Relevant bibliographies by topics / Simulation of contracts

Academic literature on the topic 'Simulation of contracts'

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Published: 11 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Simulation of contracts"

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Capizzi, Clayton Jerrett, Joseph Wilck, and Xueping Li. "Simulating a Contract Closeout Process." International Journal of Service Science, Management, Engineering, and Technology 3, no. 4 (October 2012): 38–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jssmet.2012100103.

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Government defense contractors are burdened by contracts which have ended, but have not been finalized and closed. In order to keep good relations with organizations regulating government contracts, contractors have been forced to devise a strategy to address contract closeouts. Data was collected about a defense contractor’s contract closeout process, and a simulation model of the system was developed to aid in completing the contract closeout process. Using simulation software, the closeout process was successfully modeled under varying resource levels. The simulation model included true worker process times with integrated schedules, including holidays, over the expected period of performance. The simulation produced a realistic model which allows an organization to plan their resources to accomplish their contract closeout process under specified conditions and deadlines. The results are relevant to government (public sector) contracts as well as industrial (private sector) contracts where similar regulations are applicable.
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Lian, Qi, and Su Ling Jia. "Research and Simulation of Supply Chain Disruption Based on Contract." Applied Mechanics and Materials 380-384 (August 2013): 4815–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.380-384.4815.

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In order to research the long-term disruption influence on supply chain and the performance that contracts exert on supply chain when disruption happens, this paper constructs a VMI three-echelon supply chain model based on system dynamics. Through dynamic simulation of the model, the total inventory, total profit and market demand shortage data are respectively collected under conditions of no disruption, manufacture disruption and transport disruption. By descriptive statistical analysis of these data, we find the disruption has secular and hysteretic effect on the supply chain. Furthermore, T test is used to testify the contracts effectiveness on the supply chain under disruption conditions. These analytical results show that quantity discount contract and revenue sharing contract can effectively relieve the negative influence on the supply chain when disruptions happen, since they not only enhance the total profit but also stabilize the fluctuation of the supply chains total inventory, whereas the contracts do not perform well in satisfying the market demand shortage.
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Yasir Tagelsir Mohamed Osman, Yasir Tagelsir Mohamed Osman. "Mechanisms for resolving international contracts for building and construction disputes: آليات حسم منازعات العقود الدولية للبناء والتشييد." مجلة العلوم الإقتصادية و الإدارية و القانونية 5, no. 23 (December 27, 2021): 162–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.26389/ajsrp.r110221.

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Consider of resolving international contracts for building and construction is extremely important for architects and building construction implementers, as international building and construction contracts are complex contracts and countless international parties participate in their implementation. The aim of this research is to show the legal implications of implementing dispute resolution mechanisms, international contracts in construction and construction. The International Building and Construction Contract does not deviate from being a complex, international commercial contract, from private law contracts, even with the presence of the state or a legal person as a party to the contracts, this does not change their legal nature as contracts of law. The private where the results of the following research study showed: 1- The failure of national legislation to address many of the problems arising from international contracts for building and construction, which are of a technical nature due to their rapid development that are unable to keep pace with those national legislations, thus enhancing the role of rapidly developing and modifying model contracts to ensure simulation of the practical reality of these new technical problems and to provide the best means. To solve it, we extracted from the research the following results. 2- Model contracts are not considered contracts in the strict legal sense as they do not include consent between two parties, but rather they are a pre- prepared contract formulation in printed form, so that it is ready for use by the parties to the contract, and it is not evidence except for the persons who agreed to the agreement to refer to it where the search was used The inductive approach to measuring and understanding its archeology, as it relied on reviewing previous literature and studies in explaining the legal implications, and the research recommendations came as follows: 1- Attaching special importance to drafting international contracts for building and construction, and entrusting this task to a team of legal, technical and economic experts who have the scientific and practical qualities that qualify them to do this task in the best way, so that the parties to these contracts can avoid or at least reduce the disputes arising from these contracts. 2- Preparation and drafting of a unified Arab contract as a model for concluding international contracts for building and construction, which is evident in the customs and habits of this industry derived from our contemporary reality and in line with the legal concepts prevailing in our Arab countries, so that they act as the actual guarantee on which every contractor from our Arab society depends.
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Ma, Junhai, Tiantong Xu, Yalan Hong, and Xueli Zhan. "Impact Research on a Nonlinear Cold Chain Evolutionary Game Under Three Various Contracts." International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos 29, no. 05 (May 2019): 1950058. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218127419500585.

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In this paper, we establish a cold chain dynamic game model including a milk manufacturer and two downstream oligopoly supermarkets under the wholesale price contract in the real world. The manufacturer is responsible for the production and cold transportation, and the two retailers sell the product. The Nash equilibrium points and the complexity of the system are discussed. The influence of the decision parameters and the stability of the system are studied by using complexity theory. We reveal the stable regions for the dynamic system. In addition, revenue sharing contract and profit sharing contract are two valuable contracts. In order to see how the two contracts would impact on the system’s equilibrium solution and the profits, we establish and analyze two new dynamic models for the cold chain. By the comparison of the analyses under three contracts, we find that the manufacturer’s effort of cold transportation will change under different contracts, and the profit distribution of the whole cold chain will be affected. Chaos control is also studied by the method of delay feedback control, in order to provide some management advice.
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Li, Chao, and Zhijian Qiu. "Optimal Contracts for Agents with Adverse Selection." Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 2020 (January 7, 2020): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/9317019.

