Journal articles: 'Singapore Ethnic relations'

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Lee, Sharon Mengchee. "Intermarriage and Ethnic Relations in Singapore." Journal of Marriage and the Family 50, no. 1 (February 1988): 255. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/352444.

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Chua, Vincent. "Kinship, Ethnic Segregation and Multiculturalism in Singapore: A Relational Study." Asian Journal of Social Science 37, no. 4 (2009): 677–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853109x460246.

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AbstractThe question of inter-ethnic integration and segregation in multicultural societies has been characterised by remarkable tensions at the level of public and scholarly debate between optimists who see 'good' inter-ethnic relations and pessimists who see 'bad' ones. In reality, the ethnic situation in multicultural societies is often more nuanced than these labels suggest. Using personal network analysis applied to a segment of Singapore society, I show that estimates of interethnic contact are highly-contingent upon a range of methodological and social factors. Substantively, I discuss how inter-ethnic interactions may often be hampered by in-group pressures arising from kinship relations. In practice, where 'keeping family' often means 'keeping ethnicity', kinship pre-eminence in everyday life tends to suppress inter-ethnic friendship in intimate regions of personal networks. By contrast, inter-ethnic integration is more readily seen in outer regions of personal networks, suggesting that 'multiculturalism' is, in practice, a form of society based on weak ties rather than strong bonds.

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Vasu, Norman, and Damien D. Cheong. "Immigration and the National Narrative: Rethinking Corporatism in Singapore." Copenhagen Journal of Asian Studies 31, no. 1 (May 21, 2014): 5–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.22439/cjas.v31i1.4321.

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This article argues that the corporatist narrative of governance in Singapore is losing narrative rationality due primarily to large-scale immigration to Singapore. The real or perceived threat from such immigrants has galvanized Singaporeans from different ethnic groups such that a strong Singaporean identity has emerged. As a result, the once strict artificial differences required for the corporatist narrative to be believable, that is, its narrative rationality, are being gradually eroded. The People's Action Party (PAP) will have to either repair the narrative rationality of corporatism or develop an alternative one that is more relevant in order to continue its narrative dominance of the political space in Singapore.

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Raghunathan, Ranjana. "Everyday Intimacies and Inter-Ethnic Relationships: Tracing Entanglements of Gender and Race in Multicultural Singapore." Sociological Research Online 27, no. 1 (September 28, 2021): 77–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/13607804211040092.

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Through the proposed frame of ‘everyday intimacies’, this article explores the entanglements of race and gender in inter-ethnic relationships. ‘Everyday intimacies’ brings together the minority experiences of everyday racism, the state practices and policies of multiculturalism, and their inflections in intimate relationships of marriage, friendship, and dating. This approach demonstrates not just how the state regulates people’s intimate life through policies of marriage and family, but also how other indirect processes of multicultural governance mediate intimate life. Drawing on biographical narratives of mainly Indian women from in-depth life story interviews and ethnographic fieldwork, the article brings the literature on intimacies in conversation with the scholarship on race and ethnic relations in Singapore. Through a focus on intimacy, the article illustrates how tacit knowledge and embodied effects of everyday racism relate to larger trends of intermarriages, rising singlehood among Indian women and possibilities of co-ethnic friendships and solidarities. In doing so, the article presents novel insight into race and gender relations in Singapore.

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Park, Su Hyun, Edimansyah Abdin, Luo Nan, Mythily Subramaniam, Linda Wei Lin Tan, and Rob M. van Dam. "Adaptation and Validation of a Short Acculturation Scale in a Multi-Ethnic Asian Population." Psych 3, no. 1 (February 26, 2021): 25–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/psych3010004.

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The Short Acculturation Scale (SAS) has been widely used for assessing the level of the acculturation of migrants in Western countries. However, the validity of SAS for use in cosmopolitan settings without a single prevailing culture is unclear. We examined the validity and reliability of a version of the SAS adapted to a multi-ethnic Asian society. We used cross-sectional data from 12,610 Singaporean citizens and permanent residents, aged 21–75 years, of Chinese, Malay, and Indian ethnicity. Our version used 11 items, with 5 questions on language use, 3 on media use, and 3 on ethnic social relations, to measure acculturation. Our version of the SAS had good internal consistency. The three-factor CFA model had a good fit to our data. The results from the multiple group CFA supported metric invariance and partial scalar invariance across the three ethnic groups. The total score was positively correlated with generation in Singapore and the number of languages spoken. Among first generation immigrants, country of origin, but not the duration of residence was significantly associated with the acculturation score. Our three-factor version of the SAS is a reliable and valid tool for measuring acculturation in Singapore residents. These findings indicate that adapted SAS can be used to assess acculturation in multicultural settings.

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Gomez, James. "Politics and Ethnicity: Framing Racial Discrimination in Singapore." Copenhagen Journal of Asian Studies 28, no. 2 (January 31, 2012): 103–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.22439/cjas.v28i2.3431.

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Racial discrimination is a global phenomenon that the United Nations seeks to eradicate. In contemporary Singapore, research shows that the basis for racial discrimination is anchored in the role of ethnic identity and how it frames the formulation of policies related to education, employment, housing, immigration and politics. These policies have been formulated and implemented by the People's Action Party (PAP) government that has been in power for over 50 years. When confronted with its racially based policies, the PAP government insists that it follows a tolerant approach towards different races and that it promotes the idea of multiculturalism and meritocracy as a racial equalizer. However, ethnic minorities in Singapore complain they are being discriminated against daily on the basis of their race or religion. They argue that their views are often not given airing in the local mainstream media and they are further prevented from discussing these issues openly due to legislation restricting freedom of expression and assembly on these matters. Given this background, the first visit of a UN Rapporteur on racism to Singapore, at the invitation of the PAP government in April 2010, allowed the city-state's race-based policies to be put in an international spotlight. This study examines the visit of the UN Rapporteur, his initial findings, government and civil society responses, and the significance of this first UN mission. The paper locates its research on racial discrimination in the context of Singapore's political framework and the United Nations' efforts to eradicate racism. It argues that ultimately, policy changes in Singapore can only take place as a result of politically challenging the PAP government.

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Talib, Nadira. "Creating the conditions for human division and structural inequality." Journal of Language and Politics 18, no. 5 (June 25, 2019): 739–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jlp.18070.tal.

