Journal articles: 'SIMPLIFIED DESIGN OF SPUR GEARS'

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Wang, Jian, Liang Hou, and Shan Ming Luo. "Research on Tooth Profile Design of Spur Gears Based on Line of Action." Advanced Materials Research 631-632 (January 2013): 817–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.631-632.817.

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This paper aims to propose a design method for tooth profiles of spur gears based on given line of action. A simplified derivation of the mathematical model of tooth profiles is introduced according to the meshing theory. Tooth profiles of spur gears, using a parabola as line of action, is established. The result shows that it will be better to control the performances of a gear set by specifying the shape of the line of action rather than specifying tooth profiles of mating gear.

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Kahraman, A., and G. W. Blankenship. "Effect of Involute Contact Ratio on Spur Gear Dynamics." Journal of Mechanical Design 121, no. 1 (March 1, 1999): 112–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2829411.

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The influence of involute contact ratio on the torsional vibration behavior of a spur gear pair is investigated experimentally by measuring the dynamic transmission error of several gear pairs using a specially designed gear test rig. Measured forced response curves are presented, and harmonic amplitudes of dynamic transmission error are compared above and below gear mesh resonances for both unmodified and modified gears having various involute contact ratio values. The influence of involute contact ratio on dynamic transmission error is quantified and a set of generalized, experimentally validated design guidelines for the proper selection of involute contact ratio to achieve quite gear systems is presented. A simplified analytical model is also proposed which accurately describes the effects of involute contact ratio on dynamic transmission error.

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Yildirim, N., and R. G. Munro. "A systematic approach to profile relief design of low and high contact ratio spur gears." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 213, no. 6 (June 1, 1999): 551–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/0954406991522482.

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This is the first of a series of papers on the design of the tooth profile relief of both low and high contact ratio spur gears and its effects on transmission error (TE) and tooth loads. A systematic approach to profile relief design is introduced. The process of profile relief analysis is based on a number of simplifying assumptions to ease the understanding of the relief design. Useful relief cases determined during the simplified analysis are further investigated, with realistic parameter values such as variable stiffness, manufacturing tolerances and so on, in other papers of the series. Experimental validation of the cases proven to be good are also given in forthcoming papers. In the present paper, the systematic approach is applied to low contact ratio (LCR) spur gears first with some design regions and to high contact ratio (HCR) spur gears with some new and promising design regions and rules. Several smooth transmission error curves at different loads are shown to be possible for the relief designed, hence allowing a range of loads with uniform motion transfer. The advantages of HCRG over LCRG in terms of smooth TE curves and tooth load values are noted.

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Keller, M. C., C. Kromer, L. Cordes, C. Schwitzke, and H. J. Bauer. "CFD study of oil-jet gear interaction flow phenomena in spur gears." Aeronautical Journal 124, no. 1279 (June 10, 2020): 1301–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aer.2020.44.

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ABSTRACTOil-jet lubrication and cooling of high-speed gears is frequently employed in aeronautical systems, such as novel high-bypass civil aero engines based on the geared turbofan technology. Using such oil-jet system, practitioners aim to achieve high cooling rates on the flanks of the highly thermally loaded gears with minimum oil usage. Thus, for an optimal design, detailed knowledge about the flow processes is desired. These involve the oil exiting the nozzle, the oil impacting on the gear teeth, the oil spreading on the flanks, the subsequent oil fling-off, as well as the effect of the design parameters on the oil flow. Better understanding of these processes will improve the nozzle design phase, e.g. regarding the nozzle positioning and orientation, as well as the nozzle sizing and operation.Most related studies focus on the impingement depth to characterize the two-phase flow. However, the level of information of this scalar value is rather low for a complete description of the highly dynamic three-dimensional flow. Motivated by the advancements in numerical methods and the computational resources available nowadays, the investigation of the oil-jet gear interaction by means of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) has come into focus lately.In this work, a numerical setup based on the volume-of-fluid method is presented and employed to investigate the two-phase flow phenomena occurring in the vicinity of the gear teeth. The setup consists of a single oil-jet impinging on a single rotating spur gear. By introducing new metrics for characterizing the flow phenomena, extensive use of the possibilities of modern CFD is made, allowing a detailed transient and spatially resolved flow analysis. Thus, not only the impingement depth, but also the temporal and spatial evolution of wetted areas on the gear flanks, as well as the evolution of the oil volume in contact with the gear flanks are extracted from the simulation data and compared in a CFD study.The study consists of 21 different simulation cases, whereby the effect of varying the jet velocity, the jet inclination angle, the jet diameter, and the gear speed are examined. Consistent results compared to a simplified analytical approach for the impinging depth are obtained and the results for the newly introduced metrics are presented.

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Qu, Yongzhi, Liu Hong, Xixin Jiang, Miao He, David He, Yuegang Tan, and Zude Zhou. "Experimental study of dynamic strain for gear tooth using fiber Bragg gratings and piezoelectric strain sensors." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 232, no. 21 (November 24, 2017): 3992–4003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406217744000.