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Due to information asymmetry, adverse selection exists largely in the multiagent market. Aiming at these problems, we develop two models: pure adverse selection model and mixed adverse selection and moral hazard model. We make the assumption that a type of agent is discrete and effort level is continuous in the models. With these models, we investigate the characters that make an optimal contract as well as the conditions under which the utility of a principal and agents can be optimized. As a result, we show that, in the pure adverse selection model, the conditions to reach the optimal utility of a principal and individual agents are that a principal needs to design different contracts for different types of agents, and an individual agent chooses the corresponding type of contracts. For the mixed model, we show that incentive constraint for agents plays a very important role. In fact, we find that whether a principal provides high-type contract or a separating equilibrium contract depends on the probability of existence of low-type agents in the market. In general, if a separating equilibrium contract is issued, then information asymmetry will cause the utility of the high-type agents to be less than that of the case in full information.
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Zhu, Yingjun, Zhitong Gao, and Ruihai Li. "Sustainable and Optimal “Uniqueness” Contract in Public-Private Partnership Projects of Transportation Infrastructure." Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 2020 (December 18, 2020): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/6664405.

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To control the “uniqueness” risk in Public-Private Partnership (PPP) projects of transportation infrastructure, we design a simplified “uniqueness” contract model by incorporating the impact of the initial investment which is based on the Bertrand model. The nonlinear programming method is adopted to derive the optimal “uniqueness” contracts for incumbent private capital, the public, and the social welfare, respectively. The simulation results show that the achievement of the optimal “uniqueness” contract is essentially the result of a compromise between the private capital, the public, and social welfare. The extent to which such a contract reduces the probability of “uniqueness” risk mainly depends on the equilibrium relation between the interests of private capital and the public. The initial investment is not related to the government default when the contract does not take into account the interests of the private capital. Furthermore, the “uniqueness” contracts between private capital and the government are mainly for anticompetitive purpose in the PPP market of transportation infrastructure. Unless the contract terms focus on the improvement of social welfare, entering a “uniqueness” contract will cause social welfare losses.
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SUMENDRA, GEDE, KOMANG DHARMAWAN, and I. NYOMAN WIDANA. "MENENTUKAN HARGA KONTRAK BERJANGKA NILAI TUKAR RUPIAH TERHADAP DOLLAR AS MENGGUNAKAN DISTRIBUSI LOGNORMAL." E-Jurnal Matematika 4, no. 2 (May 30, 2015): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/mtk.2015.v04.i02.p087.

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The purpose of this study is to determine the fair price of a futures contract for the IDR (Rupiah) against the USD using lognormal distribution simulation. This result is compared with interest rate parity theorem. The first step of this study is to determine the values of the parameters which are optimized using Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE). The parameters obtained in the form of the mean () and variance (). Further, parameters obtained are simulated using lognormal distribution to determine the exchange rate simulation (). Then price of future contract is also calculated using interest rate parity theorem. The price of the futures contracts () is determined by lognormal distribution simulated and price of interest rate futures contracts using parity theorem. The results of this study show that future contract price over the fair use lognormal distribution of 12.215 compared to the interest rate parity theorem which 12.400, with the initial contract price () of 12.185.
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Harrison, R. Wes. "Stochastic Dominance Analysis of Futures and Option Strategies for Hedging Feeder Cattle." Agricultural and Resource Economics Review 27, no. 2 (October 1998): 270–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1068280500006596.

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Stochastic simulation and generalized stochastic dominance are used to compare the risk-return properties of the Chicago Mercantile Exchange feeder cattle futures contract with those of the feeder cattle put option contract. Cash marketing, futures, and option strategies are analyzed for four backgrounding systems common to the mid-south region of the United States. The results show that at-the-money put option strategies dominate corresponding futures contract strategies according to generalized stochastic dominance. This implies that at-the-money put option contracts are superior to feeder cattle futures contracts for risk-averse backgrounders in the mid-south region of the United States.
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Liao, Changhua, and Qihui Lu. "Coordinating a Three-Level Fresh Agricultural Product Supply Chain considering Option Contract under Spot Price Uncertainty." Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 2022 (April 30, 2022): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/2991241.

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We consider a three-level fresh agricultural product supply chain consisting of a producer, a supplier, and a retailer, where the producer plants the initial fresh agricultural products with yield uncertainty, the supplier is the leader of the supply chain and the designer of the contracts, and the retailer sells processed products with random demand and spot price. This paper discusses coordination mechanism of wholesale price contracts or option contracts between the supplier and the retailer and wholesale price contracts between the supplier and the producer. Based on this, we not only explore the conditions for supply chain full coordination and Pareto improvement but also analyze the effect of the retailer’s spot market volatility by comparing two scenarios of the retailer with or without a random spot market. Results show that the wholesale price contract cannot coordinate the supply chain regardless of whether the retailer has a random spot market or not. The supply chain can be simultaneously fully coordinated and achieve Pareto improvement by setting reasonable option contract parameters, but the conditions for coordination are rigorous. When the expected value of reduction from the retailer’s spot market in unit shortage loss cost is greater, the total profit of supply chain will increase. Numerical analysis shows that the option exercise price must be set higher when the retailer has a spot market to achieve Pareto improvement. The loss rate in distribution process and other volatility risks will also affect the coordination of the agricultural supply chain.
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Artama Wiguna, I. Putu, Nadjadji Anwar, and Hanie Teki Tjendani. "Developing the simulation model towards sustainability of implementing performance-based contract." MATEC Web of Conferences 276 (2019): 02025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201927602025.

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Performance-based contracts (PBC), one kind of the delivery system has been conducted in Indonesia starting in 2011. The aim of the implementation of PBC in Indonesia is to solve the premature deterioration of national roads in Indonesia that still occur to date and to achieve the best level of service. Implementation of performance-based contracts is not as easy as imagine since many contractors still don’t understand to control the risk if they are given work with performance-based contracts. In this study used the system dynamic approach, the choice of this method because PBC is a long-term contract, where past events can affect current and future events, as well as future events, can be avoided by evaluating today’s events and events in the past. In this paper will show the interface generated after the base model Stock Flow Diagram (SFD) is verified. After the model has been validated, the model is ready as a simulation tool to get the best performance-based contracting mechanism and implementation in Indonesia. So, it can be used in developing countries.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Simulation of contracts"

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Phumbua, Sarocha. "Simulation modelling of service contracts within the context of Product-Service Systems (PSS)." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2012. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/7271.