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Abstract While Singapore’s education system claims to implement meritocratic ideals, official statistics indicate that Malay students in Singapore have been underperforming when compared to other ethnic groups (MOE 2012). This statistical representation raises the possibility of a politically induced, systemic inequality as a point of investigation. To investigate this seeming contradiction between the rhetoric and practice of equal educational opportunity, this paper proposes a philosophical and analytical synthesis for examining the 1979 policy report that provides the fundamental basis for Singapore’s streaming education system. In examining this policy development, the analysis draws upon a combination of Foucault’s archaeological method and Critical Discourse Analysis as a way of understanding conditions that made possible the continuous re-construction of new but unequal representation of learners. The findings suggest that complex relations between capability identification, justice, and ethics set the conditions for the appearance and transformation of subject positions necessary to legitimise unequal structural access.

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Tan, Eugene K. B. "Re-engaging Chineseness: Political, Economic and Cultural Imperatives of Nation-building in Singapore." China Quarterly 175 (September 2003): 751–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741003000432.

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This article examines the management of Chinese identity and culture since Singapore attained independence in 1965. Due to the delicate regional environment, ethnic Chinese identity has been closely managed by the ruling elites, which have been dominated by the English-educated Chinese. There is the evolution from a deliberate policy of maintaining a low-key ethnic Chinese profile to the recent effort to re-sinicize – in form – the majority ethnic group. The article examines the policy impulses and implications for such a landmark change in reconceptualizing the Chinese-Singapore identity, which can be attributed to the needs of regime maintenance buttressed by Confucian ethos as well as the security and economic demands of nation-building.

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Phua, Voon Chin, and Lai Ah Eng. "Meanings of Multiethnicity: A Case-Study of Ethnicity and Ethnic Relations in Singapore." International Migration Review 31, no. 4 (1997): 1128. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2547432.

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Menkhoff, Thomas, Ulrike Badibanga, and Chay Yue Wah. "Managing Change in Asian Business – A Comparison between Chinese-Educated and English-Educated Chinese Entrepreneurs in Singapore." Copenhagen Journal of Asian Studies 25 (February 5, 2008): 50–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.22439/cjas.v25i0.1429.

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Abstract Against the background of the current rapidly changing business environment, the article examines the organizational change management behaviour of the owner-managers of small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) in Singapore. The analysis of survey data is aimed at ascertaining whether there are any differences between Chinese and English educated small (ethnic Chinese) businessmen in terms of Change Management (CM), a dichotomy that is of great historical and politico-cultural significance in Singapore. The survey data show that there are indeed differences between the subgroups (eg with regard to the initiation of a more participatory people management style) but these variations turned out to be far less pronounced than expected. Access to information and actionable managerial knowledge appears to be a key precursor to the various change management approaches used by both groups. Chinese educated businessmen in particular seem to be somewhat disadvantaged in this respect, as modern change management literature is still largely only published in English. Keywords: Ethnic Chinese, small and medium-sized enterprises (SME), Republic of Singapore, organizational change management.

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Tan, Netina. "Ethnic quotas and unintended effects on women’s political representation in Singapore." International Political Science Review 35, no. 1 (January 2014): 27–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192512113508666.

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Phua, Voon Chin. "Book Review: Meanings of Multiethnicity: A Case-Study of Ethnicity and Ethnic Relations in Singapore." International Migration Review 31, no. 4 (December 1997): 1128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791839703100419.

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13

Lequesne, Christian, Gabriel Castillo, Minda Holm, Walid Jumblatt Abdullah, Halvard Leira, Kamna Tiwary, and Reuben Wong. "Ethnic Diversity in the Recruitment of Diplomats: Why MFAs Take the Issue Seriously." Hague Journal of Diplomacy 15, no. 1-2 (September 18, 2019): 43–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1871191x-15101062.

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Summary Diversity and its management have become an issue in all organisations. Ministries of foreign affairs (MFAs) do not escape the issue. In the 2000s, states decided to consider more ethnic diversity in the recruitment of their diplomats. In some countries, this new goal requires affirmative action programs. This article is based on three case studies. The first case study analyses two Western countries — France and Norway — where MFAs have to reflect the diversity of immigration in their societies. The second case study analyses the case of Brazil, a country where the legacy of slavery still causes discrimination in the recruitment of diplomats. The third case study analyses ethnic diversity in the MFAs of India and Singapore, which recognise multiculturalism or multiracialism. The study draws five comparative conclusions to generalise on why MFAs in the world cannot escape the challenge of ethnic diversity in their recruitment policy.

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Kian, Kwee Hui. "Studies on the Chinese in Southeast Asia in the twenty-first century." Bijdragen tot de taal-, land- en volkenkunde / Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia 166, no. 4 (2010): 533–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134379-90003614.

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Review of: Michael D. Barr and Zlatko Skrbis, Constructing Singapore; Elitism, ethnicity and the nation-building project. Copenhagen: NIAS Press, 2008, xiii + 304 pp. ISBN 978877694028, price GBP 50.00 (hardback); 9788776940294, GBP 16.99 (paperback). Marleen Dieleman, The rhythm of strategy; A corporate biography of the Salim Group of Indonesia. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2007, 205 pp. [ICAS Publications Series, Monograph 1.] ISBN 9789053560334. Price: EUR 29.50 (paperback). Kristina Goransson, The binding tie; Chinese intergenerational relations in modern Singapore. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press, 2009, x + 191 pp. ISBN 9780824832599, price USD 57.00 (hardback); 9780824833527, USD 26.00 (paperback). Chang-Yau Hoon, Chinese identity in post-Suharto Indonesia; Culture, politics and media. Brighton: Sussex Academic Press, 2008, xi + 230 pp. ISBN 9781845192686. Price: GBP 49.95 (hardback). Leo Suryadinata, Understanding the ethnic Chinese in Southeast Asia. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2007, x + 310 pp. ISBN 9789812304377. Price: USD 21.90 (paperback). Sikko Visscher, The business of politics and ethnicity; A history of the Singapore Chinese Chamber of Commerce and Industry. Singapore: NUS Press, 2007, xviii + 372 pp. ISBN 97899713657. Price: USD 32.00 (paperback). Voon Phin Keong (ed.), Malaysian Chinese and nation-building; Before Merdeka and fifty years after. Vol. 2. Kuala Lumpur: Centre for Malaysian Chinese Studies, 2008. ISBN 9789833808066 (hardback); 9789833908059 (paperback).

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Chan, Cheow Thia. "Off-Center Articulations." Prism 19, no. 2 (September 1, 2022): 355–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/25783491-9966687.