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It has always been a critical task to understand gear dynamics for gear design and condition monitoring. Many gear models have been proposed to simulate gear meshing dynamics. However, most of the theoretical models are based on simplified gear structure and may contain approximation errors. Direct measuring of gear strain is important for gear design validation, load analysis, reliability assessment, gear condition monitoring, etc. Most of the existing studies of tooth strain measurements are performed under static load condition. In this paper, we investigate new measuring techniques using fiber Bragg grating sensor and piezoelectric strain for gear dynamic strain measurement. We conduct gear dynamic strain measurement under both normal and pitted conditions to evaluate the strain transition process and pitting effect. The experiments are performed on an industrial gearbox with relatively small module gears. Multiple combinations of speed and load conditions are tested and the results are discussed and analyzed. We analyze multiple factors that affect the tooth root stress, including speed, load, extended tooth meshing, etc. It is found that under low operation speed range, the tooth root strain is mainly determined by the torque, while in the medium to high speed range, the tooth root strain is jointly affected by speed and torque. Extended tooth contact is shown in the measurement results with strong evidence. It conforms to earlier founding that the transmission error and dynamic load factor are overestimated for spur gear under heavy load. We also evaluate the change in dynamic strain caused by pitted tooth surface. It is shown that pitting faults lead to decreased bending strain on the tooth, especially in single-tooth contact zone, which represents a loss in torque and possibly reduced mesh stiffness. Numerical simulations are also provided to make comparisons and help to interpret the experimental results.

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Koffi, D., R. Gauvin, and H. Yelle. "Heat Generation in Thermoplastic Spur Gears." Journal of Mechanisms, Transmissions, and Automation in Design 107, no. 1 (March 1, 1985): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3258688.

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Since thermoplastics are temperature-sensitive materials, heat generation in running spur gears is an important parameter. This paper presents two models for its evaluation, an exact one which considers all the parameters but needs a computer to solve the equations; then a simplified model. Both models take into account the contact outside the theoretical line of action which is the usual case with thermoplastic gears. Results for the simplified model are within reasonable agreement with the exact one.

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Sachidananda, H. K., K. Raghunandana, and J. Gonsalvis. "Design of Spur Gears Using Profile Modification." Tribology Transactions 58, no. 4 (May 26, 2015): 736–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10402004.2015.1010762.

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Nguyen, Minh, Nguyen Anh My, Le Quang Phu Vinh, and Vo Thanh Binh. "Optimal weight design problem of spur gears." Science & Technology Development Journal - Engineering and Technology 4, no. 1 (March 6, 2021): first. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdjet.v4i1.792.

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Gear is one of the most common and important components in machinery. Evaluation on durability of gears plays crucial role in the assessment of the whole system reliability and service life. For other parts like shafts, the gears also act as loads. Therefore, dimensions and weight of the gears should be reduced as much as possible, contributing the size and weight reduction of the whole systems, which is essential to be cost-effectiveness. The current research focuses on optimal weight design problem of spur gears, such that the weight is minimized under the constraints taken from working conditions. The weight is a function of six variables, i.e. face width, shaft diameter of pinion, shaft diameter of gear, number of teeth on pinion, module and hardness. Constraints are derived based on AGMA standard and engineering handbooks, including the bending strength, the surface fatigue strength, the interference condition, the condition for uniform load distribution, the torsional strength of shaft on pinion and gear, and the center distance. The set of optimum design variables is determined by the heuristic algorithm Grey Wolf Optimizer (GWO). The accuracy and efficiency of the GWO in the optimal weight design problem of spur gears are assessed based on comparison with other popular methods, such as Genetic Algorithm (GA), Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Simulated Annealing (SA). It is noted that in previous works, some of the constraints are still violated. Therefore, a penalty term is taken into the objective function, such that any set of design variables that violates constraints will be considered as ``unfit'' by the algorithm. It is demonstrated that using the proposed approach by current work, the optimal weight and the corresponding set of design variable are very close to reference data. Yet the advantage of the proposed approach is exhibited in the fact that all of the constraints are satisfied.

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Feng, Fang, Hui Pan, and Guo Jun Hu. "PRO/E Based Parametric Design of Spur Gears." Advanced Materials Research 201-203 (February 2011): 790–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.201-203.790.

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This paper adopts the method of PRO/E programs, relationships and parameters to conduct the parametric design process for various types of spur gears, analyzes the key parameters of the spur gears, defines them via programming, and by the use of parameters dialog box and relationships dialog box to define basic parameters and the relationships between them step by step, finally to complete the gear’s parametric model.

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Litvin, F. L., and D. H. Kim. "Computerized Design, Generation and Simulation of Meshing of Modified Involute Spur Gears With Localized Bearing Contact and Reduced Level of Transmission Errors." Journal of Mechanical Design 119, no. 1 (March 1, 1997): 96–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2828795.

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The authors propose modification of geometry of spur gears that enable to localize the bearing contact and reduce the level of transmission errors. Methods for generation of spur gears with the modified geometry are proposed as well. Computer programs for simulation of meshing and contact of misaligned spur gears with the modified geometry have been developed. The developed theory is illustrated with numerical examples.

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Yousef, Samy, T. A. Osman, M. Khattab, Ahmed A. Bahr, and Ahmed M. Youssef. "A New Design of the Universal Test Rig to Measure the Wear Characterizations of Polymer Acetal Gears (Spur, Helical, Bevel, and Worm)." Advances in Tribology 2015 (2015): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/926918.

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This work aims to study the wear characterization of common types of acetal polymer gears (spur, helical, bevel, and worm) using a new TS universal test rig, in order to obtain reliable results and as a reference when compared with acetal nanocomposite gears later. The TS universal test rig consists of three different units that are connected by a main driver shaft and a pair of constantly meshing metal spur gears, which transfer power to the bevel and worm test units. The first unit is used to test the bevel gears, the second unit is used to test the spur and helical gears, and the third unit is used to test the worm gears. The loading mechanism is similarly designed to block the brake mechanism. Hobbing and milling machines were used to machine an injection-moulded polymer flanges and produce the tested gears. All gear pairs, except the worm gear, have identical gear ratios. The experiments were performed at speed 1420 rpm and the torque was 4 Nm. The results showed that the wear rates (in the form of weight loss) of spur gears were consistent with the previous results and the other gear types had larger wear rates.