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This thesis deals with the decision support tools for service contracting within the context of Product-Service Systems (PSS). The research contributes to the modelling constructs that can support modellers in developing service contract simulation models in an effective and efficient manner. Overall, the models can assist manufacturers to understand implications of contracting decisions that may either lead to profitable solutions or loss of business opportunities. PSS is recognised as a survival strategy for many manufacturers to sustain their market competitiveness. It is an emerging manufacturing paradigm that integrates services into products to ensure the required capability or availability of products. This concept is often delivered as long-term service contracts which can be made in separation or together with product acquisition. As the contracts can span over decades, the manufacturers need to absorb the future risks. For this reason, a decision support tool that allows the risks and rewards to be visualised and ultimately support contract design is in urgent need. However, PSS has various characteristics beyond the traditional product-selling businesses and involves potential dynamic behaviour. Existing tools are inadequate to effectively analyse the issues and also to be reused across cases or during the contract delivery phase. For this reason, this thesis intends to provide modelling constructs that enhance effective and efficient development of simulation models for PSS offerings To accomplish this aim, various simulation modelling techniques have been first explored from the literature and through the practical model developments to identify the backbone of the constructs. The hybrid Discrete-Event Simulation and Agent-Based Simulation has subsequently been selected as the most suitable technique to represent the PSS cases. This technique was applied in four reported cases to generalise the modelling approach. All the developed models have been verified and validated using several methods. The approach was then analysed and refined to enhance efficiency in building models. The refined approach was used to form the modelling constructs. The constructs were validated using three other cases and tested by three other modellers with different simulation background. The results have demonstrated the applicability, practicality, feasibility, and efficiency of the constructs. The outcomes of this research are the final modelling constructs which provide significant contributions academically and practically. Academically, this research provides a new way of capturing PSS characteristics and dynamic behaviour, and brings together PSS theoretical research, operational planning and decision support tools. Practically, manufacturers can effectively analyse the implication of service contracts and modellers can rapidly develop service contract simulation models.
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Munhoz, Fernando Colli. "Modelo de suporte a decisão para contratação eficiente de energia eletrica." [s.n.], 2008. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/264515.

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Orientador: Paulo de Barros Correia
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-12T15:57:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Munhoz_FernandoColli_D.pdf: 1039809 bytes, checksum: ed6c8295df5c175f7028fb2f4ca9d988 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008
Resumo: O mercado brasileiro de energia elétrica é composto por agentes regulados e caracterizado por negociar contratos, grande parte de longo prazo. Os agentes, objetos de estudo neste trabalho, são os que negociam contratos de energia elétrica atuando como vendedores, ou seja, geradores e comercializadores. Os contratos são aqueles provenientes de empreendimentos de geração em operação, denominados de energia existente". Particularmente, os agentes, quando negociam contratos de longo prazo, estão expostos a riscos de preço e a disponibilidade de lastro de energia elétrica. Este trabalho tem como objetivo desenvolver uma metodologia para um agente que atua como vendedor no mercado brasileiro de energia elétrica contratar e cientemente seu lastro de energia elétrica, maximizando o seu benéfico financeiro. Para este propósito, é construído um modelo de otimização, com o emprego de programação linear, cuja função objetivo é maximizar a receita esperada do agente vendedor através da construção de uma carteira ótima de contratos, de acordo com a regulamentação de comercialização de energia elétrica em vigor. Para modelar as incertezas quanto ao preço da energia elétrica é utilizada a técnica de simulação de Monte Carlo. A mensuração do risco é feita com o uso do conceito denominado, neste trabalho, de Receita ao Risco. O resultado do trabalho é um modelo computacional de otimização que fornece um conjunto de carteiras de contratos e, através de simulações de Monte Carlo, calcula a receita esperada e o risco de cada uma destas carteiras.
Abstract: The Brazilian electricity market is performed by regulated agents and characterized to trade long term contracts. This work studies the agents that trade electricity acting by sellers, that is, generation companies and traders. The contracts are those deriving from existing plants, called \existing energy". When these agents trade long term contracts, they are expose at price risk and electricity availability. The objective of this work is to develop a methodology for a seller that works in the Brazilian market to efficiently contract his electricity to maximize the financial benefit. For this purpose, it is developed an optimization model, with emploies linear program, whose objective function aims to maximize the expected revenue of the seller, in agreement with the actual electricity trading legal rules. Then, it is possible to build an optimal portfolio of contracts. To model the uncertainty of the electricity prices of the contracts it is used the Monte Carlo simulation method. The risk is measure using a concept named in this work by Revenue at Risk. The main product of the work is a computational optimization model that provides a set of portfolios contracts and, by Monte Carlo simulations, computes the expected revenue and the risk of each one of these portfolios.
Doutorado
Planejamento de Sistemas Energeticos
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Pyeon, Jae-Ho. "Development of a simulation model to predict the impact of incentive contracts on transportation construction project time performance." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2005. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0013048.

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Lee, Benjamin David. "A pragmatic value-driven approach to design with applications to energy-conscious buildings." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/53094.

