Journal articles: 'Simultaneous laser welding'

1

Liu, Y. N., and E. Kannatey-Asibu. "Laser Beam Welding With Simultaneous Gaussian Laser Preheating." Journal of Heat Transfer 115, no. 1 (February 1, 1993): 34–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2910666.

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An analytical solution of the dual, laser beam welding process is presented. It is based on a Gaussian distributed leading heat source for preheating, followed by a line source for the actual welding process. The effect of beam distribution parameters as well as interbeam spacing and relative power intensities on the resulting temperature distribution and cooling rate are presented. For a preheating Gaussian source of power 1550 W, the depth of region above 500°C is 2.25 mm, and that above 250°C is 3.5 mm. The cooling rate at the weld centerline without preheating for a temperature of 650° C, input power 1800 W, and welding velocity 20 mm/s is found to be 1004°C/s. Under the same conditions, the cooling rate with a 1550 W preheating Gaussian distributed heat source (beam distribution parameter 1 mm, and interbeam spacing 10 mm) is reduced to 570°C/s.

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Wilke, L., H. Potente, and J. Schnieders. "Simulation of Quasi-Simultaneous and Simultaneous Laser Welding." Welding in the World 52, no. 1-2 (January 2008): 56–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03266617.

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Schmailzl, Anton, Stefan Hierl, and Michael Schmidt. "Gap-bridging During Quasi-simultaneous Laser Transmission Welding." Physics Procedia 83 (2016): 1073–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phpro.2016.08.113.

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Jankus, S. M., and R. Bendikienė. "Laser beam positioning in quasi-simultaneous laser transmission welding of polymers." Proceedings of the Estonian Academy of Sciences 71, no. 4 (2022): 350. http://dx.doi.org/10.3176/proc.2022.4.05.

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Hopmann, Christian, and Suveni Kreimeier. "Modelling the Heating Process in Simultaneous Laser Transmission Welding of Semicrystalline Polymers." Journal of Polymers 2016 (October 27, 2016): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/3824065.

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Laser transmission welding is an established joining process for thermoplastics. A close-to-reality simulation of the heating process would improve the understanding of the process, facilitate and shorten the process installation, and provide a significant contribution to the computer aided component design. For these reasons a thermal simulation model for simultaneous welding was developed which supports determining the size of the heat affected zone (HAZ). The determination of the intensity profile of the laser beam after the penetration of the laser transparent semicrystalline thermoplastic is decisive for the simulation. For the determination of the intensity profile two measurement systems are presented and compared. The calculated size of the HAZ shows a high concordance to the dimensions of the HAZ found using light microscopy. However, the calculated temperatures exceed the indicated decomposition temperatures of the particular thermoplastics. For the recording of the real temperatures during the welding process a measuring system is presented and discussed.

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Rajulu, C. Govinda, A. Gopala Krishna, and Thella Babu Rao. "An integrated evolutionary approach for simultaneous optimization of laser weld bead characteristics." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture 232, no. 8 (September 19, 2016): 1407–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954405416667431.

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The selection of optimal welding parameters in any welding process significantly improves the quality, production rate, and cost of a component. The weld bead characteristics such as bead width, depth of penetration, and heat-affected zone are the prominent factors for evaluating the performance of a welded joint. The work presents a novel evolutionary multi-objective optimization approach to derive the optimal laser welding conditions for the weld bead geometrical parameters. The welding experiments were conducted with the consideration of pulse frequency, pulse width, welding speed, and pulse energy as the process-control variables to evaluate the weld bead characteristics. Empirical models for the bead characteristics were developed in terms of the input variables using response surface methodology. The individual and interactive effects of the variables on the responses were also analyzed. As the influence of control variables on the bead characteristics is conflicting in nature, the problem is formulated as a multi-objective optimization problem to simultaneously optimize the output parameters. The aim is to simultaneously minimize the bead width, maximize the depth of penetration, and minimize the heat-affected zone. An efficient evolutionary algorithm called non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm-II was applied to derive the set of Pareto-optimal solutions. The derived optimal process responses were confirmed with the experimental values. The proposed integrated methodology can be applied to any welding process to automate the process conditions in computer-integrated manufacturing environment.

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Nguyen, Nam-Phong, Stefan Behrens, Maximilian Brosda, Alexander Olowinsky, and Arnold Gillner. "Modelling and thermal simulation of absorber-free quasi-simultaneous laser welding of transparent plastics." Welding in the World 64, no. 11 (August 25, 2020): 1939–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40194-020-00973-5.

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Abstract The growing demands on the quality of plastic components and the trend towards miniaturisation are posing a great challenge on plastics processing technology. As many complex components can no longer be manufactured in a single step, joining processes such as laser transmission welding are gaining in importance. In classic laser transmission welding, the joining partners have different optical properties. The upper joining partner is transparent in the laser wavelength range, whilst the lower partner is absorbent due to the addition of absorber materials. In medical and biotechnological applications, the addition of absorber materials is often undesirable due to strict biocompatibility requirements. If, on the other hand, radiation sources are used which emit radiation in the area of the natural absorption of the plastic (λ = 1600–2000 nm), untreated transparent plastics can also be welded. In this work, a theoretical model will be presented to calculate the temperature distribution and progression during quasi-simultaneous welding using a thulium fibre laser (λ = 1940 nm). A sensitivity analysis is carried out to investigate the influence of different parameters on the heat affected zone (HAZ). The simulated HAZ is then compared with the HAZ from the experimental work.

