclusion'
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Journal articles on the topic "Single-conclusion"
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Orme, John G. "Statistical Conclusion Validity for Single-System Designs." Social Service Review 65, no. 3 (September 1991): 468–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/603858.
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Rosenbaum, Jerrold F. "Conclusion: The Future of Single-Isomer Pharmacology." CNS Spectrums 7, S1 (April 2002): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852900028613.
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Taken together, the articles gathered in this supplement underscore the major role in drug development that single-isomer science can play—a role that will undoubtedly take on a greater importance in the future. While the chirality of certain pharmacologically active molecules has been recognized for almost a century, it is only in recent years that drug synthesis and chiral separation techniques have advanced far enough to allow meaningful comparisons among enantiomers. Now that these methods are broadly available, the potential applications of single isomer drug development are considerable.Numerous examples from a range of therapeutic areas confirm that single enantiomers can enhance clinical efficacy, reduce adverse effects, cause fewer interactions with other drugs, and minimize response variations among patients by offering more predictable pharmacokinetics and greater selectivity. In some cases, these advantages are simply due to the removal of an inactive enantiomer, but in other cases, a given dose of a single isomer offers greater benefits when administered alone than when administered as the racemic mixture, suggesting that the opposite enantiomer (the distomer) actually has detracting effects. As the papers by Drs. Gal and Hurt explain, the different activities of a pair of enantiomers are usually traceable to stereochemical differences in the way they interact with chiral macromolecules such as enzymes, transport systems, and receptors.
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Krupski, V. N. "Reference Constructions in the Single-conclusion Proof Logic." Journal of Logic and Computation 16, no. 5 (October 1, 2006): 645–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/logcom/exl028.
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Izyumsky, A. B., and I. P. Galiy. "Advantages and shortcomings of “Single text-book” (conclusion)." Alma mater. Vestnik Vysshey Shkoly, no. 10 (October 2016): 101–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.20339/am.10-16.101.
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de Zwaan, Jaap W. "The Single European Act: Conclusion of a Unique Document." Common Market Law Review 23, Issue 4 (December 1, 1986): 747–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/cola1986042.
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Krupski, Vladimir N. "On symbolic models for Single-Conclusion Logic of Proofs." Sbornik: Mathematics 202, no. 5 (May 31, 2011): 683–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1070/sm2011v202n05abeh004161.
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Krupski, Vladimir N. "The single-conclusion proof logic and inference rules specification." Annals of Pure and Applied Logic 113, no. 1-3 (December 2001): 181–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-0072(01)00058-6.
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Böhme, Jakob. "In conclusion . Excerpts from a single conversation between Heavenly Virgin Sofia and the soul." Sententiae 38, no. 2 (December 27, 2019): 51–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.22240/sent38.02.051.
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Citkin, Alex. "Deductive Systems with Multiple-Conclusion Rules and the Disjunction Property." Axioms 8, no. 3 (August 30, 2019): 100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/axioms8030100.
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Using the defined notion of the inference with multiply-conclusion rules, we show that in the logics enjoying the disjunction property, any derivable rule can be inferred from the single-conclusion rules and a single multiple-conclusion rule, which represents the disjunction property. Also, the conversion algorithm of single- and multiple-conclusion deductive systems into each other is studied.
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Husev, Matiushkin, Roncero-Clemente, Vinnikov, and Chopyk. "Bidirectional Twisted Single-Stage Single-Phase Buck-Boost DC-AC Converter." Energies 12, no. 18 (September 11, 2019): 3505. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12183505.
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This paper describes a bidirectional twisted single-phase single-stage buck-boost dc-ac converter based on an output unfolding circuit. This solution is derived by the combination of an inverting buck-boost dc-dc converter and an unfolding circuit. The operation principle, component design guidelines, along with the control approach are presented. The zero-crossing distortion problem is discussed and solved by a simple approach. The simulation and experimental results confirm all theoretical statements. Loss distribution and achievable efficiency are analyzed. Finally, the pros and cons of the proposed solution, along with the most promising application field, are analyzed and discussed in the conclusion.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Single-conclusion"
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Ceragioli, Leonardo. "Pluralism in Proof-Theoretic Semantics." Doctoral thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2158/1196477.
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Proof-theoretic semantics is a well-established inferentialist theory of meaning that develops ideas proposed by Prawitz and Dummett. The main aim of this theory is to find a foundation of logic based on some aspects of the linguistic use of the logical terms, as opposed to the regular foundation offered by a model-theoretic approach à la Tarski, in which the denotation of non-linguistic entities is central. Traditionally, intuitionistic logic is considered justified in proof-theoretic semantics (although some doubts are sometimes raised regarding ex falso quodlibet). Even though this approach to semantics has greatly progressed in the last decades, it remains nonetheless controversial the existence of a justification of classical logic that suits its restraints. In this thesis I examine various proposals that try to give such a justification and propose a new one greatly inspired by one of Peter Milne’s papers. The conclusion is, to some extent, open since a reformulation of some notions of proof-theoretic semantics is needed in order to justify classical logic. I conclude the thesis with a general defence of logical pluralism and a description of the kind of pluralism that can be applied to our reformulation of proof-theoretic semantics.
Books on the topic "Single-conclusion"
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Jeanpaulmozart. Anxiety Girl - Able to Jump to the Worst Conclusion in a Single Bound: Anxiety Workbook Journal. Hyland House Publishing Pty Ltd, 2021.
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Walker, Matthew. Conclusion. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198746355.003.0006.
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The Conclusion applies the arguments of the book to a single design: Wren’s western portico of St. Paul’s Cathedral. In the process, the chapter uses Wren’s own method of analysing ancient architectural forms, and does what he did to various ancient buildings to his own most celebrated design. In the detail of the portico we can see how Wren used his knowledge (of ancient architecture) to produce invention in an architectural design, thus proving himself to be (by the standards of the day at least) an Architectus Ingenio.
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Whittier, Nancy. Conclusion. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190235994.003.0005.
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Chapter 5, the book’s conclusion, draws comparative theoretical lessons from all three cases. It discusses six features of relationships between frenemies: risks to participants’ reputation; reliance on hybrid or compromise frames or goals; focus on single-issue or specific goals; the importance of emotional and personal narratives; lack of more extensive collaboration or institutionalization of the relationships; and outcomes that depend on the relative power of participants. The chapter discusses implications for ongoing policy regarding sex offenders, sex trafficking, and government surveillance. The paths of activism around the case studies have influenced recent issues of sexual assault, including in the military, in colleges and universities. Feminists have influenced these developments, but not alone. Frenemies, including both feminists and conservatives, continue to be engaged in these issues and to shape their paths.
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Anderson, Greg. Conclusion. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190886646.003.0018.
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After summarizing the book’ s overall case for an ontological turn in history, the conclusion briefly discusses four wider intellectual implications of this paradigm shift. First, this shift fundamentally changes the way we think about the past, from an ongoing story of a single humanity, inhabiting a single, continuous metaphysical conjuncture, to stories of multiple different humanities, each one inhabiting its own distinct world of experience. Second, the shift duly changes our sense of the relationship between present and past, whereby our modern world is no longer the ultimate telos of our species journey but an exotic metaphysical anomaly, a world that is no more “true to life/nature” than any other. Third, the shift lends significant support to broader calls for a more post-disciplinary intellectual environment, since it implicitly questions the modern metaphysical commitments which undergird our entire apparatus of mainstream knowledge production and its conventional division of intellectual labor. Finally, the paradigm shift can make a significant contribution to contemporary critical theory. By forcing us to take seriously the metaphysical and ontological commitments of extinct past peoples, it raises the possibility of a non-modern critique of the modern. Moreover, by drawing our attention to the past’ s many different ways of being human, it should significantly broaden our capacity to imagine more sustainable, more equitable worlds of the future.
