Relevant bibliographies by topics / Simple Legal Model

Academic literature on the topic 'Simple Legal Model'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 19 February 2023

Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles

Select a source type:

Contents

Consult the lists of relevant articles, books, theses, conference reports, and other scholarly sources on the topic 'Simple Legal Model.'

Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.

You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.

Journal articles on the topic "Simple Legal Model"

1

Hlobil, Tobias M. "A simple test of a simple legal model." Economics Letters 184 (November 2019): 108671. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2019.108671.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
2

Hackney, Donald D., Daniel L. Friesner, and Matthew Q. McPherson. "A Simple Model of Financial Epidemiology." International Journal of Social Ecology and Sustainable Development 5, no. 1 (January 2014): 47–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijsesd.2014010105.

Full text
Abstract:
Declining economic conditions over the past several years have identified a disturbing trend; more and more households in the US are being pushed to the brink of financial insolvency. Current legal and market protections (including, but not limited to the use of collateral and mortgage insurance, consumer credit counseling and bankruptcy protection) provide relief after financial distress occurs, but do nothing to prevent the likelihood of distress. Recent research argues that the use of preventive measures are superior to ex post measures, but can only be implemented with the help of predictive models to identify at risk households. This paper uses tools drawn from evolutionary game theory, economics and public health to create a simple model of “financial epidemiology”, which illustrates the role that social dynamics play in shaping household financial decisions. The model facilitates the prediction of financial insolvency by constructing phase diagrams which illustrate “tipping points” beyond which households move down an inexorable path towards insolvency.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
3

Hardipo Widyaputra, Sholahudin Ranggawuni, and Pujiyono SH MH. "The Enforcement of Simple Claim Process as a Role Model of Credit Agreement Conflict Resolution in Bank Perkreditan Rakyat (BPR)." International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding 5, no. 4 (July 1, 2018): 394. http://dx.doi.org/10.18415/ijmmu.v5i4.360.

Full text
Abstract:
This study is aimed to know varied factors influencing simple claim has not become role modelof credit conflict resolution in BPR. Research method is normative juridic. Data collection technique is documentary/literature study and books or other related documents with the case under study. Results of the research shown that several factors are influencing the simple claim not to be role model of credit conflict resolution in BPR because the non existence of regulation on simple claim to be the only legal effort in the resolution of credit conflict in UMKM. In addition, people feels that simple claim is poorly socialized and minimal information available related with the infrequent State Court verdict on simple claim case for reference, and support from the law enforcement which are frequently made to be simple claim to be non simple claim. Therefore, it is necessary for more efforts to introduce the resolution of simple claim in the resolution of credit conflict by seminars and also legal requrements stipulated as legal host in the resolution of credit conflict, which are not inflicting either party. The preliminary step for simple claim organizational image role model of credit conflict is that Supreme Court must immediately make PERMA to enforce PERMA No. 2 Year of 2015 on Simple Claim in credit conflict, with any legal consequence for the violator. BPR shall enclose clause of conflict resolution using simple claim in each credit agreement.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
4

Roestamy, Martin. "Model Land Supply for Land Bank to House Application." BESTUUR 8, no. 1 (July 24, 2020): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/bestuur.v8i1.43142.

Full text
Abstract:
<p>This study aimed to find out Land Bank's land supplies to provide land for affordable housing and establish community paradigm for ownership in which building separates from its property. The study was performed using a mixed methodology; namely informative where the primary legal material as a legal framework of housing construction is highlighted by considering legal research conducted with simple legal norms with attention to primary data such as land tenure, land availability, and the amount of housing backlogs that extended to help research. Quantitative data used as a measure of flaws in the application of drugs and legal framework, so that all legal resources can be supplemented with quantitative and qualitative data to find alternatives and open access for LIPs' houses.</p><p> </p><p><strong> </strong><strong>Keywords:</strong> Land Supply; Land Bank; Affordable Housing.</p>
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
5

Batubara, Gialdah Tapiansari, and Firdaus Arifin. "MODEL PENDIDIKAN HUKUM DALAM UPAYA MEWUJUDKAN KESADARAN HUKUM SISWA SEJAK DINI." Vol. 20 No. 1 April 2019, no. 20 (January 10, 2020): 20–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.23969/litigasi.v20i1.2106.

Full text
Abstract:
Indonesia as a state of law, has written and unwritten rules as an abstract form of legal protection for the community, while concrete legal protection, one of which, is protected from the target of crime and from the potential of becoming a criminal. One important and fundamental aspect of this problem lies in the process of transforming the noble values of law through a legal education. Here the model used in legal education largely determines the realization of legal awareness. This article tries to give a little description of the relationship between them qualitatively, especially on the basis of thefact that legal education is the most rational method for shaping students legal awareness. The relationship between the variables of legal education and the variable of legal awareness of students is very significant. The object of legal education must reach school students. Legal education is not the only indicator of student legal awareness, but it is qualitatively clear that with the earlier, frequent and increasingly broad range of legal education activities carried out by professional communicators, accompanied by increasingly sophisticated, simple, smart, standard communication techniques: safe, real, quick, practical, effective, imaginative fun, award, problem solving oriented, with gender perspective, prioritize the best interests of students, and provide space to appreciate students rights.It is believed that legal education will have a greater impact on the formation of student legal awareness
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
6

AGUDELO, ANGIE, JAZBLEIDY GOMEZ, and LADY VANEGAS. "LA ADOPCIÓN: ¿PROCESO JURÍDICO, ECONÓMICO O CULTURAL?" Pensamiento Republicano 10 (February 1, 2019): 61–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.21017/pen.repub.2019.n10.a49.

