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Journal articles on the topic 'Simplification'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 9 June 2025

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1

Beemsterboer, Sjouke, Henrikke Baumann, and Holger Wallbaum. "Ways to get work done: a review and systematisation of simplification practices in the LCA literature." International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 25, no. 11 (September 19, 2020): 2154–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11367-020-01821-w.

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Abstract Purpose Within the field of life cycle assessment (LCA), simplifications are a response to the practical restrictions in the context of a study. In the 1990s, simplifications were part of a debate on streamlining within LCA. Since then, many studies have been published on simplifying LCA but with little attention to systematise the approaches available. Also, despite being pervasive during the making of LCA studies, simplifications remain often invisible in the final results. This paper therefore reviews the literature on simplification in LCA in order to systematise the approaches found today. Methods A review of the LCA simplification literature was conducted. The systematic search and selection process led to a sample of 166 publications. During the review phase, the conceptual contributions to the simplification discourse were evaluated. A dataset of 163 entries was created, listing the conceptual contributions to the simplification debate. An empirically grounded analysis led to the generative development of a systematisation of simplifications according to their underlying simplifying logic. Results and discussion Five simplifying logics were identified: exclusion, inventory data substitution, qualitative expert judgment, standardisation and automation. Together, these simplifying logics inform 13 simplification strategies. The identified logics represent approaches to handle the complexities of product systems and expectations of the users of LCA results with the resources available to the analyst. Each simplification strategy is discussed with regard to its main applications and challenges. Conclusions This paper provides a first systematisation of the different simplification logics frequently applied in LCA since the original streamlining discussion. The presented terminology can help making communication about simplification more explicit and transparent, thus important for the credibility of LCA. Despite the pervasiveness of simplification in LCA, there is a relative lack of research on simplification per se, making further research describing simplification as a practice and analysing simplifications methodologically desirable.

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YOON, Yeoun, and Byung Chul KIM. "CAD model simplification using feature simplifications." Journal of Advanced Mechanical Design, Systems, and Manufacturing 10, no. 8 (2016): JAMDSM0099. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jamdsm.2016jamdsm0099.

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3

Bautista, Susana, and Horacio Saggion. "Making numerical information more accessible." Recent Advances in Automatic Readability Assessment and Text Simplification 165, no. 2 (December 31, 2014): 299–323. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/itl.165.2.07bau.

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Are rounded numbers easier to understand than exact numbers? Information in newspapers often takes the form of numerical expressions which pose comprehension problems for many people, including people with disabilities, low literacy levels or lack of access to advanced technology. The purpose of this paper is to motivate and describe a rule-based lexical component that simplifies numerical expressions in Spanish texts. We propose a simplification approach that makes news articles more accessible to readers with specials needs by rewriting difficult numerical expressions in a simpler way. We carried out a study that identifies powerful simplification strategies to simplify numerical information in a text by analysing a parallel corpus of original texts and their manual simplifications. The study is complemented with an analysis of simplifications obtained in response to a questionnaire where subjects were asked to produce simplifications of numerical expressions in context. Finally, we implemented and evaluated a simplification system that mimics the simplification strategies that were found to be effective.

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Izquierdo, Joaquín, Enrique Campbell, Idel Montalvo, Rafael Pérez-García, and David Ayala-Cabrera. "Error Analysis of Some Demand Simplifications in Hydraulic Models of Water Supply Networks." Abstract and Applied Analysis 2013 (2013): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/169670.

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Mathematical modeling of water distribution networks makes use of simplifications aimed to optimize the development and use of the mathematical models involved. Simplified models are used systematically by water utilities, frequently with no awareness of the implications of the assumptions used. Some simplifications are derived from the various levels of granularity at which a network can be considered. This is the case of some demand simplifications, specifically, when consumptions associated with a line are equally allocated to the ends of the line. In this paper, we present examples of situations where this kind of simplification produces models that are very unrealistic. We also identify the main variables responsible for the errors. By performing some error analysis, we assess to what extent such a simplification is valid. Using this information, guidelines are provided that enable the user to establish if a given simplification is acceptable or, on the contrary, supplies information that differs substantially from reality. We also develop easy to implement formulae that enable the allocation of inner line demand to the line ends with minimal error; finally, we assess the errors associated with the simplification and locate the points of a line where maximum discrepancies occur.