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Abstract Recent studies on Singapore Chinese literature have employed analytical lenses such as the Sinophone and postloyalism, which are exogenous to the historical and everyday experiences in the region that produced the texts. This article proposes using the lens of the Chinese-educated to bridge local self-understandings with extralocal modes of interpretation, in order to better illuminate place-specific writing practices. As a salient category of both lived experience and analysis by local researchers, the category of the Chinese-educated occasions a form of “off-center articulation” that maintains strategic distance from Sinophone studies while also enriching the field's conceptual repertoire. Specifically, this analytical perspective highlights how literary representations of social class play a significant role, alongside language and ethnicity, in registering the historical diversity of the Singapore Chinese community. Through examining Singaporean Chinese writer Chia Joo Ming's novel Exile or Pursuit (2015), this article reinterprets the novel's gallery of characters and depictions of interpersonal relations to elicit fading memories of socioeconomic divides and gaps in cultural attainment among ethnic Chinese Singaporeans and their migrant predecessors. It ends by charting future directions for Southeast Asian Chinese literary studies that collectively track a broader locus of “Chinese-educated” literary and cultural practices, and that promote critical inter-referencing within the region.

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Chia, Jie Lin. "State Regulations and Divine Oppositions: An Ethnography of the Nine Emperor Gods Festival in Singapore." Religions 11, no. 7 (July 3, 2020): 330. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel11070330.

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Studies of popular Chinese religions in Singapore have mostly focused on the relationship between Chinese religious practitioners and state regulations delimiting land for religious uses. Local scholars have also studied the state’s active construction of a domain within which local religions can operate, often rationalized as a means of maintaining harmonious relations between ethnic and religious groups. However, little attention has been paid to the symbolic spatial negotiations that exist between the gods and the Singaporean state. Through an ethnographic study of the Nine Emperor Gods Festival as organized by the Choa Chu Kang Dou Mu Gong (蔡厝港斗母宫), I analyze the tensions between the impositions of state authority upon the temple’s annual festival and the divine authority of the Nine Emperor Gods, as reproduced in the festival’s rituals and in the bodies of their spirit mediums. Borrowing Marshall Sahlins’ idea of inclusive “cosmic polities,” I argue that the Nine Emperor Gods, devotees, and state actors do not exist in separate “secular” and “divine” dimensions but rather, co-participate in the same complex society. By serving as a fertile ground upon which the divine bureaucracy of the Nine Emperor Gods is reproduced, the festival’s articulations of divine sovereignty provide a potent challenge to state-imposed imaginations of space and expand devotees’ understandings of agency from state-defined and into the larger cosmological order.

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Yusuf, Imtiyaz. "MANAGING RELIGIOUS AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY FOR PEACE AND HARMONY: ISLAM AND BUDDHISM IN THE MALAY WORLD OF SOUTH EAST ASIA." Journal of Malay Islamic Studies 1, no. 2 (December 30, 2017): 129–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.19109/jmis.v1i2.3835.

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This article discusses the phenomenon of the relationship between Islam and Buddhism in the Malay World of Southeast Asia. The ultimate goal is to uncover social facts about the relationship between adherents of the two largest religions in Southeast Asia: Islam (42%) and Buddhism (40%). This research shows that the relations between Islamic and Buddhist communities in various Southeast Asian Countries are full of dynamics. The dynamics can take the form of peaceful relations or vice versa: conflicts with various levels of escalation. Among the reasons that also triggered the emergence of conflict is the problem of political, economic, socio-cultural, and religious disparities. The solution to this problem can be done with a historical approach, an intra and interfaith dialogue approach in order to foster mutual understanding between adherents of both religions, a political policy approach in the form of granting basic rights to followers of a minority religion, and an academic approach through the study of religions in various universities in Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia and various other countries in the Southeast Asian region. Meanwhile, Islamic studies in various Islamic universities need to be done with an interdisciplinary approach and understanding of languages and cultures that exist in Asian countries.

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Daneshgar, Majid. "Book Review: Asia and the Pacific: Singapore Malays: Being Ethnic Minority and Muslim in a Global City-State." Political Studies Review 12, no. 2 (April 7, 2014): 334–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1478-9302.12053_137.

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Clammer, John. "Malaysia/Singapore - Bibliography on Ethnic Relations with Special Reference to Malaysia and Singapore. By Tan Chee-Beng. Kuala Lumpur: Institute of Advanced Studies, University of Malaya, 1992. Pp. x, 259. Author Index." Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 26, no. 2 (September 1995): 455–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022463400007323.

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Wickberg, Edgar. "The Ethnic Chinese in the ASEAN States. Bibliographical Essays. Edited by Suryadinata Leo. [Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 1989. 271 pp.]." China Quarterly 123 (September 1990): 565–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741000019159.

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Pearson, David. "Meanings of Multiethnicity. A Case-Study of Ethnicity and Ethnic Relations in Singapore. By Lai Ah Eng. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press, 1995. Pp. x, 285." Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 28, no. 2 (September 1997): 453–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002246340001479x.

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Hu, Yue, and Amy H. Liu. "THE EFFECTS OF FOREIGN LANGUAGE PROFICIENCY ON PUBLIC ATTITUDES: EVIDENCE FROM THE CHINESE-SPEAKING WORLD." Journal of East Asian Studies 20, no. 1 (February 11, 2020): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jea.2019.41.

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AbstractWhat explains public attitudes towards a former aggressor state? Conventional wisdom would suggest the prevalence of negative sentiments rooted in historical hatred. In this article we contend that when individuals are proficient in a foreign language—e.g. a lingua franca—they have an alternative channel through which they are exposed to positive narratives put forth by other parties regarding the former aggressor state. And as a result, their attitudes towards the former aggressor state are more positive than those held by their linguistically limited counterparts. To test our argument, we focus on public attitudes towards the Japanese in Mainland China, Singapore, and Taiwan—three Chinese-ethnic majority political units that experienced Japanese aggression leading up to and during World War II. Using survey data, we demonstrate that individuals who are proficient in the English language are much more likely to hold positive attitudes of the Japanese. These results are robust even when we consider whether some individuals are predisposed to being cosmopolitan; whether some individuals have more opportunities to learn English; and whether the linguistic effects are symptomatic of American soft power.

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Armstrong, Jocelyn. "Meanings of Multiethnicity: A Case-Study of Ethnicity and Ethnic Relations in Singapore. By Lai Ah Eng. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press, 1995. xvii, 233 pp. $69.00." Journal of Asian Studies 56, no. 1 (February 1997): 261–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2646423.

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Mutalib, Hussin. "Singapore’s Ethnic Relations’ Scorecard." Journal of Developing Societies 28, no. 1 (February 21, 2012): 31–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0169796x1102800102.

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Baker, Hugh D. R. "Robert L. Winzeler: Ethnic relations in Kelantan: a study of the Chinese and Thai as ethnic minorities in a Malay state. (East Asian Social Science Monographs.) xix, 135 pp., 8 plates. Singapore, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, [1986]. £26." Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 50, no. 3 (October 1987): 609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0041977x00040325.