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SATO, Hirotaka, Shinya HAYAKAWA, Takashi NAKAMURA, and Fumihiro ITOIGAWA. "E16 Welding Strength of Each Welding Plane in Simultaneous Multi-layer Laser Welding of Transparent Resin plates." Proceedings of The Manufacturing & Machine Tool Conference 2012.9 (2012): 279–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemmt.2012.9.279.

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Udin, Ilya Nikolaevich, A. A. Voropaev, and A. Unt. "Аpplication Development for the Evaluation of Penetration in Laser and Laser-Arc Hybrid Welding of Tee and Corner Joints." Key Engineering Materials 822 (September 2019): 381–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.822.381.

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Laser technologies deservedly take their place in modern mechanical engineering production. Using laser source for welding has already become common. However, the creation of critical welded constructions is impossible without extensive technological surveys, which can be greatly simplified by using a computational experiment. To achieve this goal, special programs are usually used. That can be unjustified difficult and thereby awkward for technological practice. The article describes an application built on the basis of a simplified model for calculating the temperature field for the cases of laser and laser-arc welding of internal fillet welds as well as single-sided T-joints and simultaneous double-sided welds. The results of calculations by the model and comparing them with experimental data have shown that it is sufficiently adequate for use in technological purposes. The developed application contemporaneously has a simple and intuitive interface, does not require significant computational resources and can be used for quick preliminary estimation of the result of welding for the selected type of weld.

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Liu, Chao, Hui Wang, Yu Huang, Youmin Rong, Jie Meng, Gen Li, and Guojun Zhang. "Welding seam recognition and tracking for a novel mobile welding robot based on multi-layer sensing strategy." Measurement Science and Technology 33, no. 5 (February 16, 2022): 055109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ac3d06.

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Abstract That a mobile welding robot with an adaptive seam tracking ability can greatly improve welding efficiency and quality has been extensively studied. To further improve automation in multiple-station welding, we developed a novel intelligent mobile welding robot consisting of a four-wheeled mobile platform and a collaborative manipulator. With the support of simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) technology, the robot is capable of automatically navigating to different stations to perform welding operations. To automatically detect the welding seam, a composite sensor system including an RGB-D camera and a laser vision sensor is creatively applied. Based on the sensor system, a multi-layer sensing strategy is performed to ensure that the welding seam can be detected and tracked with high precision. By applying a hybrid filter to the RGB-D camera measurement, the initial welding seam could be effectively extracted. Next, a novel welding start point detection method is proposed. Meanwhile, to guarantee the tracking quality, a robust welding seam tracking algorithm based on laser vision sensor is presented, to eliminate the tracking discrepancy caused by the platform parking error, through which the tracking trajectory can be corrected in real-time. The experimental results show that the robot can autonomously detect and track the welding seam effectively at different welding stations. Also, multiple-station welding efficiency can be improved and quality can also be guaranteed.

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Ghasemi, Hesam, Ying Zhang, Philip J. Bates, Gene Zak, and David L. DuQuesnay. "Effect of processing parameters on meltdown in quasi-simultaneous laser transmission welding." Optics & Laser Technology 107 (November 2018): 244–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2018.05.047.

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12

Zhang, Yi, Tongwei Liu, Bin Li, and Zhehao Zhang. "Simultaneous Monitoring of Penetration Status and Joint Tracking During Laser Keyhole Welding." IEEE/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics 24, no. 4 (August 2019): 1732–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmech.2019.2916984.

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13

Bonefeld, Dirk, Volker Schöppner, Helmut Potente, Rolf Mahnken, and Ahmed Shaban. "Residual stresses in the quasi-simultaneous laser transmission welding of amorphous thermoplastics." Polymer Engineering & Science 50, no. 8 (March 18, 2010): 1520–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.21685.

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14

Korzhyk, Volodymyr, Vladyslav Khaskin, Andrii Grynyuk, Sviatoslav Peleshenko, Viktor Kvasnytskyi, Nataliia Fialko, Olena Berdnikova, Yevhenii Illiashenko, Volodymyr Shcheretskiy, and Yuhui Yao. "Comparison of the features of the formation of joints of aluminum alloy 7075 (Al-Zn-Mg-Cu) by laser, microplasma, and laser-microplasma welding." Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies 1, no. 12(115) (February 27, 2022): 38–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2022.253378.

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This paper reports a study into features of the formation of structures of permanent butt joints of plates with a thickness of 1.5 mm made from the high-strength aluminum alloy 7075 of the Al-Zn-Mg-Cu system. Welding by melting these joints was performed using three techniques: laser, microplasma, and hybrid laser-microplasma. To implement the latter two, a compressed arc on a multipolar asymmetric current was used. The purpose of the research was to establish the tendency to the formation of characteristic defects and the possibility of their elimination. It has been determined that during laser welding a small (~5 %) volumetric fraction of defects in the form of pores is formed, residual welding deformations are minimized. There is a decrease in the hardness of the melted metal by 15 % with a simultaneous increase in the hardness of the heat-affected zone (HAZ) by 8...12 % relative to the base metal. In the melted metal, cavities up to 100 μm in size are formed, which are the center of the origin of hot cracks with a length of 25‒30 μm. There are oxide inclusions in the root part of the seam. With microplasma welding, the volume fraction of defects of the melted metal in the form of pores with a size of 10...105 μm increases (up to 25 %). The hardness of the melted metal is reduced by 30 % with the hardness of the HAZ metal close to the base metal. In laser-microplasma welding, the volumetric fraction of defects of the melted metal in the form of pores with a size of 15...25 μm is reduced to 5 %. The hardness of the melted metal is reduced by 15...20 % with the hardness of the HAZ metal close to the base metal. In the lower part of the melted metal, cavities of ~100 μm are formed. No microcracks were found in the seam metal. Analysis of the research results showed the advantage of the laser-microplasma technique. This method reduces the use of laser energy by 40...50 %, the lifetime of the welding pool (0.03...0.05 s) approaches laser welding, it eliminates the danger of burnout of alloying elements.