Full text
Abstract:
This article aims to address the concept of adoption, which has different nuances in their social, psychological and legal contexts, as many people are prejudiced about the adoptive family by cultural imaginaries, framed in the economic and moral, which have now been consolidated in Colombian society. The adoption as charity, desire or a simple act of love, are different notions from which you can analyze this concept, as a solid family model or establish some points by which adoption rates have decreased.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
7

Napel, Stefan, and Dominik Welter. "Simple Voting Games and Cartel Damage Proportioning." Games 12, no. 4 (October 1, 2021): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/g12040074.

Full text
Abstract:
Individual contributions by infringing firms to the compensation of cartel victims must reflect their “relative responsibility for the harm caused” according to EU legislation. Several studies have argued that the theoretically best way to operationalize this norm is to apply the Shapley value to an equilibrium model of cartel prices. Because calibrating such a model is demanding, legal practitioners prefer workarounds based on market shares. Relative sales, revenues, and profits however fail to reflect causal links between individual behavior and prices. We develop a pragmatic alternative: use simple voting games to describe which cartel configurations can(not) cause significant price increases in an approximate, dichotomous way; then compute the Shapley-Shubik index. Simulations for a variety of market scenarios document that this captures relative responsibility better than market share heuristics can.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
8

Schmidt, Karsten. "Trust as a Legislative Challenge: Bipolar Relation vs Quasi-Corporate Status? – Basic Trust Models in Legal Practice, Theory, and Legislation." European Review of Private Law 24, Issue 6 (December 1, 2016): 995–1010. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/erpl2016060.

Full text
Abstract:
Trust is a multifaced and enigmatic legal construction. The recent reform of trust law in the Czech Republic is based on a very demanding legal concept, obviously linked with the “fiducie” model in the Law of Québec. In contrast, the legal community in Germany has to cope with trust issues on the basic of very few and simple Civil Code provisions under the law of obligations. This concept has, however, has proved to be fruitful producing three elementary types of trust constructions: (a) simple bipolar mandate agreements, (b) trust agreements in the benefit of third persons, and (c) complex trust organisations serving as quasi-legal bodies. The Czech trust law, recently enacted in ss. 1400 et seqq., is appropriate for the third (most complicated) type c of trust construction. It may, however, fall short as far as simple trust agreements (a, b) are concerned. The German law, on the other hand, has to cope with a noticeable drawback regarding type c: the lack of transparency of trust based quasi-entities.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
9

Bunting, William C. "A Simple Model of Corporate Fiduciary Duties: With an Application to Corporate Compliance." Review of Law & Economics 17, no. 3 (November 1, 2021): 583–614. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/rle-2021-0013.

Full text
Abstract:
Abstract This article models the duty of care as a response to moral hazard where the principal seeks to induce effort that is costly to the agent and unobservable by the principal. The duty of loyalty, by contrast, is modeled as a response to adverse selection where the principal seeks truthful disclosure of private information held by the agent. This model of corporate loyalty differs importantly with standard adverse selection models, however, in that the principal cannot use available contracting variables as a screening mechanism to ensure honest disclosure and must rely upon the use of an external third-party audit technology, such as the court system. This article extends the model to the issue of corporate compliance and argues that the optimal judicial approach would define the duty to monitor as a subset of due care – and not loyalty – but hold that the usual legal protections provided for due care violations no longer apply.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
10

Sitompul, Silvia Sari. "Model Pengujian Gaya Kepemimpinan, Motivasi Kerja melalui Kepuasan Kerja terhadap Kinerja Karyawan Notaris di Pekanbaru." Journal of Economic, Bussines and Accounting (COSTING) 2, no. 1 (November 30, 2018): 28–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.31539/costing.v2i1.336.

Full text
Abstract:
Notary designation for someone who has received legal education licensed by the government to do legal matters, especially as a witness to signing the document. Objects in this study are permanent (active) employees in Notary's office Pekanbaru City. The research population is 894. Sample selection is done using probability sampling method with Simple Random Sampling technique, so that the number of samples taken was 276 employees. In this study, parametric statistics were used with multiple linear regression analysis. The results of this study indicate that leadeship style and satisfaction have significant effect on performance while work motivation has no significant effect on performance. Keywords: Leadership Style, Work Motivation, Job Satisfaction and Employee Performance
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
More sources

Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Simple Legal Model"

1

Helversen, Bettina von. "Quantitative estimation from multiple cues." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät II, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/15718.