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Within the design community, a growing number of researchers have shown interest in extending the value context to include design, such that designers focus on maximizing the 'value' of the product or service, rather than simply satisfying a set of requirements. Thus, by applying a value-driven approach to design, the design community hopes to show that the magnitude of cost and schedule overruns may be reduced, or even eliminated. However, a common criticism of value-driven approaches is that they are difficult to implement, and not sufficiently pragmatic to be used for large scale engineering problems. Further, some argue that less rigorous methods appear to provide reasonable results in practice, and so rigor is not necessary. To reconcile these disparate viewpoints, it must be shown that value-driven approaches contribute to the design process, and can be implemented in practice at a reasonable cost. In response, I propose that the cause for the lack of practicality in value-driven approaches is attributable to the lack of well established and verified methods and tools. This dissertation presents research that attempts to address this deficiency by first developing a better understanding of effectiveness for methods that seek to enable value-driven design. This investigation leads to a concise set of desired characteristics for methods for guiding the development of value-models which then motivate the creation of a Systematic Method for Developing Value Models (SMDVM). To evaluate the SMDVM, it is applied to the design and retrofit of buildings for energy efficiency. A simulation workbench is developed as a tool to automate the development and analysis of value models for building design and retrofit contexts. The workbench enables architects, engineers, and other practitioners to easily incorporate uncertainty into analyses of building energy consumption, as part of a value-driven approach to design and retrofit.
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Carraro, Wendy Beatriz Witt Haddad. "Análise de flexibilidade em contratos com uso de modelagem e simulação." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/15841.

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A presente pesquisa se propõe a modelar uma ferramenta que auxilie os tomadores de decisão, no setor de laboratórios de análises clínicas, frente aos contratos de prestação de serviços. Visa proporcionar avaliação e conhecimento na elaboração de cláusulas contratuais. Realça-se a idéia de flexibilidade, mostrando como cláusulas mais flexíveis em contratos podem aumentar o valor de um contrato tanto para contratados quanto para contratantes. O uso da ferramenta aqui apresentada facilitará que administradores apreciem o valor da sensibilidade de contratos a variações no preço, quantidade, custos variáveis, custos fixos e lucro esperado, ponderando riscos do negócio e incertezas. A pesquisa descrita permite a verificação da aplicabilidade da ferramenta para exame da validade da simulação de flexibilidade na relação contratual.
The purpose of this research is to model a tool to help decision-makers, while facing supplying contracts, in the clinical analysis industry. This tool aims to improve the analysis and evaluation processes to support the elaboration of contractual clauses. It is here emphasized the idea of flexibility, showing how flexible contractual clauses can improve the value of a contract to both suppliers and contractors. Using the tool shall allow managers to appreciate the value of the sensitivity of contracts to variations in price, quantity, variable costs and expected profits, pondering business risks and uncertainty. The here described case study allows to check the usefulness of the tool in order to verify the validity of simulation of flexibility conditions to enhance contractual relationships.
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Pennock, Michael James. "The economics of enterprise transformation." Diss., Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/28171.

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Thesis (M. S.)--Industrial and Systems Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2008.
Committee Chair: Rouse, William; Committee Member: Boff, Kenneth; Committee Member: Cross, Stephen; Committee Member: Griffin, Paul; Committee Member: Keskinocak, Pinar.
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Romenska, Yuliia. "Composants abstraits pour la vérification fonctionnelle des systèmes sur puce." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAM019/document.

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Les travaux présentés dans cette thèse portent sur la modélisation, la spécification et la vérification des modèlesdes Systèmes sur Puce (SoCs) au niveau d’abstraction transactionnel et à un niveau d’abstraction plus élevé.Les SoCs sont hétérogènes: ils comprennent des composants matériels et des processeurs pour réaliser le logicielincorporé, qui est en lien direct avec du matériel. La modélisation transactionnelle (TLM) basée sur SystemCa été très fructueuse à fournir des modèles exécutables des SoCs à un haut niveau d’abstraction, aussi appelésprototypes virtuels (VPs). Ces modèles peuvent être utilisés plus tôt dans le cycle de développement des logiciels,et la validation des matériels réels. La vérification basée sur assertions (ABV) permet de vérifier les propriétés tôtdans le cycle de conception de façon à trouver les défauts et faire gagner du temps et de l’effort nécessaires pourla correction de ces défauts. Les modèles TL peuvent être sur-contraints, c’est-à-dire qu’ils ne presentent pastous les comportements du matériel. Ainsi, ceci ne permet pas la détection de tous les défauts de la conception.Nos contributions consistent en deux parties orthogonales et complémentaires: D’une part, nous identifions lessources des sur-contraintes dans les modèles TLM, qui apparaissent à cause de l’ordre d’interaction entre lescomposants. Nous proposons une notion d’ordre mou qui permet la suppression de ces sur-contraintes. D’autrepart, nous présentons un mécanisme généralisé de stubbing qui permet la simulation précoce avec des prototypesvirtuels SystemC/TLM.Nous offrons un jeu de patrons pour capturer les propriétés d’ordre mou et définissons une transformationdirecte de ces patrons en moniteurs SystemC. Notre mécanisme généralisé du stubbing permet la simulationprécoce avec les prototypes virtuels SystemC/TLM, dans lesquels certains composants ne sont pas entièrementdéterminés sur les valeurs des données échangées, l’ordre d’interaction et/ou le timing. Ces composants nepossèdent qu’une spécification abstraite, sous forme de contraintes entre les entrées et les sorties. Nous montronsque les problèmes essentielles de la synchronisation entre les composants peuvent être capturés à l’aide de notresimulation avec les stubs. Le mécanisme est générique; nous mettons l’accent uniquement sur les concepts-clés,les principes et les règles qui rendent le mécanisme de stubbing implémentable et applicable aux études de casindustriels. N’importe quel language de spécification satisfaisant nos exigences (par ex. le langage des ordresmou) peut être utilisé pour spécifier les composants, c’est-à-dire il peut être branché au framework de stubbing.Nous fournissons une preuve de concept pour démontrer l’intérêt d’utiliser la simulation avec stubs pour ladétection anticipée et la localisation des défauts de synchronisation du modèle
The work presented in this thesis deals with modeling, specification and testing of models of Systems-on-a-Chip (SoCs) at the transaction abstraction level and higher. SoCs are heterogeneous: they comprise bothhardware components and processors to execute embedded software, which closely interacts with hardware.SystemC-based Transaction Level Modeling (TLM) has been very successful in providing high-level executablecomponent-based models for SoCs, also called virtual prototypes (VPs). These models can be used early in thedesign flow for the development of the software and the validation of the actual hardware. For SystemC/TLMvirtual prototypes, Assertion-Based Verification (ABV) allows property checking early in the design cycle,helping to find bugs early in the model and to save time and effort that are needed for their fixing. TL modelscan be over-constrained, which means that they do not represent all the behaviors of the hardware, and thus,do not allow detection of some malfunctions of the prototype. Our contributions consist of two orthogonal andcomplementary parts: On the one hand, we identify sources of over-constraints in TL models appearing due tothe order of interactions between components, and propose a notion of loose-ordering which allows to removethese over-constraints. On the other hand, we propose a generalized stubbing mechanism which allows the veryearly simulation with SystemC/TLM virtual prototypes.We propose a set of patterns to capture loose-ordering properties, and define a direct translation of thesepatterns into SystemC monitors. Our generalized stubbing mechanism enables the early simulation with Sys-temC/TLM virtual prototypes, in which some components are not entirely determined on the values of theexchanged data, the order of the interactions and/or the timing. Those components have very abstract speci-fications only, in the form of constraints between inputs and outputs. We show that essential synchronizationproblems between components can be captured using our simulation with stubs. The mechanism is generic;we focus only on key concepts, principles and rules which make the stubbing mechanism implementable andapplicable for real, industrial case studies. Any specification language satisfying our requirements (e.g., loose-orderings) can be used to specify the components, i.e., it can be plugged in the stubbing framework. We providea proof of concept to demonstrate the interest of using the simulation with stubs for very early detection andlocalization of synchronization bugs of the design
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Pinto, Oliveros Sheraldine. "Critical remarks about simulation of contract in the Peruvian civil code." THĒMIS-Revista de Derecho, 2018. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/123859.