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15

Blomquist, Paul A. "Simultaneous Three-Edge Pre-Weld Cleaning." Journal of Ship Production 13, no. 04 (November 1, 1997): 242–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/jsp.1997.13.4.242.

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Equipment and technologies which could be used to clean three adjacent surfaces of shipbuilding steels simultaneously in a single pass prior to welding operations have been surveyed. Seven methods were evaluated: closed-circuit grit blasting, laser beam stripping, high-pressure water blasting, high velocity oxy-fuel flame stripping, multiple-head wire brushing, vacuum-shrouded needle-gunning, and carbon dioxide bead blasting. A commercially available vacuum-recovery recirculating grit-blast unit was evaluated in a shipyard trial. Results of the survey are presented in a comparison table and discussed in detail. For each method, production speed, approximate acquisition cost, consumables used, and environmental effects are considered. Surfaces produced by various cleaning methods were evaluated by visual examination and Scanning Electron Microscopy.

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16

Chianese, Giovanni, Pasquale Franciosa, Tianzhu Sun, Dariusz Ceglarek, and Stanislao Patalano. "Using photodiodes and supervised machine learning for automatic classification of weld defects in laser welding of thin foils copper-to-steel battery tabs." Journal of Laser Applications 34, no. 4 (November 2022): 042040. http://dx.doi.org/10.2351/7.0000800.

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This paper has been designed to study whether photodiodes and supervised machine learning (ML) algorithms are sufficient to automatically classify weld defects caused by simultaneous variation of the part-to-part gap and laser power during remote laser welding (RLW) of thin foils, with applications in battery tabs. Photodiodes are used as the primary source of data and are collected in real-time during RLW of copper-to-steel thin foils in the lap joint. Experiments are carried out by the nLight Compact 3 kW fiber laser integrated with the Scout-200 2D scanner. The paper reviews and compares seven supervised ML algorithms (namely, k-nearest neighbors, decision tree, random forest, Naïve–Bayes, support vector machine, discriminant analysis, and discrete wavelet transform combined with the neural network) for automatic classification of weld defects. Up to 97% classification rate is obtained for scenarios with simultaneous variations of weld penetration depth and part-to-part gap. The main causes of misclassification are imputed to the interaction between welding parameters (part-to-part gap and laser power) and process instability at high part-to-part gap (high variation in the process not captured by the photodiodes). Arising opportunities for further development based on sensor fusion, integration with real-time multiphysical simulation, and semi-supervised ML are discussed throughout the paper.

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17

Mamuschkin, Viktor, Christoph Engelmann, and Alexander Olowinsky. "Improvement of Energy Deposition in Absorber-free Laser Welding through Quasi-simultaneous Irradiation." Physics Procedia 83 (2016): 472–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phpro.2016.08.049.

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Jankus, Simonas Mindaugas, and Regita Bendikiene. "Effect of the meltdown on thermoplastic joint produced by quasi-simultaneous laser transmission welding." CIRP Journal of Manufacturing Science and Technology 39 (November 2022): 104–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cirpj.2022.08.001.

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19

Ruotsalainen, Saara, Petri Laakso, and Veli Kujanpää. "Laser Welding of Transparent Polymers by Using Quasi-simultaneous Beam Off-setting Scanning Technique." Physics Procedia 78 (2015): 272–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phpro.2015.11.038.

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20

Schkutow, Andreas, Karsten Scholle, Peter Fuhrberg, and Thomas Frick. "Scanning techniques for optimized damage tolerance in quasi-simultaneous laser transmission welding of plastics." Procedia CIRP 94 (2020): 697–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2020.09.120.

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21

Maneaih, D., K. Prahlada Rao, and K. Brahma Raju. "Experimental Investigation on Friction Stir Butt Welded Aluminium 6061-T6 Alloy Using Taguchi L9 Experimental Approach." Advanced Materials Research 1148 (June 2018): 176–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1148.176.

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Two sheets of aluminium 6061-T6 alloy of size 400×150×3 (mm) is butt welded by the friction stir welding by varying the process parameter such as rotational speed, tilt angle and feed. The ranges of process parameters are rotational speed 560, 900 and 1400 RPM, tilt angle 0, 0.5 and 1 and feed 20, 63 and 100 mm/min. The hexagonal shape of probe is taken to carry out the friction stir welding. The Taguchi L9 experimental approach is used to draw the 9 experimental conditions. The temperature at the weld bead as well as on the probe during the welding is measured by the help of a LASER gun. The hardness at the weld bead and parent metal is measured after the welding. Taguchi L9 approach is used to optimize the process parameters to identify the individual as well as simultaneous effects of the process parameters on the responses temperature and hardness of the weld joint. The optimum conditions for the better fitment of the process parameter and responses are identified through this experimentation.

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Kästner, Christian, Matthias Neugebauer, Klaus Schricker, and Jean Pierre Bergmann. "Strategies for Increasing the Productivity of Pulsed Laser Cladding of Hot-Crack Susceptible Nickel-Base Superalloy Inconel 738 LC." Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing 4, no. 3 (August 29, 2020): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmmp4030084.