Full text
Abstract:
Wie schätzen Menschen quantitative Größen wie zum Beispiel den Verkaufspreis eines Autos? Oft benutzen Menschen zur Lösung von Schätzproblemen sogenannte Cues, Informationen, die probabilistisch mit dem zu schätzenden Kriterium verknüpft sind. Um den Verkaufspreis eines Autos zu schätzen, könnte man zum Beispiel Informationen über das Baujahr, die Automarke, oder den Kilometerstand des Autos verwenden. Um menschliche Schätzprozesse zu beschreiben, werden häufig linear additive Modelle herangezogen. In meiner Dissertation schlage ich alternative ein heuristisches Modell zur Schätzung quantitativer Größen vor: das Mapping-Modell. Im ersten Kapitel meiner Dissertation teste ich das Mapping-Modell gegen weitere, in der Literatur etablierte, Schätzmodelle. Es zeigte sich, dass das Mapping-Modell unter unterschiedlichen Bedingungen in der Lage war, die Schätzungen der Untersuchungsteilnehmer akkurat vorherzusagen. Allerdings bestimmte die Struktur der Aufgabe - im Einklang mit dem Ansatz der „adaptiven Werkzeugkiste“ - im großen Maße, welches Modell am besten geeignet war, die Schätzungen zu erfassen. Im zweiten Kapitel meiner Dissertation greife ich diesen Ansatz auf und untersuche, in wie weit die Aufgabenstruktur bestimmt, welches Modell die Schätzprozesse am Besten beschreibt. Meine Ergebnisse zeigten, dass das Mapping-Modell am Besten dazu geeignet war die Schätzungen der Versuchsteilnehmer zu beschreiben, wenn explizites Wissen über die Aufgabe vorhanden war, während ein Exemplar-Modell den Schätzprozess erfasste, wenn die Abstraktion von Wissen schwierig war. Im dritten Kapitel meiner Dissertation, wende ich das Mapping-Modell auf juristische Entscheidungen an. Eine Analyse von Strafakten ergab, dass das Mapping-Modell Strafzumessungsvorschläge von Staatsanwälten besser vorhersagte als eine lineare Regression. Dies zeigt, dass das Mapping-Modell auch außerhalb von Forschungslaboratorien dazu geeignet ist menschliche Schätzprozesse zu beschreiben.
How do people make quantitative estimations, such as estimating a car’s selling price? Often people rely on cues, information that is probabilistically related to the quantity they are estimating. For instance, to estimate the selling price of a car they could use information, such as the car’s manufacturer, age, mileage, or general condition. Traditionally, linear regression type models have been employed to capture the estimation process. In my dissertation, I propose an alternative cognitive theory for quantitative estimation: The mapping model which offers a heuristic approach to quantitative estimations. In the first part of my dissertation l test the mapping model against established alternative models of estimation, namely, linear regression, an exemplar model, and a simple estimation heuristic. The mapping model provided a valid account of people’s estimates outperforming the other models in a variety of conditions. Consistent with the “adaptive toolbox” approach on decision, which model was best in predicting participants’ estimations was a function of the task environment. In the second part of my dissertation, I examined further how different task features affect the performance of the models make. My results indicate that explicit knowledge about the cues is decisive. When knowledge about the cues was available, the mapping model was the best model; however, if knowledge about the task was difficult to abstract, participants’ estimations were best described by the exemplar model. In the third part of my dissertation, I applied the mapping model in the field of legal decision making. In an analysis of fining and incarceration decisions, I showed that the prosecutions’ sentence recommendations were better captured by the mapping model than by legal policy modeled with a linear regression. These results indicated that the mapping model is a valid model which can be applied to model actual estimation processes outside of the laboratory.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
2

(14011126), Gayle B. S. Fox. "Modelling District Court decision-making: Offender identity, judicial attitudes and legal factors." Thesis, 2005. https://figshare.com/articles/thesis/Modelling_District_Court_decision-making_Offender_identity_judicial_attitudes_and_legal_factors/21398823.

Full text
Abstract:

The guiding orientation of the present research was whether two conflicting positions, (1) that sentencing in a criminal case is a complex decision-making process, and (2) that sentencing is a judgment based upon few offence and/or offender details, could be reconciled. The competing claims lend support to the opposing viewpoints on sentencing guidelines, and are explicitly or implicitly utilised by each side in the law and order' debate, but each is deficient in current empirical or theoretical investigation. Archival research was undertaken on assault occasioning bodily harm cases from the Queensland District Court. Study 1 (N = 244) investigated the correlations between 27 offence, offender, victim and sentencer characteristics (e.g., use of a weapon in the assault, offender's prior convictions, victim's gender and sentencer's expertise), five theorised preliminary decisions (e.g., whether to impose a tariff versus individualised penalty, to set a utilitarian versus retributive punishment), and five sentencing decisions (e.g., to record or not record a conviction, to impose a lenient or a harsh penalty). Results favoured the conclusion that sentencing is a complex decision-making process. Numerous correlations between the variables were initially indicated, although the effects on the sentencing decisions decreased when the offence seriousness and the offender's prior criminal history were controlled for. Guided by the results from Study 1, five increasingly complex legal and theoretical models were developed. The models were arranged hierarchically, initially including only legal variables and then expanded to incorporate concepts from Schubert's (1965;1974) Attitudinal Model of Supreme Court decision-making, and from Heise's (1988) Affect Control Theory. These were evaluated in Study 2 (N=393) using structural equation modelling. Model comparisons revealed that while the Simple Legal Model, (the first model presented including the harm caused by the offence, the offender's prior criminal history, and prescribed aggravating features of the attack) explained almost half of the variance in the sentencing decision, the model offered a poor fit to the data. While each of the three succeeding models improved the model fit, it was the fifth model, incorporating legal variables, preliminary decisions, attitudes, and particularly the sentencer's evaluation of the `character' of the offender, which best represented the data, without sacrificing parsimony, in addition to accounting for almost two-thirds of the variance in the sentencing decision (65.3%). It was concluded that sentencing is a complex decision-making process, and that the judgment is based upon few offence and/or offender details. Firstly, a relatively small number of offence and offender characteristics accounted for the greater part of the variance in the sentencing decision. Judges however, appeared to organise the information provided in order to make assessments about the offender, in the manner predicted by Affect Control Theory. The overall result therefore, supported the complex decision-making process subscribed to by judges. Limitations of the research and the implications of these results for the main players in the process, the inclusion of psychological theory in the courtroom, and the community's understanding of the system, are discussed.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Books on the topic "Simple Legal Model"