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Simulation is a complex legal operation in which the parties, with the aim of concealing their real intentions, have made two agreements: one apparent and the other one secret. Although simulation is dealt widely in Civil Law countries, the Civil Code of Peru shows some inconsistencies; especially, to employ a doctrinal classification, which describes different aspects of the fattispecie, as various fattispecie. Therefore, the author develops a critical and comparative analysis about simulation of contract in the Peruvian Civil Code.
La simulación es una operación jurídica compleja caracterizada por el acuerdo de las partes para fingir un negocio jurídico o contrato, o para disimularlo, detrás de un negocio jurídico o contrato aparente.A pesar de que la simulación ha sido objeto de amplia atención en distintos ordenamientos jurídicos, el Código civil peruano posee numerosas incongruencias; especialmente, por elevar al rango de fattispecie diversas algunas de las clasificaciones doctrinarias que describen las distintas facetas de una misma fattispecie, es decir, la fattispecie simulatoria. Por ello, la autora desarrolla un análisis crítico de la simulación en el Código civil peruano desde el enfoque del derecho comparado.
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Larsson, Rickard. "Development and application of a tool for assessing the impact of failure modes on performance of underground drill rigs." Thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap och teknik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-93415.

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Trends such as increasing awareness of sustainable production, shorter product life cycles and personalised products create challenges for the mining industry. A solution to these challenges may be a functional product business model, where the provider sells the hardware’s function under a service contract and is responsible for delivering the combination of hardware and services over the duration of the contract. Under a functional product contract, it is of great importance to predict the availability performance of the hardware. For the mining company to strengthen its competitiveness even further, the reliability and maintainability are also crucial factors to reduce costs, maximise profits, minimise downtime, and improve forecasting of operating hours. The feasibility of performance modelling would be increased if it could be performed by a tool.In prior research related to the reliability of mining vehicles in underground mines, a research gap for drilling rigs was identified. The aim of the thesis was to build a prototype tool and develop a realistic test case to apply it to as a demonstration of how it can help mining vehicle (drilling vehicle) providers understand the impact of their failure modes, particularly from the perspective of providing those vehicles under functional product contracts. The focus was to develop a tool that can be accessible for decision makers within mine operating and mine vehicle provider companies who are not specialists in reliability and maintenance modelling.A simulation model was developed in JaamSim, a graphical user interface developed in Qt designer and the integration between them developed in the Python programming language. A realistic test case was constructed with the purpose of imitating a jumbo drill rig, specifically the Boomer M2 manufactured by Epiroc, used to develop tunnels in an underground mine. Three critical failure modes of the Boomer M2 were identified. Simulations of the test case show that the bent boom arm failure mode had greatest influence on the availability of the drill rig.The developed prototype tool demonstrates the value of decision support tools for measuring the impact of failure modes on functional product contracts and its potential for aiding their negotiation and adoption. The tool has a low complexity regarding usage which should increase its usefulness for decision makers. To increase the tools usefulness further, extending its flexibility of application to other mining vehicles and different maintenance policies has been identified as the next steps for future work.Key words:
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10

Katz, Jonathan L. "A practicability study on the development of a standard, stand-alone computerized contract pricing model for contract pricing and negotiations." Thesis, Monterey, California : Naval Postgraduate School, 1990. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA232012.