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Tomlinson, Matt, and Julian Millie. Conclusion. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190652807.003.0014.
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The book concludes by arguing that religious and political discourse is often characterized by the naturalization of monologue. In such discourse, monologism is treated as natural and dialogism becomes the project that requires the most effort—the emergent, fragile attempt that can never fully succeed. It offers examples from sources as diverse as John Wesley’s advice for preaching, Kim Jong-il’s lethal efforts to make all North Koreans speak in a single voice, a wistful Papua New Guinea man’s claim that in the old days people did not speak so much, and an Australian archbishop’s puzzling declaration that dialogue does not require a willingness to compromise.
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Shattuck, Debra A. Conclusion. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252040375.003.0007.
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Baseball did not become gendered as a man’s sport overnight nor did any single group dominate the cultural metanarrative of baseball as it matured from infancy to adolescence during the nineteenth century. Baseball has been used to symbolize “Americanism,” middle-class, Judeo-Christian values, and “manliness.” Though many vied to control the narrative of America’s national pastime, not every group had equal influence on the ultimate character and culture of baseball. By the end of the nineteenth century, men held almost exclusive control of the narrative of “official” baseball, while women controlled a parallel narrative for the baseball-surrogate called “women’s baseball.” This game became the precursor of softball which emerged in its official form during the 1930s.
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Mackay, Ronnie, and Warren Brookbanks. Conclusion. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198788478.003.0014.
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This concluding chapter offers a synthesis of the law around fitness to stand trial drawn from the different jurisdictions surveyed in the book. While individual jurisdictions have crafted their own solutions to questions of definition, procedure, and disposition, a range of specific issues have come to the fore requiring further analysis and resolution. These include the permissibility or otherwise of compulsorily medicating incapacitated defendants to restore competence, the desirability of disaggregating the unitary test for fitness, the movement from cognition to decision-making capacity as the focus of unfitness, the utility of the decisional competence construct, and the parameters of effective participation. While no single jurisdiction offers an entirely satisfactory way of dealing with the unfit to plead, what the differing approaches show is how important it is to endeavour to find approaches to the problems in the law and procedure in this complex area.
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Hylen, Susan E. Conclusion. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190237578.003.0008.
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This chapter briefly summarizes the book and its implications for interpreters of the New Testament. The book has argued that conventional virtues like modesty, industry, and loyalty did not negate women’s capacities to own property and act as patrons. Social norms were multiple and complex, and could be applied in different ways depending on the circumstances. Thus, social practices of the period made room for women to exert influence and become leaders and officeholders in their communities. A “modest” woman might be an acknowledged and widely sought leader of her city. This understanding of the cultural context may yield new interpretations of familiar New Testament material. The historical background does not force one single interpretation of any text; readers still face many exegetical decisions. However, the chapter identifies some of the broad implications of the study for New Testament interpretation.
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Cornwell, Hannah. Conclusion. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198805632.003.0006.
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Peace had dominated the discourse on the nature of Roman imperialism as the political institutions of the state were questioned and debated during the civil wars of the 40s and 30s BC, to the slow reformulation of powers around the single person of Augustus. The evolution of an imperial conception of peace from the early stages of the representations of pax augusta during the slow birth of the new political structures to a fully fledged idea of the pax Romana comes to fruition in Vespasian’s templum Pacis by the mid-70s AD and illustrates the integral value and position that peace had gained in a Roman imperial vision. The accomplishment of pax represented not only the stability and security brought to the state in a post-civil war world, but also the control over an Empire that such a peace enabled.
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Winter, Stefan. Conclusion. Princeton University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691167787.003.0008.
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This concluding chapter summarizes key themes and presents some final thoughts. The book has shown that the multiplicity of lived ʻAlawi experiences cannot be reduced to the sole question of religion or framed within a monolithic narrative of persecution; that the very attempt to outline a single coherent history of “the ʻAlawis” may indeed be misguided. The sources on which this study has drawn are considerably more accessible, and the social and administrative realities they reflect consistently more mundane and disjointed, than the discourse of the ʻAlawis' supposed exceptionalism would lead one to believe. Therefore, the challenge for historians of ʻAlawi society in Syria and elsewhere is not to use the specific events and structures these sources detail to merely add to the already existing metanarratives of religious oppression, Ottoman misrule, and national resistance but rather to come to a newer and more intricate understanding of that community, and its place in wider Middle Eastern society, by investigating the lives of individual ʻAlawi (and other) actors within the rich diversity of local contexts these sources reveal.
Book chapters on the topic "Single-conclusion"
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Krupski, Vladimir N. "Symbolic Models for Single-Conclusion Proof Logics." In Computer Science – Theory and Applications, 276–87. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-13182-0_26.
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Jessee, Erin. "Conclusion: The Danger of a Single Story." In Negotiating Genocide in Rwanda, 237–67. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-45195-4_8.
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Benali, Leila. "Conclusion: Evolution of the Single Buyer Model in MENA." In Electricity-sector Reforms in the MENA Region, 197–205. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-96268-9_11.
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Bustamante, Carlos, and Jeffrey R. Moffitt. "Conclusion. Past, Present, and Future of Single-molecule Studies of Transcription." In RNA Polymerases as Molecular Motors, 302–14. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/9781847559982-00302.
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Krupski, Vladimir N. "On the Sharpness and the Single-Conclusion Property of Basic Justification Models." In Logical Foundations of Computer Science, 211–20. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-72056-2_13.
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Karedla, Narain. "Conclusion." In Single-Molecule Metal-Induced Energy Transfer, 159–60. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-60537-1_6.
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Yang, Zhongmin, Can Li, Shanhui Xu, and Changsheng Yang. "Conclusion and Outlook." In Single-Frequency Fiber Lasers, 169–70. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-6080-0_10.
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Tang, Jinkui, and Peng Zhang. "Conclusion and Perspective." In Lanthanide Single Molecule Magnets, 195–211. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-46999-6_6.
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Criminisi, Antonio. "Conclusion." In Accurate Visual Metrology from Single and Multiple Uncalibrated Images, 147–53. London: Springer London, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-85729-327-5_8.
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Ringbauer, Martin. "Conclusion and Outlook." In Exploring Quantum Foundations with Single Photons, 199–203. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-64988-7_7.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Single-conclusion"
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Tao, Wen-Quan, Ya-Ling He, Gui-Hua Tang, and Zhuo Li. "No New Physics in Single-Phase Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer in Mini- and Micro-Channels: Is It a Conclusion?" In ASME 2008 First International Conference on Micro/Nanoscale Heat Transfer. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/mnht2008-52007.