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Liow, Joseph Chinyong, Will Womack, Laurent Metzger, and Patricio N. Abinales. "Book Review: Tearing Apart the Land: Islam and Legitimacy in Southern Thailand, Exploring Ethnic Diversity in Burma, the Scripting of a National History: Singapore and its Past, Contested Democracy and the Left in the Philippines after Marcos." South East Asia Research 17, no. 1 (March 2009): 111–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5367/000000009787586352.

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Simon, Sheldon W. "China and the ASEAN States: The Ethnic Chinese Dimension. By Leo Suryadinata. Singapore: Singapore University Press, 1985. xiv, 230 pp. Tables, Photographs, Appendixes, Glossary, Bibliography, Index. $14 (paper). - Confrontation or Coexistence: The Future of ASEAN–Vietnam Relations. Edited by William S. Turley. Bangkok: Institute of Security and International Studies, Chulalongkorn University, 1985. x, 187 pp. N.p." Journal of Asian Studies 46, no. 1 (February 1987): 224–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2056740.

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Bhan, A., O. A. C. Viegas, H. S. Huang, and S. S. Ratnam. "Neonatal Anthropometry in Relation to Ethnic Distribution of Birthweight in Singapore." Journal of Tropical Pediatrics 31, no. 2 (April 1, 1985): 124–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/tropej/31.2.124.

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Thio, Li-ann. "Irreducible Plurality, Indivisible Unity: Singapore Relational Constitutionalism and Cultivating Harmony Through Constructing a Constitutional Civil Religion." German Law Journal 20, no. 7 (October 2019): 1007–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/glj.2019.75.

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AbstractThis Article seeks to explore the nature, function, source, and content of a constitutional civil religion (CCR) within Singapore’s constitutional experiment in managing the diversity of race and religion and promoting solidarity. CCR is constructed as a strategy to secure social harmony within the world’s most religiously diverse polity, through recognizing an irreducible plurality in ethnic and religious terms, while maintaining an indivisible unity through nurturing bonds of citizen solidarity. This dovetails with the function of the constitution as an instrument of social integration, involving the articulation and regular affirmation of shared community values and aspirations, as well as process and practices—or public rituals—which regulate dispute resolution or conflict management during instances or crises where racial and religious harmony is threatened. A functional approach is taken towards the idea of a civil religion, and the tasks of integration, legitimation, and inspiration it may play within a constitutional order. The nature of civil religion in general, and the sources of CCR in Singapore, as well as its expression as a public ritual in managing religious disharmony disputes is discussed.

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Hà, Tiên-Dung, and Mohammad Khamsya Bin Khidzer. "Mapping ‘bio geo-body’ of Southeast Asia: strategic differentiation and identification of ethnic identity in Vietnam and Singapore." BioSocieties 16, no. 4 (October 27, 2021): 530–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/s41292-021-00253-5.

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AbstractThis research explores how data from population genome projects in Southeast Asia are mobilized for identity formation beyond the lab. We compare two cases, the Vietnamese Genome Project which is funded by a Vietnamese private conglomerate and the Peranakan Genome Project in Singapore, to elucidate how the results from population genomic projects in Vietnam and Singapore are co-constituted with existing political and cultural narratives, as well as with varying notions of ‘Chinese-ness’. We find that while scientists in Vietnam use genomics to construct the Vietnamese as genetically independent from what is perceived to be an increasingly dominant Chinese geopolitical power, scientists and participants involved in the Peranakan Genome Project emphasize genomic and cultural mixing which happened between Southern Chinese migrants and the indigenous Malay population historically to distinguish from the rest of the ‘Chinese’ population in Singapore. The cases illustrate the different ways in which the actors involved in these two genome projects strategically differentiate and negotiate the ‘bio geo-body’ of the Vietnamese and the Peranakan in relation to the Chinese identity and nationalism, thereby revealing how genomics is intertwined with local and regional histories, culture and politics.

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Krishna, Lalit Kumar Radha, Deborah S. Watkinson, and Ng Lee Beng. "Limits to relational autonomy—The Singaporean experience." Nursing Ethics 22, no. 3 (June 9, 2014): 331–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969733014533239.

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Recognition that the Principle of Respect for Autonomy fails to work in family-centric societies such as Singapore has recently led to the promotion of relational autonomy as a suitable framework within which to place healthcare decision making. However, empirical data, relating to patient and family opinions and the practices of healthcare professionals in Confucian-inspired Singapore, demonstrate clear limitations on the ability of a relational autonomy framework to provide the anticipated compromise between prevailing family decision-making norms and adopted Western led atomistic concepts of autonomy. Evidence suggests that despite a growing infusion of Western influence, there is still little to indicate any major shift to individual decision making, particularly in light of the way society and healthcare are structured. Similarly, the lack of employing a shared decision-making model and data that discredit the notion that the complex psychosocial and cultural factors that affect the decision making may be considered “content neutral” not only prevents the application of relational autonomy but questions the viability of the values behind the Principle of Respect for Autonomy. Taking into account local data and drawing upon a wider concept of personhood that extends beyond prevailing family-centric ideals along with the complex interests that are focused upon the preservation of the unique nature of personhood that arises from the Ring Theory of Personhood, we propose and “operationalize” the employing of an authoritative welfare-based approach, within the confines of best interest decision making, to better meet the current care needs within Singapore.

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Liew, Seaw Jia, John Tayu Lee, Chuen Seng Tan, Choon Huat Gerald Koh, Rob Van Dam, and Falk Müller-Riemenschneider. "Sociodemographic factors in relation to hypertension prevalence, awareness, treatment and control in a multi-ethnic Asian population: a cross-sectional study." BMJ Open 9, no. 5 (May 2019): e025869. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-025869.

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ObjectivesLiterature suggested that multi-ethnic Western populations experienced differential hypertension outcomes, but evidence is limited in Asia. This study was aimed to determine sociodemographic correlates of hypertension and its awareness, treatment and control among a multi-ethnic Asian population living in Singapore.SettingWe used cross-sectional data of participants from the Multi-Ethnic Cohort (MEC) (n=14 530) recruited in Singapore between 2004 and 2010.ParticipantsParticipants who completed questionnaire and attended health examination, without cardiovascular diseases, cancer, stroke, renal failure, asthma and mental illnesses were included in the study. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to determine sociodemographics factors associated with hypertension, unawareness of having hypertension, untreated and uncontrolled hypertension.ResultsAmong 10 215 participants (47.2% Chinese, 26.0% Malay and 26.8% Indian), hypertension prevalence was estimated to be 31.1%. Older age, Malay ethnicity, male, lower educational level and being homemaker or retired/unemployed were factors significantly associated with hypertension. Stratified analysis suggested that age and education were consistently associated with hypertension across all ethnic groups. The proportions of being unaware, untreated and uncontrolled were 49.0%, 25.2% and 62.4%, respectively. Ethnicity and younger age were associated with unawareness; younger age, male and lower educational level were associated with untreated hypertension and older age was associated with uncontrolled hypertension.ConclusionsIn this study, ethnic differences in relation to hypertension were associated with sociodemographic variability in ethnic groups. Age and educational level were consistent correlates of hypertension in all ethnic groups. Unawareness and uncontrolled hypertension were common in this Asian population and associated with sociodemographic factors. More targeted strategies may be required to overcome the observed disparities.

