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Journal articles on the topic 'Simulium (Diptera: Simuliidae)'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 18 May 2024

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1

Limberger, Patricia Maria, David Augusto Reynalte Tataje, Darlan Novicki, Luiz Carlos Marmilicz Junior, and Milton Norberto Strieder. "Spatio-temporal distribution of preimaginal black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) in streams of a sub-basin of the Uruguay river basin, southern Brazil." EntomoBrasilis 14 (September 1, 2021): e946. http://dx.doi.org/10.12741/ebrasilis.v14.e946.

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Adult females of most black flies species (Diptera, Simuliidae) exhibit a blood-sucking habit. Immature stages develop in water courses and are important in the ecology of lotic environments. We aim to understand the distribution of immature simuliids in the hydrographic sub-basin of the Comandaí river, in Northwest of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. For that purpose, simuliids were sampled in three stretches (source, intermediate and mouth) of nine streams, distributed along the three main regions of the sub-basin. Evaluations of the influence of abiotic factors in different spatial and temporal scales were made. Sampling was carried out in two seasons: between September and November 2016 (spring), and between April and July 2017 (autumn). In total, 17,146 individuals were sampled (larvae of last instars and pupae), which resulted in the identification of eleven Simuliidae species. The most abundant species were Simulium pertinax Kollar (77.55%), followed by Simulium incrustatum Lutz (14.56%) and Simulium subpallidum Lutz (2.35%). Regarding the identification of indicator species, S. pertinax, Simulium jujuyense Paterson & Shannon, S. subpallidum and Simulium orbitale Lutz stood out in mouth stretches, and Simulium rubrithorax Lutz in source stretches. Environmental variables such as conductivity, altitude, canopy cover and stream width were interpreted as important conditioning factors for the distribution of simuliid immature stages. In general, we concluded that Simuliidae are more abundant during spring in the study area, mainly downstream. This information may contribute to the implementation of efficient measures to control species of health importance in southern Brazil.

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2

Cuadrado, Luz A., Ligia I. Moncada, Gabriel A. Pinilla, Aitor Larrañaga, Aura I. Sotelo, and Peter H. Adler. "Black Fly (Diptera: Simuliidae) Assemblages of High Andean Rivers Respond to Environmental and Pollution Gradients." Environmental Entomology 48, no. 4 (May 23, 2019): 815–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ee/nvz053.

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Abstract Simuliid larvae are common inhabitants of mountain rivers throughout the world, where they can serve as ecological indicators. Black flies were sampled during three seasons in four rivers in the upper basin of the Bogotá River in the Colombian Andes, and physical, chemical, and hydrological data were recorded. Multivariate methods were used to determine the relationships between the presence and abundance of simuliid species and environmental characteristics. Fourteen species were found: eight in the genus Gigantodax (Enderlein, Diptera, Simuliidae) and six in the genus Simulium (Latreille, Diptera, Simuliidae). Dissolved oxygen, dissolved solids, redox potential, chemical oxygen demand, and nutrients contributed to an explanation of species distributions. Species in clean waters and in more polluted waters had narrow niches; those in low to moderately polluted waters had broader niches. Species in the lower reaches of the watercourses had greater turnover, perhaps because the most sensitive species had disappeared and been replaced by more tolerant species. Thus, simuliids can be used as predictors of environmental characteristics of Andean rivers and can be useful in the evaluation and management of these watersheds.

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3

Evans, Christopher L., and Peter H. Adler. "Microsculpture and phylogenetic significance of the spermatheca of black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 78, no. 8 (August 1, 2000): 1468–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z00-078.

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The highly varied spermatheca of black flies provided an under-studied character system for phylogenetic reconstruction of the Simuliidae. Scanning electron microscopy of the spermatheca of 17 simuliid species elucidated folds and spicules on the inner surface; callosities, anastomosing ridges, and minute tubercles on the outer surface; and an intricately fluted spermathecal duct. The spermatheca of Parasimulium crosskeyi, the most plesiomorphic taxon, had a slightly wrinkled inner surface and an outer surface with acutely raised polygonal ridges. Species hypothesized to be among the basal lineages of the simuliids (e.g., Helodon susanae and Prosimulium magnum) had an irregularly folded inner spermathecal surface, but their relationships were not well resolved on the basis of information about the spermatheca. More evolutionarily derived species, including a number of species in the genus Simulium, had short or filiform spicules on the inner surface of the spermatheca. Although the use of a single character system, the spermatheca, did not fully resolve relationships among Simuliidae, its utility as a rich source of phylogenetic information was demonstrated.