1

Ramírez Lemus, Jhaslen Ricardo, Yerly del Pilar Mozo Montilla, Lorenzo Antonio Bonilla Ballesteros, Ingrid Jimena Campo Baena, Jessica Paola Melo Parra, Milton Dubán Monsalve Mantilla, Yesenia Andrea Monsalve Mantilla, et al. Protección de los animales en Colombia. Debates jurídicos, políticos, económicos y en el territorio. Edited by Jhaslen Ricardo Ramírez Lemus and Yerly del Pilar Mozo Montilla. Ediciones Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.16925/9789587603187.

Full text
Abstract:
This work aims to present a comprehensive overview of the state of the legal-political protection of animals in Colombia. The Colombian State is going through a period of institutional and socio-legal transformation. The once widespread model of the relationship between the legal system and animals as things or simple elements of the environment is being re-evaluated and a whole number of problems arise which must be addressed from new approaches and perspectives. This book focuses on topics such as crimes and misdemeanors, the use of animals for human consumption, animal used on research and testing, the use of animals for security purposes, the development of public policies and their interrelation with the movement of the civil society first from an analytical plane and then contextualized in different cities of Colombia.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
2

David, Matthew. Cultural, Legal, Technical, and Economic Perspectives on Copyright Online: The Case of the Music Industry. Edited by William H. Dutton. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199589074.013.0022.

Full text
Abstract:
This chapter summarises the cultural, legal, technical, and economic approaches to enforcing copyright. It suggests that rights holders need to rethink their business models in the digital age, such as by concentrating on live performances, rather than simply trying to shore up old business models by criminalising copyright infringement. The link between pervasiveness and persuasiveness is complex and sometimes contradictory. It is noted that online sharing is not identity theft.The Pirate Baychose to embrace the term pirate despite disputing almost everything else being claimed by the recording and film industry lobbies about online sharing. The asymmetrical architecture of the Internet makes circulation easier than regulation. The Internet makes every computer an infinite copying machine and one hard to disconnect from every other. The music industry has been hit first and hardest by online sharing, and reveals the clearest signs of successful adaptation.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
3

McCabe, Andrew, and John Wyman. Lone-Actor Terrorism. Edited by Jacob C. Holzer, Andrea J. Dew, Patricia R. Recupero, and Paul Gill. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190929794.001.0001.

Full text
Abstract:
Contemporary lone-actor terrorism is a complex, multi-dimensional process, involving different contexts, ideologies, geographic regions, circumstances, drives, individuals, and modes of violence. Despite the complexity behind a violent incident, the outcome unfortunately is quite simple—harm and devastation to victims, families, and society. The purpose of this book is to explore lone-actor terrorism from different but complementary vantage points. One important focus is on the variability of clinical and forensic mental health concerns. In addition, this book explores other aspects of lone-actor terrorism, including law enforcement and homeland security, risk and threat assessment, geography, ethical considerations, and legal issues. Lone-actor terrorism does not happen in a vacuum. In the context of a given set of conditions, stressors, and rhetoric, many people will think about acting in some form of opposition, vocalize their disagreement or outrage, protest, and vote, in order to effect change. A very small number of individuals, however, think they have to ‘take matters in their own hands’ and act violently in order to effect change.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
4

Swann, Julian. Exile, Imprisonment, or Death. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198788690.001.0001.

Full text
Abstract:
Between the assassination of Henri IV in 1610 and the French Revolution of 1789, thousands of French nobles, including members of the royal family, courtiers, bishops, generals, and judges suffered internal exile, imprisonment, or even death for having displeased their sovereign. For most that punishment was independent of the legal system and was the result of a simple royal command or a written order, known as a lettre de cachet. Yet rather than protest, the victims were willing to obey, spending months, even years in disgrace without any knowledge of when, or even if, their ordeal would end. Their punishment was for many a terrible personal blow, striking at the heart of their own identity and relationship to the king, and it threatened the future of their families, friends, and political allies. This book is the first in-depth study of political disgrace, which was intrinsic to the exercise of royal power, drawing on the mystique of monarchy and the ideologies of divine right, patriarchy, and justice that underpinned royal authority. It explores the rise and consolidation of a new model of disgrace amongst the nobility for which obedience to the king gradually replaced the rebellious attitudes fostered during the years of religious and civil strife. Yet for all the power of royal disgrace, it was always open to challenge and in the course of the eighteenth century it would come under a sustained attack that tells us much about the political and cultural origins of the French Revolution.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Book chapters on the topic "Simple Legal Model"

1

Boldrin, Luca, Giovanni Paolo Sellitto, and Jaak Tepandi. "TOOP Trust Architecture." In The Once-Only Principle, 126–40. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-79851-2_7.