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Laseinde, O. T., and S. B. Adejuyigbe. "Design of plastic spur gears using virtual reality." International Journal of Computer Aided Engineering and Technology 6, no. 1 (2014): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijcaet.2014.058001.

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Rogers, C. A., H. H. Mabie, and C. F. Reinholtz. "Design of spur gears generated with pinion cutters." Mechanism and Machine Theory 25, no. 6 (January 1990): 623–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0094-114x(90)90005-5.

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Kim, Choong Hyun, Sung-Chul Lee, Hyo-Sok Ahn, and Tae Hyong Chong. "Cavity design method for injection-molded spur gears." KSME International Journal 14, no. 1 (January 2000): 65–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03184772.

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Lyashenko, Vyacheslav, and Diana Rudenko. "Modeling Deformation of Spur Gear." International Journal of Recent Technology and Applied Science 3, no. 2 (September 19, 2021): 81–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.36079/lamintang.ijortas-0302.275.

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In The work considers 11 types of gears, features of their design and application. Analysis of gears designs is carried out, since shape of teeth directly affects process of teeth gearing, and this, in turn, affects load, which causes deformation of elements. 3D model of spur gear was created in ANSYS system. The work was limited by analyzing problem from point of view of gear wheels’ deformation, which were made of 40L carbon steel and carbon composite material. As a result, finite element modeling and analysis of gears using ANSYS system was carried out.

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Götz, Joshua, Sebastian Sepp, Michael Otto, and Karsten Stahl. "Low excitation spur gears with variable tip diameter." INTER-NOISE and NOISE-CON Congress and Conference Proceedings 263, no. 5 (August 1, 2021): 1275–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3397/in-2021-1799.

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One important source of noise in drive trains are transmissions. In numerous applications, it is necessary to use helical instead of spur gear stages due to increased noise requirements. Besides a superior excitation behaviour, helical gears also show additional disadvantageous effects (e.g. axial forces and tilting moments), which have to be taken into account in the design process. Thus, a low noise spur gear stage could simplify design and meet the requirements of modern mechanical drive trains. The authors explore the possibility of combining the low noise properties of helical gears with the advantageous mechanical properties of spur gears by using spur gears with variable tip diameter along the tooth width. This allows the adjustment of the total length of active lines of action at the beginning and end of contact and acts as a mesh stiffness modification. For this reason, several spur gear designs are experimentally investigated and compared with regard to their excitation behaviour. The experiments are performed on a back-to-back test rig and include quasi-static transmission error measurements under load as well as dynamic torsional vibration measurements. The results show a significant improvement of the excitation behaviour for spur gears with variable tip diameter.

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Deng, Xiaohe, Lin Hua, and Xinghui Han. "Research on the Design and Modification of Asymmetric Spur Gear." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2015 (2015): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/897257.

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A design method for the geometric shape and modification of asymmetric spur gear was proposed, in which the geometric shape and modification of the gear can be obtained directly according to the rack-cutter profile. In the geometric design process of the gear, a rack-cutter with different pressure angles and fillet radius in the driving side and coast side was selected, and the generated asymmetric spur gear profiles also had different pressure angles and fillets accordingly. In the modification design of the gear, the pressure angle modification of rack-cutter was conducted firstly and then the corresponding modified involute gear profile was obtained. The geometric model of spur gears was developed using computer-aided design, and the meshing process was analyzed using finite element simulation method. Furthermore, the transmission error and load sharing ratio of unmodified and modified asymmetric spur gears were investigated. Research results showed that the proposed gear design method was feasible and desired spur gear can be obtained through one time rapid machining by the method. Asymmetric spur gear with better transmission characteristic can be obtained via involute modification.

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Zhai, Guodong, Zhihao Liang, and Zihao Fu. "A Mathematical Model for Parametric Tooth Profile of Spur Gears." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2020 (February 24, 2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/7869315.

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Spur gears are widely used transmission components. In the traditional design process, the noninvolute part of the tooth profile curve is difficult to describe with mathematical equations. This article puts forward a new parametric modeling method, which can describe the modified involute part of spur gears and parameterize and optimize the transition part of the involute curve of the spur gear. And this model of the spur gear can be created by parameters which is input in Scilab software and the spur gear graphic can be completed correspondingly. The experiments show that this modeling method can more quickly produce the standard spur or modified spur gear, and it also improves the efficiency and accuracy of spur gear modeling.

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Mabie, H. H., C. A. Rogers, and C. F. Reinholtz. "Design of nonstandard spur gears cut by a hob." Mechanism and Machine Theory 25, no. 6 (January 1990): 635–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0094-114x(90)90006-6.

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Hamed, Najat. "An Automatic Drawing Spur Gears Based on AutoCAD Program." Tikrit Journal of Engineering Sciences 28, no. 1 (June 5, 2021): 64–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/tjes.28.1.07.