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4

Başören, Özge, and Nilgün Kazanci. "The Distributional Data of Simuliidae (Insecta, Diptera) Species in Yeşilirmak River (Turkey)." Transylvanian Review of Systematical and Ecological Research 17, no. 1 (June 1, 2015): 29–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/trser-2015-0046.

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Abstract This research aims to investigate the Simuliidae fauna of Yeşilırmak River basin and determine the species composition of the collecting sites. The study was carried out in July 2008 and June 2009. One genus and eleven species (Metacnephia sp., Metacnephia subalpina, Simulium (Eusimulium) angustipes, Simulium (Nevermannia) costatum, Simulium (Simulium) argenteostriatum, Simulium (Simulium) bezzii, Simulium (Simulium) ornatum, Simulium (Simulium) trifasciatum, Simulium (Simulium) variegatum, Simulium (Wilhelmia) balcanicum, Simulium (Wilhelmia) lineatum and Simulium (Wilhelmia) pseudequinum) were recorded from 16 collecting sites. The distribution and abundance of Simuliidae species reflect the changes in water quality of Yeşilırmak River, due to agricultural activities and urban areas.

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5

Zwick, Heide. "Identity of Simulium rostratum (Diptera: Simuliidae)." Aquatic Insects 9, no. 1 (January 1, 1987): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01650428709361266.

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6

Đuknić, Jelena, Vladimir M. Jovanović, Nataša Popović, Ivana Živić, Maja Raković, Dubravka Čerba, and Momir Paunović. "Phylogeography of Simulium Subgenus Wilhelmia (Diptera: Simuliidae)—Insights From Balkan Populations." Journal of Medical Entomology 56, no. 4 (April 10, 2019): 967–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjz034.

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Abstract Many morphologically similar species of the simuliid (Diptera: Simuliidae) subgenus Wilhelmia, Enderlein are difficult to distinguish. Thus, the revision of the subgenus using various morphological, cytogenetic, and genetic analyses has been attempted. Neglected until now, the Balkan Peninsula, a crossroad between Europe and Anatolia, provides insight which could resolve problematic interrelationships of the taxa within this subgenus. To uncover the status and relations within the subgenus Wilhelmia, mtDNA was extracted from 47 individuals of six morphospecies: Simulium balcanicum (Enderlein, 1924), Simulium turgaicum Rubtsov, 1940, Simulium lineatum (Meigen, 1804), Simulium pseudequinum Séguy, 1921, Simulium equinum (Linnaeus, 1758), and Simulium paraequinum Puri, 1933 from 21 sites throughout the Balkan Peninsula. Phylogenetic analysis of the Wilhelmia species using mitochondrial DNA barcoding (COI) gene showed two major branches, the lineatum branch, which includes the lineages sergenti, paraequinum, and lineatum, and the equinum branch. In the equinum branch, the mtDNA sequences formed six clades, with high genetic distances, suggesting the existence of different species. Historically, the clades of the equinum branch appeared at numerous islands, perhaps as a result of allopatric speciation. The paraequinum lineage (lineatum branch) is composed of two species. However, six clades of the lineatum lineage overlapped with intra- and interspecific genetic distances. Our results revealed that the species S. balcanicum, S. pseudequinum B, and S. equinum were omnipresent in the Balkans. The results point to not only the fair diversity of Wilhelmia species in the Balkans, but also indicate that most Wilhelmia species live in sympatry.

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7

TAKAOKA, HIROYUKI. "Simulium (Simulium) weji sp. nov. (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Thailand." Japanese Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 29, no. 4 (2001): 349–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2149/tmh1973.29.349.

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8

CRAIG, DOUGLAS A. "Three new species of Inseliellum (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Polynesia." Zootaxa 450, no. 1 (March 4, 2004): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.450.1.1.

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Three new species of the simuliid subgenus Inseliellum are described. Simulium adelaideae, from Tahiti, appears to be closely related to the hirticranium subgroup and may constitute the sister species of that taxon. Simulium sublonckei, also from Tahiti, is the sister species of S. lonckei plus S. joyae. The third new species, Simulium englundi, from the Marquesas Islands, is closely related to S. gallinum. The Tahitian species are both from higher altitude localities and bring the number of known species for that island to 31. There are now 10 species known from the Marquesas islands, for a total of 51 species in Inseliellum.