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First the flow friction characteristics of nitrogen and helium in stainless steel microtubes, glass microtubes, square glass microchannels, and rectangular silicon microchannels are tested. The data in glass microtubes with diameters from 50 to 201 microns and in square glass channels with characteristic diameters from 52 to 100 microns show that the friction factors are in good agreement with the conventional predictions. The friction factors in stainless-steel tubes with diameters from 119 to 300 microns are much higher than the conventional ones. The results for two of the four silicon microchannels with characteristic diameters from 26–60 microns are in good agreement while those of the other two channels are larger. This discrepancy is resulted from the large relative surface roughness. Smaller friction factors in glass microtubes with diameters from 10 to 20 microns are obtained due to the rarefaction effect. Second the flow friction experimental data for deionized water flow in glass microtubes with diameters from 50 to 530 microns show that friction factors and transition Reynolds numbers are in good agreement with the conventional predictions. However, the friction factors in stainless steel microtubes with diameters from 50–1570 microns are much higher than the conventional predictions. This discrepancy is attributed to the large surface relative roughness or denser roughness distribution. Numerical simulations considering electroviscous effect are carried out. The simulation results show that the electroviscous effect does not play a significant role in the friction factor for channel dimensions of the order of microns though it does affect the velocity profile and hence it could be neglected in engineering applications for channel dimensions of the order of microns. Third the measured local Nusselt number distribution of deionized water along the axial direction of the stainless steel tubes of 373–1570 microns with uniform heat flux do not accord with the conventional results when Reynolds number is low and the relative thickness of the tube wall is high. Numerical study reveals that the large ratio of wall thickness to tube diameter at low Reynolds number causes significant axial heat conduction in the tube wall, leading to a non-linear streamwise distribution of the fluid temperature. The axial wall heat conduction effect is gradually weakened with the increase of Reynolds number and the decrease of the relative tube wall thickness. In conclusion, the conventional fluid flow and heat transfer theories should still be applied for single-phase flow in smooth microchannels. Nevertheless, micro-channels do raise some issues to be paid special attention to when being applied.
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Odinokova, Tatyana D., and Elena B. Dvoryadkina. "Development of the life insurance ecosystem based on the creation of a single digital platform." In Sustainable and Innovative Development in the Global Digital Age. Dela Press Publishing House, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56199/dpcsebm.pqhf4631.
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Ensuring the development of life insurance as a significant component of the national economy and a source that ensures the formation of the country’s long-term financial resources is traditionally of interest to researchers. A relatively new research vector may be the study of the issue of creating and developing a life insurance ecosystem, within which interactions between various financial institutions can be expanded. The article gives a brief description of the current state (development trends) of public and private life insurance in Russia and determines the need for their organization and development in the context of an ecosystem based on the creation of a single digital platform. The research purpose is to analyze the possibilities of creating a life insurance ecosystem in Russia and its functioning on the basis of a single digital platform. To achieve the research purpose, such methods as a systemic and logical analysis, a method of induction were used. The research results are as follows: risks that the life insurance ecosystem may face were identified and some ways to minimize them were proposed. In conclusion, the authors made a conclusion that the development of the life insurance ecosystem based on the creation of a single digital platform will expand the range of interactions between its participants and will make it possible to transform life insurance into a subject of national interest.
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Shen, Peiqing, Shahrouz K. Aliabadi, and Jalal Abedi. "A Review of Single-Phase Liquid Flow and Heat Transfer in Microchannels." In ASME 2004 2nd International Conference on Microchannels and Minichannels. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icmm2004-2337.
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Fluid flow and heat transfer in microchannels have been important research area during the past decade. The understanding and explanation of the fundamental mechanisms of flow and heat transfer are critical to the application of microchannel systems to many important industrial and research projects. We present a review of the literatures on fluid flow and heat transfer of single-phase liquid in microchannels. Recent experimental and theoretical studies are both covered. The emphasis has been on studies on single-phase liquid flows. As a conclusion, although further work needs to be done, carefully designed experiments have obtained data that agree well with the conventional theory developed for larger channels. The theoretical explanation of some experimental results, which deviate the conventional theory for larger channels, is still under development.
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Medikonduri, Rajesh. "Fail Mechanisms Causing Single Bit Flash Data Gain in Flash Memory." In ISTFA 2009. ASM International, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.istfa2009p0261.
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Abstract Flash memory is one of the most mysterious and difficult structures in the semiconductor industry. Excessive data gain and data loss may cause errors in reading the flash memory. This paper discusses the data gain mechanism and the various failure mechanisms (i.e., CoSi at Mux, CoSi at bit, particle at Mux, resistive contact, erasing defect at failing bit, programming fail at bit, misaligned contact, passive voltage contrast (PVC) at multiple gates in Mux region, particle and missing via, poly residue defect etc.) causing single bit flash data gain. Presented in the paper are the definitions involved, Flash cell theory and physics involved, and the theory explaining why leakage in the 8:1 mux causes the single bit flash data gain. This is followed by a case study involving various failure mechanisms and a final conclusion. Knowing the fail mechanisms and correcting them promptly enhances the yield.
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Ghila, Abdurazag M., and Antonios Tourlidakis. "Unsteady Simulations of Recess Casing Treatment in Axial Flow Fans." In ASME Turbo Expo 2006: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2006-90388.
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This paper deals with unsteady numerical simulations of a low-speed axial-flow fan with recess casing treatment in order to investigate the interaction between the rotor blades and the vanes inside the recess. The numerical simulations were carried out for a single blade passage using a 3-D Navier-Stokes solver. The examination of the unsteady simulation of the recess treatment cavities demonstrated that there is no large scale unsteady activity at the flow condition investigated, this is on itself quite significant and enables the drawing of an important conclusion namely that large casing treatments rely primarily on a steady-state flow process. The corollary of this conclusion is that a steady-state simulation should be sufficient to capture the essential features of the effects of recess casing treatments.
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Wang, Yintao, Min Zhang, Abhay Patil, and Gerald Morrison. "Numerical Investigation of Axial Thrust Control in a Multistage Canned-Motor Pump With Pump-Out-Vanes." In ASME Turbo Expo 2021: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2021-59119.
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Abstract Axial thrust is one of the critical factors that affect the pump’s continuously operating reliability. Among all the available methods for axial thrust controlling, Pump Out Vanes (POVs) are an easy and effective way. Different from a single-stage pump with a scroll, an in-line multistage pump will have a leakage flow channel from the return channel. With this leakage channel, the working environment of the POVs will be significantly different from a single-stage pump. In this paper, the first stage of a multistage pump with both POVs and casing ribs (vortex breakers) is studied by CFD simulation to evaluate their effect on the axial thrust, pump stage performance, and the internal leakage flow. Because of the similar POV working environment in the multistage pump, the conclusion from one stage can be generalized for the rest stages. In this study, 5 models with different POV outer radius and height are simulated in Ansys Fluent with k-ε turbulence model and transient rotor-stator sliding mesh method. The results show that POVs with suitable geometry can provide good axial thrust control over a wide pump operating range while the stage efficiency can be strongly affected due to the increased turbulence and interstage leakage flow, which is contradicting some previous researcher’s conclusion based on the study of a single-stage centrifugal pump.
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Cui, Shuandong, Yan Zhang, and Yunfei Chen. "Visual aesthetic calculation and evaluation model of background pattern formed by the repeated arrangement of single patterns." In Intelligent Human Systems Integration (IHSI 2023) Integrating People and Intelligent Systems. AHFE International, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1002895.
