Academic literature on the topic 'Simplification de parole'

Quand on parle de « famille », et plus précisément de « famille aristocratique », il faut d'abord s'entendre sur le sens du terme (J.-L. Flandrin, 1984). Dans la perspective d'une étude comparative, on est amené, pour la famille romaine, à jouer constamment sur deux registres : d'un côté le vocabulaire latin et les concepts sous-jacents (É. Benveniste, 1969 ; G. Franciosi, 1975-1976 ; Ph. Moreau, 1978b ; R. P. Saller, 1984a) — gens, familia, domus, mais aussi nomen, genus, stirps, etc. —, de l'autre la langue et les concepts que manient les historiens de la famille médiévale et moderne, en assimilant ou en adaptant les définitions et les analyses des anthropologues.Au prix d'une certaine simplification, on parlera donc ici, comme Georges Duby (1981) ou Gérard Delille (1985), sinon Marc Auge (1975) et Françoise Héritier (1981), surtout :

La Francophonie, issue de « poussières de l’empire colonial », constitue un espace géographique et politique, et d’après le rapport Attali (2014), elle dispose aussi d’un terrain économique puisque ses échanges commerciaux facilités autour d’une même langue en sont même les enjeux de demain. Pour des enseignants-chercheurs, spécialistes des sciences du langage, elle est avant tout didactique. Le français, langue en partage, langue de scolarisation dans plusieurs continents se distingue par le résultat des usages et des politiques linguistiques menées dans ces différentes aires (Reutner, 2017). L’Union des Comores est un archipel du canal du Mozambique face au Mozambique et à Madagascar ; elle compte presque 900 000 habitants. Au nord, se trouve la Tanzanie, au sud, l’Afrique du Sud. Pour ce petit pays, appartenant à deux espaces culturels éloignés, coincés entre des pays à tendance lusophone (Mozambique) ou anglophone (Afrique du Sud), il n’a pas été forcément aisé de cerner le modèle d’enseignement et la langue qui en sera le médium. Jusqu’ici, le pays, dont l’université nationale n’a ouvert ses portes qu’en 1980, applique une politique éducative calquée sur le modèle colonial autant au niveau de l’organisation que des programmes, c’est en tout cas ce qu’en témoignent les cycles et subdivisions des écoles, collèges et lycées qui se clôturent par l’obtention du baccalauréat : du Cp jusqu’à la Terminale (Lacoste, Leignel, 2016). Au-delà du fait qu’il n’existe pas d’articulation des enseignements entre les écoles pré-élémentaires coraniques appelées les palachiyo et les écoles élémentaires – où l’école française reste le modèle éducatif - il n’existe pas non plus de passerelles entre la langue vernaculaire (le shikomori), les langues de l’école pré-élémentaire (le shikomori et l’arabe) et la langue de scolarisation (le français). À leur arrivée en classe, les élèves sont confrontés à une langue de scolarisation peu entendue voire inconnue. À ce jour, plusieurs ouvrages sont utilisés dans les classes : Le Flamboyant (Hatier) d’abord, en ce qui concerne les écoles élémentaires. Cette collection offre des manuels pour tous les niveaux de la découverte de l’écriture depuis le Cp1 jusqu’au Cm2. Ils ont la particularité d’être des manuels standards utilisés partout, de l’Afrique de l’Ouest jusqu’aux Comores. Le parti pris des éditeurs, imprimés grâce à des financements de l’Unicef a été, et ce de manière à pouvoir s’adresser à tous, de minorer ce qui pourrait être des situations, des personnages « aux couleurs locales ». Simplifier, lisser des situations communicatives, standardiser des actes de paroles, décomplexifier la langue, comme c’est le cas dans ces manuels sont aussi des choix faits dans les manuels de français langue étrangère destinés eux aussi à être adaptables à tous types de public. Si la simplification conduit à minorer le statut des langues des gens d’à côté, celles qui sont parlées par les élèves dans leur quotidien, à ignorer les caractéristiques culturelles de l’apprenant, à négliger les possibilités offertes aux enseignants, ces manuels véhiculent aussi une identité qu’on pourrait dire « francophone ». Quel est cet apprenant « francophone » et « universel » auquel s’adressent ces manuels ? Pour répondre à cette question, une parmi d'autres posées dans le cadre d’un projet de recherche régional qui porte sur les diversités de la Francophonie et qui s’inscrit dans une perspective sociodidactique, nous nous sommes concentrées sur une étude des manuels Le Flamboyant.

