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1
Xiang, Ning, and Christopher Landschoot. "Bayesian Inference for Acoustic Direction of Arrival Analysis Using Spherical Harmonics." Entropy 21, no. 6 (June 10, 2019): 579. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e21060579.
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This work applies two levels of inference within a Bayesian framework to accomplish estimation of the directions of arrivals (DoAs) of sound sources. The sensing modality is a spherical microphone array based on spherical harmonics beamforming. When estimating the DoA, the acoustic signals may potentially contain one or multiple simultaneous sources. Using two levels of Bayesian inference, this work begins by estimating the correct number of sources via the higher level of inference, Bayesian model selection. It is followed by estimating the directional information of each source via the lower level of inference, Bayesian parameter estimation. This work formulates signal models using spherical harmonic beamforming that encodes the prior information on the sensor arrays in the form of analytical models with an unknown number of sound sources, and their locations. Available information on differences between the model and the sound signals as well as prior information on directions of arrivals are incorporated based on the principle of the maximum entropy. Two and three simultaneous sound sources have been experimentally tested without prior information on the number of sources. Bayesian inference provides unambiguous estimation on correct numbers of sources followed by the DoA estimations for each individual sound sources. This paper presents the Bayesian formulation, and analysis results to demonstrate the potential usefulness of the model-based Bayesian inference for complex acoustic environments with potentially multiple simultaneous sources.
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Frank, Matthias. "Source Width of Frontal Phantom Sources: Perception, Measurement, and Modeling." Archives of Acoustics 38, no. 3 (September 1, 2013): 311–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aoa-2013-0038.
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Abstract Phantom sources are known to be perceived similar to real sound sources but with some differences. One of the differences is an increase of the perceived source width. This article discusses the perception, measurement, and modeling of source width for frontal phantom sources with different symmetrical arrangements of up to three active loudspeakers. The perceived source width is evaluated on the basis of a listening test. The test results are compared to technical measures that are applied in room acoustics: the inter-aural cross correlation coefficient (IACC) and the lateral energy fraction (LF). Adaptation of the latter measure makes it possible to predict the results by considering simultaneous sound incidence. Finally, a simple model is presented for the prediction of the perceived source width that does not require acoustic measurements as it is solely based on the loudspeaker directions and gains.
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Vannier, Michaël, and Etienne Parizet. "Loudness of a multi-tonal sound field, consisting of either one two-component complex sound source or two simultaneous spatially distributed sound sources." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 136, no. 4 (October 2014): 2309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4900356.
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Chen, Xiaohui, Hao Sun, and Heng Zhang. "A New Method of Simultaneous Localization and Mapping for Mobile Robots Using Acoustic Landmarks." Applied Sciences 9, no. 7 (March 30, 2019): 1352. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9071352.
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The simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) problem for mobile robots has always been a hotspot in the field of robotics. Simultaneous localization and mapping for robots using visual sensors and laser radar is easily affected by the field of view and ground conditions. According to the problems of traditional sensors applied in SLAM, this paper presents a novel method to perform SLAM using acoustic signals. This method enables robots equipped with sound sources, moving within a working environment and interacting with microphones of interest, to locate itself and map the objects simultaneously. In our case, a method of microphone localization based on a sound source array is proposed, and it was applied as a pre-processing step to the SLAM procedure. A microphone capable of receiving sound signals can be directly used as a feature landmark of a robot observation model without feature extraction. Meanwhile, to eliminate the random error caused by hardware equipment, a sound settled in the middle of two microphones was applied as a calibration sound source to determine the value of the random error. Simulations and realistic experimental results demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method.
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Suzuki, Takuya, Hiroaki Otsuka, Wataru Akahori, Yoshiaki Bando, and Hiroshi G. Okuno. "Influence of Different Impulse Response Measurement Signals on MUSIC-Based Sound Source Localization." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 29, no. 1 (February 20, 2017): 72–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.2017.p0072.
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[abstFig src='/00290001/07.jpg' width='300' text='Six impulse response measurement signals' ] Two major functions, sound source localization and sound source separation, provided by robot audition open source software HARK exploit the acoustic transfer functions of a microphone array to improve the performance. The acoustic transfer functions are calculated from the measured acoustic impulse response. In the measurement, special signals such as Time Stretched Pulse (TSP) are used to improve the signal-to-noise ratio of the measurement signals. Recent studies have identified the importance of selecting a measurement signal according to the applications. In this paper, we investigate how six measurement signals – up-TSP, down-TSP, M-Series, Log-SS, NW-SS, and MN-SS – influence the performance of the MUSIC-based sound source localization provided by HARK. Experiments with simulated sounds, up to three simultaneous sound sources, demonstrate no significant difference among the six measurement signals in the MUSIC-based sound source localization.
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MARKOU, Dimitris. "Exploring spatial patterns of environmental noise and perceived sound source dominance in urban areas. Case study: the city of Athens, Greece." European Journal of Geography 13, no. 4 (April 12, 2022): 60–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.48088/ejg.d.mar.13.2.060.078.
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The aim of the present study is to map spatial patterns related to noise pollution and the acoustic environment -in a broader context- in the urban area of Athens, Greece. The primary goal of this thesis is to present a comprehensive approach that combines elements of two basic methodologies related to acoustic environment studies: a) noise mapping and b) the soundscape approach. The main inputs are environmental noise measurements and perceptual sound source-related observations. The results feature three noise pollution maps (LAeq,30 sec, L10, and L90 indices) and three sound source maps which reflect the way in which the human ear perceives the presence of sounds. Additionally, the question of whether the spatial distribution of sound source dominance can be explained by the dispersion of environmental noise levels was examined using geographically weighted regressions (GWR). The GWR models showed that sound source-related observations are explained to a significant extent by all three indicators. Four important findings emerge from the analysis. Firstly, areas with high levels of noise pollution are characterized by high to moderate presence of technological and absence of anthropic and natural sounds. Secondly, regions, where there is a simultaneous presence of all sound sources, are characterized by moderate to low noise levels. Thirdly, the absence of technological sounds is observed in quiet areas. Finally, areas featuring a moderate presence of technological and natural sounds are mostly urban green spaces built-in proximity to the main road network.
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Yaitskov, Ivan. "On the issue of formation the air noise component at workplaces of the diesel locomotives crews." MATEC Web of Conferences 224 (2018): 02024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201822402024.
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The article is devoted to the general acoustic system of the diesel locomotives which is a combination of the diverse noise and vibration sources creating the increased levels of the sound pressure in the workplaces of the machinists and locomotive crews. Factually, the sound field at the calculated points is created by the simultaneous action of the air and structural noise component sources. It is included the emitters to the sources of the air noise component which inboard the body structures and, accordingly, emit sound energy into the closed air volumes. And it is the sources which are set externally in particular the “wheel-rail” subsystems. It can be assumed that among the internal sources the maximum sound power is radiated by the power system namely by the internal combustion engines. For different types of the diesel locomotives, the setting of the internal combustion engines has significant differences to the work places of the locomotive crews. Therefore, this article considers four computational schemes for the diesel locomotive, obtains the analytical dependences of the sound pressure levels and reduces to the convenient form for engineering calculations at the design stage of the research objects. To reduce the noise source of the internal combustion engine while it is appearing in the conditions of the machine-building processes is almost impossible. Moreover, the main practical and technological feasible ways are to choose sound-absorbing materials and achieve sound insulation based on the existing sanitary noise standards.
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Folland, Nicole A., Blake E. Butler, Jennifer E. Payne, and Laurel J. Trainor. "Cortical Representations Sensitive to the Number of Perceived Auditory Objects Emerge between 2 and 4 Months of Age: Electrophysiological Evidence." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 27, no. 5 (May 2015): 1060–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00764.