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In this research, a computer-aided drawing system of spur gear was developed. An auto LISP programming language embedded within the AutoCAD design package was used to develop a new program to create a 3D model of a spur gear in two main stages. In the first stage, the developed program of spur gear allows automatic 2D spur gear drawing generation using the technique that depends on the half tooth thickness at the pitch diameter. In the second stage, inner profiles of a 2D spur gear views are used to create a 3D model of a spur gear. The developed program helpful for the user in drawing the spur gear modelling, due to less work and time to be spent when compared with the conventional approach, and it also improves a high degree of accuracy of spur gear modelling. The spur gear resulting from the prepared gear drawing system can also work with other popular CAD software.

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Bibel, G. D., S. K. Reddy, M. Savage, and R. F. Handschuh. "Effects of Rim Thickness on Spur Gear Bending Stress." Journal of Mechanical Design 116, no. 4 (December 1, 1994): 1157–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2919500.

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Thin rim gears find application in high-power, lightweight aircraft transmissions. Bending stresses in thin rim spur gear tooth fillets and root areas differ from the stresses in solid gears due to rim deformations. Rim thickness is a significant design parameter for these gears. To study this parameter, a finite element analysis was conducted on a segment of a thin rim gear. The rim thickness was varied and the location and magnitude of the maximum bending stresses reported. Design limits are discussed and compared with the results of other researchers.

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Jang, Hyo-Seong, Chang-Hyun Lee, Gun-Young Park, and Chul Kim. "Study on Design of Non-Circular Gears for Speed Control of the Squid Belly Opening and Gutting Machine (SBOGM)." Applied Sciences 11, no. 7 (April 6, 2021): 3268. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11073268.

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Non-circular gears can maintain rotational motions of general gears and implement all varying rotational motions of the cam. They adjust the angular velocity of driven gear according to operating conditions and make precise changes in angular motion. The design of non-circular gears has not been sufficiently studied because of their particularity and complex design methods unlike spur gears. In the gutting section of the Squid Belly Opening and Gutting Machine (SBOGM), spur gears generate rotational impact due to constant angular velocities, causing noise and equipment damage; so, efficiency should be improved by varying sectional angular velocity. Therefore, we derived pitch curves by selecting angular velocity ratio considering operating environments, and the tooth profile was designed by calculating module for each section according to radius through theorical analysis for precise expression of angular velocity ratio. To confirm reliability of design, angular velocity ratio and structural safety of designed non-circular gears were verified using, commercial software, ‘DAFUL 2020 R1′.

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Fetvaci, Cuneyt, and C. Erdem Imrak. "Computer Modeling and Simulation of Spur Involute Gears by Generating Method." Key Engineering Materials 450 (November 2010): 103–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.450.103.

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This study analyzes the forming principle of spur gears with asymmetric teeth profile by rack-type and pinion-type cutters. Mathematical models of generating and generated surfaces manufactured by generating-type cutters are given. Asymmetric gear tooth is also considered. A computer program is developed to display computer graphs of the spur gears with asymmetric involute teeth. The simulated motion path of the generating cutter is illustrated. The developed computer programs are very helpful in the design of involute gears.

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Senthil Kumar, Mouleeswaran, M. Santhosh, E. Arvind, M. Ashwin, and S. Prashant. "Optimization of Spur Gear Design to Reduce Stress." Applied Mechanics and Materials 867 (July 2017): 220–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.867.220.

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The objective of the study is to reduce the stress created in the root fillet region as the maximum stress concentration in gears occurs in the fillet. Therefore, stress relieving features have been created at an offset distance from the root fillet to reduce the stress. A Spur gear with involute profile is taken for the study. The application taken for the study is the gear used in terrain vehicles. The material of the gear is EN-353 grade Steel. Based on the compressive strengths and bending strengths, the spur gear is designed to the required application. The gear is modelled using the specifications obtained from the design calculations. The forces acting on the gear is calculated considering the application in which it is used. The gear is then analysed using the ANSYS WORKBENCH 14.0 software. It has been found that the maximum stress acts near the root fillet region. Hence, stress relieving features of circular and elliptical shapes are created at an offset distance from the root fillet. It has been found that the gear with elliptical stress relieving hole has the minimum stress than those of gears with other combinations. The next objective which is to reduce the mass of the gear is done by creating larger holes in the lower stress regions of the gear. The mass reducing features are created in the gears with stress relieving features and each gear has been subjected to analysis for the minimum amount of stress. It has been found that the value of stress is less in the gear with mass reducing holes but with no stress relieving feature. Thus, the stress acting on the root fillet region has been reduced by 20% by creating circular and elliptical holes. The other objective of mass reduction is satisfied by creating larger holes.

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Thomas, Benny, K. Sankaranarayansamy, S. Ramachandra, and Suresh Kumar S.P. "Selection of Pressure Angle based on Dynamic Effects in Asymmetric Spur Gear with Fixed Normal Contact Ratio." Defence Science Journal 69, no. 3 (April 30, 2019): 303–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dsj.69.13636.

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Asymmetric spur gears are finding application in many fields including aerospace propulsion and automobile which demand unidirectional or relatively higher load on one side of the gear flank. Design intend to maximise the load carrying capacity of the drive side of asymmetric gear by increasing the pressure angle is achieved at the expense of coast side capacity. Multiple solution for coast to drive side pressure angle exist for a given contact ratio and each of these have relative merits and demerits. In the present work asymmetric spur gears of theoretically equal contact ratio as that of corresponding symmetric gears are selected to investigate the change in gear tooth static transmission error and dynamic behaviour with coast and drive side pressure angle. Study shows that dynamic factor of normal contact ratio asymmetric spur gears below resonance speed are relatively lower than corresponding symmetric gears of same module, contact ratio, number of teeth, coast side pressure angle and fillet radii. Results also show that, coast and drive side pressure angle can be suitably selected for a given contact ratio to reduce the single tooth and double tooth contact static transmission error and dynamic factor of asymmetric spur gears.