Dans le contexte linguistique, la simplification est généralement définie comme le processus consistant à réduire la complexité d'un texte (ou de paroles), tout en préservant au mieux son sens. Son application principale est de rendre plus aisée la compréhension et la lecture pour un utilisateur. Elle est entre autres une solution envisagée pour renforcer la lisibilité des textes auprès des sourds et malentendants (la surdité étant souvent à l'origine d'un retard dans l'apprentissage de la lecture), en particulier dans le cas du sous-titrage. Alors que les sous-titres interlinguistiques servent à diffuser les films et programmes dans d'autres langues, les sous-titres intralinguistiques sont le seul moyen, avec l'interprétation en langue des signes, par lequel sourds et malentendants peuvent accéder aux contenus audio-visuels. Or la vidéo a pris une place importante dans la société, que ce soit dans le contexte professionnel, récréatif, ou de l'éducation. Afin de garantir l'égalité des individus dans la participation à la vie publique et sociale, un certain nombre de pays dans le monde (dont la France) ont mis en oeuvre des obligations légales concernant le sous-titrage des émissions télévisées. ROSETTA (RObot de Sous-titrage Et Toute Traduction Adaptés) est un projet de recherche collaboratif privé-public, qui se propose de développer des solutions technologiques d'accessibilité pour les contenus audiovisuels en français. La présente thèse, réalisée dans le cadre de ce projet, vise à étudier la simplification automatique de la parole par des modèles neuronaux, et à l'adapter au contexte du sous-titrage intralinguistique d'émissions télévisées en français. Nos travaux portent principalement sur l'analyse de méthodes de contrôle de longueur, l'adaptation de modèles de sous-titrage aux genres télévisuels, et l'évaluation de la segmentation des sous-titres. Nous présentons notamment un nouveau corpus pour le sous-titrage créé à partir de données recueillies au cours du projet ROSETTA, ainsi qu'une nouvelle métrique pour l'évaluation des sous-titres, Sigma
In the context of linguistics, simplification is generally defined as the process consisting in reducing the complexity of a text (or speech), while preserving its meaning as much as possible. Its primary application is to make understanding and reading easier for a user. It is regarded, inter alia, as a way to enhance the legibility of texts toward deaf and hard-of-hearing people (deafness often causes a delay in reading development), in particular in the case of subtitling. While interlingual subtitles are used to disseminate movies and programs in other languages, intralingual subtitles (or captions) are the only means, with sign language interpretation, by which the deaf and hard-of-hearing can access audio-visual contents. Yet videos have taken a prominent place in society, wether for work, recreation, or education. In order to ensure the equality of people through participation in public and social life, many countries in the world (including France) have implemented legal obligations concerning television programs subtitling. ROSETTA (Subtitling RObot and Adapted Translation) is a public-private collaborative research program, seeking to develop technological accessibility solutions for audio-visual content in French. This thesis, conducted within the ROSETTA project, aims to study automatic speech simplification with neural models, and to apply it into the context of intralinguistic subtitling for French television programs. Our work mainly focuses on analysing length control methods, adapting subtitling models to television genres, and evaluating subtitles segmentation. We notably present a new subtitling corpus created from data collected as part of project ROSETTA, as well as a new metric for subtitles evaluation, Sigma