Full text
Abstract:
AbstractWhile information security nowadays represents a core concern for any organization, Trust Management is usually less elaborated and is only important when two or more organizations cooperate towards a common objective. The overall Once-Only Principle Project (TOOP) architecture relies on the concept of trusted sources of information and on the existence of a secure exchange channel between the Data Providers and the Data Consumers in this interaction framework. Trust and information security are two cross-cutting concerns of paramount importance. These two concerns are overlapping, but not identical and they span all of the interoperability layers, from the legal down to the technical, passing through organizational and semantic layers. While information security aims at the preservation of confidentiality, integrity and availability of information, trust establishment guarantees that the origin and the destination of the data and documents are authentic (authenticity) and trustworthy (trustworthiness), and that data and documents are secured against any modification by untrusted parties (integrity). In this chapter, the TOOP Trust Architecture is presented, starting from a simple abstract model of interaction between two agents down to the detailed end-to-end trust establishment architecture, modeled onto the Toop Reference Architecture presented in the previous chapter.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
2

Lahav, Ori, and Yoni Zohar. "Effective Semantics for the Modal Logics K and KT via Non-deterministic Matrices." In Automated Reasoning, 468–85. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-10769-6_28.

Full text
Abstract:
AbstractA four-valued semantics for the modal logic K is introduced. Possible worlds are replaced by a hierarchy of four-valued valuations, where the valuations of the first level correspond to valuations that are legal w.r.t. a basic non-deterministic matrix, and each level further restricts its set of valuations. The semantics is proven to be effective, and to precisely capture derivations in a sequent calculus for K of a certain form. Similar results are then obtained for the modal logic KT, by simply deleting one of the truth values.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
3

Braun, Veit. "Tools of Extraction or Means of Speculation? Making Sense of Patents in the Bioeconomy." In Bioeconomy and Global Inequalities, 65–84. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-68944-5_4.

Full text
Abstract:
AbstractOver the last few decades, Europe has seen a rise in applications for “native trait” patents on conventionally bred plants. Based on expert interviews, participant observation, patent statistics and document analysis, this chapter discusses what constitutes the (potential) value of these patents for various stakeholders. Native trait patents are a legacy of biotech plant patents from the 1980s and 1990s but follow different material, legal and economic logics. Unlike GMO patents, it would be wrong to view them as tools with which to extract surplus value from farmers. Neither, however, are they simply a means to capture investment from stock markets. There is no single business model that could explain the rush of companies to apply for patents in conventional plant breeding; therefore, patents must be understood as complex value objects that fulfil different functions for different actors and that often defy their original purpose of stimulating and protecting innovation.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
4

Lauriot Dit Prevost, Arthur, Marie Trencart, Vianney Gaillard, Guillaume Bouzille, Rémi Besson, Dyuti Sharma, Philippe Puech, and Emmanuel Chazard. "ICIPEMIR: Improving the Completeness, Interoperability and Patient Explanations of Medical Imaging Reports." In Studies in Health Technology and Informatics. IOS Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/shti210193.

Full text
Abstract:
Introduction: Although electronic health records have been facilitating the management of medical information, there is still room for improvement in daily production of medical report. Possible areas for improvement would be: to improve reports quality (by increasing exhaustivity), to improve patients’ understanding (by mean of a graphical display), to save physicians’ time (by helping reports writing), and to improve sharing and storage (by enhancing interoperability). We set up the ICIPEMIR project (Improving the completeness, interoperability and patients explanation of medical imaging reports) as an academic solution to optimize medical imaging reports production. Such a project requires two layers: one engineering layer to build the automation process, and a second medical layer to determine domain-specific data models for each type of report. We describe here the medical layer of this project. Methods: We designed a reproducible methodology to identify -for a given medical imaging exam- mandatory fields, and describe a corresponding simple data model using validated formats. The mandatory fields had to meet legal requirements, domain-specific guidelines, and results of a bibliographic review on clinical studies. An UML representation, a JSON Schema, and a YAML instance dataset were defined. Based on this data model a form was created using Goupile, an open source eCRF script-based editor. In addition, a graphical display was designed and mapped with the data model, as well as a text template to automatically produce a free-text report. Finally, the YAML instance was encoded in a QR-Code to allow offline paper-based transmission of structured data. Results: We tested this methodology in a specific domain: computed tomography for urolithiasis. We successfully extracted 73 fields, and transformed them into a simple data model, with mapping to a simple graphical display, and textual report template. The offline QR-code transmission of a 2,615 characters YAML file was successful with simple smartphone QR-Code scanner. Conclusion: Although automated production of medical report requires domain-specific data model and mapping, these can be defined using a reproducible methodology. Hopefully this proof of concept will lead to a computer solution to optimize medical imaging reports, driven by academic research.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
5

Donald E, Vinson, and Reichert Klaus. "Part II The Arbitration Process and Persuasion Strategies, 10 Visual Communication." In Arbitration: the Art & Science of Persuasion. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780192867902.003.0011.