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Li, Zhi, Jianmei Wang, Hong Zhang, Jian Chen, and Kun Liu. "Influence of surface topography on the friction and dynamic characteristics of spur gears." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J: Journal of Engineering Tribology 234, no. 12 (January 9, 2020): 1892–907. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1350650119897471.

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As an important excitation source of gear dynamic problems, the time-varying friction of tooth surface is closely related to its topography. Considering the friction characteristics of tooth surface is of great significance to improve the calculation accuracy of gear dynamic characteristics. In order to solve the problem that the variation of tooth friction coefficient was simplified too much in the previous gear dynamics research, the time-varying tooth friction coefficient is obtained by fitting the results of twin-disc test in this research. To investigate the influence of tooth surface topography on the friction and dynamic characteristics of spur gears, the relationship between surface topography and friction coefficient under line contact condition is studied using twin-disc tester and analyzed by 3D topography parameters in ISO 25178. The time-varying friction coefficients of spur gears with different tooth surface topographies during meshing are fitted with the experimental results. The influence of time-varying friction coefficient caused by the tooth surface topography on the dynamic characteristics of spur gears under different operating conditions is examined by substituting the fitting curves of time-varying friction coefficient into the multi-degree-of-freedom dynamic model of spur gears. The results show that this influence is mainly embodied in the off-line-of-action direction, which is the direction of friction force acting on the tooth surface. The dynamic characteristics of gears with different surface topography are obviously different under various working conditions. The method presents in this paper simplifies the application of tooth contact analysis in the study of time-varying tooth friction characteristics, which will provide a new way for the gear dynamics research considering the tooth surface topography.

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Litvin, F. L., A. Fuentes, A. Demenego, D. Vecchiato, and Q. Fan. "New developments in the design and generation of gear drives." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 215, no. 7 (July 1, 2001): 747–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/0954406011524117.

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Design, generation and simulation of the meshing and contact of gear drives with favourable bearing contact and reduced noise are considered. The proposed approach is based on replacement of the instantaneous line of contact of tooth surfaces by point contact and on application of a predesigned parabolic function of transmission errors that is able to absorb linear discontinuous functions of transmission errors caused by misalignment. Basic algorithms for analysis and synthesis of gear drives are presented. The developed theory is applied for design and generation of the following gear drives with modified geometry: (a) spur and helical gears, (b) a new version of Novikov-Wildhaber (N-W) helical gears, (c) asymmetric face gear drives with a spur pinion, (d) formate-cut spiral bevel gears. Generation of the tooth surface of a worm gear is presented as the formation of a two-branch envelope. The discussed topics are illustrated with examples.

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Cui, Huan Yong, Xi Jie Tian, and Dong Liang Wang. "Design Technique Research of Fine-Forged Spur Bevel Gear Tooth Profile Modification." Key Engineering Materials 443 (June 2010): 170–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.443.170.

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Gear tooth profile modification can be featured to improve working stability of gear equipments, abate noise and vibration, enhance loading ability and prolong usage life of the gears. Fine forged spur bevel gear are formed with molds, so it is economical to modify the gears by means of modifying mold cavity. Whether the modified gears can be separated from the mold with easiness is proposed to be the basic criterion of gear tooth profile modification design. Near the big ends and tooth roots is mainly the area which affects demolding after modification. According to the modified gear configuration, mathematical model is built to calculate the demolding check at any modification points on the fine forged spur bevel gear profile. And a corresponding program is developed, which is the main tool for the gear tooth profile modification design, and practical calculation has carried out.

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Singh, Akant Kumar, Siddhartha, and Prashant Kumar Singh. "Polymer spur gears behaviors under different loading conditions: A review." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J: Journal of Engineering Tribology 232, no. 2 (May 22, 2017): 210–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1350650117711595.

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The significance of polymer gears to transmit power and motion is increasing continuously due to their inherent characteristics. Polymer gears have established themselves as attractive alternatives to traditional metal gears in plethora applications. They are light in weight, have lower inertia, and run noiseless than their metal counterparts. This article presents a comprehensive review of the research on polymer spur gears operating under low (0–8 Nm) and moderate (>8 and ≤17 Nm) loading conditions. Different polymers and polymer composites used till date for the fabrication of such gears are included along with different operating conditions. Various design features of polymer gears and tooth modification techniques for the improvement of the performance and durability of these gears have also been included in this review. The aspects of the modeling and simulation studies of the polymer gears are also emphasized in this paper for completeness of the review. The concept of hybrid gears is discussed along with their tribological properties. Various methods of manufacturing of polymer gears and their failure modes are discussed so as to make the article useful for researchers.

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Kim, H. C., J. P. de Vaujany, M. Guingand, and D. Play. "Stress Analysis of Cylindrical Webbed Spur Gears: Parametric Study." Journal of Mechanical Design 120, no. 2 (June 1, 1998): 349–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2826980.

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In this paper, a numerical computer software based on the Finite Prism Method, is proposed in order to design external cylindrical spur gears with a web. It enables computing load sharing, pressure distribution, meshing stiffness and 3D tooth fillet stresses. The software is generally used during the detailed design for optimizing gear meshing. The software is also used to quantify the influences of web design parameters. The process is based on a statistical method: experimental design, that permits studying the influence of parameters. Thus, a simple formula was found in order to estimate the maximum principal stress in the tooth root. The results of the formula were compared with those found in the bibliography. The formula can be useful during the preliminary design for predimensioning webbed spur gears in design department.