Dans cette thèse, nous avons utilisé les données de l’IRM du conduit vocal pour étudier la production de la parole. La première partie consiste en l’étude de l’impact que le vélum, l’épiglotte et la position de la tête a sur la phonation de cinq voyelles françaises. Des simulations acoustiques ont été utilisées pour comparer les formants des cas étudiés avec la référence afin de mesurer leur impact. Pour cette partie du travail, nous avons utilisé des IRM statiques en 3D. Comme la parole est généralement une phénomène dynamique une question s’est posée, à savoir s’il serait possible de traiter les données 3D afin d’incorporer des informations temporelles de la parole continue. Par conséquent, la deuxième partie présente quelques algorithmes que l’on peut utiliser pour améliorer les données de production de la parole. Plusieurs transformations d’images ont été combinées afin de générer des estimations des formes du conduit vocal qui sont plus informatives que les originales. À ce stade, nous avons envisagé, outre l’amélioration des données de production de la parole, de créer un modèle de référence générique qui pourrait fournir des informations améliorées non pas pour un sujet spécifique, mais globalement pour la parole. C’est pourquoi nous avons consacré la troisième partie l’étude d’un algorithme permettant de créer un atlas spatio-temporel de l’appareil vocal qui peut être utilisé comme référence ou standard pour l’étude de la parole car il est indépendant du locuteur. Enfin, la dernière partie de la thèse, fait référence à une sélection de questions ouvertes du domaine qui restent encore sans réponse, quelques pistes intéressantes que l’on peut développer à partir de cette thèse et quelques approches potentielles qui pourraient être envisager afin de répondre à ces questions
In this thesis we used MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) data of the vocal tract to study speech production. The first part consist of the study of the impact that the velum, the epiglottis and the head position has on the phonation of five french vowels. Acoustic simulations were used to compare the formants of the studied cases with the reference in order to measure their impact. For this part of the work, we used 3D static MR (Magnetic Resonance) images. As speech is usually a dynamic phenomenon, a question arose, whether it would be possible to process the 3D data in order to incorporate dynamic information of continuous speech. Therefore the second part presents some algorithms that one can use in order to enhance speech production data. Several image transformations were combined in order to generate estimations of vocal tract shapes which are more informative than the original ones. At this point, we envisaged apart from enhancing speech production data, to create a generic speaker model that could provide enhanced information not for a specific subject, but globally for speech. As a result, we devoted the third part in the investigation of an algorithm that one can use to create a spatiotemporal atlas of the vocal tract which can be used as a reference or standard speaker for speech studies as it is speaker independent. Finally, the last part of the thesis, refers to a selection of open questions of the field that are still left unanswered, some interesting directions that one can expand this thesis and some potential approaches that could help someone move forward towards these directions

La programmation parallèle et les algorithmes data-parallèles sont depuis plusieurs décennies les principales techniques de soutien l'informatique haute performance. Comme toutes les propriétés non-fonctionnelles du logiciel, la conversion des ressources informatiques dans des performances évolutives et prévisibles implique un équilibre délicat entre abstraction et automatisation avec une précision sémantique. Au cours de la dernière décennie, de plus en plus de professions ont besoin d'une puissance de calcul très élevée, mais la migration des programmes existants vers une nouvelle configuration matérielle et le développement de nouveaux algorithmes à finalité spécifique dans un environnement parallèle n'est jamais un travail facile, ni pour les développeurs de logiciel, ni pour les spécialistes du domaine. Dans cette thèse, nous décrivons le travail qui vise à simplifier le développement de programmes parallèles, en améliorant également la portabilité du code de programmes parallèles et la précision de la prédiction de performance d'algorithmes parallèles pour des environnements hétérogènes. Avec ces objectifs à l'esprit, nous avons proposé un modèle de transition nommé SGL pour la modélisation des architectures parallèles hétérogènes et des algorithmes parallèles, et une mise en œuvre de squelettes parallèles basés sur le modèle SGL pour le calcul haute performance. SGL simplifie la programmation parallèle à la fois pour les machines parallèles classiques et pour les nouvelles machines hiérarchiques. Il généralise les primitives de la programmation BSML. SGL pourra plus tard en utilisant des techniques de Model-Driven pour la génération de code automatique á partir d'une fiche technique sans codage complexe, par exemple pour le traitement de Big-Data sur un système hétérogène massivement parallèle. Le modèle de coût de SGL améliore la clarté de l'analyse de performance des algorithmes, permet d'évaluer la performance d'une machine et la qualité d'un algorithme