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Thesis (M.S. in Management)--Naval Postgraduate School, June 1990.
Thesis Advisor(s): Hart, E. Neil. Second Reader: Liao, Shu. "June 1990." Description based on signature page. DTIC Identifier(s): Contract pricing model, contract administration, pricing, negotiations, computerized simulation, theses. Author(s) subject terms: Pricing model; contract pricing and negotiations. Includes bibliographical references (p. 115). Also available online.
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Books on the topic "Simulation of contracts"

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Duarte, Raúl Díez. Contrato simulado: Estructura civil y penal, teoría jurídica y práctica forense. Santiago de Chile: Editorial Jurídica ConoSur, 1995.

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Marḳus, Iris. Ḥozeh le-marʼit ʻayin: Halakhah u-maʻaśeh. Petaḥ-Tiḳṿah: Otsar ha-mishpaṭ hotsaʼah le-or beʻam, 2014.

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1933-, Galgano Francesco, and Italy, eds. Della simulazione, della nullità del contratto, dell'annullabilità del contratto: Art. 1414-1446. Bologna: Zanichelli, 1998.

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Amīn, Aḥmad ʻAbd al-Hamīd. al-Ṣūrīyah wa-waraqat al-ḍidd fī al-ʻuqūd al-madanīyah wafqan li-aḥkām Maḥkamat al-Naqḍ al-Miṣrīyah. Miṣr al-Jadīdah, al-Qāhirah: al-Maktab al-ʻArabī lil-Maʻārif, 2021.

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University of Alabama in Huntsville. Center for Automation and Robotics. and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Modular manufacturing simulator: Users manual : contract--NAS8-38609 ... [Huntsville, Ala.]: University of Alabama in Huntsville, 1997.

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University of Alabama in Huntsville. Center for Automation and Robotics. and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Modular manufacturing simulator: Users manual : contract--NAS8-38609 ... [Huntsville, Ala.]: University of Alabama in Huntsville, 1997.

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Office, General Accounting. Navy contracting: Military Sealift Command contracts for Operation Desert Shield : report to the Chairman, Committee on Government Operations, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1991.

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DeLaurier, J. D. Airship flight dynamics analysis: Final report on contract no. 14SD.T8200-4-4575. Montreal: Transportation Development Centre, 1986.

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Halpin, Daniel W. Planning and analysis of construction operations. New York: Wiley, 1992.

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University of Alabama in Huntsville. Center for Automation and Robotics. and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Modular manufacturing simulator: Users manual : contract NAS8-38609 DO00180. [Huntsville, Ala: The University, 1997.

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Book chapters on the topic "Simulation of contracts"

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Gomes, Cláudio, Casper Thule, Levi Lúcio, Hans Vangheluwe, and Peter Gorm Larsen. "Generation of Co-simulation Algorithms Subject to Simulator Contracts." In Software Engineering and Formal Methods, 34–49. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57506-9_4.

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Betti, Quentin, Benoit Montreuil, Raphaël Khoury, and Sylvain Hallé. "Smart Contracts-Enabled Simulation for Hyperconnected Logistics." In Studies in Big Data, 109–49. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-38677-1_6.

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Llana, Luis, María-Emilia Cambronero, and Gregorio Díaz. "The Simulation Relation for Formal E-Contracts." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 490–502. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-49192-8_40.

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Ferguson, James, and Manbir Sodhi. "Using Simulation for Setting Terms of Performance Based Contracts." In Operations Research Proceedings, 465–70. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-20009-0_74.

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Qureshi, Ammar, and Khurshid Ahmad. "Agents and Secure Contracts in Cyber-Physical Systems: A Simulation." In Proceedings of the Future Technologies Conference (FTC) 2021, Volume 1, 533–51. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-89906-6_36.

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Lopes, Fernando, Hugo Algarvio, and João Santana. "Agent-Based Simulation of Electricity Markets: Risk Management and Contracts for Difference." In Understanding Complex Systems, 207–25. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-46331-5_10.

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Hernandez, Ariel Macaspac. "Theoretical Models, Case Studies and Simulation Games as Knowledge and Decision Tools." In Taming the Big Green Elephant, 125–42. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-31821-5_7.

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AbstractThe methodological challenges identified by this book reflect the limitations of or the constraints on the ontological conceptualization of transformation towards sustainability due to complexity and uncertainty. This complexity is exacerbated by the inevitable contextualization of sustainable, low-carbon transformation, where there is the need to find ways to assess and understand the political, economic, cultural, technological and environmental context from many analytical and governance levels, degrees and scales of causalities as well as making use of insights from these contexts to draw up lessons for others. The context, as reflected by socio-technical and socio-linguistic narratives, not only defines power relations between agents (e.g., between change agents and status quo agents), but also constitutes the audience as codified by social contracts.
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Helvacı, İlhan. "Contract Interpretation and Simulation." In Turkish Contract Law, 53–58. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-60061-1_8.

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Douin, Joël. "Simulation of Tem Dislocation Contrasts." In Computer Simulation in Materials Science, 391–406. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1628-9_21.

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Ursegov, Stanislav, and Armen Zakharian. "Contrasts Between Adaptive and Deterministic Models." In Adaptive Approach to Petroleum Reservoir Simulation, 19–25. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-67474-8_3.

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Conference papers on the topic "Simulation of contracts"

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Beillahi, Sidi Mohamed, Gabriela Ciocarlie, Michael Emmi, and Constantin Enea. "Behavioral simulation for smart contracts." In PLDI '20: 41st ACM SIGPLAN International Conference on Programming Language Design and Implementation. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3385412.3386022.

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Gomes, Claudio, Levi Lucio, and Hans Vangheluwe. "Semantics of Co-simulation Algorithms with Simulator Contracts." In 2019 ACM/IEEE 22nd International Conference on Model Driven Engineering Languages and Systems Companion (MODELS-C). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/models-c.2019.00124.