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9

Mukherjee, Arka, Atanu Naskar, Oishik Kar, Debdeep Pramanik, and Dhriti Banerjee. "A checklist of black flies (Diptera, Simuliidae) from India." ZooKeys 1118 (August 24, 2022): 111–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1118.84686.

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An updated checklist of the family Simuliidae from India is presented. A total of 79 species of Simulium belonging to eight different subgenera are listed. Eleven species that were not reported in the previous checklist are added here. The present list contributes to a better understanding of the diversity of Simuliidae in India, as well as the impact of Simulium species on the public health of this mega-diverse country.

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10

CRAIG, DOUGLAS A., and NEAL L. EVENHUIS. "Society Islands beach bum black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae)." Zootaxa 4311, no. 3 (August 24, 2017): 373. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4311.3.3.

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Aspects of the body of work on the Central and Western Pacific black fly Simulium (Inseliellum) are briefly reviewed. Female adults collected from beaches in Tahiti and Raiatea are described as Simulium (Inseliellum) littopyga n. sp., Simulium (Inseliellum) littosocius n. sp. and Simulium (Inseliellum) littosodalis n. sp.. Immature stages of the three species are not associated.

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11

TAKAOKA, HIROYUKI, and WEJ CHOOCHOTE. "TWO NEW SPECIES OF SIMULIUM (SIMULIUM) (DIPTERA: SIMULIIDAE) FROM THAILAND." Tropical Medicine and Health 32, no. 1 (2004): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2149/tmh.32.31.

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12

TAKAOKA, Hiroyuki, and Douglas M. DAVIES. "Simulium (Simulium) yongi sp. Nov. (diptera: simuliidae) from Peninsular Malaysia." Japanese Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 25, no. 1 (1997): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2149/tmh1973.25.11.

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13

MIRANDA-ESQUIVEL, DANIEL RAFAEL, and SIXTO COSCARÓN. "Cladistic analysis of Simulium (Trichodagmia) and Simulium (Thyrsopelma) (Diptera: Simuliidae)." Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 132, no. 4 (August 2001): 429–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2001.tb02469.x.

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14

TAKAOKA, Hiroyuki, and Wej CHOOCHOTE. "A new species of Simulium (Simulium)(Diptera : Simuliidae) from Thailand." Medical Entomology and Zoology 56, no. 1 (2005): 43–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.7601/mez.56.43_1.

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15

TAKAOKA, Hiroyuki, and Yao-Te HUANG. "A new species of Simulium (Simulium) (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Taiwan." Medical Entomology and Zoology 57, no. 3 (2006): 219–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.7601/mez.57.219.

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16

Post, R. J. "The cytotaxonomy of Simulium sanctipauli and Simulium soubrense (Diptera: Simuliidae)." Genetica 69, no. 3 (July 1986): 191–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00133522.

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17

Davies, D. M., and H. Györkös. "The Simuliidae (Diptera) of Sri Lanka. Descriptions of three new species of Simulium (Simulium)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 65, no. 11 (November 1, 1987): 2734–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z87-415.

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This is the second paper in a series treating the Simuliidae of Sri Lanka. In it are described three new species of Simulium Latreille belonging to the subgenus Simulium s.str., Simulium (Simulium) cremnosi, Simulium (Simulium) bulla, and Simulium (Simulium) nubis. Taxonomic comparisons are made with related Oriental species and biological notes are given, including records of biting on men.

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18

Lewis, D. J., and P. W. Hanney. "On the Simulium neavei complex (Diptera: Simuliidae)." Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London. Series B, Taxonomy 34, no. 1-2 (March 18, 2009): 12–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.1965.tb01640.x.

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19

Henry, Willie, Subrata Kumar Dey, Rakesh Varma, Sachin Thapa, and William S. Procunier. "Polytene chromosomes of an Indian Himalayan black fly Simulium (Nevermannia) praelargum (Diptera: Simuliidae)." Current Zoology 56, no. 4 (August 1, 2010): 437–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/czoolo/56.4.437.