Mettant à contribution les principes de la linguistique distributionnelle (alimentés par les acquis de la sémantaxe) et l’approche de la linguistique de corpus, cette étude porte sur le fonctionnement linguistique du camfranglais. L’analyse consacrée aux procédés identifiés aux niveaux lexical, morphologique, sémantique et syntaxique permet de constater que les camfranglophones réactualisent le matériau linguistique que leur offrent les composantes linguistiques. Ainsi, émergent ce qu’il est convenu d’appeler des règles d’usage ou d’expression. Cette réactualisation met en œuvre deux processus, notamment la simplification et la complexification linguistique. Les locuteurs, d’une part simplifient les conventions liées aux langues en présence, et d’autre part, ils les complexifient. On peut donc faire valoir la thèse d’une auto-régulation du système. À cet effet, le CFA est un parler mixte qui présente une autonomie linguistique partielle. L’étude montre que cette autonomie s’observe au niveau de son fonctionnement intra-systémique. Par ailleurs, ce parler est traversé par deux tendances linguistiques majeures : la pidginisation et l’acclimatement / acclimatation du français
Putting forth the contribution of the principles of distributional linguistic (fuelled by the precepts of semantax) and the approach of corpus linguistics, this study focuses on the linguistic functioning. The analysis consecrated to the identified processes to the lexical, morphological, semantic levels enabled us to observe that the Camfranglophones update the linguistic elements that furnish the composing linguistical betting to Camfranglais. As such, what obtains can be considered as rules of usage. This update process highlights two processes namely: simplification and complexification of linguistic. The speakers, on the one hand, simplify the convention linked to the language in situ, and on the other hand, they do render them complex. We can postulate a thesis of some auto-regulation of the system. To this effect, Camfranglais is a mixed speech which presents some partial linguistic autonomy. The study shows that this autonomy can be observed at the level of its intra-systematic functioning. All the same, it comes across two main linguistical tendencies: pidginization and acclimatisation of French language

Rural areas are subject to constant structural, spatial and economic transformations. The main purpose of this monograph was to present a new concept of shaping of rural land arrangement that takes into account the land value. The presented optimization methodology of shaping of the rural areas has a general range of application, not being limited by time or place. of the location of the consolidation object. The only condition for its use is the availability of a specific set of output data enabling the necessary calculations for the implementation of consolidation works. The described method has been successfully applied to the research object of the Mściowojów village, in a registry area located in the Dolnośląkie voivodeship, in the Jaworski district, providing with the assumed effects. In order to meet the research objectives, the shaping of rural land arrangement was conducted according to five models. The original arrangement of existing land division in a given village is considered as the 1st model. The 2nd model uses a rather accurate description of the locations of the lands in the village. To define this feature the location of farm parcels had to be determined. This model is the most accurate, but also the most labor-intensive of all. In the 3rd model, a fundamental simplification of the land arrangement was adopted, limiting the distance matrix to its measurement to the entry points from the settlements into the complexes. This simplification means that the location of parcels in the complex does not affect the average distance to the land in the whole village. On the basis of simplifications applied in the 3rd model allowing a significant reduction of the distance matrix the 4th model which uses a linear programming to minimize the distance to a parcel was developed. Introducing into the linear model an additional condition that eliminates distance growth in farms in relation to the initial state was important for the research. This was implemented in the 5th model and had a positive impact on the obtained results. The 6th model was developed by including the landowners' wants into the 5th model. These had to be taken into account so that the research/the new land arrangement did not cause complaints. The wants could not be fully included due to their inherently contradictory nature. The wants for having the parcel in a given arrangement was replaced with a guarantee of division, after which landowner receives no smaller share than the prior one. As demonstrated in the work, the solutions of the developed models allowed obtaining land arrangements close to the optimal in terms of distance to land and the shape of parcels and farms with regard to land specifics. The presented results allow to draw a conclusion that the methods and analyses applied in the research can have a wide range of application in shaping of rural land arrangement. Developing the most socially accepted optimization of parcel division in the process of land consolidation is important due to the actual needs for the implementation of the rural land arrangement research. This may also have influence on better use of the EU's financial resources for the consolidation of agricultural lands.