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Knoblich, Konstanze, Hans Ehm, Cathal Heavey, and Peter Williams. "Modeling supply contracts in semiconductor supply chains." In 2011 Winter Simulation Conference - (WSC 2011). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/wsc.2011.6147924.

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Krieger, Matthias P., Alexander Knapp, and Burkhart Wolff. "Automatic and efficient simulation of operation contracts." In the ninth international conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1868294.1868303.

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Pasek, Zbigniew J. "Assessing inter-organizational dynamics of manufacturing service supply contracts." In 2011 Winter Simulation Conference - (WSC 2011). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/wsc.2011.6147794.

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Knezevic, Goran, Srete Nikolovski, and Predrag Maric. "Electricity spot market simulation involving bilateral contracts hedging." In 2011 European Energy Market (EEM). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/eem.2011.5952994.

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Hsieh, Ming-hua. "Valuation of variable annuity contracts with cliquet options in Asia markets." In 2008 Winter Simulation Conference (WSC). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/wsc.2008.4736119.

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"Validation of Visual Contracts for Services." In The 4th International Workshop on Modelling, Simulation,Verification and Validation of Enterprise Information Systems. SciTePress - Science and and Technology Publications, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0002502501470156.

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Bernard, Carole, and Christiane Lemieux. "Fast simulation of equity-linked life insurance contracts with a surrender option." In 2008 Winter Simulation Conference (WSC). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/wsc.2008.4736099.

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"Multi-supplier and single retailer contracts: profit splits under equilibrium." In 20th International Congress on Modelling and Simulation (MODSIM2013). Modelling and Simulation Society of Australia and New Zealand (MSSANZ), Inc., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.36334/modsim.2013.j3.gallego.

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Reports on the topic "Simulation of contracts"

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Hughes, P. M. J. The simulation of the flow and heat transfer in a carbon black furnace: a contract report for CANCARB. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/304593.

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Daniellou, François. Taking account of human and organisational factors in planning and designing a high risk system. Fondation pour une culture de sécurité industrielle, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.57071/381ynz.

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A Human and Organisational Factors (HOF) approach to project planning and design aims to improve decisions by anticipating the consequences of technical and organisational choices on the human activity that will take place in future operations. To foster efficient and safe work, the HOF approach is based on in-depth analysis of human activity in existing situations combined with simulation of probable activity in future operations, based on planned technical and organisational choices. The approach requires project owners to express their requirements clearly, good coordination with design and engineering contractors, and participation of various stakeholders, in particular from operations. The integration of a HOF approach should start at Front End Engineering and continue until the final project review.
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Baader, Franz. Terminological cycles in a description logic with existential restrictions. Technische Universität Dresden, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.25368/2022.120.

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Cyclic definitions in description logics have until now been investigated only for description logics allowing for value restrictions. Even for the most basic language FL₀, which allows for conjunction and value restrictions only, deciding subsumption in the presence of terminological cycles is a PSPACE-complete problem. This report investigates subsumption in the presence of terminological cycles for the language EL, which allows for conjunction and existential restrictions. In contrast to the results for FL₀, subsumption in EL remains polynomial, independent of wether we use least fixpoint semantics, greatest fixpoint semantics, or descriptive semantics. These results are shown via a characterization of subsumption through the existence of certain simulation relations between nodes of the description graph associated with a given cyclic terminology.
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Yan, Y., M. F. Chisholm, S. J. Pennycook, G. Duscher, A. Maiti, and S. T. Pantelides. First-principles simulations and Z-contrast imaging of impurities at <001> tilt grain boundaries in MgO. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/564235.

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Cormier, Dallas, Sherwin Edra, Michael Espinoza, Tony Daye, Vladimir Kostylev, Alexandre Pavlovski, and Deborah Jelen. Final Technical Report for Contract No. DE-EE0006332, "Integrated Simulation Development and Decision Support Tool-Set for Utility Market and Distributed Solar Power Generation". Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1273587.

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Kotulak, John C., and Clarence E. Rash. Visual Acuity with Second and Third Generation Night Vision Goggles Obtained from a New Method of Night Sky Simulation Across a Wide Range of Target Contrast. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada248786.

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CuQlock-Knopp, V. G., Edward Bender, John Merritt, and Jennifer Smoot. Visual Acuity for High-Contrast Tri-bar Targets Illuminated with Spectra Simulating Night Vision Goggle (NVG) Displays and the No-moon Night Sky. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, November 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada532744.

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Russo, David, and William A. Jury. Characterization of Preferential Flow in Spatially Variable Unsaturated Field Soils. United States Department of Agriculture, October 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2001.7580681.bard.