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A novel repair strategy based on decoupled heat source for increasing the productivity of wire-assisted pulsed laser cladding of the γ’-precipitation strengthening nickel-base superalloys Inconel 738 low carbon (IN 738 LC, base material) and Haynes 282 (HS 282, filler material) is presented. The laser beam welding process is supported by the hot-wire technology. The additional energy is utilized to increase the deposition rate of the filler material by increasing feeding rates and well-defining the thermal management in the welding zone. The simultaneous application of laser pulse modulation allows the precise control of the temperature gradients to minimize the hot-crack formation. Accompanying investigations such as high-speed recordings and numerical simulations allow a generalized statement on the influence of the adapted heat management on the resulting weld seam geometry (dilution, aspect ratio and wetting angle) as well as the formation of hot-cracks and lack of fusion between base and filler material. Statistical analysis of the data—the input parameters like laser pulse energy, pulse shape, hot-wire power and wire-feeding rate in conjunction with the objectives like dilution, aspect ratio, wetting angle and hot-cracking behavior—revealed regression functions to predict certain weld seam properties and hence the required input parameters.

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23

Liu, Xin, Stephan Prinz, Heino Besser, Wilhelm Pfleging, Markus Wissmann, Christoph Vannahme, Markus Guttmann, et al. "Organic semiconductor distributed feedback laser pixels for lab-on-a-chip applications fabricated by laser-assisted replication." Faraday Discuss. 174 (2014): 153–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4fd00077c.

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The integration of organic semiconductor distributed feedback (DFB) laser sources into all-polymer chips is promising for biomedical or chemical analysis. However, the fabrication of DFB corrugations is often expensive and time-consuming. Here, we apply the method of laser-assisted replication using a near-infrared diode laser beam to efficiently fabricate inexpensive poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) chips with spatially localized organic DFB laser pixels. This time-saving fabrication process enables a pre-defined positioning of nanoscale corrugations on the chip and a simultaneous generation of nanoscale gratings for organic edge-emitting laser pixels next to microscale waveguide structures. A single chip of size 30 mm × 30 mm can be processed within 5 min. Laser-assisted replication allows for the subsequent addition of further nanostructures without a negative impact on the existing photonic components. The minimum replication area can be defined as being as small as the diode laser beam focus spot size. To complete the fabrication process, we encapsulate the chip in PMMA using laser transmission welding.

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Allen, Troy R., Tristan G. Fleming, Tessa J. H. Krause, and James M. Fraser. "Simultaneous high-speed keyhole depth and absorptance measurements in laser spot welding of dissimilar metals." Procedia CIRP 111 (2022): 5–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2022.08.041.

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25

Zhan, Xiaohong, Gaoyang Mi, and Yanhong Wei. "Simulated investigation on the deformation of double laser beam bilateral and simultaneous welding for aircraft panel." Journal of Laser Applications 27, no. 2 (May 2015): 022011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2351/1.4916082.

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Nguyen, Nam-Phong, Stefan Behrens, Maximilian Brosda, Alexander Olowinsky, and Arnold Gillner. "Laser transmission welding of absorber-free semi-crystalline polypropylene by using a quasi-simultaneous irradiation strategy." Welding in the World 64, no. 7 (May 13, 2020): 1227–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40194-020-00913-3.

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27

Hasse, Bernd, Mustafa Koçak, and Walter Reimers. "Determination of Residual Stress Fields with High Local Resolution." Materials Science Forum 524-525 (September 2006): 279–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.524-525.279.

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The non-destructive and phase selective determination of residual stresses caused by material processing (such as welding) in polycrystalline samples is usually performed by diffraction methods. In order to obtain information about stress fields at high spatial resolution with conventional methods, for example with micro beam techniques, the sample needs to be scanned in a very time consuming manner. A much faster method is the simultaneous investigation of a larger area using position sensitive diffractometry. This method was used for the analysis of the residual stress distribution in laser beam welded thin (2 mm and 3 mm) magnesium sheets.

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Acherjee, Bappa, Arunanshu S. Kuar, Souren Mitra, and Dipten Misra. "Modeling and analysis of simultaneous laser transmission welding of polycarbonates using an FEM and RSM combined approach." Optics & Laser Technology 44, no. 4 (June 2012): 995–1006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2011.10.018.

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Käsbauer, Johannes, Anton Schmailzl, Jens Prehm, Tobias Loose, and Stefan Hierl. "Simulation of quasi-simultaneous laser transmission welding of plastics: optimization of material parameters in broad temperature range." Procedia CIRP 94 (2020): 737–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2020.09.136.

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YAMAKAWA, Masafumi, Shinya HAYAKAWA, Takashi NAKAMURA, and Tatsuya HASEGAWA. "Simultaneous Observation of Temperature and Photoelastic Fringes in Laser Welding of Thermoplastic Resin Plates(Machine Elements and Manufacturing)." Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers Series C 75, no. 750 (2009): 491–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/kikaic.75.491.

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du Toit, Madeleine, Patronica Letsoalo, and Heinrich Möller. "Fusion Welding of Rheocast Semi-Solid Metal (SSM) Processed Aluminium Alloy 7017." Solid State Phenomena 192-193 (October 2012): 161–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.192-193.161.

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Near-net shape casting of wrought aluminium alloys has proven to be difficult due to a tendency towards hot tearing during cooling. Rheocasting, or semi-solid metal (SSM) processing followed by high pressure die casting (HPDC), has recently been shown to be an effective alternative to conventional die casting, yielding near-net shape wrought aluminium alloy castings with less risk of hot tearing. This casting process involves pouring the liquid metal into a processing cup, which is then transferred into a coil for induction stirring and simultaneous forced air cooling. When the metal reaches the semi-solid casting temperature, the resultant slurry is transferred to a high pressure die casting machine and cast to near-net shape. This modifies the as-cast microstructure, yielding a more globular primary phase and results in mechanical properties in the -T6 condition closely approaching those of wrought material in the same condition. Little information is currently available on the response of SSM-HPDC material to welding. This project investigated the influence of autogenous laser and gas tungsten arc welding on the microstructure and mechanical properties of aluminium 7017 after rheocasting. It is possible to successfully weld this material without solidification or liquation cracking. The effect of welding on the rheocast microstructure in the heat-affected zone and weld metal was shown, and the hardness and tensile properties of the resulting joints in the as-welded condition were tested and related to the microstructures achieved.