Full text
Abstract:
This chapter looks into the communication strategies in arbitration. It lists the components of the communication model: source, recipient, channel, and feedback. Noise becomes the external factor interfering with the model’s function. On the other hand, the legal sector has adopted technology and visual presentation in the modern tribunal process. Computer-aided graphical design programs help recreate events or take the arbitral tribunal inside a microchip through the production of sophisticated computer animation. Moreover, a visual message must be simple and straightforward so the arbitrators would not tune out the given information. Verbal cues could also aid a witness testimony to establish reference for the visual aid.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
6

"method normally found in the UK is, at the moment, slightly different. This system is called solidarity; everyone shares the cost of insurance, across the entire gamut of risk. Even so, there have been modifiers which have crept in, such as smoking or obesity. In the case of smoking it is a self-inflicted injury and, for the most part so is obesity, but not always. Generally speaking, genetic information can be ignored using this model. So we return to our original supposition: why not test everyone and modify their premiums accordingly, which is what the insurance industry would like? Well, to begin with this would be a ‘cherry picking’ exercise. Whatever is said it can be assumed that the truth, now or later, is that if insurance companies were allowed to assess individual risk someone would end up as uninsurable, while those that probably do not need insurance will be quite happily given it. So if the claim is that there is no intention to increase profits, which it has been stated to be, why bother? Is it altruism on the part of insurance companies to put premiums up for one group and down for another? This brings us to point two. If there is no desire to increase profits, why not retain the actuarial system currently in place? Actuarial tables have been used for centuries and give a good guide to the numbers of any age cohort who will die at any given time. This system works for both the insured and the insurer; to change it is to load the dice in a game of chance in favour of the dice holder. The insurers want to bet on a certainty; the rest of us want access to affordable insurance. This is the point where the legal challenge should be pursued. Discrimination in any form is both undesirable and dangerous. It is undesirable because we may lose a significant resource in the shape of our genetic diversity. After all, we have seen that some genes which are routinely described as ‘disease genes’ have turned out to confer additional fitness to the unaffected carriers, such as sickle cell anaemia (malaria resistance) and cystic fibrosis (tuberculosis resistance). It is also dangerous because we cannot tell what path this sort of action could lead us down; eugenics is not a very sensible route for humanity to take. A primary concern in this sort of testing is that the individuals that are making judgments on the results of these tests are simply not capable of making them. With any genetic test counselling is essential; without it the misery which can be caused within a family can be immense. Such things should be challenged before the situation becomes uncontrollable. During the Human Genome Project it was discovered that in excess of 1.4 million single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are present in the human genome. Many of these are of considerable importance in testing for specific genetic conditions, even down to such things as adverse reactions to specific drugs. This will be of enormous benefit because although an adverse reaction may be a simple headache or weight loss, such a reaction can be so severe as to result in death. But SNPs have another practical application in the criminal justice system. They can be used in large panels to produce a DNA profile for identification. But even now it is reported that an American company, DNAPrint Genomics in Florida is patenting a test which tests for SNPs that correlate with eye colour. They are not trying to determine eye colour by looking at the genes which actually code for eye colour in their entirety, but at single bases differences which indicate the." In Genetics and DNA Technology: Legal Aspects, 115. Routledge-Cavendish, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781843146995-23.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
7

Berg, Jessica W., Paul S. Appelbaum, Charles W. Lidz, and Lisa S. Parker. "The Role of Informed Consent in Medical Decision Making." In Informed Consent. Oxford University Press, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195126778.003.0015.

Full text
Abstract:
How can informed consent be integrated into the physician-patient relationship in a manner that is respectful of both the idea of informed consent and the imperatives of clinical care? A realistic answer to that question could, we believe, remove much of the resistance of many healthcare professionals to the idea of informed consent. This chapter’s goal is to offer a practical procedural framework within which clinicians can operate to facilitate patients’ decision making in a manner that meets both these desiderata. The interactions of physicians and patients in making decisions about medical treatment can be conceptualized in two ways. Decision making can be approached as an event that occurs at a single point in time (an “event model”), or it can be viewed as a continuous element of the relationship between patients and their caregivers (a “process model”). The implications of these different ways of conceptualizing decisions about treatment are quite profound, rooted as they are in distinct visions of the relationship between physicians and patients. The event model of informed consent is predicated on a relatively simple paradigm. A patient seeking medical care approaches a physician for assistance. After assessing the patient’s condition, the physician reaches a diagnosis and formulates a recommended plan of treatment. The physician’s conclusions and recommendations are presented to the patient, along with information concerning the risks and potential benefits of the proposed treatment, and possible alternatives and their risks and potential benefits. Weighing the available data, the patient reflects on the relative risks and benefits of each course of action and then selects the medically acceptable alternative that most closely fits the patient’s particular values. On the surface at least, the event model conforms well to the legal requirements for informed consent. The event model emphasizes the provision of full and accurate information to patients at the time of decision making. Consent forms are often used for this purpose; indeed, the consent form can be said to be the central symbol of the event model (see Chapter 9). Patients’ understanding, although desirable in the abstract, is less crucial to this model than is the provision of information.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
8

Abramowicz, Witold, Piotr Stolarski, and Tadeusz Tomaszewski. "Legal Ontologies in ICT and Law." In Digital Rights Management, 34–49. IGI Global, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-2136-7.ch003.

Full text
Abstract:
Re-usability is frequently declared as sine qua non feature of modern ontology engineering. Although thoroughly examined in general theory of knowledge management models the re-usability issue is still barely a declaration in the domain of legal ontologies. The similar situation also applies to statute-specific ontologies. Those knowledge modeling entities are well described especially as an opposition to the general application legal ontologies. Yet it is trivial to say that most of the developed legal ontologies so far are those generic ones. And this sole fact should not surprise as the very specialized knowledge models – usually harder to develop – are at the same time narrowed with their utility. Of course in terms of re-usability this simply means that this feature may be largely disabled in this kind of knowledge models. In this chapter we face both challenges, i.e. as an excuse for presentation of the most interesting in our opinion trends and works in the field we will demonstrate the practical approach to modeling copyright law case by re-using statute-specific ontologies.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
9

Wu, Tien-Hsuan, Ben Kao, Henry Chan, and Michael Mk Cheung. "Judgment Tagging and Recommendation Using Pre-Trained Language Models and Legal Taxonomy." In Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications. IOS Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/faia220476.