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Sound waves emitted by two or more simultaneous sources reach the ear as one complex waveform. Auditory scene analysis involves parsing a complex waveform into separate perceptual representations of the sound sources [Bregman, A. S. Auditory scene analysis: The perceptual organization of sounds. London: MIT Press, 1990]. Harmonicity provides an important cue for auditory scene analysis. Normally, harmonics at integer multiples of a fundamental frequency are perceived as one sound with a pitch corresponding to the fundamental frequency. However, when one harmonic in such a complex, pitch-evoking sound is sufficiently mistuned, that harmonic emerges from the complex tone and is perceived as a separate auditory object. Previous work has shown that the percept of two objects is indexed in both children and adults by the object-related negativity component of the ERP derived from EEG recordings [Alain, C., Arnott, S. T., & Picton, T. W. Bottom–up and top–down influences on auditory scene analysis: Evidence from event-related brain potentials. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 27, 1072–1089, 2001]. Here we examine the emergence of object-related responses to an 8% harmonic mistuning in infants between 2 and 12 months of age. Two-month-old infants showed no significant object-related response. However, in 4- to 12-month-old infants, a significant frontally positive component was present, and by 8–12 months, a significant frontocentral object-related negativity was present, similar to that seen in older children and adults. This is in accordance with previous research demonstrating that infants younger than 4 months of age do not integrate harmonic information to perceive pitch when the fundamental is missing [He, C., Hotson, L., & Trainor, L. J. Maturation of cortical mismatch mismatch responses to occasional pitch change in early infancy: Effects of presentation rate and magnitude of change. Neuropsychologia, 47, 218–229, 2009]. The results indicate that the ability to use harmonic information to segregate simultaneous sounds emerges at the cortical level between 2 and 4 months of age.
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Hu, Jwu-Sheng, Chen-Yu Chan, Cheng-Kang Wang, Ming-Tang Lee, and Ching-Yi Kuo. "Simultaneous Localization of a Mobile Robot and Multiple Sound Sources Using a Microphone Array." Advanced Robotics 25, no. 1-2 (January 2011): 135–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/016918610x538525.
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Valin, Jean-Marc, François Michaud, and Jean Rouat. "Robust localization and tracking of simultaneous moving sound sources using beamforming and particle filtering." Robotics and Autonomous Systems 55, no. 3 (March 2007): 216–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.robot.2006.08.004.
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Tanabe, Ryo, Yoko Sasaki, and Hiroshi Takemura. "Probabilistic 3D Sound Source Mapping System Based on Monte Carlo Localization Using Microphone Array and LIDAR." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 29, no. 1 (February 20, 2017): 94–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.2017.p0094.
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[abstFig src='/00290001/09.jpg' width='300' text='3D sound source environmental map' ] The study proposes a probabilistic 3D sound source mapping system for a moving sensor unit. A microphone array is used for sound source localization and tracking based on the multiple signal classification (MUSIC) algorithm and a multiple-target tracking algorithm. Laser imaging detection and ranging (LIDAR) is used to generate a 3D geometric map and estimate the location of its six-degrees-of-freedom (6 DoF) using the state-of-the-art gyro-integrated iterative closest point simultaneous localization and mapping (G-ICP SLAM) method. Combining these modules provides sound detection in 3D global space for a moving robot. The sound position is then estimated using Monte Carlo localization from the time series of a tracked sound stream. The results of experiments using the hand-held sensor unit indicate that the method is effective for arbitrary motions of the sensor unit in environments with multiple sound sources.
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Puyana-Romero, Virginia, Luigi Maffei, Giovanni Brambilla, and Daniel Nuñez-Solano. "Sound Water Masking to Match a Waterfront Soundscape with the Users’ Expectations: The Case Study of the Seafront in Naples, Italy." Sustainability 13, no. 1 (January 3, 2021): 371. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13010371.
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In the last decades, the soundscape approach has attracted the attention of architects and urban planners, leading them to incorporate the acoustic features into the enjoyment of their creations. One of the key aspects for an appreciated urban environment is to match the expectations of the users. In this study, the matching of the waterfront soundscape with the users’ expectations is evaluated by laboratory tests using semantic differential scales applied to reproduced virtual scenarios obtained adding different water sound pressure levels (SPLs) to the original in-situ setting. The tests were carried out by an immersive virtual reality (IVR) device, using 360° videos and spatial audio recorded in two sites of the waterfront in Naples, Italy. The scenarios were presented to the participants according to three experimental protocols, namely audio-only (A), video-only (V), and simultaneous audio-video (AV) reproduction. The examined different acoustic scenarios were the original one recorded in situ and others obtained adding seawater sounds at SPL increments of 5 dB. The results show that all the scenarios with water sounds added are rated more pleasant than the original one for the audio-only scenario. When video and audio are displayed simultaneously, two scenarios are more pleasant than the original one, likely because there is a need for coherence between the water sound SPL heard and the visible noise sources. Sounds coherent with the type of shore show a higher matching with expectations and pleasantness appraisals, rather than those that are uncoherent with the layout scenario.
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Kleczkowski, Piotr. "Perception of Mixture of Musical Instruments with Spectral Overlap Removed." Archives of Acoustics 37, no. 3 (November 1, 2012): 355–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10168-012-0045-0.
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Abstract The issue of auditory segregation of simultaneous sound sources has been addressed in speech research but was given less attention in musical acoustics. In perception of concurrent speech, or speech with noise, the operation of time-frequency masking was often used as a research tool. In this work, an ex- tension of time-frequency masking, leading to the removal of spectro-temporal overlap between sound sources, was applied to musical instruments playing together. The perception of the original mixture was compared with the perception of the same mixture with all spectral overlap electronically removed. Ex- periments differed in the method of listening (headphones or a loudspeaker), sets of instruments mixed, and populations of participants. The main findings were: (i) in one of the experimental conditions the removal of spectro-temporal overlap was imperceptible, (ii) perception of the effect increased when removal of spectro-temporal overlap was performed in larger time-frequency regions rather than in small ones, (iii) perception of the effect decreased in loudspeaker listening. The results support both the multiple looks hypothesis and the “glimpsing” hypothesis known from speech perception.
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Ruppel, Carolyn D., Thomas C. Weber, Erica R. Staaterman, Stanley J. Labak, and Patrick E. Hart. "Categorizing Active Marine Acoustic Sources Based on Their Potential to Affect Marine Animals." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 10, no. 9 (September 9, 2022): 1278. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse10091278.
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Marine acoustic sources are widely used for geophysical imaging, oceanographic sensing, and communicating with and tracking objects or robotic vehicles in the water column. Under the U.S. Marine Mammal Protection Act and similar regulations in several other countries, the impact of controlled acoustic sources is assessed based on whether the sound levels received by marine mammals meet the criteria for harassment that causes certain behavioral responses. This study describes quantitative factors beyond received sound levels that could be used to assess how marine species are affected by many commonly deployed marine acoustic sources, including airguns, high-resolution geophysical sources (e.g., multibeam echosounders, sidescan sonars, subbottom profilers, boomers, and sparkers), oceanographic instrumentation (e.g., acoustic doppler current profilers, split-beam fisheries sonars), and communication/tracking sources (e.g., acoustic releases and locators, navigational transponders). Using physical criteria about the sources, such as source level, transmission frequency, directionality, beamwidth, and pulse repetition rate, we divide marine acoustic sources into four tiers that could inform regulatory evaluation. Tier 1 refers to high-energy airgun surveys with a total volume larger than 1500 in3 (24.5 L) or arrays with more than 12 airguns, while Tier 2 covers the remaining low/intermediate energy airgun surveys. Tier 4 includes most high-resolution geophysical, oceanographic, and communication/tracking sources, which are considered unlikely to result in incidental take of marine mammals and therefore termed de minimis. Tier 3 covers most non-airgun seismic sources, which either have characteristics that do not meet the de minimis category (e.g., some sparkers) or could not be fully evaluated here (e.g., bubble guns, some boomers). We also consider the simultaneous use of multiple acoustic sources, discuss marine mammal field observations that are consistent with the de minimis designation for some acoustic sources, and suggest how to evaluate acoustic sources that are not explicitly considered here.
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Li, Han, Kean Chen, Lei Wang, Jianben Liu, Baoquan Wan, and Bing Zhou. "Sound Source Separation Mechanisms of Different Deep Networks Explained from the Perspective of Auditory Perception." Applied Sciences 12, no. 2 (January 14, 2022): 832. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12020832.