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Potěšil, Lukáš, Krisztina Rozsnyai, Jan Olszanowski, and Matej Horvat. "Simplification of Administrative Procedure on the Example of the Czech Republic, Poland, Slovakia, and Hungary (V4 Countries)." Administrative Sciences 11, no. 1 (January 25, 2021): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/admsci11010009.

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The article deals with the idea of simplification of administrative procedure on the example of legal regulation that can be found in Poland, Slovakia, the Czech Republic, and Hungary. This legal regulation comes from the same or similar evolution and legal conditions. General legal regulation of administrative procedure is represented by so called Code of Administrative Procedure. Existence of such code in all mentioned countries might be regarded as a first step towards simplification. Using research methods—dogmatic, normative, and, namely, comparative—the article examines concrete examples of simplification in mentioned countries that have similar approaches in solving this demand. This article mentions possible views (or addressees) on the need of simplifications as well as possible limits of this issue. In this sense, the protection of the public interest and protection of rights of individuals presents certain limitations to simplification. Legal regulation of administrative procedure is complicated. Although each legal regulation is in detail specific, we can find some common solutions in particular legal regulation of simplifications. Such results of this article might be useful (not only) for further comparison in European countries.

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Xu, Wei, Courtney Napoles, Ellie Pavlick, Quanze Chen, and Chris Callison-Burch. "Optimizing Statistical Machine Translation for Text Simplification." Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics 4 (December 2016): 401–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00107.

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Most recent sentence simplification systems use basic machine translation models to learn lexical and syntactic paraphrases from a manually simplified parallel corpus. These methods are limited by the quality and quantity of manually simplified corpora, which are expensive to build. In this paper, we conduct an in-depth adaptation of statistical machine translation to perform text simplification, taking advantage of large-scale paraphrases learned from bilingual texts and a small amount of manual simplifications with multiple references. Our work is the first to design automatic metrics that are effective for tuning and evaluating simplification systems, which will facilitate iterative development for this task.

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7

Zhao, Wei, and Fei Li. "Collision Detection Based on Surface Simplification and Particle Swam Optimization." Advanced Materials Research 267 (June 2011): 476–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.267.476.

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We present an efficient stochastic collision detection based on surface simplification and particle swam optimization (PSO). In this framework, first, the search space is reduced by surface simplification during the pre-process and then the interference triangles are gained by PSO. This framework takes the surface simplification’s advantage of decreasing the triangles dramatically with little geometry error. In order to handle every collision detection step, we use surface simplification and PSO, by which user not only can balance performance and detection quality, but also increase the speed of collision detection.

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8

Christiansen, Henning, and Davide Martinenghi. "On Simplification of Database Integrity Constraints." Fundamenta Informaticae 71, no. 4 (January 2006): 371–417. https://doi.org/10.3233/fun-2006-71402.

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Without proper simplification techniques, database integrity checking can be prohibitively time consuming. Several methods have been developed for producing simplified incremental checks for each update but none until now of sufficient quality and generality for providing a true practical impact, and the present paper is an attempt to fill this gap. On the theoretical side, a general characterization is introduced of the problem of simplification of integrity constraints and a natural definition is given of what it means for a simplification procedure to be ideal. We prove that ideality of simplification is strictly related to query containment; in fact, an ideal simplification pro-cedure can only exist in database languages for which query containment is decidable. However, simplifications that do not qualify as ideal may also be relevant for practical purposes. We present a concrete approach based on transformation operators that apply to integrity constraints written in a rich DATALOG-like language with negation. The resulting procedure produces, at design-time, simplified constraints for parametric transaction patterns, which can then be instantiated and checked for consistency at run-time. These tests take place before the execution of the update, so that only consistency-preserving updates are eventually given to the database. The extension to more expressive languages and the application of the framework to other contexts, such as data integration and concurrent database systems, are also discussed. Our experiments show that the simplifications obtained with our method may give rise to much better performance than with previous methods and that further improvements are achieved by checking consistency before executing the update.

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Pekik, Argo Dahono. "Simplified cascade multiphase DC-DC boost power converters for high voltage-gain and low-ripple applications." International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive System (IJPEDS) 12, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 273–85. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v12.i1.pp273-285.

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This paper proposes two new simplified cascade multiphase DC-DC boost power converters with high voltage-gain and low ripple. All simplifications reduce the number of active switching devices from 2N into N, where N is the phase number. The first simplification reduces the number of inductors from 2N into N+1 and increases the number of diodes from 2N into (2N+1). The second simplification reduces the number of inductors from 2N into N+1 and increases the number of diodes from 2N into (3N+1). The second simplification needs inductors with smaller current rating than the first simplification. The expressions of output voltage as a function of load current are derived by taking into account the voltage drops across the inductors and switching power devices. Simulated and experimental results are included to show the basic performance of the proposed cascade multiphase DC-DC boost power converters.