The evolution of surgery for epilepsy in the late nineteenth century was partly the consequence of new ideas about the localisation of function in the brain and advances in the understanding of the physiological nature of epilepsy. This was an exciting time of discovery, and really fundamental and novel principles were enunciated which have stood the test of time. New techniques of investigation, including electroencephalography or magnetic resonance imaging, have since led to more accurate ‘targeting’, allowing the elucidation of the anatomical underpinning of epilepsy to be based, not only on semiology as in the earlier years, but also on more objective structural and functional measures. However, the fact remains that most surgery is based on the concept that resecting ‘bad’ tissue, and thus removing the ‘focus’ of epilepsy, will cure the condition—a postulation which has not changed since the time of Jackson (and which has its roots in earlier superstition). Such theories of epilepsy are surely gross simplifications, and the absence of any subsequent paradigm shift is why surgery has really not advanced conceptually much in the last 50 years. Technique and technology have profoundly changed, but the theoretical basis, generally speaking, has not.

Chapter 9 has a basic theme that even the simplest venture into innovation takes us into the realms of disequilibrium where the study of behaviour in transient states of any length is unavoidable, even if one sticks to the mantra of the rational economic agent. The very nature of the complexity involved in the study of innovation provides the curse of high dimensions. It is our belief that the utilization of low dimensional models in order to be able to obtain some analytical results, while of great value for exploration of basic problems, must be viewed in application as dealing with parable and metaphor intermixed with applied macroeconomics. Even with the gross behavioral simplifications of rational expectations these models can provide answers or at least raise precise questions in economic theory that remove the mystery from items such as “Bills only” by requiring specification of details such as grid size.

L’optimisation du résultat esthétique et fonctionnel des restaurations implantaires, la simplification des procédures cliniques et de laboratoire et lamélioration de la prévisibilité des traitements sont les principaux objectifs de l’implantologie moderne. Cette prévisibilité est due en grande partie à l’intégration du flux numérique dans les différents étapes du traitement: analyse esthétique virtuel « Digital Smile Design », meilleure communication avec les patients, prise en compte des paramètres biologiques, esthétiques et fonctionnels, prise dempreinte optique, numérisation des modèles, planification implantaire 3D, chirurgie guidée, optimisation du profil démergence avec les piliers anatomiques personnalisés, mise en place d’une restauration implanto-portée se rapprochant le plus possible des dents naturelles absentes, en se fondant dans son environnement tout en respectant la notion de «Biomimétique». Cette démarche permet donc aujourdhui d’anticiper le résultat de nos traitements, devenus de plus en plus complexes, et d’assurer la pérennité de nos restaurations implantaires à long terme. Le but de notre intervention est de présenter l’intégration de ces nouvelles technologies dans notre pratique quotidienne, du cas simple au plus complexe.

Abstract Geometric adaptions and idealizations of 3D models for F.E. analysis purposes are often necessary. Geometric tools are proposed to partly automatize shape adaptions and idealizations of polyhedral models. The simplification process is monitored using error zones attached to each polyhedron vertex. Their dimension may be either set by the designer, by an a posteriori or by an a priori mechanical mesh adaption process. Such an approach allows to process various polyhedral models characterized by general and complex shapes. A classification of nodes and edges is carried out to apply a specific node removal operator in accordance with the local geometric configuration around a node. Moreover, specific criteria are used to select the best candidate node for removal. Also, additional operators have been developed to process particular configurations and produce the final idealized model. During this geometric idealization process, the shape restitution of the part is maintained through an inheritance process of the error zones. Topological changes as well as the coherence of the non-manifold geometric model are managed using specific criteria to produce acceptable approximations of idealized geometries.