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Syromyatnikov, V. S., Garcia Martinez Juan Marcos, Samora Quintana Laura Angelica, and Ortega Rosales Miguel Gersaun. "Design of spur gearbox shafts for fatigue Fatigue Design of Spur Gearbox Shafts." Proceedings of Higher Educational Institutions. Маchine Building, no. 7 (712) (July 2019): 3–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.18698/0536-1044-2019-7-3-10.

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Spur gearboxes are used in machine drives to transfer torque from the engine to the machine’s working element: the driving wheel of the car, the rotor of the helicopter or the drum of the conveyor. Spur gears and bearings are mounted on the shafts of the gearbox. Under the action of torque and forces in the gearing of the wheels, tangential and normal stresses occur in the cross section of the shaft. Normal stress varies in a symmetrical cycle and leads to material fatigue. In view of this, a mathematical model is proposed to improve the accuracy of calculating the overall safety factor for shaft fatigue resistance. Based on the von Mises deformation theory, equivalent stress parameters (amplitude and the mean) are determined. To assess the safety margin of the shaft, Soderberg, Goodman, Gerber, and ASME criteria are used. The stress amplitude margin is calculated depending on the endurance limit of the shaft material, refined according to the specified conditions. The average stress margin is determined relative to the yield strength of the material or the ultimate strength. Formulae for calculating the overall safety factor of amplitude and average stress are obtained. With a known safety factor and load, it is possible to determine the shaft diameter at the preliminary design stage of the gearbox according to the fatigue resistance condition.

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Steward, J. H. "The Compliance of Solid, Wide-Faced Spur Gears." Journal of Mechanical Design 112, no. 4 (December 1, 1990): 590–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2912651.

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In this paper, the requirements for an accurate 3D model of the tooth contact-line load distribution in real spur gears are summarized. The theoretical results (obtained by F.E.M.) for the point load compliance of wide-faced spur gear teeth are set out. These values compare well with experimental data obtained from tests on a large spur gear (18 mm module, 18 teeth).

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Kapelevich, Alexander. "Geometry and design of involute spur gears with asymmetric teeth." Mechanism and Machine Theory 35, no. 1 (January 2000): 117–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0094-114x(99)00002-6.

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Tong, B. S., and D. Walton. "A computer design aid for internal spur and helical gears." International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture 27, no. 4 (January 1987): 479–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0890-6955(87)80020-2.

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Chang, H. L., and Y. C. Tsai. "Feasible design spaces of the pressure angle for spur gears." Mechanism and Machine Theory 28, no. 2 (March 1993): 181–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0094-114x(93)90086-b.

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Shen, Zhao Kui, and Xiao Lin Pan. "The Development of Graphic Design Method Based on Pro/Toolkit Spur Gears." Advanced Materials Research 328-330 (September 2011): 606–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.328-330.606.

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Pro/Toolkit is the powerful secondary development provide of Pro/E ,It encapsulates many aimed at Pro/E bottom resources library function and call header files.Using VC++6.0 for integrated development environment and under Windows for development.This paper mainly introduces a graphic design method based on Pro/Toolkit spur gears.Firstly by using Pro/E to establish the spur gears 3d model and realize the 3d model parametric design. Then using VC++6.0 to type VC DLL program, design MFC dialog and for source program's compiles and links, to create dynamic link files(DLL or EXE files), through the registration documents and running applications.Finally realizes input gear parameters to get the corresponding gear effect in the dialog.Completed in VC++6.0 integrated development environment using Pro/Toolkit for forging spur gears graphic design. Got use Pro/Toolkit for straight tooth cylindrical gear and internal gear's secondary development interface.To avoid a lot of labor, meet different repeat and improv product design efficiency.

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Wang, Yanzhong, Yang Liu, Wen Tang, and Peng Liu. "Parametric finite element modeling and tooth contact analysis of spur and helical gears including profile and lead modifications." Engineering Computations 34, no. 8 (November 6, 2017): 2877–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ec-06-2016-0203.

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Purpose The finite element method has been increasingly applied in stress, thermal and dynamic analysis of gear transmissions. Preparing the models with different design and modification parameters for the finite element analysis is a time-consuming and highly skilled burden. Design/methodology/approach To simplify the preprocessing work of the analysis, a parametric finite element modeling method for spur and helical gears including profile and lead modification is developed. The information about the nodes and elements is obtained and exported into the finite element software to generate the finite element model of the gear automatically. Findings By using the three-dimensional finite element tooth contact analysis method, the effects of tooth modifications on the transmission error and contact stress of spur and helical gears are presented. Originality/value The results demonstrate that the proposed method is useful for verifying the modification parameters of spur and helical gears in the case of deformations and misalignments.

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Savage, M., S. B. Lattime, J. A. Kimmel, and H. H. Coe. "Optimal Design of Compact Spur Gear Reductions." Journal of Mechanical Design 116, no. 3 (September 1, 1994): 690–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2919437.