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The background pattern formed by the repeated arrangement of a single pattern is widely used in modern interface design, textile, and packaging design. The existing aesthetic evaluation of such images is mostly based on subjective evaluation. This paper proposes two different calculation models for the proportion of a single element on a page and the calculation model for the density of a single pattern arrangement. This paper will design an experiment to study the influence of the proportion of a single pattern in the cell and the arrangement density on the page aesthetics of this type of background pattern. The conclusion of the experiment is as follows: for a fixed number of cells on the page, when the proportion of a single pattern area is about 0.5, the page will get the best aesthetic feeling; When the area proportion of patterns on a page is constant, the page beauty increases with the increase of pattern density. When the density increases to a certain value, that is, 5-8 single patterns per 100 pixels in the horizontal or vertical direction, the page beauty is the highest, and then the page beauty decreases with the increase of pattern density. This experiment provides a theoretical basis for the design and evaluation of patterns.
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Rauthan, Amit, Poonam Patil, Rajashree Aswath, Nitin Yashas, and Gaurav Ningade. "Immunotherapy in Patients with Lung Cancer with Driver Mutations: A Single-Centre Experience." In Annual Conference of Indian Society of Medical and Paediatric Oncology (ISMPO). Thieme Medical and Scientific Publishers Pvt. Ltd., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0041-1735365.
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Abstract Introduction Immunotherapy has revolutionized treatment in metastatic nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) without driver mutations. Trial data shows that programmed death-1/PDL1 blockade in epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and other driver mutation positive lung cancers is not beneficial; and instead maybe detrimental. Here, we evaluated the efficacy of immune check point inhibitors in a series of patients with EGFR and other driver mutation–positive advanced NSCLC. Objectives This study was aimed to evaluate the efficacy of immune check point inhibitors in a series of patients with EGFR and other driver mutation–positive advanced NSCLC. Materials and Methods We retrospectively analyzed 75 patients which received PD1/PDL1 inhibitors for advanced NSCL between January 2017 and January 2020. Ten patients were detected to have driver mutations on either tumor tissue or blood by next-generation sequencing (NGS). PDL1 status was assessed on SP263 ventana platform. Results Out of 10 patients, 7 were male and 3 were female. EGFR was detected in six patients (three on tumor and three in blood NGS), MET exon 14 skipping mutation in two patients, and RAS mutation in two patients on NGS in blood. Immunotherapy combined with chemotherapy was given in 5 (50%) patients, immunotherapy + bevacizumab + chemotherapy in two (20%) and immunotherapy alone in three patients (30%). Immunotherapy was started as first line in four patients as tumor tissue was negative for EGFR, ALK, and ROS1 by single gene testing. The remaining six patients received immunotherapy on progression in the second or subsequent lines. On NGS testing at progression, EGFR mutation was detected in one patient, MET exon 14 skip mutation was detected in two patients, and RAS mutation was detected in two patients. Immunotherapy alone was used in three patients in view of advanced age and multiple comorbidities. The median progression-free survival (PFS) was 5 months (range: 2–11 months). Two patients who received chemotherapy + bevacizumab + immunotherapy continue to do well without progression at 9 months. Conclusion PD1/PDL1 checkpoint inhibitors seem to have a limited impact in treatment in patients with driver mutations. Molecular testing by NGS is recommended either on tumor tissue or on blood by NGS if single gene testing for EGFR/ALK/ROS1 alterations is negative. We recommend not using single agent checkpoint inhibitors in molecular driven advanced NSCLC even with high PDL1 expression. We do see benefit in patients who received PD1/PDL1 inhibitors in combination with chemotherapy with bevacizumab. In conclusion, in patients with molecular-driven NSCLC who progress after standard therapy can be treated with PD1/PDL1 inhibitors, but this should always be given in combination with chemotherapy and bevacizumab.
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Sun, Yuming, Ahmed Imam, Christine Wu, and Nariman Sepehri. "Stability Study of a Pump-Controlled Circuit for Single Rod Cylinders via the Concept of Lyapunov Exponents." In ASME/BATH 2017 Symposium on Fluid Power and Motion Control. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fpmc2017-4314.
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Pump-controlled hydraulic actuators of single rod cylinders, while efficient, often exhibit undesirable performances during pump mode of operation switching. Although the oscillatory performances have been found in both simulations and experiments, a rigorous proof of such undesirable dynamics has rarely been reported due to lack of proper theoretical tools. In many previous works, traditional stability analysis of pump-controlled single rod hydraulic actuator systems was carried out by studying eigenvalues of the linearized models in each of various regions, separately. This may lead to a conservative conclusion. In this paper, such mode switching instability is analyzed using the concept of Lyapunov exponents. More specifically, the impact of the cracking pressures of the pilot operated check valves on system dynamics of a commonly used pump-controlled circuit is investigated. The numerical results are in agreement with the experimental findings, indicating the efficacy of the proposed method. The paper thus contributes to the systematic stability analysis for non-smooth hydraulic actuator systems, which can subsequently facilitate the controller design.
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He, Shuangji. "The Analysis of AP1000 Depressurization During Small Break LOCA." In 2013 21st International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone21-15968.
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Based on two different ways-the fluid energy equation and the fluid compressibility, the lumped parameter equations of Reactor Coolant System (RCS) depressurization during small break LOCA (SBLOCA) are derived and the two different derivations could verify each other by giving the identical result. And then, the transient equation is derived from the steady equation and is solved numerically. By comparing the results of steady and transient equations with that of NOTRUMP, it proves the equation’s rationality and validity. These lumped parameter equations could give the quantitative insight into the influence of the venting of water or steam through the Automatic Depressurization System (ADS) valves/break during LOCA depressurization phase. During the SBLOCA depressurization phase of AP1000, the ADS4 valves are the most important venting paths. There are four ADS4 valves, which are mounted respectively on two sides of hot legs. Westinghouse originally assumed that the most limiting single failure was one of ADS4-B valves failure to open. But in truth, the most limiting failure should be one of ADS4-A valves failure to open, which has been validated by SNERDI with NOTRUMP calculations. However, it’s not easy to analyze the reason until it’s recognized that the key factor is the venting of steam, which is the theoretic conclusion above. This paper will give some insight into the limiting single failure criterion of SBLOCA, based on the theoretic conclusion above and the sensitivity analysis of NOTRUMP calculations.
Reports on the topic "Single-conclusion"
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Schaffer, Arthur A., D. Mason Pharr, Joseph Burger, James D. Burton, and Eliezer Zamski. Aspects of Sugar Metabolism in Melon Fruit as Determinants of Fruit Quality. United States Department of Agriculture, September 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1994.7568770.bard.