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Thanks to the development of deep learning, various sound source separation networks have been proposed and made significant progress. However, the study on the underlying separation mechanisms is still in its infancy. In this study, deep networks are explained from the perspective of auditory perception mechanisms. For separating two arbitrary sound sources from monaural recordings, three different networks with different parameters are trained and achieve excellent performances. The networks’ output can obtain an average scale-invariant signal-to-distortion ratio improvement (SI-SDRi) higher than 10 dB, comparable with the human performance to separate natural sources. More importantly, the most intuitive principle—proximity—is explored through simultaneous and sequential organization experiments. Results show that regardless of network structures and parameters, the proximity principle is learned spontaneously by all networks. If components are proximate in frequency or time, they are not easily separated by networks. Moreover, the frequency resolution at low frequencies is better than at high frequencies. These behavior characteristics of all three networks are highly consistent with those of the human auditory system, which implies that the learned proximity principle is not accidental, but the optimal strategy selected by networks and humans when facing the same task. The emergence of the auditory-like separation mechanisms provides the possibility to develop a universal system that can be adapted to all sources and scenes.
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Cassina, Luca, Luca Fredianelli, Irene Menichini, Claudia Chiari, and Gaetano Licitra. "Audio-Visual Preferences and Tranquillity Ratings in Urban Areas." Environments 5, no. 1 (December 22, 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/environments5010001.
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During a survey related to acoustic and visual perception of users of urban areas, 614 people have been interviewed in Pisa (Italy). The work aims to identify and quantify the effects of parameters influencing the perception of tranquillity in order to understand the soundscape and to propose a method based on the perception of tranquillity for the detection of quiet areas within urban ones. A linear model that predicts the tranquillity perceived in different environments, based on their visual and acoustic characteristics, is proposed. Users were interviewed by operators inside the areas, using a direct approach of standardized questionnaires and oral questions. Simultaneous noise measurements and soundwalks have been performed, together with visual registrations. The linear model obtained predicts the perceived tranquillity based on the statistical level LA10 (A-weighted noise level exceeded for 10% of the measurement time) the sound sources and visual elements. The perceived tranquillity results negatively correlated to LA10 and to the presence of sound sources or negative visual elements. The presence of beneficial sound sources is positively correlated to the perceived tranquillity. However, the effect of the noise level is regulated by environmental characteristics. Perceived tranquillity is proposed as an indicator to identify quiet areas in the urban environment, according to European Directive 49/2002/EC. The obtained model identifies the areas that would get a higher tranquillity value than a fixed threshold value and therefore would be perceived as quiet. The model can be used as a cost-benefit analysis support tool to identify the best solution between the reduction of noise levels and the regeneration of urban areas, referring to the tranquillity perceived by the users.
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Raczyński, Michał. "Elimination of the Phase Mismatch Error in PP Probe Using Synchronous Measurement Technique." Pomiary Automatyka Robotyka 26, no. 2 (June 30, 2022): 35–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.14313/par_244/35.
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The paper presents a modification of the pressure-pressure (PP) sound intensity measurement method. In the proposed solution simultaneous measurement with a pair of microphones (used in the classical PP probe) is replaced by a sequence of measurements taken with a single microphone placed in successive positions. This approach requires an additional (reference) microphone to synchronize the successive measurements. Although, in the process of calculating the sound intensity only the signal from the measurement microphone is used. Thanks of this the errors associated with differences in the frequency responses of the measurement microphones (especially phase mismatch error) that occurs in the classical PP method are eliminated. This approach simultaneously increases the random error and limits the measurements to periodic signals only. The article presents the principle of operation of the classical PP probe and the currently used methods of phase mismatch error elimination based on pre-calibration of the probe. Next, the theoretical basis of the proposed measurement method is described. To verify the effectiveness of phase mismatch error elimination in the proposed method, an experiment was conducted. It consisted in estimation the angle of incidence of an acoustic wave under controlled conditions in an anechoic chamber. The measurement was carried out with the classical PP probe and with the modified method. Measurements were made for different sound sources (a loudspeaker set and a small electrical device). In the final part of the paper, the results are discussed, both methods (classical and modified) are compared and potential applications of the proposed method are indicated.
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Beck, Christian, Kevin Pounot, Ilaria Mosca, Niina H Jalarvo, Felix Roosen-Runge, Frank Schreiber, and Tilo Seydel. "Notes on Fitting and Analysis Frameworks for QENS Spectra of (Soft) Colloid Suspensions." EPJ Web of Conferences 272 (2022): 01004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202227201004.
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With continuously improving signal-to-noise ratios, a statistically sound analysis of quasi-elastic neutron scattering (QENS) spectra requires to fit increasingly complex models which poses several challenges. Simultaneous fits of the spectra for all recorded values of the momentum transfer become a standard approach. Spectrometers at spallation sources can have a complicated non-Gaussian resolution function which has to be described most accurately. At the same time, to speed up the fitting, an analytical convolution with this resolution function is of interest. Here, we discuss basic concepts to efficient approaches for fits of QENS spectra based on standard MATLAB and Python fit algorithms. We illustrate the fits with example data from IN16B, BASIS, and BATS.
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Ziemann, A., K. Arnold, and A. Raabe. "Acoustic tomography in the atmospheric surface layer." Annales Geophysicae 17, no. 1 (January 31, 1999): 139–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00585-999-0139-9.
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Abstract. Acoustic tomography is presented as a technique for remote monitoring of meteorological quantities. This method and a special algorithm of analysis can directly produce area-averaged values of meteorological parameters. As a result consistent data will be obtained for validation of numerical atmospheric micro-scale models. Such a measuring system can complement conventional point measurements over different surfaces. The procedure of acoustic tomography uses the horizontal propagation of sound waves in the atmospheric surface layer. Therefore, to provide a general overview of sound propagation under various atmospheric conditions a two-dimensional ray-tracing model according to a modified version of Snell's law is used. The state of the crossed atmosphere can be estimated from measurements of acoustic travel time between sources and receivers at different points. Derivation of area-averaged values of the sound speed and furthermore of air temperature results from the inversion of travel time values for all acoustic paths. Thereby, the applied straight ray two-dimensional tomographic model using SIRT (simultaneous iterative reconstruction technique) is characterised as a method with small computational requirements, satisfactory convergence and stability properties as well as simple handling, especially, during online evaluation.Key words. Meteorology and atmospheric dynamics (turbulence; instruments and techniques).
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Casalaspi, David. "Sound and Fury Signifying Something: The Political Consequences of the Opt-Out Movement." Teachers College Record: The Voice of Scholarship in Education 123, no. 5 (May 2021): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016146812112300508.
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Background and Context Grassroots activism is on the rise in American education, leading some scholars to announce the arrival of a “New Politics of Education” in which political elites and grassroots actors clash over foundational questions of policy and power. However, little research has examined just how consequential grassroots education activism might actually be in this new era. This study takes up this area of inquiry by examining the political consequences of the opt-out movement, arguably the largest and most high-profile grassroots education movement in recent history. Purpose The purpose of this study is to examine the political consequences of the opt-out movement in four New York school districts. Specifically, this study addresses the following research questions: What impact has the opt-out movement had on local education politics and policies, and do these effects vary across communities with different levels of opt-out activism? Research Design This study takes the form of a mixed methods, comparative case study analysis of the opt-out movement in four New York school districts purposefully sampled to exploit variation in district opt-out rates and racial demographics. Within each district, five sources of original data were collected, including a survey of Grade 3–8 parents, focus groups with opt-out parents and non-opt-out parents, interviews with district elites, interviews with key activists, and documentary sources. Data analysis was both quantitative (descriptive statistics) and qualitative (inductive simultaneous pattern coding). Findings Results suggest that while the opt-out movement has not yet produced many substantive changes in state or local test-based accountability policies, it has significantly increased and transformed parent engagement with education politics in the four case districts. These engagement effects were particularly pronounced in the high-opt-out districts. Conclusions and Recommendations This study concludes by offering a tempered view of the opt-out movement's impact on education policymaking while simultaneously indicating potentially significant changes in the way parents participate in education politics. In doing so, it produces implications for the study of education politics, policy, and activism more broadly. Principal among these are the importance for grassroots movements to build alliances with institutional actors in order to effect meaningful policy change, and the value of considering alternative definitions of movement “success” in future research on education politics and activism.