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Valdaytseva, E. A., and I. N. Udin. "Determination of the heat source parameters for the case of simultaneous two-sided laser-arc welding of extended T-joints." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1109 (November 2018): 012009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1109/1/012009.

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Acherjee, Bappa, Arunanshu S. Kuar, Souren Mitra, and Dipten Misra. "Application of grey-based Taguchi method for simultaneous optimization of multiple quality characteristics in laser transmission welding process of thermoplastics." International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 56, no. 9-12 (February 26, 2011): 995–1006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00170-011-3224-7.

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Seto, Naoki, Seiji Katayama, and Akira Matsunawa. "High-speed simultaneous observation of plasma and keyhole behavior during high power CO2 laser welding: Effect of shielding gas on porosity formation." Journal of Laser Applications 12, no. 6 (December 2000): 245–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2351/1.1324717.

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Yang, Zhibin, Xin Zhao, Wang Tao, Cheng Jin, Shiming Huang, Yuxi Wang, and En Zhang. "Comparative study on successive and simultaneous double-sided laser beam welding of AA6056/AA6156 aluminum alloy T-joints for aircraft fuselage panels." International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 97, no. 1-4 (April 13, 2018): 845–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00170-018-1996-8.

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Petreski, Martin, Dobre Runchev, and Gligorche Vrtanoski. "Hybrid laser arc welding: State of the art in technology." Zavarivanje i zavarene konstrukcije 66, no. 3 (2021): 115–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/zzk2103115p.

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Hybrid laser arc welding is complex process where two heat sources act simultaneously in a common weld pool. The synergy effect of laser beam and electric arc offers several advantages over other individual technological processes, such as: higher welding speed, increased productivity, deeper penetration, better gap bridging ability, stable process, less heat input to the welding material, etc. However, the combination of two heat sources in a single welding process leads to large number of parameters that need to be synchronized and optimized in order to obtain a perfect weld. This paper presents the current state of hybrid laser arc welding in terms of its development, industrial application and scientific research. The introduction part contains a general overview of the hybrid laser arc welding process, its advantages and operating principles, and chronological development. In the second part, welding parameters that directly influence on the hybrid process have been discussed. The third part presents the performance and weld qualities achieved by hybrid welding process in accordance with previous research. In the final part, examples of industrial application and conclusions for further research and development related to hybrid laser arc welding are given.

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Xue, Boce, Baohua Chang, and Dong Du. "Multi-Output Monitoring of High-Speed Laser Welding State Based on Deep Learning." Sensors 21, no. 5 (February 26, 2021): 1626. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21051626.

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In order to ensure the production quality of high-speed laser welding, it is necessary to simultaneously monitor multiple state properties. Monitoring methods combining vision sensing and deep learning models are popular but most models used can only make predictions on single welding state property. In this contribution, we propose a multi-output model based on a lightweight convolutional neural network (CNN) architecture and introduce the particle swarm optimization (PSO) technique to optimize the loss function of the model, to simultaneously monitor multiple state properties of high-speed laser welding of AISI 304 austenitic stainless steel. High-speed imaging is performed to capture images of the melt pool and the dataset is built. Test results of different models show that the proposed model can achieve monitoring of multiple welding state properties accurately and efficiently. In addition, we make an interpretation and discussion on the prediction of the model through a visualization method, which can help to deepen our understanding of the relationship between the melt pool appearance and welding state. The proposed method can not only be applied to the monitoring of high-speed laser welding but also has the potential to be used in other procedures of welding state monitoring.

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Li, Yan Li, Jia Rui Qi, Dan Feng Zhang, Ji Liu, and Chao Li. "Study on Corrosion Resistance and Mechanical Property of Welding HAZ Treated by Laser Surface Remelting." Advanced Materials Research 734-737 (August 2013): 2346–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.734-737.2346.

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Welding is a main joint way of the alloy constructional steel. However, the welding HAZ is very sensitive to corrosion. In order to increase the corrosion resistance of the welding HAZ without reducing mechanical property of the parts simultaneously, the laser surface remelting was used to treat the welding HAZ in this study. According to the results of the orthogonal test, the optimized processing parameters were obtained. Based on the electrochemical analysis, the corrosion current of 30CrMnSi welding HAZ can be decreased by laser remelting technology. The corrosion resistance of the HAZ can be improved effectively. At the same time, the mechanical property of the treated welding HAZ was better compared with the untreated.

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Wang, Ren Ping, and Y. P. Lei. "Numerical Simulation of Temperature Field during Laser Deep Penetration Welding." Materials Science Forum 675-677 (February 2011): 865–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.675-677.865.

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A computational analysis is achieved during laser deep penetration welding. Multiple reflection and absorption are implemented simultaneously with the ray tracing technique in the keyhole. With all the governing equations including continuity, momentum and energy equation, the VOF method is adopted to trace the free surface of the molten pool. Temperature field is achieved by numerical simulation. The laser keyhole welding experiments on 304 stainless steel sheet showed that the computational results agree well with experimental results.

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Beck, Tobias, Christoph Bantel, Meiko Boley, and Jean Pierre Bergmann. "OCT Capillary Depth Measurement in Copper Micro Welding Using Green Lasers." Applied Sciences 11, no. 6 (March 16, 2021): 2655. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11062655.