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The cucurbit family, including melon, translocates the galactosyl-sucrose oligosaccharides, raffinose and stachyose, in addition to sucrose, from the source leaves to the fruit sink. The metabolism of these photoassimilates in the fruit sink controls fruit growth and development, including the horticulturally important phenomenon of sucrose accumulation, which determines melon fruit sweetness. During this research project we have characterized the complete pathway of galactosyl sucrose metabolism in developing fruit, from before anthesis until maturity. We have also compared the metabolic pathway in scurose accumulating genotypes, as compared to non-accumulating genotypes. Furthermore, we studied the pathway in different fruit tissues, in response to pollination, and also analyzed the response of the individual steps of the pathway to perturbations such as low temperature and leaf removal. The results of our studies have led to the conclusion that generally galactosyl-sucrose metabolism functions as a coordinately controlled pathway. In one case, as an immediate response to the absence of pollination, the activity of a single enzyme, UDPglu pyrophosphorylase, was drastically reduced. However, during young fruit development, sucrose accumulation, and in response to perturbations of the system, groups of enzymes, rather than single enzymes, respond in a concerted manner. Our research has characterized in detail the initial enzymes of galactosyl-sucrose metabolism, including the galactosidases, galactokinase and the UDPgal- and UDPglu pyrophosphorylases. We have discovered a novel alkaline a-galactoside which hydrolyzes both stachyose and reaffinose and thereby may have solved the dilemma of cytosolic-sucrose metabolism, since prior to this research there was no known alkaline a-galactosidase capable of hydrolyzing raffinose.
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Wu, Bin, Lixia Guo, Kaikai Zhen, and Chao Sun. Diagnostic and prognostic value of miRNAs in hepatoblastoma: A systematic review with meta-analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2021.11.0045.
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Review question / Objective: Background and aim: Increasing evidence has revealed the valuable diagnostic and prognostic applications of dysregulated microRNAs (miRNAs) in hepatoblastoma (HB), the most common hepatic malignancy during childhood. However, these results are inconsistent and remain to be elucidated. In the present study, we aimed to systematically compile up-to-date information regarding the clinical value of miRNAs in HB. Methods: Articles concerning the diagnostic and prognostic value of single miRNAs for HB were searched from databases. The sensitivity (SEN), specificity (SPE), positive and negative likelihood ratios (PLR and NLR), diagnostic odds ratio (DOR), area under the curve (AUC), and hazard ratios (HRs) were separately pooled to explore the diagnostic and prognostic performance of miRNA. Subgroup and meta-regression analyses were further carried out only in the event of heterogeneity. Results: In all, 20 studies, involving 264 HB patients and 206 healthy individuals, met the inclusion criteria in the six included literature articles. For the diagnostic analysis of miRNAs in HB, the pooled SEN and SPE were 0.76 (95% CI: 0.72–0.80) and 0.75 (95% CI: 0.70–0.80), respectively. Moreover, the pooled PLR was 2.79 (95% CI: 2.12–3.66), NLR was 0.34 (95% CI: 0.26–0.45), DOR was 10.24 (95% CI: 6.55–16.00), and AUC was 0.83, indicating that miRNAs had moderate diagnostic value in HB. For the prognostic analysis of miRNAs in HB, the abnormal expressions of miR-21, miR-34a, miR-34b, miR-34c, miR-492, miR-193, miR-222, and miR-224 in patients were confirmed to be associated with a worse prognosis. The pooled HR was 1.74 (95% CI: 1.20–2.29) for overall survival (OS) and 1.74 (95% CI: 1.31–2.18) for event-free survival (EFS), suggesting its potential as a prognostic indicator for HB. Conclusion: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis that examines the diagnostic and prognostic role of dysregulated miRNAs in HB patients. The combined meta-analysis results supported the previous individual finds that miRNAs might provide a new, noninvasive method for the diagnostic and prognostic analyses ofHB.
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Abbo, Shahal, Hongbin Zhang, Clarice Coyne, Amir Sherman, Dan Shtienberg, and George J. Vandemark. Winter chickpea; towards a new winter pulse for the semiarid Pacific Northwest and wider adaptation in the Mediterranean basin. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2011.7597909.bard.
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Original objectives: [a] Screen an array of chickpea and wild annual Cicer germplasm for winter survival. [b] Genetic analysis of winter hardiness in domesticated x wild chickpea crosses. [c] Genetic analysis of vernalization response in domesticated x wild chickpea crosses. [d] Digital expression analysis of a core selection of breeding and germplasm lines of chickpea that differ in winter hardiness and vernalization. [e] Identification of the genes involved in the chickpea winter hardiness and vernalization and construction of gene network controlling these traits. [f] Assessing the phenotypic and genetic correlations between winter hardiness, vernalization response and Ascochyta blight response in chickpea. The complexity of the vernalization response and the inefficiency of our selection experiments (below) required quitting the work on ascochyta response in the framework of this project. Background to the subject: Since its introduction to the Palouse region of WA and Idaho, and the northern Great Plains, chickpea has been a spring rotation legume due to lack of winter hardiness. The short growing season of spring chickpea limits its grain yield and leaves relatively little stubble residue for combating soil erosion. In Israel, chilling temperatures limit pod setting in early springs and narrow the effective reproductive time window of the crop. Winter hardiness and vernalization response of chickpea alleles were lost due to a series of evolutionary bottlenecks; however, such alleles are prevalent in its wild progenitor’s genepool. Major conclusions, solutions, achievements: It appears that both vernalization response and winter hardiness are polygenic traits in the wild-domesticated chickpea genepool. The main conclusion from the fieldwork in Israel is that selection of domesticated winter hardy and vernalization responsive types should be conducted in late flowering and late maturity backgrounds to minimize interference by daylength and temperature response alleles (see our Plant Breeding paper on the subject). The main conclusion from the US winter-hardiness studies is that excellent lines have been identified for germplasm release and continued genetic study. Several of the lines have good seed size and growth habit that will be useful for introgressing winter-hardiness into current chickpea cultivars to develop releases for autumn sowing. We sequenced the transcriptomes and profiled the expression of genes in 87 samples. Differential expression analysis identified a total of 2,452 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between vernalized plants and control plants, of which 287 were shared between two or more Cicer species studied. We cloned 498 genes controlling vernalization, named CVRN genes. Each of the CVRN genes contributes to flowering date advance (FDA) by 3.85% - 10.71%, but 413 (83%) other genes had negative effects on FDA, while only 83 (17%) had positive effects on FDA, when the plant is exposed to cold temperature. The cloned CVRN genes provide new toolkits and knowledge to develop chickpea cultivars that are suitable for autumn-sowing. Scientific & agricultural implications: Unlike the winter cereals (barley, wheat) or pea, in which a single allelic change may induce a switch from winter to spring habit, we were unable to find any evidence for such major gene action in chickpea. In agricultural terms this means that an alternative strategy must be employed in order to isolate late flowering – ascochyta resistant (winter types) domesticated forms to enable autumn sowing of chickpea in the US Great Plains. An environment was identified in U.S. (eastern Washington) where autumn-sown chickpea production is possible using the levels of winter-hardiness discovered once backcrossed into advanced cultivated material with acceptable agronomic traits. The cloned CVRN genes and identified gene networks significantly advance our understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying plant vernalization in general, and chickpea in particular, and provide a new toolkit for switching chickpea from a spring-sowing to autumn-sowing crop.
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Elroy-Stein, Orna, and Dmitry Belostotsky. Mechanism of Internal Initiation of Translation in Plants. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2010.7696518.bard.