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Kudriashov, Volodymyr. "Improvement of Range Estimation with Microphone Array." Cybernetics and Information Technologies 17, no. 1 (March 1, 2017): 113–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cait-2017-0009.
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Abstract This paper presentsanew approach for the three-dimensional (3-D) localization of sound sources. An acoustic camera uses an angular beamforming to measure the Direction of Arrival (Do A) of an incoming signal, to localize the emission source. The acoustic sensor used in this article is the Brüel & Kjaer acoustic camera transformed to operate inabistatic mode. The transformation consists inaplacing of one of the microphones of the acoustic camera outside of its microphone array. This allows simultaneous estimation of the Do Aand the Time Difference of Arrival (TDo A) of the incoming signal(s). Such sensors were not found. The paper proposes emitter localization in range - cross range - elevation coordinates by combining estimates of TDo Aand Do Aand presents the signal processing method for that purpose. The range resolution of 0.2mwas achieved in an experiment. Experimental results were obtained using different emission sources. Adescription of resolution cell limitations is presented. The obtained results show acoustic noise source localization without the pre-metering of the range of the imaging plane, i.e., withoutaneed to use the additional range meter which is notapart of the acoustic camera. The latter is important in tasks of non-destructive testing.
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Vidaña-Vila, Ester, Joan Navarro, Dan Stowell, and Rosa Ma Alsina-Pagès. "Multilabel Acoustic Event Classification Using Real-World Urban Data and Physical Redundancy of Sensors." Sensors 21, no. 22 (November 10, 2021): 7470. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21227470.
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Many people living in urban environments nowadays are overexposed to noise, which results in adverse effects on their health. Thus, urban sound monitoring has emerged as a powerful tool that might enable public administrations to automatically identify and quantify noise pollution. Therefore, identifying multiple and simultaneous acoustic sources in these environments in a reliable and cost-effective way has emerged as a hot research topic. The purpose of this paper is to propose a two-stage classifier able to identify, in real time, a set of up to 21 urban acoustic events that may occur simultaneously (i.e., multilabel), taking advantage of physical redundancy in acoustic sensors from a wireless acoustic sensors network. The first stage of the proposed system consists of a multilabel deep neural network that makes a classification for each 4-s window. The second stage intelligently aggregates the classification results from the first stage of four neighboring nodes to determine the final classification result. Conducted experiments with real-world data and up to three different computing devices show that the system is able to provide classification results in less than 1 s and that it has good performance when classifying the most common events from the dataset. The results of this research may help civic organisations to obtain actionable noise monitoring information from automatic systems.
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Rapoport, Yuriy G., Oleg K. Cheremnykh, Volodymyr V. Koshovy, Mykola O. Melnik, Oleh L. Ivantyshyn, Roman T. Nogach, Yuriy A. Selivanov, et al. "Ground-based acoustic parametric generator impact on the atmosphere and ionosphere in an active experiment." Annales Geophysicae 35, no. 1 (January 5, 2017): 53–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-35-53-2017.
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Abstract. We develop theoretical basics of active experiments with two beams of acoustic waves, radiated by a ground-based sound generator. These beams are transformed into atmospheric acoustic gravity waves (AGWs), which have parameters that enable them to penetrate to the altitudes of the ionospheric E and F regions where they influence the electron concentration of the ionosphere. Acoustic waves are generated by the ground-based parametric sound generator (PSG) at the two close frequencies. The main idea of the experiment is to design the output parameters of the PSG to build a cascade scheme of nonlinear wave frequency downshift transformations to provide the necessary conditions for their vertical propagation and to enable penetration to ionospheric altitudes. The PSG generates sound waves (SWs) with frequencies f1 = 600 and f2 = 625 Hz and large amplitudes (100–420 m s−1). Each of these waves is modulated with the frequency of 0.016 Hz. The novelty of the proposed analytical–numerical model is due to simultaneous accounting for nonlinearity, diffraction, losses, and dispersion and inclusion of the two-stage transformation (1) of the initial acoustic waves to the acoustic wave with the difference frequency Δf = f2 − f1 in the altitude ranges 0–0.1 km, in the strongly nonlinear regime, and (2) of the acoustic wave with the difference frequency to atmospheric acoustic gravity waves with the modulational frequency in the altitude ranges 0.1–20 km, which then reach the altitudes of the ionospheric E and F regions, in a practically linear regime. AGWs, nonlinearly transformed from the sound waves, launched by the two-frequency ground-based sound generator can increase the transparency of the ionosphere for the electromagnetic waves in HF (MHz) and VLF (kHz) ranges. The developed theoretical model can be used for interpreting an active experiment that includes the PSG impact on the atmosphere–ionosphere system, measurements of electromagnetic and acoustic fields, study of the variations in ionospheric transparency for the radio emissions from galactic radio sources, optical measurements, and the impact on atmospheric aerosols. The proposed approach can be useful for better understanding the mechanism of the acoustic channel of seismo-ionospheric coupling.
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Bojak, I., Thom F. Oostendorp, Andrew T. Reid, and Rolf Kötter. "Towards a model-based integration of co-registered electroencephalography/functional magnetic resonance imaging data with realistic neural population meshes." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 369, no. 1952 (October 13, 2011): 3785–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2011.0080.
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Brain activity can be measured with several non-invasive neuroimaging modalities, but each modality has inherent limitations with respect to resolution, contrast and interpretability. It is hoped that multimodal integration will address these limitations by using the complementary features of already available data. However, purely statistical integration can prove problematic owing to the disparate signal sources. As an alternative, we propose here an advanced neural population model implemented on an anatomically sound cortical mesh with freely adjustable connectivity, which features proper signal expression through a realistic head model for the electroencephalogram (EEG), as well as a haemodynamic model for functional magnetic resonance imaging based on blood oxygen level dependent contrast (fMRI BOLD). It hence allows simultaneous and realistic predictions of EEG and fMRI BOLD from the same underlying model of neural activity. As proof of principle, we investigate here the influence on simulated brain activity of strengthening visual connectivity. In the future we plan to fit multimodal data with this neural population model. This promises novel, model-based insights into the brain's activity in sleep, rest and task conditions.
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Wentworth, G. R., J. G. Murphy, B. Croft, R. V. Martin, J. R. Pierce, J. S. Côté, I. Courchesne, et al. "Ammonia in the summertime Arctic marine boundary layer: sources, sinks and implications." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 15, no. 21 (November 2, 2015): 29973–30016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-15-29973-2015.
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Abstract. Continuous hourly measurements of gas-phase ammonia (NH3(g)) were taken from 13 July to 7 August 2014 on a research cruise throughout Baffin Bay and the eastern Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Concentrations ranged from 30–650 ng m−3 (40–870 pptv) with the highest values recorded in Lancaster Sound (74°13' N, 84°00' W). Simultaneous measurements of total ammonium ([NHx]), pH and temperature in the ocean and in melt ponds were used to compute the compensation point (χ), which is the ambient NH3(g) concentration at which surface–air fluxes change direction. Ambient NH3(g) was usually several orders of magnitude larger than both χocean and χMP (< 0.4–10 ng m3) indicating these surface pools are net sinks of NH3(g). Flux calculations estimate average net downward fluxes of 1.4 and 1.1 ng m-2 s-1 for the open ocean and melt ponds, respectively. Sufficient NH3(g) was present to neutralize non-sea salt sulphate (nss-SO42-) in the boundary layer during most of the study. This finding was corroborated with a historical dataset of PM2.5 composition from Alert, NU (82°30' N, 62°20' W) wherein the median ratio of NH4+/nss-SO42- equivalents was greater than 0.75 in June, July and August. The GEOS-Chem chemical transport model was employed to examine the impact of NH3(g) emissions from seabird guano on boundary-layer composition and nss-SO42- neutralization. A GEOS-Chem simulation without seabird emissions underestimated boundary layer NH3(g) by several orders of magnitude and yielded highly acidic aerosol. A simulation that included seabird NH3 emissions was in better agreement with observations for both NH3(g) concentrations and nss-SO42- neutralization. This is strong evidence that seabird colonies are significant sources of NH3(g) in the summertime Arctic, and are ubiquitous enough to impact atmospheric composition across the entire Baffin Bay region. Large wildfires in the Northwest Territories were likely an important source of NH3(g), but their influence was probably limited to the Central Canadian Arctic. Implications of seabird-derived N-deposition to terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems are also discussed.