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Pereira, Andrew J. "Caring to Teach: Exploring the Affective Economies of English Teachers in Singapore." Chinese Journal of Applied Linguistics 41, no. 4 (November 27, 2018): 488–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cjal-2018-0035.

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Abstract The ethical project of education hinges on the ideal of caring relations between teachers and students, an ideal that entails deep emotional commitments on the part of teachers. Drawing on interview data from a larger study of teachers’ lived experiences in Singapore’s secondary schools, this paper examines the cultural politics of caring as an emotional practice in teaching. The ethic of care serves to construct normative accounts of good teaching based on “feeling rules,” and becomes a disciplinary technology for evaluating the professional, social and emotional competencies of teachers. I suggest that this project in turn entails an ideological effort to mobilize teachers’ emotional attachment to this ethical ideal. The ethic of care shapes the subjectivities, beliefs, and practices of English teachers, particularly as they circulate through the neoliberal imperatives of educational accountability regimes.

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Low, PS, N. Saha, JSH Tay, and S. Hong. "Ethnic variation of cord plasma apolipoprotein levels in relation to coronary risk level: a study in three ethnic groups of Singapore." Acta Paediatrica 85, no. 12 (December 1996): 1476–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1651-2227.1996.tb13955.x.

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Whitton, Clare, Yvonne Hui Min Wong, and Rob M. van Dam. "Longitudinal Associations of Marital, Parenting, and Employment Transitions with Weight Gain in a Multi-Ethnic Asian Population Aged 21 Years and Above." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 15 (July 31, 2021): 8115. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18158115.

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Identifying when most weight gain occurs throughout the life course can inform targeted public health interventions. We evaluated the association of childbirth, marriage, and employment changes with weight changes in a multi-ethnic Asian cohort. Singapore Multi-Ethnic Cohort participants ≥21 years (n = 9655) who identified as ethnic Chinese, Malay, or Indian were weighed and interviewed about marital status, employment, and number of children at baseline and after about four years. We used multivariable regression to evaluate life transitions in relation to weight change and major gain (≥5 kg), and adjusted for socio-demographic covariates. Weight gain was 3.55 kg (95% CI 3.17, 3.94) higher in young adults (21–30 years) compared with participants older than 60 years at baseline. Getting married was associated with weight gain in women, but not men (p interaction < 0.01). Women who got married gained 1.63 kg (95% CI 0.88, 2.38) more weight and were more likely to gain ≥5 kg (OR 1.99, 95% CI 1.35, 2.93) than those remaining unmarried. Having children was not associated with weight gain. Only among ethnic Indians, remaining a homemaker was associated with less weight gain than remaining employed. In this multi-ethnic Asian population, obesity prevention efforts should target young adulthood and, in women, the transition into marriage.

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Chin, Jacqueline JL, Teck Chuan Voo, Syahirah Abdul Karim, Yiong Huak Chan, and Alastair V. Campbell. "Evaluating the Effects of an Integrated Medical Ethics Curriculum on First-year Students." Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore 40, no. 1 (January 15, 2011): 4–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.v40n1p4.

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Introduction: An integrated biomedical ethics track was implemented as part of the new medical undergraduate curriculum at the National University of Singapore Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine in academic year (AY) 2008/2009. This study analyses the effects of the new curriculum on first-year students’ knowledge, confidence and opinions in relation to the subject. Materials and Methods: In a cohort-based quasi-experimental study, we administered a pre-course and post-course questionnaire to a group of first-year students in AY2008/2009 who underwent the new biomedical ethics curriculum. The same questionnaire was carried out with the first-year cohort of AY2007/2008, who had received only ad hoc teaching in biomedical ethics. The questionnaire focused on the students’ opinions on selected taught topics in biomedical ethics and law, and formal ethics education; their confidence in relation to specific clinical ethical competencies; and their knowledge of selected taught topics in the first-year syllabus. Results: The experimental cohort acquired more knowledge and confidence. They rated more positively formal ethics teaching and assessment as a requirement of medical education. Attitudes were found to have been ‘professionalised’ within the experimental group, with significantly greater receptiveness towards ethical codes of the profession and the regulatory role of the Singapore Medical Council. They were found to be more conservative with respect to legislative changes in healthcare. Conclusion: The pioneer biomedical ethics curriculum had significant effects on the ethical development of first-year medical students. Longitudinal research through further phases of the integrated curriculum is needed to identify learning issues that affect the consolidation of knowledge, confidence and attitudes in medical ethics, law and professionalism. Keywords: Ethics/attitudes, Professionalism, Learning outcomes

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Kershaw, Roger. "Ethnic Relations in Kelantan: A Study of the Chinese and Thai as Ethnic Minorities in a Malay State. By Robert L. Winzeler. Singapore: Oxford University Press, 1985. Pp. xiii, 135. Tables, Maps, Plates, Appendix, Bibliography, Index. - Cultural Identity in Northeastern Peninsular Malaysia. Edited by Sharon A. Carstens. Monographs in International Studies Southeast Asia Series No. 63. Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Center for International Studies, 1986. Pp. 91. Maps, References." Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 19, no. 2 (September 1988): 367–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022463400000631.

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Liu, Philip Hsiaopong. "Love the Tree, Love the Branch: Beijing's Friendship with Lee Kuan Yew, 1954–1965." China Quarterly 242 (August 9, 2019): 550–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741019000900.

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AbstractChinese national identity has long been considered to have been an obstacle to Singapore's nation-building efforts. This is mainly because China was suspected of using its ethnic links to encourage Singapore's communist rebellions during the 1950s and 1960s as Lee Kuan Yew was working towards establishing the city state. This study reviews Lee's exchanges with Beijing and argues that he gave China the impression that he was building an anticolonial, pro-China nation. Beijing therefore responded positively to Lee's requests for support. Reiterating its overseas Chinese policy to Lee, Beijing sided with him against his political rivals and even acquiesced in his suppression of Chinese-speaking “communists.” In addition, China boosted Lee's position against Tunku Abdul Rahman, supported Singapore's independence and lobbied Indonesia to recognize the territory as a separate state. China thus actually played a helpful role in Singapore's nation building.