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Abstract High quality polytene chromosome maps (n=3) of a Himalayan Simuliid Simulium praelargum Datta, 1973 are presented and represent the first cytological description of a taxon found in the feuerborni group, subgenus Nevermannia. Polytene chromosomes one (I) and two (II) are metacentric, chromosome three (III) is submetacentric with the length of each chromosome occupying 37.25 %, 31.36 % and 31.34 % of the total complement length, respectively. Typical simuliid diagnostic intergeneric chromosomal markers are found within the polytene complement of this species. The nucleolar organizer (N.O.) is found at the base of the short arm of chromosome one (IS), the Ring of Balbiani (R.B.), double bubble (D.B.) and triad occur in the short arm of chromosome two (IIS), the Parabalbiani Ring (P.B.) and grey band (gb) occur in the long arm of chromosome two (IIL) and the Blister (BL) and Capsule (Ca) occur in the short arm of chromosome three (IIIS).Terminal bands at the end of IIIS are heterochromatinized and present atypically with respect to other simuliid fauna. Populations studied so far are unique among the Simuliidae in that they exhibit chromosome structural monomorphism. These high resolution polytene chromosome maps will form the basis for future cytological characterization and phylogenetic comparisons amongst members of the feuerborni group.

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20

Shields, Gerald F. "Interchange chromosomes in Simulium nigricoxum Stone Diptera: Simuliidae." Genome 33, no. 5 (October 1, 1990): 683–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g90-102.

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A whole-arm interchange (IS-IIIL/IL-IIIS) is described from a larval population of Simulium nigricoxum Stone in the Yukon Territory. Although unstudied elsewhere, S. nigricoxum appears to differ from its closest presumed relative, Simulium malyschevi, by the whole-arm interchange, a fixed autosomal inversion in the short arm of the second chromosome, and a sex-linked inversion also in the short arm of the second chromosome. It is possible that the interchange provided a chromosomal basis for reproductive isolation of S. nigricoxum from an ancestral form, but because of its apparent localized distribution that hypothesis must remain tentative.Key words: Simulium nigricoxum, Simulium malyschevi, chromosome interchanges, inversions, reproductive isolation.

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21

HUANG, Yao-Te, and Hiroyuki TAKAOKA. "Description of the female of Simulium (Simulium) puliense (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Taiwan." Medical Entomology and Zoology 59, no. 4 (2008): 305–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.7601/mez.59.305.

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22

TAKAOKA, HIROYUKI, and WEJ CHOOCHOTE. "A NEW SPECIES OF SIMULIUM (SIMULIUM) FROM NORTHERN THAILAND (DIPTERA: SIMULIIDAE)." Tropical Medicine and Health 33, no. 2 (2005): 95–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.2149/tmh.33.95.

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23

TAKAOKA, Hiroyuki. "Two new species of Simulium (Simulium) from Sabah, Malaysia (Diptera : Simuliidae)." Medical Entomology and Zoology 58, no. 4 (2007): 291–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.7601/mez.58.291.

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24

TAKAOKA, Hiroyuki, Yasushi OTSUKA, Wej CHOOCHOTE, and Sorawat THONGSAHUAN. "A new species of Simulium (Simulium) (Diptera: Simuliidae) from southern Thailand." Medical Entomology and Zoology 61, no. 1 (2010): 17–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.7601/mez.61.17.

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25

TAKAOKA, Hiroyuki, and Wej CHOOCHOTE. "Two new species of Simulium (Simulium)(Diptera : Simuliidae) from northern Thailand." Medical Entomology and Zoology 56, no. 2 (2005): 99–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.7601/mez.56.99.

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26

TAKAOKA, Hiroyuki, Upik K. HADI, and Singgih H. SIGIT. "A new species of Simulium (Simulium) from Sumatra, Indonesia (Diptera: Simuliidae)." Medical Entomology and Zoology 57, no. 1 (2006): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.7601/mez.57.27_1.

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27

BELQAT, BOUTAÏNA, PETER H. ADLER, MOUNA CHERAIRIA, and CHAFIKA CHAOUI BOUDGHANE-BENDIOUIS. "Inventory of the Black Flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) of North Africa." Zootaxa 4442, no. 2 (July 2, 2018): 201. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4442.2.1.

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Published records are provided for the 52 nominal species, one undescribed morphospecies, and two cytospecies of black flies known from North Africa, with relevant literature, selected synonyms, and taxonomic comments. Morocco has the greatest simuliid diversity (44 nominal species), followed by Algeria (34 species), Tunisia (18 species), Libya (5 species), and Egypt (2 species). A new site for Simulium ruficorne Macquart is recorded for simuliid-poor Egypt.