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Wentworth, Gregory R., Jennifer G. Murphy, Betty Croft, Randall V. Martin, Jeffrey R. Pierce, Jean-Sébastien Côté, Isabelle Courchesne, et al. "Ammonia in the summertime Arctic marine boundary layer: sources, sinks, and implications." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 16, no. 4 (February 22, 2016): 1937–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-1937-2016.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. Continuous hourly measurements of gas-phase ammonia (NH3(g)) were taken from 13 July to 7 August 2014 on a research cruise throughout Baffin Bay and the eastern Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Concentrations ranged from 30 to 650 ng m−3 (40–870 pptv) with the highest values recorded in Lancaster Sound (74°13′ N, 84°00′ W). Simultaneous measurements of total ammonium ([NHx]), pH and temperature in the ocean and in melt ponds were used to compute the compensation point (χ), which is the ambient NH3(g) concentration at which surface–air fluxes change direction. Ambient NH3(g) was usually several orders of magnitude larger than both χocean and χMP (< 0.4–10 ng m3) indicating these surface pools are net sinks of NH3. Flux calculations estimate average net downward fluxes of 1.4 and 1.1 ng m−2 s−1 for the open ocean and melt ponds, respectively. Sufficient NH3(g) was present to neutralize non-sea-salt sulfate (nss-SO42−) in the boundary layer during most of the study. This finding was corroborated with a historical data set of PM2.5 composition from Alert, Nunavut (82°30′ N, 62°20′ W) wherein the median ratio of NH4+/nss-SO42− equivalents was greater than 0.75 in June, July and August. The GEOS-Chem chemical transport model was employed to examine the impact of NH3(g) emissions from seabird guano on boundary-layer composition and nss-SO42− neutralization. A GEOS-Chem simulation without seabird emissions underestimated boundary layer NH3(g) by several orders of magnitude and yielded highly acidic aerosol. A simulation that included seabird NH3 emissions was in better agreement with observations for both NH3(g) concentrations and nss-SO42− neutralization. This is strong evidence that seabird colonies are significant sources of NH3 in the summertime Arctic, and are ubiquitous enough to impact atmospheric composition across the entire Baffin Bay region. Large wildfires in the Northwest Territories were likely an important source of NH3, but their influence was probably limited to the Central Canadian Arctic. Implications of seabird-derived N-deposition to terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems are also discussed.
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Zharkikh, T. V. "Musical Stained-glasses by Olivier Messian." Aspects of Historical Musicology 14, no. 14 (September 15, 2018): 23–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.34064/khnum2-14.02.
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Background. As it is well-known from the statements by O. Messiaen himself in conversations with K. Samuel [10; 7], the French composer had the phenomenon of “colored hearing” associated with the effect of synesthesia. A prerequisite in modern performing art, as in the work of a musicologistresearcher, is the introduction to the worldview of an author-composer. The study of Messiaen’s synesthetic associations helps the interpreter to expand his timbre range in connecting with emotional “immersion” in the essence of the work, and the researcher of his music – to interpret correctly (often – to “decipher”) and convey to the listener the author’s intention. That why consideration of the synesthetic aspect of the works of the French Master appears relevant. The purpose of this study is to reveal some features of the musical-visual ideas of O. Messiaen, the understanding of which is necessary for adequate perception and reproduction of his music. The material of the work is, mainly, the composer’s own statements, on which the generalizations made in the article based, and which the main conductors in the infinite multicolor spiritual world of the French composer are. The studies results. The child impressions, when Olivier together with his parents visited monuments, museums, churches – the Notre-Dame, the SaintChapel, the Chartres Cathedral, the Cathedral in Bourge – became the sources of the sound-color visions of the French genius. Magical colors of the MiddleAges stained glasses left an amazing feeling, an imprint, which did not disappear during his whole life. Stained-glasses as “the light, captured by the human” [7] are the constant awe and the love of O. Messiaen. In childhood, while reading W. Shakespeare, Olivier made stained glass-like scenery using transparent wrappers and packaging materials painted in different colors, then put the decorations to the windows. The sunshine, going through them, was lightening the little boy’s theater like the footlights. Later, the light, as something Divine, will become the main semantic emphasis in the works of the composer. Messiaen puts the color music above the church and religious, the color music, according him, does the same as medieval stained glass: “it brings us blinding admiration .... All sacred art ... should be, first of all, something like a rainbow of sounds and colors” [6]. Like a stained glass window consists of pieces of glass, so music consists of “pieces-cadres”, but, unlike cinematic montage, a stained glass has a mystical nature. From the inside, a stained glass shows one picture of the world, from the outside – another; it is a rosy view of the world and, at the same time, a prism, through which one can see the musical diversity. So, for O. Messiaen, the basis of the foundations is a religion related closely to philosophy; they serve music, and music serves the color music. A musicologist K. Zenkin defines the color music of O. Messiaen as the highest form of sacred music, as “the answer of human to God” [2, p. 171]. Being 11 and having become a student of Paris Conservatory, Olivier for the first time heard the opera by his teacher, Paul Dukas, “Ariadne and Bluebeard”. Messiaen was amazed by the episodes, where the main heroine consistently opens seven doors and finds herself in seven halls, filled with seven different kinds of precious stones; each one was characterized by different tone and timbre. Later, O. Messian continued the searches of his teacher in area of color-sound. About incredible enjoyment by the color the composer says in connection with painter-orphist Robert Delaunay, calling his paintings “colored dreams”. In the pictures of latter, he was most attracted by the principle of simultaneous contrast. The concept of “simultaneous contrast” refers to the phenomenon, in which our eyes, perceiving any color, involuntarily require a different color addition. For example, red requires green, yellow – purple, since these colors are diametrically opposed to each other on the color wheel, etc. If there is no such addition, the eye can simultaneously find (generate) it. As O. Messian had such rare natural quality as synesthesia, while listening to music, in his imagination different colors, corresponding to different sounds, appeared. Borrowing the painting principle of the simultaneous contrast, the composer applied it in his musical works, for example, in chord constructions. Messian’s “colour hearing” was connected not with tones, like to N. Rimsky-Korsakov or A. Skryabin, but with chords. Chords, in understanding of French composer, are the analogues of colors; changing of the chords leads to the changing of the colors and its patterns. The composer is characterized by the “vertical” perception of the sound-color range, but the “chord” factor does not exhaust his color perception, since O. Messiaen operates with the frets, which he calls “systems”. Each system is associated with a specific coloring of sounds. Colors and sounds are arranged for him on the principle of gamma. In the color scheme of O. Messiaen, there is no yellow color, instead of it an orange-golden one is introduced. Especially the composer likes violet or lilac color, belonging to the category of complex, which includes extremely cold blue and extremely warm red. This color has a lot of shades: with the dominance of red-scarlet, with the dominance of blue-hyacinth. In the Middle Ages, in the symbolism of stained glass windows, the first one identified Love to Truth, and the latter – Truth of Love. O. Messian perceived the laws of the universe through the prism of “infinite colors”. For the composer, painting becomes the basis of his artistic method and generates musical images. He felt the colors in the music by the “inner vision”. The subjective vision of sound colors was using by O. Messiaen in the process of creating musical canvases, called, in its turn, to affect the “inner vision” of the listeners.
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Nagy, Lajos. "Some possibilities for risk analysis in the decision support of crop production." Applied Studies in Agribusiness and Commerce 3, no. 1-2 (May 30, 2009): 79–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.19041/apstract/2009/1-2/10.