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The transition of the powertrain from combustion to electric systems increases the demand for reliable copper connections. For such applications, laser welding has become a key technology. Due to the complexity of laser welding, especially at micro welding with small weld seam dimensions and short process times, reliable in-line process monitoring has proven to be difficult. By using a green laser with a wavelength of λ=515 nm, the welding process of copper benefits from an increased absorption, resulting in a shallow and stable deep penetration welding process. This opens up new possibilities for the process monitoring. In this contribution, the monitoring of the capillary depth in micro copper welding, with welding depth of up to 1 mm, was performed coaxially using an optical coherence tomography (OCT) system. By comparing the measured capillary depth and the actual welding depth, a good correlation between two measured values could be shown independently of the investigated process parameters and stability. Measuring the capillary depth allows a direct determination of the present aspect ratio in the welding process. For deep penetration welding, aspect ratios as low as 0.35 could be shown. By using an additional scanning system to superimpose the welding motion with a spacial oscillating of the OCT beam perpendicular to the welding motion, multiple information about the process could be determined. Using this method, several process information can be measured simultaneously and is shown for the weld seam width exemplarily.

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Gao, Zhi Guo. "Numerical Analysis of Aerospace Nickel-Based Single-Crystal Superalloy Weldability Part II: Nonequilibrium Solidification Behavior." Materials Science Forum 1018 (January 2021): 33–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1018.33.

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The thermal metallurgical modeling by coupling of heat transfer model, dendrite selection model, columnar/equiaxed transition (CET) model and nonequilibrium solidification model was further developed to numerically analyze stray grain formation and solidification temperature range on the basis of three criteria of constitutional undercooling, marginal stability of planar front and minimum growth velocity during multicomponent nickel-based single-crystal superalloy weld pool solidification. It is indicated that the primary γ gamma phase microstructure development and solidification cracking susceptibility along the solid/liquid interface are symmetrically distributed throughout the weld pool in (001) and [100] welding configuration. The microstructure development and solidification cracking susceptibility along the solid/liquid interface are asymmetrically distributed in (001) and [110] welding configuration. Appropriate low heat input (low laser power and high welding speed) simultaneously minimizes stray grain formation, grain boundary misorientation and solidification temperature range in the vulnerable [100] dendrite growth region and beneficially maintains single-crystal nature of the material in the [001] epitaxial dendrite growth region to improve the cracking resistance, while high heat input (high laser power and low welding speed) increases the solidification cracking susceptibility to deteriorate weldability and weld integrity. The solidification temperature range in (001) and [110] welding configuration is detrimentally wider than that of (001) and [100] welding configuration due to crystallographic orientation of dendrite growth regardless of heat input. The mechanism of asymmetrical crystallography-dependant solidification cracking because of nonequilibrium solidification behavior is proposed. The elliptical and shallow weld pool shape is less susceptible to solidification cracking for successful crack-free laser welding. Moreover, the promising theoretical predictions agree well with the experiment results. The useful modeling is also applicable to other single-crystal superalloys with similar metallurgical properties during laser welding or laser cladding.

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Zaeh, Michael F., Paul Gebhard, Sonja Huber, and Markus Ruhstorfer. "Bifocal Hybrid Laser Beam Welding and Friction Stir Welding of Aluminium Extrusion Components." Advanced Materials Research 43 (April 2008): 69–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.43.69.

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On a global market, new products are subject to rising requirements regarding strength and quality. Simultaneously, the conservation of the environment and natural resources has become a key priority. One approach to these demands is the weight reduction of mechanical components by lightweight construction. The Transregional Collaborative Research Center (TR 10), funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG), is therefore working on the “Integration of forming, cutting and joining for the flexible production of lightweight space structures”. The use of light metals, like aluminium and composite materials is a main part in the TR10 process chain. This paper deals with the challenges of welding of light weight components made out of EN AW-6060. It shows the use and potentials of two innovative joining processes, particularly suited for welding aluminium. Especially developed for the fusion welding of aluminium components, BHLW (Bifocal Hybrid Laser Beam Welding), combines a Nd:YAG and a high power diode laser. The paper will give insight into the findings of the achieved results so far and line out the further proceedings with regard to critical parameters and their effect on the overall laser welding process. For the welding of aluminium composite materials, which play a big role in the TR10 process chain, Friction Stir Welding (FSW) is evaluated. As a solid state joining process, it can be used for the welding of materials that are hardly weldable with fusion welding techniques. In this paper, results of basic experiment for the joining of reinforced aluminium and the resulting process forces are presented.

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Solati, Ali, Nasrollah Bani Mostafa Arab, Akbar Mohammadi-Ahmar, and Hamid Reza Fazli Shahri. "Multi-criteria optimization of weld bead in pulsed Nd:YAG laser welding of stainless steel 316." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part E: Journal of Process Mechanical Engineering 233, no. 2 (February 16, 2018): 151–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954408918756654.

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Laser welding is widely used for its advantages like deeper weld penetration, narrow heat affected zone, higher welding speeds and better weld quality with less damage to the workpiece compared to arc welding processes. The purpose of this paper is to determine the influence of major laser welding process parameters of beam pulse energy, travel speed and focal position on weld fusion zone geometry in stainless steel and optimizing these parameters to obtain maximum penetration and minimum weld width simultaneously. The experiments were planned according to Taguchi’s L16 orthogonal array. The grey-based Taguchi method was then employed to convert the multiple quality criteria into one single relational grade. Based on the calculated relational grade, Taguchi tools such as analysis of variance and signal-to-noise ratio were used to analyze and obtain the significant parameters and evaluate the optimum combination levels of the mentioned process parameters. Moreover, the effect of optimization procedure was studied on the microstructure and micro-hardness of the weldments. It was concluded that this optimization method can lead to elimination of chain ferrite precipitation and more uniform micro-hardness across the weld bead. The confirmation experiments verified that this method can effectively improve multiple performance characteristics and the results are reproducible in laser welding.