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Original objectives Elucidation of PABP's role in crTMV148 IRES function in-vitro using wheat germ extract and krebs-2 cells extract. Fully achieved. Elucidation of PABP's role in crTMV148 IRES function in-vivo in Arabidopsis. Characterization of the physical interactions of PABP and other potential ITAFs with crTMV148 IRES. Partly achieved. To conduct search for additional ITAFs using different approaches and evaluate the candidates. Partly achieved. Background of the topic The power of internal translation via the activity of internal ribosomal entry site (IRES) elements allow coordinated synthesis of multiple gene products from a single transcription unit, and thereby enables to bypass the need for sequential transformation with multiple independent transgenes. The key goal of this project was to identify and analyze the IRES-trans-acting factors (ITAFs) that mediate the activity of a crucifer-infecting tobamovirus (crTMV148) IRES. The remarkable conservation of the IRES activity across the phylogenetic spectrum (yeast, plants and animals) strongly suggests that key ITAFs that mediate its activity are themselves highly conserved. Thus, crTMV148 IRES offers opportunity for elucidation of the fundamental mechanisms underlying internal translation in higher plants in order to enable its rational manipulation for the purpose of agricultural biotechnology. Major conclusions and achievements. - CrTMV IRES requires PABP for maximal activity. This conclusion was achieved by PABP depletion and reconstitution of wheat germ- and Krebs2-derived in-vitro translation assays using Arabidopsis-derived PABP2, 3, 5, 8 and yeast Pab1p. - Mutations in the internal polypurine tract of the IRES decrease the high-affinity binding of all phylogenetically divergent PABPs derived from Arabidopsis and yeast in electro mobility gel shift assays. - Mutations in the internal polypurine tract decrease IRES activity in-vivo. - The 3'-poly(A) tail enhances crTMV148 IRES activity more efficiently in the absence of 5'-methylated cap. - In-vivo assembled RNPs containing proteins specifically associated with the IRES were purified from HEK293 cells using the RNA Affinity in Tandem (RAT) approach followed by their identification by mass spectroscopy. - This study yielded a list of potential protein candidates that may serve as ITAFs of crTMV148 IRES activity, among them are a/b tubulin, a/g actin, GAPDH, enolase 1, ribonuclease/angiogenin inhibitor 1, 26S proteasome subunit p45, rpSA, eEF1Bδ, and proteasome b5 subunit. Implications, both scientific and agriculture. The fact that the 3'-poly(A) tail enhances crTMV148 IRES activity more efficiently in the absence of 5'-methylated cap suggests a potential joint interaction between PABP, the IRES sequence and the 3'-poly(A). This has an important scientific implication related to IRES function in general.
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Paynter, Robin A., Celia Fiordalisi, Elizabeth Stoeger, Eileen Erinoff, Robin Featherstone, Christiane Voisin, and Gaelen P. Adam. A Prospective Comparison of Evidence Synthesis Search Strategies Developed With and Without Text-Mining Tools. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepcmethodsprospectivecomparison.
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Background: In an era of explosive growth in biomedical evidence, improving systematic review (SR) search processes is increasingly critical. Text-mining tools (TMTs) are a potentially powerful resource to improve and streamline search strategy development. Two types of TMTs are especially of interest to searchers: word frequency (useful for identifying most used keyword terms, e.g., PubReminer) and clustering (visualizing common themes, e.g., Carrot2). Objectives: The objectives of this study were to compare the benefits and trade-offs of searches with and without the use of TMTs for evidence synthesis products in real world settings. Specific questions included: (1) Do TMTs decrease the time spent developing search strategies? (2) How do TMTs affect the sensitivity and yield of searches? (3) Do TMTs identify groups of records that can be safely excluded in the search evaluation step? (4) Does the complexity of a systematic review topic affect TMT performance? In addition to quantitative data, we collected librarians' comments on their experiences using TMTs to explore when and how these new tools may be useful in systematic review search¬¬ creation. Methods: In this prospective comparative study, we included seven SR projects, and classified them into simple or complex topics. The project librarian used conventional “usual practice” (UP) methods to create the MEDLINE search strategy, while a paired TMT librarian simultaneously and independently created a search strategy using a variety of TMTs. TMT librarians could choose one or more freely available TMTs per category from a pre-selected list in each of three categories: (1) keyword/phrase tools: AntConc, PubReMiner; (2) subject term tools: MeSH on Demand, PubReMiner, Yale MeSH Analyzer; and (3) strategy evaluation tools: Carrot2, VOSviewer. We collected results from both MEDLINE searches (with and without TMTs), coded every citation’s origin (UP or TMT respectively), deduplicated them, and then sent the citation library to the review team for screening. When the draft report was submitted, we used the final list of included citations to calculate the sensitivity, precision, and number-needed-to-read for each search (with and without TMTs). Separately, we tracked the time spent on various aspects of search creation by each librarian. Simple and complex topics were analyzed separately to provide insight into whether TMTs could be more useful for one type of topic or another. Results: Across all reviews, UP searches seemed to perform better than TMT, but because of the small sample size, none of these differences was statistically significant. UP searches were slightly more sensitive (92% [95% confidence intervals (CI) 85–99%]) than TMT searches (84.9% [95% CI 74.4–95.4%]). The mean number-needed-to-read was 83 (SD 34) for UP and 90 (SD 68) for TMT. Keyword and subject term development using TMTs generally took less time than those developed using UP alone. The average total time was 12 hours (SD 8) to create a complete search strategy by UP librarians, and 5 hours (SD 2) for the TMT librarians. TMTs neither affected search evaluation time nor improved identification of exclusion concepts (irrelevant records) that can be safely removed from the search set. Conclusion: Across all reviews but one, TMT searches were less sensitive than UP searches. For simple SR topics (i.e., single indication–single drug), TMT searches were slightly less sensitive, but reduced time spent in search design. For complex SR topics (e.g., multicomponent interventions), TMT searches were less sensitive than UP searches; nevertheless, in complex reviews, they identified unique eligible citations not found by the UP searches. TMT searches also reduced time spent in search strategy development. For all evidence synthesis types, TMT searches may be more efficient in reviews where comprehensiveness is not paramount, or as an adjunct to UP for evidence syntheses, because they can identify unique includable citations. If TMTs were easier to learn and use, their utility would be increased.
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Saldanha, Ian J., Wangnan Cao, Justin M. Broyles, Gaelen P. Adam, Monika Reddy Bhuma, Shivani Mehta, Laura S. Dominici, Andrea L. Pusic, and Ethan M. Balk. Breast Reconstruction After Mastectomy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepccer245.