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This article has been made according to my dissertation in which I present some opportunity of risk analysis and risk management in the decision support of crop production. Plant production is one of the most hazardous agricultural enterprises. Among risk sources seasonal fluctuation of average yields plays an important role in the assessment of enterprises. Therefore, I analyzed the production risk of the produced crops in Hungary compared to the European Union’s, after that I took into consideration the production site’s circumstances as well. Decision-makers must possess such means, by which they can measure, oversee and manage the effects and consequences of risk. In crop production linear programming models can be used to determine the optimal crop structure, by which income-sensitivity can be taken into account, but it does not reflect the behavior to risk. This deficiency can be avoided by using risk programming models. By the complementary usage of linear programming and risk programming models the optimizing and adaptive planning can be executed. It often causes a problem for the producers to decide when and how much to sell to realize a maximum turnover. The decision is mostly influenced by the selling prices, but also important factors are the financial status of the business, the amount of credit and its conditions, the stock piling opportunities and costs, and the short-term investment opportunities as well. For the resolution of the problem I set up a dynamic, simultaneous financial model by which the system-conceptual analysis of the above mentioned factors and a sound decision-making can be executed.
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Anikeenko, L. "Current state of the problem of sports injury in football." Scientific Journal of National Pedagogical Dragomanov University Series 15 Scientific and pedagogical problems of physical culture (physical culture and sports), no. 8(128) (December 28, 2020): 14–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.31392/npu-nc.series15.2020.8(128).02.
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The article analyzes the current state of the problem of sports injuries in football. The most vulnerable areas of injuries in football have been identified. Possible causes of football injuries and the most common situations that lead to injuries in football players have been identified: defensive play, running, abrupt stop to open or get the ball, kick on the ball, abrupt stop to strike, one-step stop to change direction, foot kick on artificial turf, jump through a lying player, blocking, landing after a header, running after the ball, losing balance, driving the ball, blocking the defender, simultaneous with the opponent kick on the ball, loss equilibrium due to the collision.
Among such non-traditional means, in our opinion, there are exercises of adaptive-strengthening character which allow to strengthen the musculoskeletal system of the lower extremities, thereby expanding opportunities of increase of special physical training of football players and decrease in sports injuries. Of course, they should be used in combination with traditional physical and technical-tactical exercises and used as additional factors that contribute to the expansion of the functional boundaries of the musculoskeletal system.
However, the construction of purposeful, specially organized and scientifically sound comprehensive training sessions in the sources we studied was not found, which was the subject of our study. The growing importance of regular exercise, associated with profound changes in lifestyle, requires the development of measures that can ensure high efficiency of physical culture and sports to promote health and improve the performance of the general population
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Bertrand, Erin M., John P. McCrow, Ahmed Moustafa, Hong Zheng, Jeffrey B. McQuaid, Tom O. Delmont, Anton F. Post, et al. "Phytoplankton–bacterial interactions mediate micronutrient colimitation at the coastal Antarctic sea ice edge." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 32 (July 28, 2015): 9938–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1501615112.
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Southern Ocean primary productivity plays a key role in global ocean biogeochemistry and climate. At the Southern Ocean sea ice edge in coastal McMurdo Sound, we observed simultaneous cobalamin and iron limitation of surface water phytoplankton communities in late Austral summer. Cobalamin is produced only by bacteria and archaea, suggesting phytoplankton–bacterial interactions must play a role in this limitation. To characterize these interactions and investigate the molecular basis of multiple nutrient limitation, we examined transitions in global gene expression over short time scales, induced by shifts in micronutrient availability. Diatoms, the dominant primary producers, exhibited transcriptional patterns indicative of co-occurring iron and cobalamin deprivation. The major contributor to cobalamin biosynthesis gene expression was a gammaproteobacterial population, Oceanospirillaceae ASP10-02a. This group also contributed significantly to metagenomic cobalamin biosynthesis gene abundance throughout Southern Ocean surface waters. Oceanospirillaceae ASP10-02a displayed elevated expression of organic matter acquisition and cell surface attachment-related genes, consistent with a mutualistic relationship in which they are dependent on phytoplankton growth to fuel cobalamin production. Separate bacterial groups, including Methylophaga, appeared to rely on phytoplankton for carbon and energy sources, but displayed gene expression patterns consistent with iron and cobalamin deprivation. This suggests they also compete with phytoplankton and are important cobalamin consumers. Expression patterns of siderophore- related genes offer evidence for bacterial influences on iron availability as well. The nature and degree of this episodic colimitation appear to be mediated by a series of phytoplankton–bacterial interactions in both positive and negative feedback loops.
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Fay, Richard R. "Sound source segregation by goldfish: Two simultaneous tones." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 123, no. 5 (May 2008): 3621. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.2934840.
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Fay, Richard R. "Sound source segregation by goldfish: Two simultaneous tones." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 125, no. 6 (June 2009): 4053–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.3124777.
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KONISHI, Takuya, Yasuhisa SEKIGUCHI, and Noritoshi NAKAGAWA. "Identification of sound source parameters by optimization technique : Simultaneous identification of sound source power spectra." Proceedings of Conference of Chugoku-Shikoku Branch 2004.42 (2004): 213–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmecs.2004.42.213.
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Martens, William L., and Densil A. Cabrera. "Perceived elevation of simultaneously presented sound sources depends upon the correlation between the source signals." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 131, no. 4 (April 2012): 3216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4707991.
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ZHU, NA, and SEAN F. WU. "SOUND SOURCE LOCALIZATION IN THREE-DIMENSIONAL SPACE IN REAL TIME WITH REDUNDANCY CHECKS." Journal of Computational Acoustics 20, no. 01 (March 2012): 1250007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218396x12500075.
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Triangulation is commonly used for source localization and most triangulation applications are based on intersection of the bearing direction to locate a source on a two-dimensional plane. In this paper, two new mathematical models (a basic model and an improved one) that expands the traditional triangulation concept to three-dimensional space are developed to locate multiple incoherent sound sources. The basic model uses four microphones and concentrates on solving a set of three quadratic equations simultaneously. The improved model requires more than four microphones and uses the solution from the basic model, as well as analyzing the intersection of bearing angles. Redundancy checks on the time differences of arrival are added to further reduce the source localization error in the improved model. Moreover, the input data are pre-processed and de-noised through filtering and windowing to enhance the effective signal to noise ratio. Various sound sources are tested, including transient, impulsive, continuous, broad-band, and narrow-band sounds. Numerical simulations and experimental validation using the real world sound sources are conducted. The impacts of the source direction/source detection range on the accuracy of source localization results are examined and discussed.
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Burke, Elisa, and Johannes Hensel. "Sound Source System for Investigating the Auditory Perception of Infrasound Accompanied by Audio Sound." Acta Acustica united with Acustica 105, no. 5 (July 1, 2019): 869–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3813/aaa.919366.
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To gather more basic knowledge about both infrasound-perception mechanisms and the annoyance caused by infrasound, it is important to investigate the influence of the interaction between infrasound and sound at frequencies inside the common audio frequency range (audio sound) on the auditory perception. This paper gives a detailed description of a newly developed sound source system allowing simultaneous monaural stimulation of listeners with infrasound and audio-sound stimuli in psychoacoustic experiments. The sound source system covers a frequency range between 4 Hz and 6000 Hz. It can generate infrasound stimuli and audio-sound stimuli up to at least 123 dB SPL and 80 dB SPL, respectively, with inaudible harmonic distortions. Likewise, during simultaneous generation of high-level infrasound and audio sound, residual unwanted modulation frequencies remain imperceptible, owing to special design features. It can be concluded that the sound source system is suitable for investigating the auditory perception of infrasound accompanied by audio sound.
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Otsuka, Takuma, Katsuhiko Ishiguro, Hiroshi Sawada, and Hiroshi Okuno. "Bayesian Unification of Sound Source Localization and Separation with Permutation Resolution." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 26, no. 1 (September 20, 2021): 2038–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v26i1.8376.
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Sound source localization and separation with permutation resolution are essential for achieving a computational auditory scene analysis system that can extract useful information from a mixture of various sounds. Because existing methods cope separately with these problems despite their mutual dependence, the overall result with these approaches can be degraded by any failure in one of these components. This paper presents a unified Bayesian framework to solve these problems simultaneously where localization and separation are regarded as a clustering problem. Experimental results confirm that our method outperforms state-of-the-art methods in terms of the separation quality with various setups including practical reverberant environments.
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Deleforge, Antoine, Florence Forbes, and Radu Horaud. "Acoustic Space Learning for Sound-Source Separation and Localization on Binaural Manifolds." International Journal of Neural Systems 25, no. 01 (January 6, 2015): 1440003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129065714400036.