<p>Fatigue analyses of steel bridges are usually based on nominal stresses and available detail categories. Assessment of existing railway bridges often show that the theoretical service life has expired although there are no visible cracks on the bridge. This is partly because results from fatigue testing have large scatter, leading to low design values. Another explanation is that the calculation methods are simple and not very accurate and that the many conservative simplifications that are made lead to an overestimation of the actual fatigue stress range and an underestimation of fatigue strength.</p><p>To carry out better assessments, the Swedish Transport Administration has studied a structural detail that consists of a gusset plate welded to a flange. This paper will present results from fatigue test of three steel beams with details corresponding to detail number 5 in table 8.4 EN 1993-1-9 [1]. Furthermore, fatigue tests and research in literature are analysed to investigate if the detail category can be elevated from detail nr. 4 by grinding a radius that is smaller than the radius that is specified in EN 1993-1-8 for detail nr 5 in table 8.4. The results have been introduced in the Swedish codes for assessment and maintenance of bridges.</p>

Considering the delay of the first breeding reactor (FBR), it is expected that the light water reactor will still play the main role of the electric power generation in the 2030’s. Accordingly, Toshiba has been developing a new conceptual ABWR as the near-term BWR. We tentatively call it AB1600. The AB1600 has introduced the hybrid active/passive safety system in order to have independent countermeasure for severe accidents and better probability of core damage frequency (CDF) considered external events such as earthquake. On the other hand, we have another goal of the AB1600, which is to retain the safety performance superior or equivalent to the current ABWR without deterioration of economy. In order to achieve both economy and safety performance, we have optimized the safety system configuration of the AB1600 by partly introducing passive safety system to design basis event (DBEs). At the same time, we have adopted the simplification of the overall plant systems in order to improve economy. In order to reduce capital cost, to shorten refueling period and to reduce maintenance effort, the AB1600 introduces the large fuel bundle size. The bundle size is 1.2 times as large as that of the ABWR and the fuel rod array is 12 by 12. And then by progressing the core design, we can reduce the number of reactor internal pumps (RIPs) to eight from the current ABWR of ten. The core power density, the number of fuel bundles, and the core diameter of AB1600 are decided in order to achieve 24 months fuel cycle length on the condition with below 5wt% enrichment of fuel and with eight RIPs.

The commonly accepted approach to dealing with material damage as the cause of structural failure is to treat the most highly distressed location in the structure as an equivalent simple test and to define failure of the structure as a whole as being failure at that point location. The exception to this rule is plastic deformation. Yielding at a point was recognized several decades ago as being an excessively conservative definition of component failure and it is now standard design practice to accept failure as being the limit load, which is only reached, sometimes after extensive propagation of a plastic zone. Other material failure mechanisms also occur after a finite period of damage propagation, but this additional strength, or life, is not usually taken into account, partly because the damage mechanisms themselves are not always well defined, and partly because of the computational difficulty involved in assessing the propagation of damage. Creep rupture falls into the category of a mechanism which can enjoy an extensive period of damage propagation before structural failure occurs, but the difficulty of evaluating it quantitatively has meant that it continues to be dealt with as essentially a point failure phenomenon. Relatively recently, many of the problems associated with assessing creep damage have been resolved, on the material side by increased use of so-called “continuum damage mechanics” based models such as Kachanov and Omega and, on the computational side, by the exponential growth in the capabilities of advanced Finite Element Analysis. It is now possible in principle to trace the entire life of a complex component, down to final disintegration. However, this capability still comes at a significant cost, and there is still room for simplification in order to bring this capability to a wider range of potential users. This paper describes a process for evaluating the propagation of creep damage, down to the point of total disintegration, using approximations which exist within the standard capabilities of a typical FE design package. This innovation does not do anything that cannot be done today using the full repertoire of computational tools that exist, notably user subroutines, but provides a simpler platform which can be used to push damage evaluation further into the activities of day-to-day design with a significant reduction in the resource allocation currently required to do the job. Results are compared with creep experiments on notched bars.