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The optimal design of compact spur gear reductions includes the selection of bearing and shaft proportions in addition to the gear mesh parameters. Designs for single mesh spur gear reductions are based on optimization of system life, system volume, and system weight including gears, support shafts, and the four bearings. The overall optimization allows component properties to interact, yielding the best composite design. A modified feasible directions search algorithm directs the optimization through a continuous design space. Interpolated polynomials expand the discrete bearing properties and proportions into continuous variables for optimization. After finding the continuous optimum, the designer can analyze near optimal designs for comparison and selection. Design examples show the influence of the bearings on the optimal configurations.

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Kimiaei, Masoud, and Saleh Akbarzadeh. "Effect of profile modification on the performance of spur gears in isothermal mixed-EHL regime using load-sharing concept." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J: Journal of Engineering Tribology 233, no. 6 (October 18, 2018): 936–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1350650118806802.

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Spur gears are one of the most important tools for power transmission in the industry and thus can be considered a key mechanical element. As a result of power transmission, gears might fail or experience wear and fatigue. So the improvement in the design and modification of tooth profile of gears can significantly reduce friction loss and wear of the gear teeth and therefore it increases the useful life, improves the quality, and reduces the cost. The purpose of this study is to show the influence of addendum modification on the tribological performance of spur gears which are operating in the mixed elastohydrodynamic lubrication. In this paper, a model based on the load-sharing concept is employed to study the effect of changing addendum modification on the performance of spur gears, the amount of wear rate, and the lubricant film thickness. To this end, a model based on the load-sharing concept is employed which takes the geometry and lubricant properties as input and predicts the friction coefficient, load carried by fluid film and asperities, efficiency, and wear rate as output.

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Bruyère, J., and P. Velex. "A simplified multi-objective analysis of optimum profile modifications in spur and helical gears." Mechanism and Machine Theory 80 (October 2014): 70–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mechmachtheory.2014.04.015.

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Neuenfeldt, Patrick, Felix Brennenstuhl, and Volker Schulze. "Stirnradbearbeitung im Tauchgleitschleifen/Stream finishing of spur gears." wt Werkstattstechnik online 111, no. 06 (2021): 403–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.37544/1436-4980-2021-06-47.

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Das Tauchgleitschleifen als eines der produktivsten Gleitschleifverfahren hat sich bei der Endbearbeitung komplexer Bauteile am Markt etabliert und eröffnet zunehmend neue Möglichkeiten in der Auslegung von Fertigungsketten und der Substitution bisheriger Endbearbeitungsprozesse in der Verzahnungsherstellung. Dieser Beitrag behandelt die Optimierung der Oberflächenrauheit und -textur von geradverzahnten Stirnrädern durch Untersuchungen mittels im Zahnrad integrierter Metallstreifen.   Stream finishing, as one of the most productive mass finishing processes, has been established on the market for finishing complex components, providing new options in the design of production chains and in the substitution of existing finishing processes in gear manufacturing. This paper focuses on the optimization of surface roughness and texture of spur gears by means of investigating metal strips integrated in the gear.

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Huang, Kuo Jao, Wen Ruey Chang, and Wun Chuan Lian. "An Optimization Approach to the Displacement Volumes for External Spur Gear Pumps." Materials Science Forum 594 (August 2008): 57–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.594.57.

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To increase volume displacement is always concerning in designing external gear pumps (EGPs). Therefore, an approach of optimization analysis intending to enhance their displacement capability is proposed in this study. Through that, design parameters of the spur gears in the pumps are systematically resulted to achieve their optimal volume displacements. Parametrically, a CAD model to visualize the designed gear of the optimal design is also created. Firstly, the study derives tooth profile equations by using the coordinate transformation and equation of meshing for gears on a rack cutter profile. Then, an analytic formula represented the enveloping area by an involute curve is derived. Next, volumes of output and trapped backflow of the EGP are achieved. Therefore the net output volume can be calculated accurately and efficiently. After that, the optimization analysis to maximize the volume displacement is performed. Through that, optimal design parameters for the pumps are achieved under assigned constraints for considerations of design and manufacturing. Additionally, influences of module, pressure angle, and addendum correction factor for the gears in the pumps on their displacement capability are also investigated. Additionally, flowrate fluctuation characteristics under different pressure angles of gears are finally discussed.

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Gui, Yan, and Qi Zhang. "Modeling and Analysis on the Gearbox of Driven Tool Holder." Applied Mechanics and Materials 251 (December 2012): 111–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.251.111.

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Various methods of calculating transmission error in spur and helical gears are used to predict T.E. at the design stage. In order to reduce the driveline noise of the noise excitation mechanism, an advanced algorithm is used to predict and optimize the TE of a gear pair and the system response of specified TE excitation is investigated for the driven tool holder. And the CAD model was then meshed in Hypermesh with designable and non-designable areas. A pair of spur gears were investigated through static and dynamic analysis in detail.

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Wang, Yanzhong, Guanhua Song, Wentao Niu, and Yanyan Chen. "Optimized design of spray parameters of oil jet lubricated spur gears." Tribology International 120 (April 2018): 149–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2017.12.042.

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Rajeshkumar, S., and R. Manoharan. "Design and analysis of composite spur gears using finite element method." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 263 (November 2017): 062048. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/263/6/062048.

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Krantz, Timothy, Clark Cooper, Dennis Townsend, and Bruce Hansen. "Increased Surface Fatigue Lives of Spur Gears by Application of a Coating." Journal of Mechanical Design 126, no. 6 (November 1, 2004): 1047–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1799651.