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In this paper, we address the problems of modeling the acoustic space generated by a full-spectrum sound source and using the learned model for the localization and separation of multiple sources that simultaneously emit sparse-spectrum sounds. We lay theoretical and methodological grounds in order to introduce the binaural manifold paradigm. We perform an in-depth study of the latent low-dimensional structure of the high-dimensional interaural spectral data, based on a corpus recorded with a human-like audiomotor robot head. A nonlinear dimensionality reduction technique is used to show that these data lie on a two-dimensional (2D) smooth manifold parameterized by the motor states of the listener, or equivalently, the sound-source directions. We propose a probabilistic piecewise affine mapping model (PPAM) specifically designed to deal with high-dimensional data exhibiting an intrinsic piecewise linear structure. We derive a closed-form expectation-maximization (EM) procedure for estimating the model parameters, followed by Bayes inversion for obtaining the full posterior density function of a sound-source direction. We extend this solution to deal with missing data and redundancy in real-world spectrograms, and hence for 2D localization of natural sound sources such as speech. We further generalize the model to the challenging case of multiple sound sources and we propose a variational EM framework. The associated algorithm, referred to as variational EM for source separation and localization (VESSL) yields a Bayesian estimation of the 2D locations and time-frequency masks of all the sources. Comparisons of the proposed approach with several existing methods reveal that the combination of acoustic-space learning with Bayesian inference enables our method to outperform state-of-the-art methods.
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Jambrošić, Kristian, Marko Horvat, Dominik Kisić, and Tin Oberman. "SPEAKER DISCRIMINATION IN MULTISOURCE ENVIRONMENTS AURALIZED IN REAL ROOMS." Akustika, VOLUME 37 (December 15, 2020): 19–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.36336/akustika20203719.
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With the recent development of audio in modern VR/AR systems and the increasing capability of synthesizing natural sound fields over headphones with head tracking, the question of the ability of our hearing system to discriminate multiple concurrent sound sources has become important again. We must understand how psychoacoustical and psychophysical limitations of the hearing system cope with novel technologies of virtual acoustics that can simulate an almost unlimited number of sound sources. Previous research has shown that the capacity of human hearing to discriminate a reference sound source is limited when there is background noise, a reverberant surrounding, or when other, disturbing sound sources simultaneously mask the reference source. A set of listening tests based on the cocktail-party effect was designed to determine the intelligibility of speech emitted by a reference sound source, with one to six disturbing sound sources simultaneously emitting speech from different directions around the listener. The tests were repeated in three test rooms with different acoustical properties, and two test signals were used: logatomes and regular spoken sentences with specific keywords. The results have revealed the changes in speech intelligibility scores in relation to the number of disturbing sources, their positions, and acoustical properties of test rooms.
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de Koning, Megan, Julia R. Beatini, Glenn A. Proudfoot, and Megan D. Gall. "Hearing in 3D: Directional Auditory Sensitivity of Northern Saw-Whet Owls (Aegolius acadicus)." Integrative and Comparative Biology 60, no. 5 (June 2, 2020): 1058–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icb/icaa024.
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Abstract Northern saw-whet owls (Aegolius acadicus) are nocturnal predators that are able to acoustically localize prey with great accuracy; an ability that is attributed to their unique asymmetrical ear structure. While a great deal of research has focused on open loop sound localization prior to flight in owls (primarily barn owls), directional sensitivity of the ears may also be important in locating moving prey on the wing. Furthermore, directionally sensitive ears may also reduce the effects of masking noise, either from the owls’ wings during flight or environmental noise (e.g., wind and leaf rustling), by enhancing spatial segregation of target sounds and noise sources. Here, we investigated auditory processing of Northern saw-whet owls in three-dimensional space using auditory evoked potentials (AEPs). We simultaneously evoked auditory responses in two channels (right and left ear) with broadband clicks from a sound source that could be manipulated in space. Responses were evoked from 66 spatial locations, separated by 30° increments in both azimuth and elevation. We found that Northern saw-whet owls had increased sensitivity to sound sources directly in front of and above their beaks and decreased sensitivity to sound sources below and behind their heads. The spatial region of highest sensitivity extends from the lower beak to the crown of the head and 30° left or right of the median plane, dropping off beyond those margins. Directional sensitivity is undoubtedly useful during foraging and predator evasion, and may also reduce the effect of masking noise from the wings during flight due to the spatial segregation of the noise and targets of interest.
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Pu, Henglin, Chao Cai, Menglan Hu, Tianping Deng, Rong Zheng, and Jun Luo. "Towards Robust Multiple Blind Source Localization Using Source Separation and Beamforming." Sensors 21, no. 2 (January 13, 2021): 532. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21020532.
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Multiple blind sound source localization is the key technology for a myriad of applications such as robotic navigation and indoor localization. However, existing solutions can only locate a few sound sources simultaneously due to the limitation imposed by the number of microphones in an array. To this end, this paper proposes a novel multiple blind sound source localization algorithms using Source seParation and BeamForming (SPBF). Our algorithm overcomes the limitations of existing solutions and can locate more blind sources than the number of microphones in an array. Specifically, we propose a novel microphone layout, enabling salient multiple source separation while still preserving their arrival time information. After then, we perform source localization via beamforming using each demixed source. Such a design allows minimizing mutual interference from different sound sources, thereby enabling finer AoA estimation. To further enhance localization performance, we design a new spectral weighting function that can enhance the signal-to-noise-ratio, allowing a relatively narrow beam and thus finer angle of arrival estimation. Simulation experiments under typical indoor situations demonstrate a maximum of only 4∘ even under up to 14 sources.
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Woods, Kevin J. P., and Josh H. McDermott. "Schema learning for the cocktail party problem." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 14 (March 21, 2018): E3313—E3322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1801614115.
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The cocktail party problem requires listeners to infer individual sound sources from mixtures of sound. The problem can be solved only by leveraging regularities in natural sound sources, but little is known about how such regularities are internalized. We explored whether listeners learn source “schemas”—the abstract structure shared by different occurrences of the same type of sound source—and use them to infer sources from mixtures. We measured the ability of listeners to segregate mixtures of time-varying sources. In each experiment a subset of trials contained schema-based sources generated from a common template by transformations (transposition and time dilation) that introduced acoustic variation but preserved abstract structure. Across several tasks and classes of sound sources, schema-based sources consistently aided source separation, in some cases producing rapid improvements in performance over the first few exposures to a schema. Learning persisted across blocks that did not contain the learned schema, and listeners were able to learn and use multiple schemas simultaneously. No learning was evident when schema were presented in the task-irrelevant (i.e., distractor) source. However, learning from task-relevant stimuli showed signs of being implicit, in that listeners were no more likely to report that sources recurred in experiments containing schema-based sources than in control experiments containing no schema-based sources. The results implicate a mechanism for rapidly internalizing abstract sound structure, facilitating accurate perceptual organization of sound sources that recur in the environment.
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Panosso, Andriele da Silva, and Stephan Paul. "Subjective evaluation of floor impact noise using the tapping machine and a non-standardized source." Acta Scientiarum. Technology 44 (March 11, 2022): e59025. http://dx.doi.org/10.4025/actascitechnol.v44i1.59025.
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Assessing the acoustical performance of building floor systems relies on the impact source to be utilized and on the type of floor cover used. Besides that, a reliable assessment should consider the listeners’ judgments of the sounds transmitted through floors or radiated by them. Objective ratings measured can help to foresee tenant satisfaction provided that they are well correlated with the listeners’ judgments. The main objective of this study was to compare objective and subjective evaluations, using two types of impact sources and two types of floor covers, to try and determine which objective variables could be used to predict subject evaluation and to validate the use of an alternative impact source to be used in more realistic measurements. An objective evaluation was carried out employing impact noise insulation measurements according to ISO 10140:2010, evaluating different types of floors, resilient materials, and impact sound sources (a standardized tapping machine and a calibrated tire). In the analysis of the measured samples, several parameters were evaluated according to the sound source used. Simultaneously, "sound samples" were recorded to be used in a subjective evaluation based on the judgments of 29 listeners about the Noise Annoyance and the Loudness Sensation in response to the two impact sources. The magnitude estimation method was used. Results demonstrate that tapping machine measurements correlate very well with the subjective evaluation measurements and the calibrated tire presents well-correlated results in a specific measurement set-up. In addition, linear regression analysis of the objective and subjective variables shows alternative single number quantities for ratings of impact noise insulation
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Lu, Yazhong, Sean Wu, Zeyu Yuan, and Wen He. "A new technology for locating very low frequency and negative signal-to-noise ratio sound sources." INTER-NOISE and NOISE-CON Congress and Conference Proceedings 263, no. 4 (August 1, 2021): 2468–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3397/in-2021-2144.