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Loh, Marie, Chay Hoon Tan, Kang Sim, Gilbert Lau, Adrian Mondry, Jern-Yi Leong, and Ene-Choo Tan. "Epidemiology of Completed Suicides in Singapore for 2001 and 2002." Crisis 28, no. 3 (May 2007): 148–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910.28.3.148.

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Abstract. This study provides an analysis of 640 completed suicide cases in Singapore for the years 2001 and 2002, compared to previous years and in relation to demographic and socioeconomic factors, as well as to the characteristics of a subgroup of suicide victims with prior psychiatric illness. There was little change in the suicide pattern over the 2 years studied compared to previous years. The sex ratio was constant at 1.5. Population-adjusted ratios were 1 for Chinese, 0.5 for Malays, and > 1 for both Indians and other ethnic groups. Falling from heights ranked first in terms of method adopted for both years. A disproportionately higher number of suicides were recorded for the 25-34 and the ≥ 75-year-old age groups. A total of 47 (17.2%) in 2001 and 74 (20.2%) in 2002 of the cases had a history of prior psychiatric illness, with psychotic disorders being the most common diagnostic category. There was also a statistically significant correlation between unemployment and incidence rates. Although the overall rate of elderly suicides had gone down since the 1990s, prevention strategy should focus on the elderly as this rate is still about 3-4 times the national average.

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Labude, Markus K., Liang Shen, Yujia Zhu, G. Owen Schaefer, Catherine Ong, and Vicki Xafis. "Perspectives of Singaporean biomedical researchers and research support staff on actual and ideal IRB review functions and characteristics: A quantitative analysis." PLOS ONE 15, no. 12 (December 31, 2020): e0241783. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0241783.

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Background Biomedical research is overseen by numerous Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) in Singapore but there has been no research that examines how the research review process is perceived by the local research community nor is there any systematic data on perceptions regarding the review process or other research ethics processes and IRB characteristics. The aim of this study was to ascertain general views regarding the overall perceived value of ethics review processes; to measure perceptions about local IRB functions and characteristics; to identify IRB functions and characteristics viewed as important; and to compare these views with those of other international studies. Methods An online survey was used with the main component being the IRB-Researcher Assessment Tool (IRB-RAT), a validated tool, to evaluate perceptions of ideal and actual IRB functions and characteristics held by Singaporean researchers and research support staff. Data were analysed descriptively first, with mean and SD of each item of IRB-RAT questionnaire reported, excluding the respondents whose answers were unknown or not applicable. The Wilcoxon Sign Rank test was used to compare the ideal and actual ratings of each IRB-RAT item, while the Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare the ratings of each IRB-RAT item between respondents with different characteristics. The Z-test was used to compare the mean ratings of our cohort with the mean ratings reported in the literature. The correlation between our mean ideal scores and those of two international studies also employing the IRB-RAT was examined. Results Seventy-one respondents completed the survey. This cohort generally held positive views of the impact of the ethics review process on: the quality of research; establishing and maintaining public trust in research; the protection of research participants; and on the scientific validity of research. The most important ideal IRB characteristics were timeliness, upholding participants’ rights while also facilitating research, working with investigators to find solutions when there are disagreements, and not allowing biases to affect reviews. For almost all 45 IRB-RAT statements, the rating of the importance of the characteristic was higher than the rating of how much that characteristic was descriptive of IRBs the respondents were familiar with. There was a significant strong correlation between our study’s scores on the ideal IRB characteristics and those of the first and largest published study that employed the IRB-RAT, the US National Validation (USNV) sample in Keith-Spiegel et al. [19]. Conclusions An understanding of the perceptions held by Singaporean researchers and research support staff on the value that the ethics review process adds, their perceptions of actual IRB functions and characteristics as well as what they view as central to high functioning IRBs is the first step to considering the aspects of the review process that might benefit from improvements. This study provides insight into how our cohort compares to others internationally and highlights strengths and areas for improvement of Singapore IRBs as perceived by a small sample of the local research community. Such insights provide a springboard for additional research and may assist in further enhancing good relations so that both are working towards the same end.

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Sari, Ratih Frayunita. "Seluk- Beluk Corporate Ethics Pada PT. Alpen Food Industry." Jurnal Penelitian Pers dan Komunikasi Pembangunan 23, no. 2 (October 7, 2019): 67–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.46426/jp2kp.v23i2.94.

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In conducting its business, the corporation stands in corporate ethics and involves many things are about human rights, labor standards or workers, and relationships with the corporate environment. Ideally corporate ethics also puts workers as one form of social responsibility to represent a healthy or not as a company. PT Alpen Food Industry (AFI), a subsidiary of Aice Group Holdings Pte.Ltd Singapore produces Aice ice cream. The company ran into many aspects of ethical and legal (the laws) violations. This paper will discuss ethical violations in the business practices of PT Alpen Food Industry and elaborate on the importance of corporate ethics as a business fence. Furthermore, this paper will be classified in several sub-discussions. First, the ethical dimension approach (ethical behavior) in the corporation. Second, the dynamics in corporate ethics and public relations PT Alpen Food Industry. Third, the unethical business practices of PT Alpen Food Industry. Fourth, provide recommendations on the importance of government regulatory sharpening involved in the business practices of PT Alpen Food Industry to encourage corporate ethics in accordance with the laws and ethical standards of corporate ethics.Keywords: corporate ethics, the laws, labor, industry, regulation ABSTRAKDalam menjalankan bisnisnya, perusahaan terikat dalam etika perusahaan dan melibatkan hal mengenai hak asasi manusia, standar tenaga kerja, dan hubungan dengan lingkungan perusahaan. Idealnya etika perusahaan juga menempatkan pekerja sebagai salah satu bentuk tanggung jawab sosial perusahaan. PT Alpen Food Industry (AFI), anak perusahaan Aice Group Holdings Pte.Ltd Singapura memproduksi es krim Aice mengalami beberapa aspek pelanggaran etika dan hukum (hukum) terutama dalam hal tenaga kerja. Makalah ini akan membahas pelanggaran etika dalam praktik bisnis PT Alpen Food Industry dan menguraikan pentingnya etika perusahaan sebagai pagar bisnis. Selanjutnya, makalah ini akan diklasifikasikan dalam beberapa sub-diskusi. Pertama, pendekatan dimensi etis (perilaku etis) dalam perusahaan. Kedua, dinamika etika perusahaan dan hubungan masyarakat PT Alpen Food Industry. Ketiga, praktik bisnis yang tidak etis dari PT Alpen Food Industry. Keempat, memberikan rekomendasi tentang pentingnya penajaman peraturan pemerintah yang terlibat dalam praktik bisnis PT Alpen Food Industry untuk mendorong etika perusahaan sesuai dengan hukum dan standar etika etika perusahaan.Kata kunci: etika perusahaan, hukum, ketenagakerjaan, industri, regulasi

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Lim, Charlie G. Y., E. Shyong Tai, and Rob M. van Dam. "Replacing dietary carbohydrates and refined grains with different alternatives and risk of cardiovascular diseases in a multi-ethnic Asian population." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 115, no. 3 (January 5, 2022): 854–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqab403.