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10

Mandravickaitė, Justina, Eglė Rimkienė, Danguolė Kotryna Kapkan, Danguolė Kalinauskaitė, Antanas Čenys, and Tomas Krilavičius. "Automatic Text Simplification for Lithuanian: Transforming Administrative Texts into Plain Language." Mathematics 13, no. 3 (January 30, 2025): 465. https://doi.org/10.3390/math13030465.

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In this study, we present the results of experiments on text simplification for the Lithuanian language, where we aim to simplify administrative-style texts to the Plain Language level. We selected mT5, mBART, and LT-Llama-2 as the foundational models and fine-tuned them for the text simplification task. Additionally, we evaluated ChatGPT for this purpose. Also, we conducted a comprehensive assessment of the simplification results provided by these models both quantitatively and qualitatively. The results demonstrated that mBART was the most effective model for simplifying Lithuanian administrative text, achieving the highest scores across all the evaluation metrics. A qualitative evaluation of the simplified sentences complemented our quantitative findings. Attention analysis provided insights into model decisions, highlighting strengths in lexical and syntactic simplifications but revealing challenges with longer, complex sentences. Our findings contribute to advancing text simplification for lesser-resourced languages, with practical applications for more effective communication between institutions and the general public, which is the goal of Plain Language.

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Vajjala, Sowmya, and Detmar Meurers. "Readability assessment for text simplification." Recent Advances in Automatic Readability Assessment and Text Simplification 165, no. 2 (December 31, 2014): 194–222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/itl.165.2.04vaj.

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Readability assessment can play a role in the evaluation of a simplification algorithm as well as in the identification of what to simplify. While some previous research used traditional readability formulas to evaluate text simplification, there is little research into the utility of readability assessment for identifying and analyzing sentence level targets for text simplification. We explore this aspect in our paper by first constructing a readability model that is generalizable across corpora and across genres and later adapting this model to make sentence-level readability judgments. First, we report on experiments establishing that the readability model integrating a broad range of linguistic features works well at a document level, performing on par with the best systems on a standard test corpus. Next, the model is confirmed to be transferable to different text genres. Moving from documents to sentences, we investigate the model’s ability to correctly identify the difference in reading level between a sentence and its human simplified version. We conclude that readability models can be useful for identifying simplification targets for human writers and for evaluating machine generated simplifications.

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Josefsson, Henrik. "The Simplification of Biological Diversity in International and EU Law." Sustainability 10, no. 10 (September 26, 2018): 3424. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10103424.

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Every system that manages or assesses biodiversity rests on a simplification of its complexity. The simplification of biodiversity is debatable and difficult; even, for example, regarding the elements on which the assessment and management should focus. Nevertheless, within law, there are assessment and management schemes that are based on a simplified understanding of the meaning of [the construct of] ‘biodiversity’. For example, the Ecosystem Approach, European Union (EU) Habitats Directive, and the EU Water Framework Directive try to assess the status of different biodiversity elements based on their different ‘biodiversity’ simplifications. As the conservation of biodiversity is a vital global question, it is important to include the right elements within the ‘biodiversity’ construct to achieve no net loss. Based on international and EU law, I conceptualize a consistent legal simplification of ‘biodiversity’.

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13

Elhadad, Sara, Chro Hama Radha, István Kistelegdi, Bálint Baranyai, and János Gyergyák. "Model Simplification on Energy and Comfort Simulation Analysis for Residential Building Design in Hot and Arid Climate." Energies 13, no. 8 (April 12, 2020): 1876. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13081876.

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Accurate building physics performance analysis requires time-consuming, detailed modeling, and calculation time requirement. This paper evaluates the impact of model simplifications on thermal and visual comfort as well as energy performance. In the framework of dynamic zonal thermal simulation, a case study of a residential building in hot climate is investigated. A detailed model is created and simplified through four scenarios, by incrementally reducing the number of thermal zones from modeling every space as a separate zone to modeling the building as a single zone. The differences of total energy and comfort performance in the detailed and simplified models are analyzed to evaluate the grade of the simplifications’ accuracy. The results indicate that all simplification scenarios present a marginal average deviation in total energy demand and thermal comfort by less than 20%. Combining rooms with similar thermal features into a zone presents the optimal scenario, while the worst scenario is the single-zone model. Results showed that thermal zone merging as a simulation simplification method has its limitations as well, whereas a too intensive simplification can lead to undesired error rates. The method is well applicable in further early-stage design and development tasks, specifically in large-scale projects.