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Hard coatings have potential for increasing gear surface fatigue lives. Experiments were conducted using gears both with and without a metal-containing, carbon-based coating. The gears were case-carburized AISI 9310 steel spur gears. Some gears were provided with the coating by magnetron sputtering. Lives were evaluated by accelerated life tests. For uncoated gears, all of 15 tests resulted in fatigue failure before completing 275 million revolutions. For coated gears, 11 of the 14 tests were suspended with no fatigue failure after 275 million revolutions. The improved life owing to the coating, approximately a sixfold increase, was a statistically significant result.

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Schwarz, Andreas, Martin Ebner, Thomas Lohner, Karsten Stahl, Kirsten Bobzin, Tobias Brögelmann, Christian Kalscheuer, and Matthias Thiex. "DLC-coated spur gears – part I: friction reduction." Industrial Lubrication and Tribology 73, no. 3 (January 19, 2021): 457–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ilt-07-2020-0257.

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Purpose This paper aims to address the influence of diamond-like carbon (DLC) coatings on the frictional power loss of spur gears. It shows potentials for friction and bulk temperature reduction in industrial use. From a scientific point of view, the thermal insulation effect on fluid friction is addressed, which lowers viscosity in the gear contact due to increasing contact temperature. Design/methodology/approach Thermal insulation effect is analyzed in detail by means of the heat balance and micro thermal network of thermal elastohydrodynamic lubrication contacts. Preliminary results at a twin-disk test rig are summarized to categorize friction and bulk temperature reduction by DLC coatings. Based on experiments at a gear efficiency test rig, the frictional power losses and bulk temperatures of DLC-coated gears are investigated, whereby load, speed, oil temperature and coatings are varied. Findings Experimental investigations at the gear efficiency test rig showed friction and bulk temperature reduction for all operating conditions of DLC-coated gears compared to uncoated gears. This effect was most pronounced for high load and high speed. A reduction of the mean gear coefficient of friction on average 25% and maximum 55% was found. A maximum reduction of bulk temperature of 15% was observed. Practical implications DLC-coated gears show a high potential for reducing friction and improving load-carrying capacity. However, the industrial implementation is restrained by the limited durability of coatings on gear flanks. Therefore, a further and overall consideration of key durability factors such as substrate material, pretreatment, coating parameters and gear geometry is necessary. Originality/value Thermal insulation effect of DLC coatings was shown by theoretical analyses and experimental investigations at model test rigs. Although trial tests on gears were conducted in literature, this study proves the friction reduction by DLC-coated gears for the first time systematically in terms of various operating conditions and coatings. Peer review The peer review history for this article is available at: https://publons.com/publon/10.1108/ILT-07-2020-0257/

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Arulmozhi, P., M. Chandrasekaran, and S. Padmanabhan. "Multi Objective Optimization for Spur Gear Design Using Sheep Flocks Heredity Model Algorithm." Applied Mechanics and Materials 591 (July 2014): 68–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.591.68.

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In a perspective of stable industrial development to manufacture added consistent and economical industrial product, gears are ever more focus to requirements in terms of power capability, efficiency and compactness etc. In order to increase the performance factors of gears such as transmission capacity, efficiency, gear life, etc. is a difficult criteria for a design engineers as these are all progress in a conflicting behavior. This paper deals with the multi-objective optimization of spur gear drive design with two contradictory objective functions such as maximization of power transmission and minimization of volume of the gear drive. These objectives are approached by an optimization technique based on a Sheep Flocks Heredity Model Algorithm (SFHM) with design constraints like stress, center distance etc. A spur gear problem is solved with traditional trial method and results are compared with proposed algorithm.

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Thomas, Benny, K. Sankaranarayanasamy, S. Ramachandra, and SP Suresh Kumar. "Search method applied for gear tooth bending stress prediction in normal contact ratio asymmetric spur gears." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 232, no. 24 (January 18, 2018): 4647–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406217753235.

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Various analytical methods have been developed by designers to predict gear tooth bending stress in asymmetric spur gears with an intention to improve the accuracy of predicted results and to reduce the need for time consuming finite element analysis at the early stages of gear design. Asymmetry in the drive and coast side of asymmetric spur gears poses difficulty in direct application of well-known procedures like American Gear Manufacturers Association and International Organization for Standardization in the prediction of gear tooth bending stress. In earlier works, ISO-6336-3 methodology was suitably modified and adapted to predict asymmetric spur gear tooth bending stress. This approach is based on certain assumptions on the location of critical section which could introduce error in the predicted maximum bending stress. The present work is to analytically predict gear tooth bending stress in normal contact ratio asymmetric spur gears based on a more rigorous analytical approach. This includes a fundamental study on the gear tooth orientation used to define the coordinate system, determination of maximum bending stress by search along the fillet profile and to obtain stress profile along the fillet. Gear tooth bending stress obtained from the present work using Search method is compared against the results obtained from earlier adapted International Organization for Standardization method and Finite Element Analysis. This study recommends a new coordinate system and method for analytical prediction of gear tooth bending stress in normal contact ratio asymmetric spur gears.

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Su, Daizhong, Shuyan Ji, Nariman Amin, and J. B. Hull. "Multi‐user Internet environment for gear design optimization." Integrated Manufacturing Systems 14, no. 6 (September 1, 2003): 498–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09576060310491360.

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A Web‐based multi‐user system has been developed to remotely execute a large size software package via the Internet. The software implements a genetic algorithm to optimize the design of spur and helical gears. To accomplish this, a combination of HTML, Java servlets, Java applets, Java Script and HTTP protocol has been employed.

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Journal articles on the topic 'SIMPLIFIED DESIGN OF SPUR GEARS'

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