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Kim, J. D., Yun Hae Kim, and Jin Seok Oh. "Diagnostics of Laser-Induced Plasma in Welding of Aluminum Alloy." Key Engineering Materials 261-263 (April 2004): 1671–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.261-263.1671.

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The authors have observed directly and simultaneously the laser-induced plasma and keyhole behavior by high speed frame/streak camera using a special optical systems during the pulsed YAG laser welding of Al-Mg alloys in air and argon atmospheres. The dynamic behavior of Al-Mg alloys plasma was very unstable and this instability fluctuation period was about 440µs. After laser termination, abrupt collapse of keyhole within 600µs was observed and it was related to the formation of porosity. The authors also performed the spectroscopic analysis of laser-induced plasma, and clarified the structure and composition of evaporated particles during pulsed laser welding of Al-Mg alloys. In the air environment, the intensities of molecular spectrum of AlO and MgO were different each other depending on the power density of laser beam. Under the low power density irradiation condition, the MgO band spectrum was predominant in intensity, while the AlO spectrum became much stronger in higher power density. The same result was revealed in analyzing the composition of evaporated particles. These results were attributed to evaporation phenomena of metals with different boiling points and latent heats of vaporization.

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Schwarz, Nick, Marius Lammers, Jörg Hermsdorf, Stefan Kaierle, Henning Ahlers, and Roland Lachmayer. "Intermixing behavior of 1.4430 stainless steel and 1.4718 valve steel in in situ alloying using coaxial laser double-wire laser directed energy deposition." Journal of Laser Applications 35, no. 1 (February 2023): 012019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2351/7.0000776.

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Coaxial laser wire directed energy deposition promises a direction-independent buildup of near net shape geometries and surface coatings. Simultaneously introducing two different wire materials into the processing zone enables the production of in situ alloyed or even functionally graded structures. Functionally graded materials and in situ alloyed parts aim to extend the range of materials for development purposes. This work covers the intermixing behavior of two wire materials with greatly differing element contents. Therefore, a multiple diode coaxial laser (DiCoLas) processing head is used consisting of three individually controllable fiber coupled laser diodes with a combined maximum output power of 660 W and a wavelength of 970 nm. Two metal wires, 1.4430 and 1.4718, with a diameter of 0.8 mm are provided simultaneously to the processing zone under an incidence angle of 3.5° to the processing head's middle axis. The DiCoLas processing head enables a stable welding process with good dimensional accuracy of the single welding geometries. Single weld seams and multiple-layer structures are investigated to cover the intermixing behavior for different applications of additive manufacturing. Thermal images of the melting process provide an insight into the melting behavior of the two wire materials and the formation of the weld seam. energy-dispersive x-ray-mappings and line scans display the element distribution of the main alloying elements along the seam cross section. Furthermore, hardness measurements examine the hardness progression along the multiple-layer welding structures showing an even progression of the hardness values over the entire cross section.

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Gao, Zhi Guo. "Numerical Analysis of Aerospace Nickel-Based Single-Crystal Superalloy Weldability Part I: Crystallography-Dependent Dendrite Growth." Materials Science Forum 1018 (January 2021): 3–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1018.3.

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The thermal-metallurgical modeling of microstructure development was further advanced during single-crystal superalloy weld pool solidification by coupling of heat transfer model, columnar/equiaxed transition (CET) model and multicomponent dendrite growth model on the basis criteria of minimum dendrite velocity, constitutional undercooling and marginal stability of planar front. It is clearly indicated that heat input (laser power and welding speed) and welding configuration simultaneously influence the stray grain formation, columnar/equiaxed transition and dendrite growth. For beneficial (001) and [100] welding configuration, the microstructure development along the solid/liquid interface is symmetrically distributed about the weld pool centerline throughout the weld pool. Finer columnar in [001] epitaxial dendrite growth region is kinetically favored at the bottom of the weld pool. For detrimental (001) and [110] welding configuration, the microstructure development along the solid/liquid interface is asymmetrically distributed. The dendrite trunk spacing along the solid/liquid interface from the beginning to end of solidification morphologically increases on the left side of the weld pool, while it spontaneously decreases on the right side. The vulnerable location of solidification cracking is confined in the [100] dendrite growth region on the right side of the weld pool because of increasing metallurgical contributing factors of severe stray grain formation, centerline grain boundary formation and coarse dendrite size. The mechanism of crystallography-dependent asymmetrical solidification cracking due to microstructure anomalies is proposed. It is crystallographically favorable for predominant morphology instability to deteriorate weldability. Active [100] dendrite growth region is diminished in the shallow elliptical weld pool by optimum low heat input (low laser power and high welding speed) with (001) and [100] welding configuration to essentially facilitate single-crystal solidification conditions and provide enough resistant to solidification cracking. Moreover, the theoretical predictions agree well with the experiment results. The reliable weldability maps are therefore established to determine the prerequisite for successful crack-free laser welding or cladding. The useful model is also applicable for other single-crystal superalloys with similar metallurgical properties.

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M. Yusof, M. F., Mahadzir Ishak, and Mohd Fairusham Ghazali. "Acoustic methods in real-time welding process monitoring: Application and future potential advancement." Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Sciences 15, no. 4 (December 15, 2021): 8490–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.15282/jmes.15.4.2021.03.0669.