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14

Rudi, Ali Gholami. "Place the Vertices Anywhere on the Curve and Simplify." Fundamenta Informaticae 180, no. 3 (June 23, 2021): 275–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/fi-2021-2041.

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A polygonal curve is simplified to reduce its number of vertices, while maintaining similarity to its original shape. Numerous results have been published for vertex-restricted simplification, in which the vertices of the simplified curve are a subset of the vertices of the input curve. In curve-restricted simplification, i.e. when the vertices of the simplified curve are allowed to be placed on the edges of the input curve, the number of vertices may be much more reduced. In this paper, we present algorithms for computing curve-restricted simplifications of polygonal curves under the local Hausdorff distance measure.

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15

Melkumyan, Yuliana, and Shogher Hakobyan. "Simplification in political communications." Bulletin of Yerevan University D: International Relations and Political Sciences 12, no. 3 (36) (December 2, 2021): 71–85. https://doi.org/10.46991/bysu:d/2021.12.3.071.

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The goal of political communications is to obtain, exercise and stay in power. The struggle for power and the implementation of political goals necessarily involves the use of manipulative techniques. This article deals, in particular, with the use of simplifications in political communications. The language of political communication not only reflects the political regime, but also determines the political discourse. In democratic countries, the discourse of politicians is very close to that of voters, while non-democratic elites try to emphasize their distance from ordinary citizens. Democratic leaders often simplify the political texts, which not only accelerates and intensifies the impact on the audience, simplifies communication between the people and the authorities, but also reduces the social distance between them. In the process of political simplifications, essential problems and arguments are pushed to the backstage, some problems are proclaimed as pseudo-problems, or it is pseudo-problems that are brought to the forefront. The use of simplifications reduces the scope and need for rational argumentation in political discourse. Simplifications are often used by populists, who replace rational argumentation with anti-elite and anti-pluralist slogans that emphasize social polarization in society and promise to get rid of the corrupt elites. Content analysis of N. Pashinyan's Facebook page shows that N. Pashinyan not only generously uses various simplifications in his political communications (in particular: spontaneity and informality, selective presentation of information and facts, myths), but also creates his own simplification techniques, including: the exceptionalism, representation of the people as the central subject of political power, the belittlement of one's own role, responsibility shifting, logical inconsistencies, simplified interpretations of complex phenomena, conspiracy theories, threats and theatricalization. Simplifications have proven to be effective in political struggles. However, the overuse of simplifications in political communications can cause simplifications to migrate from the ordinary language into educational, scientific, labor and, of course, political discourses, depriving them of rational argumentation.

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16

Dahono, Pekik Argo. "Simplified cascade multiphase DC-DC boost power converters for high voltage-gain and low-ripple applications." International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS) 12, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 273. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v12.i1.pp273-285.

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This paper proposes two new simplified cascade multiphase DC-DC boost power converters with high voltage-gain and low ripple. All simplifications reduce the number of active switching devices from <em>2N</em> into <em>N</em>, where <em>N</em> is the phase number. The first simplification reduces the number of inductors from <em>2N</em> into <em>N+1</em> and increases the number of diodes from <em>2N</em> into (<em>2N+1</em>). The second simplification reduces the number of inductors from <em>2N</em> into <em>N+1</em> and increases the number of diodes from <em>2N</em> into (<em>3N+1</em>). The second simplification needs inductors with smaller current rating than the first simplification. The expressions of output voltage as a function of load current are derived by taking into account the voltage drops across the inductors and switching power devices. Simulated and experimental results are included to show the basic performance of the proposed cascade multiphase DC-DC boost power converters.

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17

Oliver, J. David B. "Tax Simplification." Intertax 24, Issue 5 (May 1, 1996): 166–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/taxi1996033.

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BHATIA, VIJAY K. "LANGUAGE SIMPLIFICATION." World Englishes 13, no. 3 (November 1994): 438–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-971x.1994.tb00331.x.

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Zhang, Dongxiang, Mengting Ding, Dingyu Yang, Yi Liu, Ju Fan, and Heng Tao Shen. "Trajectory simplification." Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment 11, no. 9 (May 2018): 934–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.14778/3213880.3213885.