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Objectives. This systematic review evaluates breast reconstruction options for women after mastectomy for breast cancer (or breast cancer prophylaxis). We addressed six Key Questions (KQs): (1) implant-based reconstruction (IBR) versus autologous reconstruction (AR), (2) timing of IBR and AR in relation to chemotherapy and radiation therapy, (3) comparisons of implant materials, (4) comparisons of anatomic planes for IBR, (5) use versus nonuse of human acellular dermal matrices (ADMs) during IBR, and (6) comparisons of AR flap types. Data sources and review methods. We searched Medline®, Embase®, Cochrane CENTRAL, CINAHL®, and ClinicalTrials.gov from inception to March 23, 2021, to identify comparative and single group studies. We extracted study data into the Systematic Review Data Repository Plus (SRDR+). We assessed the risk of bias and evaluated the strength of evidence (SoE) using standard methods. The protocol was registered in PROSPERO (registration number CRD42020193183). Results. We found 8 randomized controlled trials, 83 nonrandomized comparative studies, and 69 single group studies. Risk of bias was moderate to high for most studies. KQ1: Compared with IBR, AR is probably associated with clinically better patient satisfaction with breasts and sexual well-being but comparable general quality of life and psychosocial well-being (moderate SoE, all outcomes). AR probably poses a greater risk of deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism (moderate SoE), but IBR probably poses a greater risk of reconstructive failure in the long term (1.5 to 4 years) (moderate SoE) and may pose a greater risk of breast seroma (low SoE). KQ 2: Conducting IBR either before or after radiation therapy may result in comparable physical well-being, psychosocial well-being, sexual well-being, and patient satisfaction with breasts (all low SoE), and probably results in comparable risks of implant failure/loss or need for explant surgery (moderate SoE). We found no evidence addressing timing of IBR or AR in relation to chemotherapy or timing of AR in relation to radiation therapy. KQ 3: Silicone and saline implants may result in clinically comparable patient satisfaction with breasts (low SoE). There is insufficient evidence regarding double lumen implants. KQ 4: Whether the implant is placed in the prepectoral or total submuscular plane may not be associated with risk of infections that are not explicitly implant related (low SoE). There is insufficient evidence addressing the comparisons between prepectoral and partial submuscular and between partial and total submuscular planes. KQ 5: The evidence is inconsistent regarding whether human ADM use during IBR impacts physical well-being, psychosocial well-being, or satisfaction with breasts. However, ADM use probably increases the risk of implant failure/loss or need for explant surgery (moderate SoE) and may increase the risk of infections not explicitly implant related (low SoE). Whether or not ADM is used probably is associated with comparable risks of seroma and unplanned repeat surgeries for revision (moderate SoE for both), and possibly necrosis (low SoE). KQ 6: AR with either transverse rectus abdominis (TRAM) or deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) flaps may result in comparable patient satisfaction with breasts (low SoE), but TRAM flaps probably increase the risk of harms to the area of flap harvest (moderate SoE). AR with either DIEP or latissimus dorsi flaps may result in comparable patient satisfaction with breasts (low SoE), but there is insufficient evidence regarding thromboembolic events and no evidence regarding other surgical complications. Conclusion. Evidence regarding surgical breast reconstruction options is largely insufficient or of only low or moderate SoE. New high-quality research is needed, especially for timing of IBR and AR in relation to chemotherapy and radiation therapy, for comparisons of implant materials, and for comparisons of anatomic planes of implant placement.
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Tel-Zur, Neomi, and Jeffrey J. Doyle. Role of Polyploidy in Vine Cacti Speciation and Crop Domestication. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7697110.bard.
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1. Abstract: Over the past 25 years, vine cacti of the genera Hylocereus and Selenicereus have been introduced into Israel and southern California as new exotic fruit crops. The importance of these crops lies in their high water use efficiency and horticultural potential as exotic fruit crops. Our collaboration focused on the cytological, molecular and evolutionary aspects of vine cacti polyploidization to confront the agricultural challenge of genetic improvement, ultimately to improve success of vine cacti as commercial fruit crop plants. More specifically, we worked on the: 1- Identification of the putative ancestor(s) of the tetraploid H. megalanthus; 2- Determination of the number of origins of H. megalanthus (single vs. multiple origins of polyploidy); 3- Cytogenetic analysis of BC1 and F1 hybrids; 4- Determination of important agricultural traits and the selection of superior hybrids for cultivation. The plant material used in this study comprised interspecific Hylocereus F1 and first backcross (BC1) hybrids, nine Hylocereus species (58 genotypes), nine Selenicereus species (14 genotypes), and four Epiphyllum genotypes. Two BC1 hexaploids (BC-023 and BC-031) were obtained, a high ploidy level that can be explained only by a fertilization event between one unreduced female gamete from the triploid hybrid and a balanced gamete from the pollen donor, the diploid H. monacanthus. These findings are scientific evidence that support the possibility that “hybridization followed by chromosome doubling” could also occur in nature. Cytomixis, the migration of chromatin between adjacent cells through connecting cytoplasmatic channels, was observed in vine cacti hybrids and may thus imply selective DNA elimination in response to the allopolyploidization process. Evidence from plastid and nrDNA internal transcribed spacers (ITS) sequences support the placement of H. megalanthus within a monophyletic Hylocereus group. Furthermore, both plastid and ITS datasets are most consistent with a conclusion that this tetraploid species is an autopolyploid, despite observations that the species appears to be morphologically intermediate between Hylocereus and Selenicereus. Although the possibility of very narrow allopolyploidly (i.e., derivation from parents that are barely diverged from each other such as closely related species in the same genus) cannot be ruled out entirely based on our data (in part due to the unavailability of Hylocereus species considered to be morphologically the closest relatives of H. megalanthus), the possibility of H. megalanthus representing an intergeneric cross (i.e., Hylocereus × Selenicereus) seems extremely unlikely. Interestingly, the process of homogenization of ITS sequences (concerted evolution) is either incomplete or lacking in both Hylocereus and Selenicereus, and the inclusion of several artificial hybrids in the molecular study revealed the potential for biparental plastid inheritance in Hylocereus. The most important agricultural implication of this research project was the information collected for F1 and BC1 hybrids. Specifically, this project concluded with the selection of four superior hybrids in terms of fruit quality and potential yields under extreme high temperatures. These selected hybrids are self-compatible, avoiding the need for hand cross pollination to set fruits, thus reducing manpower costs. We recently offered these hybrids to growers in Israel for prioritized rapid evaluation and characterization.
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Lichter, Amnon, David Obenland, Nirit Bernstein, Jennifer Hashim, and Joseph Smilanick. The role of potassium in quality of grapes after harvest. United States Department of Agriculture, October 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2015.7597914.bard.
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Objectives: The objectives of the proposal were to study how potassium (K) enters the berry and in what tissues it accumulates, to determine what is the sensitive phenological stage that is responsive to K, to study the influence of K on sugar translocation, to determine if K has effects on expression of genes in source and sink organs and to study applied aspects of the responses to K at the vineyard level. During the research it was realized that K acts externally so a major part of the original objectives had to be deserted and new ones, i.e. the role of K in enhancing water loss from the berry, had to be developed. In addition, the US partners developed practical objectives of understanding the interaction of K application and water deficit as well as application of growth regulators. Background: In our preliminary data we showed that application of K at mid-ripening enhanced sugar accumulation of table grapes. This finding is of major implications to both early and late harvested grapes and it was essential to understand the mode of action of this treatment. Our major hypothesis was that K enters the berry and by that increases sugar translocation into the berry. In addition it was important to cover practical issues of the application which may influence its efficacy and its reproducibility. Conclusions: The major conclusion from the research was that our initial hypothesis was wrong. Mineral analysis of pulp tissue indicated that upon application of K there was a significant increase in most of the major minerals. Subsequently, we developed a new hypothesis that K acts by increasing the water loss from the berry. In vitro studies of K-treated berries corroborated this hypothesis showing greater weight-loss of treated berries. This was not necessarily expressed in the vineyard as in some experiments berry weight remained unchanged, suggesting that the vine compensated for the enhanced water loss. Importantly, we also discovered that the efficacy of different K salts was strongly correlated to the pH of the salt solution: basic K salts had better efficacy than neutral or acidic salts and modifying the pH of the same salt changed its efficacy. It was therefore suggested that K changes the properties of the cuticle making it more susceptible to water loss. Of the practical aspects it was found that application of K to the clusters was sufficient to trigger its affect and that dual application of K had a stronger effect than single application. With regard to timing, it was realized that application of K after veraison was affective and the berries responded also when ripe. While the effect of K application was significant at harvest, it was mostly insignificant one week after application, suggesting that prolonged exposure to K was required. Implications: The scientific implications of the study are that the external mineral composition of the berry may have a significant role in sugar accumulation and that water loss may have an important role in sugar accumulation in grapes. It is not entirely clear how K modulates the cuticle but according to the literature its incorporation into the cuticle may increase its polarity and facilitate generation of "water bridges" between the flesh and the environment. The practical implications of this study are very significant because realizing the mode of action of K can facilitate a much more efficient application strategy. For example, it can be understood that sprays must be directed to the clusters rather than the whole vines and it can be predicted that the length of exposure is important. Also, by increasing the pH of simple K salts, the efficacy of the treatment can be enhanced, saving in the costs of the treatment. Finally, the ability of grape growers to apply K in a safe and knowledgeable way can have significant impact on the length of the season of early grape cultivars and improve the flavor of high grape yields which may otherwise have compromised sugar levels.