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The rapid advancement of the welding technology has simultaneously increased the demand for the online monitoring system in order to control the process. Among the methods that could be possibly used to assess the weld condition, an air-borne acoustic method grasps the attention from scholars due to its ability to provide a simple, non-contact, and low-cost measurement system. However, it is still lack of resources involving this subject in an attempt to deeply understand the emitted sound behaviour during welding especially when dealing with a complete deviation of a process parameter, welding types, workpiece material as well as the noise from the surrounding. This paper reviews the application of the acoustic method in monitoring the welding process. Specifically, this review emphasized the source of both structure-borne and air-borne acoustic during the welding process and the significance of applying the acoustic method in more detail. By focusing on the liquid state welding process, the scope of discussion converged on the arc and laser welding process. In the last part of this review, the potential future advancement of this method is pointed out before the overall conclusion is made.

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A. Latiff, M. I., I. Ismail, and D.M. Nuruzzaman. "Characteristics of six layered Al/Si3N4 functionally graded materials prepared through two-step pressureless sintering process." Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Sciences 15, no. 4 (December 15, 2021): 8508–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.15282/jmes.15.4.2021.04.0670.

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The rapid advancement of the welding technology has simultaneously increased the demand for the online monitoring system in order to control the process. Among the methods that could be possibly used to assess the weld condition, an air-borne acoustic method grasps the attention from scholars due to its ability to provide a simple, non-contact, and low-cost measurement system. However, it is still lack of resources involving this subject in an attempt to deeply understand the emitted sound behaviour during welding especially when dealing with a complete deviation of a process parameter, welding types, workpiece material as well as the noise from the surrounding. This paper reviews the application of the acoustic method in monitoring the welding process. Specifically, this review emphasized the source of both structure-borne and air-borne acoustic during the welding process and the significance of applying the acoustic method in more detail. By focusing on the liquid state welding process, the scope of discussion converged on the arc and laser welding process. In the last part of this review, the potential future advancement of this method is pointed out before the overall conclusion is made.

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Gao, Zhi Guo. "Numerical Analysis of Microstructure Anomalies during Laser Welding Nickel-Based Single-Crystal Superalloy Part III: Amelioration of Solidification Behavior." Materials Science Forum 1041 (August 4, 2021): 47–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1041.47.

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The contribution of crystallography-dependent metallurgical factors, such as supersaturation of liquid aluminum and minimum dendrite tip undercooling, to solidification behavior and microstructure development is numerically analyzed during Ni-Cr-Al ternary single-crystal superalloy molten pool solidification to better understand thermodynamic and kinetic driving forces behind solidification cracking resistance. The variation of supersaturation of liquid aluminum and minimum dendrite tip undercooling with location of solid/liquid interface is symmetrically consistent in (001)/[100] welding configuration. By comparison, the variation is asymmetrically consistent in (001)/[110] welding configuration. The different distribution is attributed to growth crystallography and dendrite selection. Significant increase of supersaturation of liquid aluminum and dendrite tip undercooling from [010] dendrite growth region to [100] dendrite growth region preferentially aggravates microstructure development as result of nucleation and growth of stray grain formation with the same heat input on each half of the weld pool in (001)/[110] welding configuration. High heat input (both increasing laser power and decreasing welding speed) exacerbates supersaturation of liquid aluminum and dendrite tip undercooling by faster diffusion to incur stray grain formation with severity of contributing thermometallurgical factors for susceptibility to solidification cracking, while low heat input (both decreasing laser power and increasing welding speed) ameliorates microstructure development and increases resistance to solidification cracking. Weld microstructure of optimum welding conditions, such as combination of low heat input and (001)/[100] welding configuration, is less susceptible to solidification cracking to suppress asymmetrical microstructure development and improve weld integrity potential rather than insidious welding conditions, such as combination of high heat input and (001)/[110] welding configuration. Severer supersaturation of liquid aluminum and wider dendrite tip undercooling occur in the [100] dendrite region as consequence of alloying enrichment, while smaller supersaturation of liquid aluminum and narrower dendrite tip undercooling occur in the [001] dendrite region as consequence of alloying depletion to spontaneously facilitate epitaxial growth of single-crystal essential. Symmetrical (001)/[100] welding configuration decreases growth kinetics of dendrite tip with smaller overall supersaturation of liquid aluminum and dendrite tip undercooling than that of asymmetrical (001)/[110] welding configuration regardless of combination of laser power and welding speed. Mitigation of supersaturation of liquid aluminum and dendrite tip undercooling simultaneously alleviate crack-susceptible microstructure development and solidification cracking. Additionally, the appropriate mechanism of solidification cracking resistance improvement through modification of crystallography-dependent supersaturation and undercooling of dendrite tip is proposed. Calculation analyses are sufficiently explained by experiment results in a reasonable way. The additional purpose of this theoretical analysis is to evaluate solidification cracking susceptibility of similar nickel-based or iron-based single-crystal superalloys.

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Wang, Ren Ping, Yong Ping Lei, and Yao Wu Shi. "Numerical Simulation of the Formation Process of the Keyhole in Laser Deep Penetration Welding." Advanced Materials Research 113-116 (June 2010): 1779–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.113-116.1779.

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In order to simulate accurately the formation process of the keyhole in laser deep penetration welding. Multiple reflection and Fresnel absorption are implemented simultaneously with the ray tracing technique in the keyhole. With all the governing equations including continuity, momentum and energy equation, the VOF method is adopted to trace the free surface of the molten pool. Simulation results are compared with the experimental ones to verify its validity.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Simultaneous laser welding'

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