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ABSTRACT Background Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a major cause of deaths worldwide, but prospective data on dietary risk factors for CVD in South and Southeast Asian populations are sparse. Objective We aimed to evaluate the relation between macronutrient and food intakes and incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) in a multi-ethnic Asian population. Methods We used data from the Singapore Multi-Ethnic Cohort (n = 12,408), a prospective cohort of ethnic Chinese, Malay, and Indian adults aged 21‒65 y recruited between 2004 and 2010. Dietary intakes were assessed using a validated food-frequency questionnaire, and the incidence of MACEs was ascertained through data linkage with national registries. A Cox proportional hazards model was used to evaluate the associations between dietary intakes and MACE risk. Results Over a mean (SD) follow-up of 10.1 (2.3) y, 746 incident cases of MACEs were documented. We observed a direct association between carbohydrate intake and MACE risk (highest vs. lowest quartile, HR: 1.35; 95% CI: 1.07, 1.71; P-trend = 0.001). Replacing 5% of energy from carbohydrate with polyunsaturated fat (HR: 0.79; 95% CI: 0.69, 0.91) but not saturated fat (HR: 0.95; 95% CI: 0.84, 1.09) was significantly associated with a lower MACE risk. In terms of food groups, replacing 1 serving/d of refined grains with fruit (HR: 0.93; 95% CI: 0.87, 0.99), vegetables (HR: 0.92; 95% CI: 0.85, 1.00), and dairy (HR: 0.90; 95% CI: 0.82, 0.98) was associated with lower MACE risk. Cholesterol intake was associated with a higher MACE risk in ethnic Indians (highest vs. lowest quartile, HR: 2.40; 95% CI: 1.53, 3.75; P-trend < 0.001) but not in ethnic Malay or Chinese (P-interaction = 0.015). Conclusions Moderating carbohydrate intakes by increasing polyunsaturated fat intake and replacing refined grains with fruits, vegetables, and dairy was associated with lower MACE risk in Asian populations.

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Vaingankar, Janhavi Ajit, Niyanta Choudhary, Siow Ann Chong, Fiona Devi Siva Kumar, Edimansyah Abdin, Saleha Shafie, Boon Yiang Chua, Rob M. van Dam, and Mythily Subramaniam. "Religious Affiliation in Relation to Positive Mental Health and Mental Disorders in a Multi-Ethnic Asian Population." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 7 (March 24, 2021): 3368. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073368.

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Background: This study investigated association of religious affiliation with positive mental health (PMH) and mental disorders. Methods: A cross-sectional survey of 2270 adults was conducted in Singapore. Participants reported their religious affiliation to Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, Islam, Sikhism, Taoism, or other religions. A PMH instrument measured total PMH and six subcomponents: general coping (GC), emotional support (ES), spirituality (S), interpersonal skills (IS), personal growth and autonomy (PGA), and global affect (GA). Lifetime history of mental disorders was assessed with the Composite International Diagnostic Interview. Results: Total PMH (mean ± SD) was 4.56 ± 0.66 for participants with any religion versus 4.12 ± 0.63 (p = 0.002) in those without any religion. After adjustment for all potential confounders, the mean difference in total PMH between these groups was 0.348 (95% CI: 0.248–0.448). Having any religion was significantly associated with higher scores for S, GC, ES, IS, but not with PGA, GA or mental disorders. Compared with individuals without any religion, total PMH and S levels were significantly higher across all religions. Additionally, Christianity was significantly associated with higher ES, Taoism with higher GC, Buddhism and Islam with higher GC, ES and IS, Hinduism with higher IS and Sikhism with higher ES and IS. Conclusion: Our results indicate that religious affiliation is significantly associated with higher PMH, but not with mental disorders in an Asian community setting. In addition, different religions showed unique patterns of association with PMH subcomponents.

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Tam, Waikeung. "Political representation of racial minorities in the parliament of Singapore." Japanese Journal of Political Science 20, no. 4 (July 12, 2019): 225–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1468109919000094.

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AbstractThis research note studies the political representation of racial minorities in Singapore. Specifically, it analyzes whether racial minority members of parliament (MPs) are more likely than Chinese MPs to represent the interests of racial minorities in the Parliament. I answer this question through conducting content analyses of the parliamentary questions raised during the plenary meetings of the 10th–12th Parliament of Singapore (2002–2015). In total, 6,678 questions were asked. Our results show that racial minority MPs were significantly more likely (21.79 times) than Chinese MPs to ask questions related to racial minorities. While this study shows that racial minority MPs were significantly more likely than Chinese MPs to ask questions related to racial minorities, it also highlights the inadequacy of representation of racial minority interests in the Parliament of Singapore. During our period of study, only 1.2% of the total number of parliamentary questions focused on racial minorities. Besides MPs' race, this study finds that partisan affiliation crucially influenced the likelihood of MPs to represent racial minority interests. Political parties played an important role in shaping MPs' representational behavior. Compared to the People's Action Party (PAP) MPs, opposition MPs were significantly more likely to raise racial minority-related questions. One possible explanation could be that opposition MPs used parliamentary questions as an important tool to challenge and criticize the governing party's policies on racial minorities. Another explanation could be that PAP racial minority MPs' first loyalty has to be to the party and government rather than their co-ethnics, given that they are beholden to party elites for their seats.

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Davies, Gail. "Searching for GloFish®: Aesthetics, Ethics, and Encounters with the Neon Baroque." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 46, no. 11 (January 1, 2014): 2604–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a46271.

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Fluorescent zebrafish are the first genetically modified animals globally, if unevenly, circulated outside of laboratory environments. GloFish® were developed in Singapore. They are widely sold as popular pets in the United States, but their public sale is banned in Europe and elsewhere. On the trail of these animals, I trace a fragmentary biogeography through ethnographic encounters in the spaces of scientific research, animal exhibits, pet stores, and art galleries, in Europe, the USA, and Singapore. At each site, as the colour, light, and intensities of neon flicker with the potential for life, and concern for animal lives move in and out of focus, I ask: what is the proper way of knowing and living with genetically altered zebrafish? To ask the question is to open up a conversation about the changing constitution of science and space, representation, and reproduction in relation to these new forms of life. To try to answer it demands attention to a baroque patterning of scientific practices, aesthetic sensibilities, ethical responsibilities, and political spatialities. In a discursive arena typically characterised by narratives of linearity—whether of scientific progress or slippery slopes—I suggest the affective sensibilities, theatrical qualities, and unresolved elements of the baroque offer powerful, if ambivalent, resources for reflection on the intersection between the animating aesthetics and turbulent ethics of postgenomic life.