Modern in-line inspections can detect shallow dents in pipelines, with depths less than 2% of pipeline diameter. These dents are very common in thin-walled, small diameter refined and multiproduct lines, and frequently coincide with longitudinal welds and girth welds. Traditional dent assessment methods (such as the EPRG approach) can be conservative. Dents can have short predicted fatigue lives, but shallow dents are not known to be a major cause of pipeline failure, unless they are associated with a weld, a gouge, a crack, or severe pressure cycling. The conservatism affects both static failure assessments and fatigue assessments, resulting in high repair rates for shallow dents. This conservatism is partly due to: • Limitations of how the dent shape is modelled in the assessment methods; • Simplifications of the modelling of the stresses range; • Limitations of the calculation of strains in a dent based on inspection measurements; • Inability to model the changing cyclic stress range with changing dent shape. This paper shows that high resolution geometry inspection data contains irregularities which need to be filtered and smoothed. Advanced local regression methods are shown to give effective smoothing by removing errors but retaining the important elements of the real dent shape. The smoothed dent shape is used with the strain estimation methodology given by ASME B31.8 Appendix R, and an appropriate strain limit (based on likely weld quality), to assess whether cracking is likely to have initiated during dent formation. A methodology is then presented, based on Finite Element Analysis (FEA), which improves the accuracy of cyclic stress assessments of shallow smooth dents. The FEA model geometry is provided by the smoothed version of the measured dent shape. The pressure at which the dent shape was measured affects the calculated dent shape and stress as internal pressure varies: this effect is included in the model. The calculated cyclic stresses are used with S-N curves, such as those in BSI PD 5500, to estimate dent fatigue life. This methodology is then applied to 88 dents in two pipelines operated by ExxonMobil in the UK, using detailed high resolution geometrical in-line inspection data, comprehensive pressure cycle measurement data and enhanced dent assessment using the FEA method. It is concluded that this methodology can significantly improve the operator’s pipeline integrity strategy.

This rapid review synthesises the literature on how community-based management of acute malnutrition (CMAM) programmes could be adapted in settings of conflict and fragility. It identifies multiple factors affecting the quality and effectiveness of CMAM services including the health system, community engagement and linkages with other programmes, including education, sanitation, and early childhood development. Family MUAC (Mid-Upper Arm Circumference) is a useful tool to increase community participation and detect early cases of moderate acute malnutrition (MAM) and severe acute malnutrition (SAM) more effectively and less likely to require inpatient care. The literature does not say a lot about m-Health solutions (using mobile devises and applications) in data collection and surveillance systems. Many of the above-mentioned issues are relevant for CMAM programmes in settings of non-emergency, emergency, conflict and fragility. However, there are special circumstance in conflict and fragile settings that need adaptation and simplification of the standard protocols. Because of a broken or partly broken health system in settings of conflict and fragility, local governments are not able to fund access to adequate inpatient and outpatient treatment centres. NGOs and humanitarian agencies are often able to set up stand-alone outpatient therapeutic programmes or mobile centres in the most affected regions. The training of community health volunteers (CHVs) is important and implementing Family MUAC. Importantly, research shows that: Low literacy of CHVs is not a problem to achieve good nutritional outcomes as long as protocols are simplified. Combined/simplified protocols are not inferior to standard protocols. However, due to complexities and low funding, treatment is focused on SAM and availability for children with MAM is far less prioritised, until they deteriorate to SAM. There is widespread confusion about combined/simplified protocol terminology and content, because there is no coherence at the global level.