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28

HUANG, Yao-Te, and Hiroyuki TAKAOKA. "Simulium (Simulium) pingtungense, a new species of black fly (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Taiwan." Medical Entomology and Zoology 59, no. 4 (2008): 309–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.7601/mez.59.309.

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29

Hunter, Fiona F. "The polytene chromosomes of Simulium furculatum (Shewell) (Diptera: Simuliidae)." Genome 32, no. 4 (August 1, 1989): 522–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g89-478.

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To test whether Simulium furculatum (Shewell) belongs to the Simulium vernum (Macquart) species-group, a comparison was made of the polytene chromosomes of S. furculatum and the S. vernum "Knebworth" standard. Only two chromosome arms (of six) could be completely analysed. It is argued that S. furculatum does not belong to the S. vernum species-group. A complex sex-chromosome system (X1, X2, Y1) is found in both eastern and western Canada. Phylogenetically, the single Y chromosome is intermediate between the two X chromosomes. Intraspecific inversion polymorphisms, which serve to differentiate eastern from western populations, are also identified. Only one sibling is indicated.Key words: black flies, Simulium furculatum, Simulium vernum, cytotaxonomy, polytene chromosomes, sex chromosomes.

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30

SHIELDS, GERALD F. "Cytogenetics of the Simulium arcticum complex (Diptera: Simuliidae)." Zootaxa 5039, no. 3 (September 16, 2021): 395–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5039.3.4.

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Descriptions of chromosomal rearrangements, geographic distributions and frequencies of nine siblings and 28 cytotypes of the Simulium arcticum Malloch complex are presented. Findings are based on six data sets that include approximately 21,000 chromosomally analyzed larvae from throughout the known geographic range of S. arcticum. This is the largest chromosomal data set for any North American complex of black flies. This summary emphasizes the need to chromosomally analyze taxa of black flies since this type of analysis can result in, not only, a better understanding of the number of taxa in a complex and their relationships but also, it may help to understand the initial stages of reproductive isolation within otherwise morphologically identical groups. Geographically, the streams of eastern Alaska, the entire province of the Yukon and northern Mexico should be sampled. Taxonomically the many cytotypes should be tested for reproductive status when they occur in sympatry with other siblings and cytotypes of the complex. Finally, comparative multi-omic research would be useful.

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31

Post, R. J. "Sex chromosome evolution in Simulium erythrocephalum (Diptera: Simuliidae)." Heredity 54, no. 2 (April 1985): 149–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/hdy.1985.20.

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32

TAKAOKA, HIROYUKI, and YAO-TE HUANG. "A new black fly species of Simulium (Simulium) (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Taiwan." Zootaxa 4422, no. 1 (May 22, 2018): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4422.1.9.

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A new black fly species, Simulium taichungense, is described on the basis of one female, one male and two pupal exuviae from Taiwan. This new species is placed in the S. crocinum species-group of Simulium (Simulium) (Diptera: Simuliidae). It is characterized by the pupal gill with six unpigmented short filaments and pupal abdomen with distinct spine-combs on the dorsal surface of segments 7–9, by which it is easily distinguished from most species in the S. crocinum species-group including two species from Taiwan: Simulium serenum Huang & Takaoka and S. ufengense Takaoka. It is the third species of the S. crocinum species-group from Taiwan. In addition, the male of S. serenum is described for the first time, and intraspecific variations in a few features of the male of S. chungi Takaoka & Huang of the S. chungi species-group are noted.

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33

TANGKAWANIT, UBON, CHALIOW KUVANGKADILOK, VISUT BAIMAI, and PETER H. ADLER. "Morphotaxonomy of the Simulium (Simulium) tuberosum species group (Diptera: Simuliidae) in Thailand." Zootaxa 2048, no. 1 (March 23, 2009): 31–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2048.1.2.

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Seventeen cytogenetically distinct taxa of the Simulium (Simulium) tuberosum species group in Thailand were examined morphologically, including Simulium doipuiense (cytoforms A and B), S. manooni, S. rufibasis, S. setsukoae, S. tani (cytoforms A-I), S. weji, S. yuphae, and one unknown species. Identification keys to larvae, pupae, males, and females are provided, along with diagnostic characters for each taxon and a morphology-based phylogeny.