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Hajarizadeh, Behzad, Jennifer MacLachlan, Benjamin Cowie, and Gregory J. Dore. Population-level interventions to improve the health outcomes of people living with hepatitis B: an Evidence Check brokered by the Sax Institute for the NSW Ministry of Health, 2022. The Sax Institute, August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.57022/pxwj3682.
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Background An estimated 292 million people are living with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection globally, including 223,000 people in Australia. HBV diagnosis and linkage of people living with HBV to clinical care is suboptimal in Australia, with 27% of people living with HBV undiagnosed and 77% not receiving regular HBV clinical care. This systematic review aimed to characterize population-level interventions implemented to enhance all components of HBV care cascade and analyse the effectiveness of interventions. Review questions Question 1: What population-level interventions, programs or policy approaches have been shown to be effective in reducing the incidence of hepatitis B; and that may not yet be fully rolled out or evaluated in Australia demonstrate early effectiveness, or promise, in reducing the incidence of hepatitis B? Question 2: What population-level interventions and/or programs are effective at reducing disease burden for people in the community with hepatitis B? Methods Four bibliographic databases and 21 grey literature sources were searched. Studies were eligible for inclusion if the study population included people with or at risk of chronic HBV, and the study conducted a population-level interventions to decrease HBV incidence or disease burden or to enhance any components of HBV care cascade (i.e., diagnosis, linkage to care, treatment initiation, adherence to clinical care), or HBV vaccination coverage. Studies published in the past 10 years (since January 2012), with or without comparison groups were eligible for inclusion. Studies conducting an HBV screening intervention were eligible if they reported proportion of people participating in screening, proportion of newly diagnosed HBV (participant was unaware of their HBV status), proportion of people received HBV vaccination following screening, or proportion of participants diagnosed with chronic HBV infection who were linked to HBV clinical care. Studies were excluded if study population was less than 20 participants, intervention included a pharmaceutical intervention or a hospital-based intervention, or study was implemented in limited clinical services. The records were initially screened by title and abstract. The full texts of potentially eligible records were reviewed, and eligible studies were selected for inclusion. For each study included in analysis, the study outcome and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (95%CIs) were calculated. For studies including a comparison group, odds ratio (OR) and corresponding 95%CIs were calculated. Random effect meta-analysis models were used to calculate the pooled study outcome estimates. Stratified analyses were conducted by study setting, study population, and intervention-specific characteristics. Key findings A total of 61 studies were included in the analysis. A large majority of studies (study n=48, 79%) included single-arm studies with no concurrent control, with seven (12%) randomised controlled trials, and six (10%) non-randomised controlled studies. A total of 109 interventions were evaluated in 61 included studies. On-site or outreach HBV screening and linkage to HBV clinical care coordination were the most frequent interventions, conducted in 27 and 26 studies, respectively. Question 1 We found no studies reporting HBV incidence as the study outcome. One study conducted in remote area demonstrated that an intervention including education of pregnant women and training village health volunteers enhanced coverage of HBV birth dose vaccination (93% post-intervention, vs. 81% pre-intervention), but no data of HBV incidence among infants were reported. Question 2 Study outcomes most relevant to the HBV burden for people in the community with HBV included, HBV diagnosis, linkage to HBV care, and HBV vaccination coverage. Among randomised controlled trials aimed at enhancing HBV screening, a meta-analysis was conducted including three studies which implemented an intervention including community face-to-face education focused on HBV and/or liver cancer among migrants from high HBV prevalence areas. This analysis demonstrated a significantly higher HBV testing uptake in intervention groups with the likelihood of HBV testing 3.6 times higher among those participating in education programs compared to the control groups (OR: 3.62, 95% CI 2.72, 4.88). In another analysis, including 25 studies evaluating an intervention to enhance HBV screening, a pooled estimate of 66% of participants received HBV testing following the study intervention (95%CI: 58-75%), with high heterogeneity across studies (range: 17-98%; I-square: 99.9%). A stratified analysis by HBV screening strategy demonstrated that in the studies providing participants with on-site HBV testing, the proportion receiving HBV testing (80%, 95%CI: 72-87%) was significantly higher compared to the studies referring participants to an external site for HBV testing (54%, 95%CI: 37-71%). In the studies implementing an intervention to enhance linkage of people diagnosed with HBV infection to clinical care, the interventions included different components and varied across studies. The most common component was post-test counselling followed by assistance with scheduling clinical appointments, conducted in 52% and 38% of the studies, respectively. In meta-analysis, a pooled estimate of 73% of people with HBV infection were linked to HBV clinical care (95%CI: 64-81%), with high heterogeneity across studies (range: 28-100%; I-square: 99.2%). A stratified analysis by study population demonstrated that in the studies among general population in high prevalence countries, 94% of people (95%CI: 88-100%) who received the study intervention were linked to care, significantly higher than 72% (95%CI: 61-83%) in studies among migrants from high prevalence area living in a country with low prevalence. In 19 studies, HBV vaccination uptake was assessed after an intervention, among which one study assessed birth dose vaccination among infants, one study assessed vaccination in elementary school children and 17 studies assessed vaccination in adults. Among studies assessing adult vaccination, a pooled estimate of 38% (95%CI: 21-56%) of people initiated vaccination, with high heterogeneity across studies (range: 0.5-93%; I square: 99.9%). A stratified analysis by HBV vaccination strategy demonstrated that in the studies providing on-site vaccination, the uptake was 78% (95%CI: 62-94%), significantly higher compared to 27% (95%CI: 13-42%) in studies referring participants to an external site for vaccination. Conclusion This systematic review identified a wide variety of interventions, mostly multi-component interventions, to enhance HBV screening, linkage to HBV clinical care, and HBV vaccination coverage. High heterogeneity was observed in effectiveness of interventions in all three domains of screening, linkage to care, and vaccination. Strategies identified to boost the effectiveness of interventions included providing on-site HBV testing and vaccination (versus referral for testing and vaccination) and including community education focussed on HBV or liver cancer in an HBV screening program. Further studies are needed to evaluate the effectiveness of more novel interventions (e.g., point of care testing) and interventions specifically including Indigenous populations, people who inject drugs, men who have sex with men, and people incarcerated.