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Low, P. S., C. K. Heng, N. Saha, and J. S. H. Tay. "Racial Variation of Cord Plasma Lipoprotein(a) Levels in Relation to Coronary Risk Level: A Study in Three Ethnic Groups in Singapore." Pediatric Research 40, no. 5 (November 1996): 718–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1203/00006450-199611000-00011.

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Cheung, Yin Bun, Cynthia Goh, Joseph Wee, Kei Siong Khoo, and Julian Thumboo. "Measurement Properties of the Chinese Language Version of the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-General in a Singaporean Population." Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore 38, no. 3 (March 15, 2009): 225–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.v38n3p225.

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Introduction: Health-related quality of life is an important aspect of health outcome. The assessment of it must be done by validated instruments. There is no published data on the validity, reliability and sensitiveness to change of the official Chinese translation of the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-General (version 4; FACT-G). Materials and Methods: A Chinese questionnaire package comprising the FACT-G and Functional Living Index-Cancer (FLIC, which was translated, modified and validated in Singapore) was filled in by 165 ethnic Chinese patients recruited from the National Cancer Centre, Singapore. Four weeks later, the patients were assessed again by a postal questionnaire survey. Results: The FACT-G and FLIC total scores were strongly correlated (r = 0.85). The Physical, Social/Family, Emotional and Functional Well-being scales of the FACT-G converged to and diverged from FLIC components as conceptually expected. The FACT-G and its 4 scales also demonstrated known-groups validity in differentiating patients with different performance status (each P <0.001). Their internal consistency ranged from 0.81 to 0.93 and test-retest reliability ranged from 0.74 to 0.85. The FACT-G and its Physical, Emotional and Functional Well-being scales showed trends of change in relation to change in performance status. The Social/Family Well-being scale was sensitive to decline but not improvement in performance status. Conclusions: The Chinese version of the FACT-G can be used to assess overall level and some specific aspects of health-related quality of life. However, researchers should be cautious in using this instrument to specifically investigate the social aspect of quality of life. Key words: Quality of life, Reliability, Sensitivity, Validity

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Clemens, Walter C. "China: alternative futures." Communist and Post-Communist Studies 32, no. 1 (December 15, 1998): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0967-067x(98)00019-1.

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What alternatives are available to China in the next one or two decades? ‘More of the same’ is not a likely scenario, because one-party rule is not optimal for coping with the challenges of modernization and global interdependence. A second model, Singapore's authoritarian capitalism, appeals to many CCP leaders. But Singapore's scale and way of life are so different that its example cannot be very relevant to China. Nor does the Soviet imperial model fit, because China does not suffer from imperial overreach as did the USSR. The post-Soviet Russian model—a move from rigid hierarchy to free enterprise anarchy—could await China. Both countries have lacked institutions of civil society that could stabilize the country if central authority collapses. Another alterative would be a return to regionalism, spurred by economic and ethnic differences within China. Some PRC leaders hope to find a Chinese way that transcends other models, but this is not realistic. The most useful model for China and the world would be a gradual transition from authoritarianism to multi-party democracy, as has taken place in Taiwan. In one or two decades, China could edge in that direction. If so, animosities between the mainland and Taiwan would also diminish, removing a thorn from U.S.–Chinese relations. Opportunities for mutual gain may then overshadow present tensions.

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Picco, L., E. Abdin, S. A. Chong, S. Pang, S. Shafie, J. Vaingankar, and M. Subramaniam. "Factors Influencing Attitudes Towards Seeking Professional Psychological Help: Findings From A Multi-Ethnic Asian Population-Based Study." European Psychiatry 33, S1 (March 2016): S521. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.1929.

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IntroductionVarious socio-demographic variables have been shown to influence attitudes towards seeking professional psychological help (ATSPPH), while negative ATSPPH can act as a barrier to mental healthcare, resulting in under-utilization of psychological services.Aims and objectivesTo explore the factor structure of the ATSPPH scale and determine whether any significant socio-demographic differences exist in relation to ATSPPH among a nationally representative sample.MethodsData was extracted from a population-based, cross-sectional survey conducted between March 2014 and March 2015 among Singapore Residents aged 18-65 years (n = 3006). Respondents completed the 10-item ATSPPH scale and also provided socio-demographic information. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was performed to establish the factor structure of the ATSPPH scale. Multivariable linear regression analyses were conducted to examine socio-demographic factors associated with ATSPPH.ResultsEFA revealed that the ATSPPH scale formed three distinct dimensions comprising “Openness to seeking professional help”, “Value in seeking professional help” and “Preference to cope on your own”. Higher “Openness to seeking professional help” scores were significantly associated with 18-34-year-olds and unmarried respondents, whilst Malay ethnicity and lower education were significantly associated with lower openness scores. Malays, Indians and lower education were significantly associated with lower “Value in seeking professional help” scores, whereas higher “Preference to cope on your own” scores were significantly associated with lower education.ConclusionPopulation subgroups including those with lower educational levels and different ethnic groups have more negative ATSPPH. Tailored, culturally appropriate educational interventions which reduce negative ATSPPH are needed, which effectively target these populations.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

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Neo, Jaclyn L. "Dimensions of Religious Harmony as Constitutional Practice: Beyond State Control." German Law Journal 20, no. 7 (October 2019): 966–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/glj.2019.78.

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AbstractReligious harmony is an idea more commonly invoked in Asian countries, many of which are closely associated with non-individualistic or non-liberal approaches to law, ethics, and politics, than in Europe. As a constitutional norm, religious harmony not only directs state action involving the management of religious diversity but also has the potential to legitimate state action. As a result, harmony, including its subspecies of religious harmony, could be and has been criticized for imposing and legitimating an ideology of control over society, particularly over marginalized groups. While this is the case, I argue in this Article that religious harmony can mean many things and can be used in a myriad of ways that go beyond simply as a tool for state control. Religious harmony is not only a legal/constitutional principle, but has also become internalized as a social norm. Its regulating function extends to inter group relations and further grounds group demands on the state, thus imposing state obligations. To draw out the multiple and complex dimensions of religious harmony as a constitutional principle and social norm, I use Singapore, a self-avowed non-liberal communitarian state, as the primary case study in this Article.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Singapore Ethnic relations'

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