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34

TAKAOKA, HIROYUKI, and UPIK KESUMAWATI HADI. "Two new blackfly species of Simulium (Simulium) from Java, Indonesia (Diptera: Simuliidae)." Japanese Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 19, no. 4 (1991): 357–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2149/tmh1973.19.357.

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35

TAKAOKA, Hiroyuki. "A new species of Simulium (Simulium) (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Luzon Island, Philippines." Medical Entomology and Zoology 57, no. 2 (2006): 99–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.7601/mez.57.99.

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36

Ya’cob, Zubaidah, Hiroyuki Takaoka, Van Lun Low, and Mohd Sofian-Azirun. "A new species of Simulium (Simulium) (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Genting Highlands, Malaysia." Acta Tropica 182 (June 2018): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.02.007.

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37

TAKAOKA, Hiroyuki. "Four new species of Simulium (Simulium) from Luzon Island, Philippines (Diptera: Simuliidae)." Medical Entomology and Zoology 57, no. 4 (2006): 287–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.7601/mez.57.287.

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38

HUANG, Yao-Te, and Hiroyuki TAKAOKA. "A new species of Simulium (Gomphostilbia) (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Taiwan." Medical Entomology and Zoology 59, no. 3 (2008): 171–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.7601/mez.59.171.

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39

Sutcliffe, James F., David J. Steer, and David Beardsall. "Studies of host location behaviour in the black fly Simulium arcticum (IIS-1O.11) (Diptera: Simuliidae): aspects of close range trap orientation." Bulletin of Entomological Research 85, no. 3 (September 1995): 415–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485300036142.

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AbstractField studies of orientation responses of the IIS-10.11 sibling of Simulium arcticum Malloch species complex and other simuliid species to host-mimicking cattle silhouette traps (CSTs) were carried out in the Athabasca region of Alberta, Canada. Simuliids were attracted to CSTs from downwind by a CO2 bait but very few were attracted to an unbaited CST. Passively searching simuliids tended to fly at lower levels than actively host seeking ones. Simuliids appeared to fly at lower levels when within visual range of the CST than when outside of it. Higher flight levels may improve chances of eventually making visual contact with the host or CST. Experiments in which a CO2 outlet was separated by increasing distances from a CST indicated that simuliids see the 1.1 m long CST at a range of approximately 8 m. Simuliids landing on the CST, whether CO2-baited or not, showed a strong preference for the trap's ends followed by the downwind side, followed by the upwind side. Species composition of collections from CST collections differed significantly from the species composition of cattle sweeps taken at the same times. Simulium vittatum was over-represented in collector catches in comparison to cattle sweeps. This bias may be due to species-specific differences in responses after landing on the CST since sweeps taken around CSTs had compositions similar to cattle sweeps. Results are discussed in terms of host orientation in biting flies in general and the suitability of CST-type traps as components of attractant-based control strategies and in simuliid population monitoring.

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Adler, Peter H., and Eugenie A. Kachvorian. "Cytogenetics of the Holarctic black fly Simulium noelleri (Diptera: Simuliidae)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 79, no. 11 (November 1, 2001): 1972–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z01-166.

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The polytene chromosomes of Simulium noelleri from 16 sites in Armenia, Canada, England, Germany, Russia, and Sweden were analyzed. A standard map is proposed for the S. noelleri species-group that is 11 fixed inversions removed from the original standard map of the subgenus Simulium. Based on one shared subterminal inversion in the IIIL arm, the S. noelleri species-group is in a trichotomy with the S. bezzi and S. ornatum species-groups. Reproductive isolation of S. noelleri and S. decorum is demonstrated chromosomally at sites where both occur together. All analyzed populations of S. noelleri are considered conservatively to represent a single species, although at least three cytotypes are recognized, based primarily on different sex-chromosome systems. Cytotype A, representing the type species of S. noelleri, occurs in Germany, England, and western Russia. Cytotype B occupies Sweden and western Canada, emphasizing the intimate connection between the northern Nearctic and Palearctic simuliid faunas. Cytotype C is known only from Armenia.

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Adler, Peter H., and D. C. Currie. "TAXONOMIC RESOLUTION OF THREE NEW SPECIES NEAR SIMULIUM VERNUM MACQUART (DIPTERA: SIMULIIDAE)." Canadian Entomologist 118, no. 12 (December 1986): 1207–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent1181207-12.