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Preferential flow appears to be the rule rather than the exception in field soils and should be considered in the quantitative description of solute transport in the unsaturated zone of heterogeneous formations on the field scale. This study focused on both experimental monitoring and computer simulations to identify important features of preferential flow in the natural environment. The specific objectives of this research were: (1) To conduct dye tracing and multiple tracer experiments on undisturbed field plots to reveal information about the flow velocity, spatial prevalence, and time evolution of a preferential flow event; (2) To conduct numerical experiments to determine (i) whether preferential flow observations are consistent with the Richards flow equation; and (ii) whether volume averaging over a domain experiencing preferential flow is possible; (3) To develop a stochastic or a transfer function model that incorporates preferential flow. Regarding our field work, we succeeded to develop a new method for detecting flow patterns faithfully representing the movement of water flow paths in structured and non-structured soils. The method which is based on application of ammonium carbonate was tested in a laboratory study. Its use to detect preferential flow was also illustrated in a field experiment. It was shown that ammonium carbonate is a more conservative tracer of the water front than the popular Brilliant Blue. In our detailed field experiments we also succeeded to document the occurrence of preferential flow during soil water redistribution following the cessation of precipitation in several structureless field soils. Symptoms of the unstable flow observed included vertical fingers 20 - 60 cm wide, isolated patches, and highly concentrated areas of the tracers in the transmission zone. Soil moisture and tracer measurements revealed that the redistribution flow became fingered following a reversal of matric potential gradient within the wetted area. Regarding our simulation work, we succeeded to develop, implement and test a finite- difference, numerical scheme for solving the equations governing flow and transport in three-dimensional, heterogeneous, bimodal, flow domains with highly contrasting soil materials. Results of our simulations demonstrated that under steady-state flow conditions, the embedded clay lenses (with very low conductivity) in bimodal formations may induce preferential flow, and, consequently, may enhance considerably both the solute spreading and the skewing of the solute breakthrough curves. On the other hand, under transient flow conditions associated with substantial redistribution periods with diminishing water saturation, the effect of the embedded clay lenses on the flow and the transport might diminish substantially. Regarding our stochastic modeling effort, we succeeded to develop a theoretical framework for flow and transport in bimodal, heterogeneous, unsaturated formations, based on a stochastic continuum presentation of the flow and a general Lagrangian description of the transport. Results of our analysis show that, generally, a bimodal distribution of the formation properties, characterized by a relatively complex spatial correlation structure, contributes to the variability in water velocity and, consequently, may considerably enhance solute spreading. This applies especially in formations in which: (i) the correlation length scales and the variances of the soil properties associated with the embedded soil are much larger than those of the background soil; (ii) the contrast between mean properties of the two subdomains is large; (iii) mean water saturation is relatively small; and (iv) the volume fraction of the flow domain occupied by the embedded soil is relatively large.
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Niles, John S., and J. M. Pogodzinski. Steps to Supplement Park-and-Ride Public Transit Access with Ride-and-Ride Shuttles. Mineta Transportation Institute, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2021.1950.

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Public transit ridership in California declined in the five years before the pandemic of 2020–21 and dropped significantly further after the pandemic began. A sharp downward step in the level of transit boarding occurred after February 2020, and continues to the date of this report as a result of the public-health guidance on social distancing, expanded work-at-home, and a travel mode shift from public transit to private cars. A critical issue has come to the foreground of public transportation policy, namely, how to increase the quality and geographic reach of transit service to better serve the essential trips of mobility disadvantaged citizens who do not have access to private vehicle travel. The research focus of this report is an examination of the circumstances where fixed route bus route service could cost-effectively be replaced by on-demand microtransit, with equivalent overall zone-level efficiency and a higher quality of complete trip service. Research methods were reviews of documented agency experience, execution of simple simulations, and sketch-level analysis of 2019 performance reported in the National Transit Database. Available evidence is encouraging and suggestive, but not conclusive. The research found that substitutions of flexible microtransit for fixed route buses are already being piloted across the U.S., with promising performance results. The findings imply that action steps could be taken in California to expand and refine an emphasis on general purpose microtransit in corridors and zones with a relatively high fraction of potential travelers who are mobility disadvantaged, and where traditional bus routes are capturing fewer than 15 boardings per vehicle hour. To be sufficiently productive as fixed route replacements, microtransit service technologies in the same or larger zones need to be capable of achieving vehicle boardings of five per hour, a challenge worth addressing with technology applications. Delivery of microtransit service can be undertaken through contracts with a growing set of private sector firms, which are developing processes to merge general purpose customers with those now assigned to ADA-required paratransit and Medi-Cal-supported non-emergency medical transport.
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Eshel, Amram, Jonathan P. Lynch, and Kathleen M. Brown. Physiological Regulation of Root System Architecture: The Role of Ethylene and Phosphorus. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2001.7585195.bard.

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Specific Objectives and Related Results: 1) Determine the effect of phosphorus availability on ethylene production by roots. Test the hypothesis that phosphorus availability regulates ethylene production Clear differences were found between the two plants that were studied. In beans ethylene production is affected by P nutrition, tissue type, and stage of development. There are genotypic differences in the rate of ethylene production by various root types and in the differential in ethylene production when P treatments are compared. The acceleration in ethylene production with P deficiency increases with time. These findings support the hypothesis that ethylene production may be enhanced by phosphorus deficiency, and that the degree of enhancement varies with genotype. In tomatoes the low-P level did not enhance significantly ethylene production by the roots. Wildtype cultivars and ethylene insensitive mutants behaved similarly in that respect. 2) Characterize the effects of phosphorus availability and ethylene on the architecture of whole root systems. Test the hypothesis that both ethylene and low phosphorus availability modify root architecture. In common bean, the basal roots give rise to a major fraction of the whole root system. Unlike other laterals these roots respond to gravitropic stimulation. Their growth angle determines the proportion of the root length in the shallow layers of the soil. A correlation between ethylene production and basal root angle was found in shallow rooted but not deep-rooted genotypes, indicating that acceleration of ethylene synthesis may account for the change in basal root angle in genotypes demonstrating a plastic response to P availability. Short-time gravitropic response of the tap roots of young bean seedlings was not affected by P level in the nutrient solution. Low phosphorus specifically increases root hair length and root hair density in Arabidopsis. We tested 7 different mutants in ethylene perception and response and in each case, the response to low P was lower than that of the wild-type. The extent of reduction in P response varied among the mutants, but every mutant retained some responsiveness to changes in P concentration. The increase in root hair density was due to the increase in the number of trichoblast cell files under low P and was not mediated by ethylene. Low P did not increase the number of root hairs forming from atrichoblasts. This is in contrast to ethylene treatment, which increased the number of root hairs partly by causing root hairs to form on atrichoblasts. 3) Assess the adaptive value of root architectural plasticity in response to phosphorus availability. A simulation study indicated that genetic variation for root architecture in common bean may be related to adaptation to diverse competitive environments. The fractal dimension of tomato root system was directly correlated with P level.
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