Full text
Abstract:
We study the problem of machine comprehension of court judgments and generation of descriptive tags for judgments. Our approach makes use of a legal taxonomy D, which serves as a dictionary of canonicalized legal concepts. Given a court judgment J, our method identifies the key contents of J and then applies Word2Vec and BERT-based models to select a short list TJ of terms/phrases from the taxonomy D as descriptive tags of J. The tag set TJ suggests concepts that are relevant to or associative with J and provides a simple mechanism for readers of J to compose associative queries for effective judgment recommendation. Our prototype system implemented on the Hong Kong Legal Information Institute (HKLII) platform shows that our method provides a highly effective tool that assists users in exploring a judgment corpus and in obtaining relevant judgment recommendation.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
10

Tomaiuolo, Michele. "Trust Management and Delegation for the Administration of Web Services." In Organizational, Legal, and Technological Dimensions of Information System Administration, 18–37. IGI Global, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-4526-4.ch002.

Full text
Abstract:
The availability and adoption of open protocols allow applications to integrate Web services offered by different providers. Moreover, simple services can be dynamically composed to accomplish more complex tasks. This implies the delegation of both tasks and permissions. In fact, delegation is intertwined with some notion of risk, on the one hand, and trust, on the other hand. Well founded socio-cognitive models of trust may orient managers and system administrators to delegate tasks and goals to the most trusted entities, after conscious evaluation of risks and gains associated with the decision. This chapter presents different mechanisms and models that have been proposed for establishing secure delegations in open environments. They include Role-Based Access Control, Trust Management, and Federated Identity. Complex frameworks and live systems have been realized according to these models. However, their administration remain a challenging task. Ongoing research works in various fields, such as Automated Trust Negotiation, promise to simplify the practical realization and configuration of delegation-based systems.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Conference papers on the topic "Simple Legal Model"

1

Sartor, Giovanni. "A simple computational model for nonmonotonic and adversarial legal reasoning." In the fourth international conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/158976.159001.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
2

Zufall, Frederike, Rampei Kimura, and Linyu Peng. "A simple mathematical model for the legal concept of balancing of interests." In ICAIL '21: Eighteenth International Conference for Artificial Intelligence and Law. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3462757.3466140.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
3

Langer, Thomas H., Michael R. Hansen, Morten K. Ebbesen, and Ole O̸ Mouritsen. "A Tire Model for Off-Highway Vehicle Simulation and Comfort Evaluation." In ASME 2009 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2009-87802.

Full text
Abstract:
Manufacturers of construction machinery are challenged to accommodate legal requirements on the vibration exposure associated with their products. Hence, the ability to evaluate ride comfort by virtual prototyping is needed. One of the derived necessities is a modeling approach that can handle big off-road tires on irregular terrain and even the passing of sharp corner obstacles. In this paper a simple tire model combining the well known slip theory and a displaced volume approach is presented. A non-gradient optimization routine is applied for parameter identification by minimizing the difference between simulated data and experimental data obtained from a full vehicle model passing a set of well defined obstacles. The two most important deviations have been identified as frequency and force amplitude response because comfort is computed as a frequency weighted acceleration of the operator. Based on the obtained agreement between simulated and measured results the tire model is considered as well suited for comfort evaluation and, subsequently, reliable model based design.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
4

Johnson, E. R., and R. E. Best. "A Computational Model for Estimating the Cost of Spent Fuel and High-Level Radioactive Waste Transport." In ASME 2003 9th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2003-4783.

Full text
Abstract:
JAI has developed a simple computer program for use in determining a preliminary estimate of costs for transporting spent nuclear fuel or high-level radioactive waste by legal weight truck or by rail. The JAI Corporation Spent Fuel and High-Level Radioactive Waste Transportation Cost Model © is a Microsoft Excel 2000-based collection of spreadsheets. Both the truck and rail sub-models consist of three spreadsheets, or modules — as follows: • The “Input” spreadsheet accepts the user’s inputs (the user’s configuration of the transportation scenario to be modeled); • The “Cost Calculations” spreadsheet lists cost components and associated calculations; • The “Results” spreadsheet summarized the calculated transportation costs. The program does not calculate costs between two specific points, but rather over a specific distance. The individual inputs required can be entered by the user — or the user can accept the default values built into the program. The input to the program is divided into the following elements: 1. Scenario configuration; 2. Financial assumptions; 3. Capital-related costs; 4. Operating costs; 5. Freight-related costs; 6. Security-related costs. The rail portion of the program also permits the calculation of the cost of heavy haul and barge transport. The cost calculation spreadsheet contains all the algorithms used for calculating each element of cost and summing them — and the results spreadsheet shows the separate cost of capital, operations, freight, security and miscellaneous costs, plus the total cost for the shipment(s). The program offers an easy way for obtaining preliminary estimates of the cost of transporting spent fuel or high-level radioactive waste, and a way to quickly estimate the sensitivity of transport costs to changes in conditions or shipping scenarios.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
5

Muhlbauer, W. Kent, Derek Johnson, Elaine Hendren, and Steve Gosse. "A New Generation of Pipeline Risk Algorithms." In 2006 International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2006-10178.