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AbstractThree new nearctic species of Simuliidae near Simulium vernum Macquart are described and illustrated: Simulium craigi n.sp., S. caledonense n.sp., and S. decolletum n.sp. Descriptions of larval polytene chromosomes are included. Notes on biology and distribution are given for each species and larval comparisons are made with three European siblings in the S. vernum complex.

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Campos, Jairo, and Carlos Fernando S. Andrade. "Resistência a inseticidas em populações de Simulium (Diptera, Simuliidae)." Cadernos de Saúde Pública 18, no. 3 (June 2002): 661–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-311x2002000300010.

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Populações de Simulium (Chirostilbia) pertinax Kollar, 1832 do Sul e Sudeste do Brasil, foram analisadas quanto à susceptibilidade ao Temephos, considerando-se os históricos de controle e possível resistência. Bioensaios in situ foram realizados para populações dos estados do Paraná (Tibaji e Rolândia), Rio de Janeiro (Muriqui) e São Paulo (Barra do Una, Ilhabela, e Morungaba). As populações foram caracterizadas como susceptíveis (S) ou resistentes (R) submetendo-se larvas nos últimos estádios a uma concentração operacional (0,1ppm i.a./10min) de Temephos (Abate 500E) como diagnóstica. Os possíveis mecanismos para o desenvolvimento de resistência ao organofosforado são discutidos considerando-se antigas e novas estratégias de controle.

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43

HADI, UPIK K., CHIHARU AOKI, and HIROYUKI TAKAOKA. "Leg color variation of female Simulium aokii(Diptera: simuliidae)." Japanese Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 24, no. 2 (1996): 129–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2149/tmh1973.24.129.

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Yıldız, Abdullah, Ahmet Demircioğlu, and Hakan Yeşilöz. "Kapadokya Bölgesinde Simulium spp. (Diptera: Simuliidae) Mücadelesi Üzerine Araştırmalar." Ekoloji 19, no. 77 (December 3, 2010): 107–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5053/ekoloji.2010.7715.

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Lewis, D. J., and R. H. L. Disney. "A new phoretic Simulium from West Cameroon (Diptera: Simuliidae)." Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London. Series B, Taxonomy 38, no. 9-10 (March 18, 2009): 117–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.1969.tb00242.x.

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46

Takaoka, Hiroyuki, Mohd Sofian-Azirun, Zubaidah Ya’cob, Chee Dhang Chen, Van Lun Low, and Adnan Zaid. "Simulium(Gomphostilbia)merapiensesp. nov. (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Java, Indonesia." Journal of Medical Entomology 53, no. 1 (October 29, 2015): 76–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjv154.

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Raastad, Jan E., and Peter H. Adler. "The Identity of Simulium murmanum Enderlein, 1935 (Diptera: Simuliidae)." Aquatic Insects 23, no. 3 (July 2001): 183–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1076/aqin.23.3.183.4893.

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Gil-Azevedo, Leonardo H., Jacenir R. Santos-Mallet, and Marilza Maia-Herzog. "Caracteres diagnósticos de Simulium (Chirostilbia) pertinax Kollar (Diptera: Simuliidae)." Neotropical Entomology 33, no. 4 (August 2004): 433–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1519-566x2004000400006.

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Davies, D. M., and H. Györkös. "The Simuliidae (Diptera) of Sri Lanka. Descriptions of species in the subgenera Eusimulium and Gomphostilbia of the genus Simulium." Canadian Journal of Zoology 65, no. 6 (June 1, 1987): 1483–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z87-231.

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This paper on the Simuliidae of Sri Lanka provides notes on Simulium (Eusimulium) aureohirtum and describes three new species of Simulium (Gomphostilbia): Simulium krombeini, Simulium ela, and Simulium dola. The females of S. (G.) pattoni and Simulium (Gomphostilbia) ceylonicum comb.n. are redescribed and the males, pupae, and larvae are described for the first time. Keys are provided for separating the subgenera of Simulium and the species of Gomphostilbia in Sri Lanka. Some taxonomic comparisons are made with related Oriental species and a few biological notes are given.

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HUANG, Yao-Te, and Hiroyuki TAKAOKA. "Description of the female and mature larva of Simulium (Simulium) ufengense (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Taiwan." Medical Entomology and Zoology 60, no. 2 (2009): 91–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.7601/mez.60.91.

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