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Long, Cheng, Raymond Chi-Wing Wong, and H. V. Jagadish. "Trajectory simplification." Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment 8, no. 1 (September 2014): 49–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.14778/2735461.2735466.

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BORMAN, STU. "CATALYTIC SIMPLIFICATION." Chemical & Engineering News 87, no. 48 (November 30, 2009): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v087n048.p033.

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Podelski, Andreas, and Gert Smolka. "Situated simplification." Theoretical Computer Science 173, no. 1 (February 1997): 235–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0304-3975(96)00197-1.

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Prinz, Heino. "Simplification traps." Journal of Chemical Biology 5, no. 1 (December 7, 2011): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12154-011-0069-3.

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Algorri, Maria-Elena, and Francis Schmitt. "Mesh Simplification." Computer Graphics Forum 15, no. 3 (August 1996): 77–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8659.1530077.

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Westby, Carol. "Simplification Strategies." Word of Mouth 29, no. 3 (December 18, 2017): 12–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1048395017749870d.

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Lynch, Christopher. "Local Simplification." Information and Computation 142, no. 1 (April 1998): 102–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/inco.1997.2690.

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Ti, Peng, Ruyu Dai, Fangyi Wan, Tao Xiong, Hao Wu, and Zhilin Li. "Influencing Pedestrians’ Route Choice Using Route Shape Simplification." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 12, no. 2 (February 12, 2023): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi12020066.

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Pedestrians’ route choice is critical for several purposes, while deliberately changing map representations can influence map users’ route choice. Simplifying routes’ geometric shapes is one way to achieve this. However, the other geometric characteristics of routes (e.g., the relative distance of different routes, differences in initial orientation, the number of intersections, and the direction changes) also influence pedestrians’ route choice, per relevant research. Hence, this study conducted an experimental investigation to examine the influence of route shape simplification on pedestrians’ route choice, under various geometric characteristics conditions. The results of the statistical tests and correlation analyses showed that (1) route shape simplification has a significant influence on route choice; (2) larger relative distance and direction changes reduce shape simplification’s influence, while the number of intersections and differences in initial orientation have weak effects; (3) 1.3 times the relative distance may be the threshold for the selection of recommended routes, and the improvement of visual continuity at route nodes may prove more influential. The results of this study can support the applicability of shape simplification to influence route choice.

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LI, TANPING, JUN WANG, KE FAN, and WEI WANG. "HOW SIMPLE CAN THE PROTEINS BE: FROM THE PREDICTION OF THE CLASSES OF PROTEIN STRUCTURES." Modern Physics Letters B 17, no. 05n06 (March 10, 2003): 245–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984903005159.

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The validity of complexity simplifications for proteins with different structural features may be different. In this paper, the simplification for proteins is studied using the ratios of successful prediction of structural class under a presumed amino-acid-grouping scheme with a composition-coupled method. It is found that for the α-class proteins, a two-letter alphabet may cover the degree of freedom to characterize the complexity of the class; for the β-class proteins, a 7-letter alphabet might indicate the minimal number of residue types to reconstruct the class feature of the natural proteins; for the α + β-class proteins and the α/β-class proteins, the redundancy of the compositions is weak and the simplification leads to a great loss of the information related to the corresponding structural classes.

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Qiang, Jipeng, Xinyu Lu, Yun Li, Yunhao Yuan, and Xindong Wu. "Chinese Lexical Simplification." IEEE/ACM Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing 29 (2021): 1819–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/taslp.2021.3078361.

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Newman, Jon O. "Toward Guidelines Simplification." Federal Sentencing Reporter 13, no. 1 (July 1, 2000): 56–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20640309.

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Dean, Hartley. "Simplification is complicated." Benefits: A Journal of Poverty and Social Justice 13, no. 1 (February 2005): 3–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.51952/jabj1152.

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Al-Thanyyan, Suha S., and Aqil M. Azmi. "Automated Text Simplification." ACM Computing Surveys 54, no. 2 (April 2021): 1–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3442695.

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Text simplification (TS) reduces the complexity of the text to improve its readability and understandability, while possibly retaining its original information content. Over time, TS has become an essential tool in helping those with low literacy levels, non-native learners, and those struggling with various types of reading comprehension problems. In addition, it is used in a preprocessing stage to enhance other NLP tasks. This survey presents an extensive study of current research studies in the field of TS, as well as covering resources, corpora, and evaluation methods that have been used in those studies.