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This paper presents a new technology that enables one to locate multiple sound sources with very a large dynamic range simultaneously, including very low frequency and negative signal-to-noise ration sound sources in a non-ideal environment, where there are random background noise and unknown interfering signals. In particular, spatial resolution of source localization is frequency independent. In other words, spatial resolution remains very high at very low as well as at very high frequencies. The underlying principle of this new technology is a hybrid methodology that includes a passive SODAR (nic etection nd anging), advanced signal processing and least-squares minimization. Using this technology, engineers will be able to visualize sound sources in both real time and post processing in an adversary test environment. Live videos of sound sources localization inside a crowd machine shop are shown, where there are unknown background noise, unspecified sound reflections and reverberation, and interfering signals.
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Nassur, Ali-Mohamed, Damien Léger, Marie Lefèvre, Maxime Elbaz, Fanny Mietlicki, Philippe Nguyen, Carlos Ribeiro, Matthieu Sineau, Bernard Laumon, and Anne-Sophie Evrard. "Effects of Aircraft Noise Exposure on Heart Rate during Sleep in the Population Living Near Airports." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 2 (January 18, 2019): 269. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16020269.
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Background Noise in the vicinity of airports is a public health problem. Many laboratory studies have shown that heart rate is altered during sleep after exposure to road or railway noise. Fewer studies have looked at the effects of exposure to aircraft noise on heart rate during sleep in populations living near airports. Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the sound pressure level (SPL) of aircraft noise and heart rate during sleep in populations living near airports in France. Methods In total, 92 people living near the Paris-Charles de Gaulle and Toulouse-Blagnac airports participated in this study. Heart rate was recorded every 15 s during one night, using an Actiheart monitor, with simultaneous measurements of SPL of aircraft noise inside the participants’ bedrooms. Energy and event-related indicators were then estimated. Mixed linear regression models were applied, taking into account potential confounding factors, to investigate the relationship between energy indicators and heart rate during sleep measured every 15 s. Event-related analyses were also carried out in order to study the effects of an acoustic event associated with aircraft noise on heart rate during sleep. Results The more the SPL from all sources (LAeq,15s) and the SPL exceeded for 90% of the measurement period (LA90,15s) increased, the more heart rate also increased. No significant associations were observed between the maximum 1-s equivalent SPL associated with aircraft overflight (LAmax,1s) and differences between the heart rate recorded during or 15 or 30 s after an aircraft noise event and that recorded before the event. On the other hand, a positive and significant association was found between LAmax,1s and the heart rate amplitude calculated during an aircraft noise event. Results were unchanged when analyses were limited to participants who had lived more than five years in their present dwelling. Conclusion Our study shows that exposure to the maximum SPL linked to aircraft overflight affect the heart rate during sleep of residents near airports. However, further studies on a larger number of participants over several nights are needed to confirm these results.
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Su, Hsi-Yao. "Reconstructing Taiwanese and Taiwan Guoyu on the Taiwan-based Internet." Media Discourse in Greater China 19, no. 2 (July 24, 2009): 313–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/japc.19.2.08su.
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This study investigates a type of online language play popularized on the Taiwan-based Internet, including the rendering in Chinese characters of the sounds of Taiwanese and Taiwan Guoyu (Taiwanese-accented Mandarin), which are defined as Stylized Taiwanese and Stylized Taiwanese-accented Mandarin, respectively. The playfulness inherent in these stylized practices has multiple sources. First, they manipulate the Chinese writing system and create an incongruity between sound and meaning. Second, they call attention simultaneously to a number of functions of language (Jakobson, 1960). Third, the two stylized practices bring into play the respective social meanings and stereotypes associated with their spoken counterparts. Thus the superficially similar forms of language play may be interpreted differently and further serve subtly different interactional functions in face-threatening situations. Two cases of stylized practices are examined in detail to illustrate how stylized language play is used to mitigate potential tension, to show positive affect, and to regulate appropriate group behaviors simultaneously.
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Gontier, Félix, Catherine Lavandier, Pierre Aumond, Mathieu Lagrange, and Jean-François Petiot. "Estimation of the Perceived Time of Presence of Sources in Urban Acoustic Environments Using Deep Learning Techniques." Acta Acustica united with Acustica 105, no. 6 (November 1, 2019): 1053–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3813/aaa.919384.
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The impact of urban sound on human beings has often been studied from a negative point of view (noise pollution). In the two last decades, the interest of studying its positive impact has been revealed with the soundscape approach (resourcing spaces). The literature shows that the recognition of sources plays a great role in the way humans are affected by sound environments. There is thus a need for characterizing urban acoustic environments not only with sound pressure measurements but also with source-specific attributes such as their perceived time of presence, dominance or volume. This paper demonstrates, on a controlled dataset, that machine learning techniques based on state of the art neural architectures can predict the perceived time of presence of several sound sources at a sufficient accuracy. To validate this assertion, a corpus of simulated sound scenes is first designed. Perceptual attributes corresponding to those stimuli are gathered through a listening experiment. From the contributions of the individual sound sources available for the simulated corpus, a physical indicator approximating the perceived time of presence of sources is computed and used to train and evaluate a multi-label source detection model. This model predicts the presence of simultaneously active sources from fast third octave spectra, allowing the estimation of perceptual attributes such as pleasantness in urban sound environments at a sufficient degree of precision.
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Truong, Quang Tan, Huy Quang Tran, and Phuong Huu Nguyen. "BLIND SOURCE SEPARATION (BSS) APPLIED TO SOUND IN VARIOUS CONDITIONS." Science and Technology Development Journal 14, no. 4 (December 30, 2011): 34–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdj.v14i4.2034.
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Our ears often simultaneously receive various sound sources (speech, music, noise . . .), but we can still listen to the intended sound. A system of speech recognition must be able to achieve the same intelligent level. The problem is that we receive many mixed (combined) signals from many different source signals, and would like to recover them separately. This is the problem of Blind Source Separation (BSS). In the last decade or so a method has been developed to solve the above problem effectively, that is the Independent Component Analysis (ICA). There are many ICA algorithms for different applications. This report describes our application to sound separation when there are more sources than mixtures (underdetermined case). The results were quite good.
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Zhang, Lanyue, Jia Wang, Desen Yang, Bo Hu, and Di Wu. "Optimization of the Equivalent Source Configuration for the Equivalent Source Method." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 8 (July 27, 2021): 807. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse9080807.
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The equivalent source method is widely applied to study structural acoustic radiation in an underwater environment. However, there is still uncertainty in arranging the equivalent source, and the current mainstream configuration method needs a large number of equivalent sources, limiting its practical applicability. In this paper, an equivalent source configuration method that is simple, effective, and easy to implement, and which based on a tradeoff between the ill condition of the transfer matrix and the adequacy of the simulated structure’s radiated sound field, is proposed. The optimization method can derive the appropriate positions and quantity of monopole equivalent sources simultaneously. The method does not yield an optimal solution in a strict mathematical sense but provides satisfactory results compared with those obtained by uniformly distributed equivalent sources. Numerical simulation results showed that the optimization method derives accurate sound field calculation results with a relatively small number of equivalent sources, significantly reducing the number of subsequent calculations needed. Finally, the experiments conducted with a cylindrical shell structure verified the validity and practicality of the proposed method.
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Killan, Catherine, Andrew Scally, Edward Killan, Catherine Totten, and Christopher Raine. "Factors Affecting Sound-Source Localization in Children With Simultaneous or Sequential Bilateral Cochlear Implants." Ear and Hearing 40, no. 4 (2019): 870–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/aud.0000000000000666.
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