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Boukhobza, Mustapha. "Simplification d’idéaux fractionnaires." ANNALI DELL UNIVERSITA DI FERRARA 35, no. 1 (January 1989): 155–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02825216.

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Kuhlmann, Ulrike. "Simplification of Codes." Structural Engineering International 22, no. 2 (May 2012): 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10168664.2012.11985242.

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GUMHOLD, STEFAN, PAVEL BORODIN, and REINHARD KLEIN. "INTERSECTION FREE SIMPLIFICATION." International Journal of Shape Modeling 09, no. 02 (December 2003): 155–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218654303000097.

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Xia, Kelin, Zhixiong Zhao, and Guo-Wei Wei. "Multiresolution Topological Simplification." Journal of Computational Biology 22, no. 9 (September 2015): 887–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/cmb.2015.0104.

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Hernández Arreola, V., F. J. Renero Carrillo, and R. Díaz Hernández. "Depth image simplification." OSA Continuum 3, no. 5 (April 21, 2020): 1117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/osac.388580.

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Daniels, Joel, Cláudio T. Silva, Jason Shepherd, and Elaine Cohen. "Quadrilateral mesh simplification." ACM Transactions on Graphics 27, no. 5 (December 2008): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1409060.1409101.

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Trousdale, Graeme. "Simplification and redistribution." English World-Wide 24, no. 2 (December 5, 2003): 271–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eww.24.2.07tro.

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This article considers patterns of modal verb usage, based on data collected from twenty informants from Newcastle-upon-Tyne in the north-east of England, which show differences from material taken from the Survey of English Usage, used as data in Coates (1983, 1995). The paper therefore attempts to describe and explain differences in the use of the modals between authoritative accounts of Standard English on the one hand and the informal spoken English of a sample of speakers from Tyneside on the other. I argue that the reason for these differences may be in part due to increased markedness (systemic, sociolinguistic and stylistic) of certain forms, which induces simplification (the (re)creation of regularity within the system, through focussing) and redistribution (where modalities previously expressed by certain modal verbs come to be expressed by other modals within the system). Throughout, I try to suggest an approach to variation which considers language-internal and language-external factors.

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Lindstrom, Peter, and Greg Turk. "Image-driven simplification." ACM Transactions on Graphics 19, no. 3 (July 2000): 204–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/353981.353995.

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Newman, Jon O. "Toward Guidelines Simplification." Federal Sentencing Reporter 36, no. 5 (June 1, 2024): 281–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/fsr.2024.36.5.281.

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Raffi, F. "Redéfinir la simplification." Médecine et Maladies Infectieuses 34 (November 2004): S223—S228. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0399-077x(04)80009-x.

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Lescoat, Thibault, Hsueh‐Ti Derek Liu, Jean‐Marc Thiery, Alec Jacobson, Tamy Boubekeur, and Maks Ovsjanikov. "Spectral Mesh Simplification." Computer Graphics Forum 39, no. 2 (May 2020): 315–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cgf.13932.

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Trejo Ortiz, Alejandro A. R., and Guillermo Fernández Anaya. "Regular expression simplification." Mathematics and Computers in Simulation 45, no. 1-2 (January 1998): 59–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-4754(97)00086-4.

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Morigi, S., and M. Rucci. "Multilevel mesh simplification." Visual Computer 30, no. 5 (September 6, 2013): 479–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00371-013-0873-6.

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Dyken, Christopher, Morten Dæhlen, and Thomas Sevaldrud. "Simultaneous curve simplification." Journal of Geographical Systems 11, no. 3 (February 11, 2009): 273–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10109-009-0078-8.

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Beshears, John, James J. Choi, David Laibson, and Brigitte C. Madrian. "Simplification and saving." Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 95 (November 2013): 130–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2012.03.007.

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Chattopadhyay, Amit, Hamish Carr, David Duke, Zhao Geng, and Osamu Saeki. "Multivariate topology simplification." Computational Geometry 58 (October 2016): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.comgeo.2016.05.006.

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Saggion, Horacio. "Automatic Text Simplification." Synthesis Lectures on Human Language Technologies 10, no. 1 (April 25, 2017): 1–137. http://dx.doi.org/10.2200/s00700ed1v01y201602hlt032.

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Anderson, Edward J., and Khairy H. Al-Jamal. "Hydraulic-Network Simplification." Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management 121, no. 3 (May 1995): 235–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9496(1995)121:3(235).

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