Full text
Abstract:
While the previous generation of scoring-type algorithms have served us (the industry) well, the associated technical compromises can be troublesome in today’s environment of increasing regulatory and public oversight. Risk analyses often become the centerpiece of any legal, regulatory, or public proceedings. This prompts the need for analysis techniques that can produce risk estimates anchored in absolute terms, such as “consequences per mile year”. Accordingly, a new generation of algorithms has been developed to meet today’s needs without costly re-vamping of previously collected data or increasing the costs of risk analysis. A simple re-grouping of variables into categories of “exposure”, “mitigation”, and ‘resistance’, along with a few changes in the mathematics of combining variables, transitions older scoring models into the new approach. The advantages of the new algorithms are significant since they: • are more intuitive and predictive, • better model reality, • lead to better risk management decisions by distinguishing between unmitigated exposure to a threat, mitigation effectiveness, and system resistance, • eliminate the need for unrealistic and troublesome reweighting or balancing of variables for changes such as new technologies, • offer flexibility to present results in either absolute (probabilistic) terms or relative terms, depending on the user’s needs. The challenge is to accomplish these without losing the advantages of earlier approaches. One of the intent of the new algorithms is to avoid overly-analytic techniques that often accompany more absolute quantifications of risk. This paper will showcase this new generation of algorithms to better suit the changing needs of risk analysis within the pipeline industry.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
6

Arnaiz Eguren, Ignacio. "Planeamiento digital, la primera pieza de una ciudad virtual de mantenimiento distribuido." In International Conference Virtual City and Territory. Barcelona: Centre de Política de Sòl i Valoracions, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/ctv.7581.

Full text
Abstract:
En los últimos años se han planteado en España diversos sistemas para traducir el Planeamiento urbano a un sistema digital, (Extremadura, Castilla y León, Canarias…). En el presente trabajo se exponen las características principales que definen la propuesta de planeamiento digital establecida en el programa “Impulso del Urbanismo en Red” del Ministerio de Industria, cuya arquitectura ha sido definida por el autor de esta ponencia y que se resumen en: * La definición de una estructura de información encapsulable en un fichero GML capaz de contener cualquier plan independientemente de su origen, complejidad o función y que sea susceptible de asociarle códigos de seguridad que garanticen su inviolabilidad (firma electrónica). A tal efecto se establece un modelo de datos que contiene los componentes básicos de los planes y las relaciones entre ellos en un lenguaje de “operación” entre planes que permitan obtener un refundido mediante un mecanismo de computación automatizable. * La especificación y desarrollo de las herramientas de diseño de Planeamiento que faciliten a los equipos redactores construir planes digitales que cumplan la estructura digital establecida. * La formación de Registros administrativos de planeamiento digital, que controlan la situación del planeamiento mediante operaciones de inscripción, que son responsables de la publicidad del planeamiento y que incluyen funciones de validación, inscripción y refundido de los planes en sistemas de información territoriales que garanticen la vinculación jurídica no solo de los planes como piezas individuales sino también del refundido digital. * La especificación y desarrollo de las herramientas de control, validación y refundido que permitan mantener los registros de planeamiento digital por parte de las administraciones competentes. * La definición normalizada de los sistemas y lenguajes de visualización gráfica y acceso a la normativa que permitan utilizar Internet como canal único de acceso al Planeamiento y de obtención de planeamiento vinculante digital. * La especificación y desarrollo de las herramientas informáticas de explotación y consulta digital mediante servicios WMS, WFS y XML estándar. * La definición de estilos de representación consensuados y estables que faciliten la legibilidad del planeamiento independientemente de su productor, de su ámbito de aplicación o de la legislación de base en la que se apoye. La definición de un marco legislativo urbanístico estatal, regional y municipal que contemple estos sistemas de planeamiento digital vinculante. * El establecimiento de las bases para la normalización de conceptos urbanísticos que faciliten la integración del planeamiento en los niveles municipal, regional y estatal y los mecanismos de agregación y reutilización desde los niveles de más detalle a los menos. * La mejora de los procesos de tramitación del planeamiento, convirtiendo todo el ciclo de vida del plan en digital, asegurando su carácter participativo, dando valor jurídico a los sistemas de notificación basados en técnicas electrónicas, construyendo los sistemas de acceso universal a los planes mediante Internet que permitan consultar el plan y presentar sugerencias y alegaciones, con las siguientes condiciones: que el plan a consultar corresponda exactamente con el plan aprobado, que la información disponible corresponda a la totalidad del plan, que el sistema de representación y navegación esté construido de tal forma que permita acceder fácilmente a toda la información disponible y, finalmente, construyendo sistemas de análisis y validación de la calidad de los planes, como ayuda al informe técnico preceptivo para su aprobación. La ponencia presenta una solución que cumple todas estas condiciones y que se postula como un posible estándar para la sistematización y digitalización del Planeamiento Urbano, como fase inicial para la incorporación de los procesos de gestión y ejecución urbanas hasta configurar un sistema de gestión integral de la información territorial. Recently in Spain have emerged several technologies to convert urban planning into a digital system (Extremadura, Castilla y León, Canary Islands…). In this document are set out the main features that describe the proposal of digital urban planning included in the program “Impulso del Urbanismo en Red” started by the Ministry of Industry of Spain, whose computing architecture has been designed by the author of this paper and summarized in the following items: * Definition of an information structure incorporated in a GML file capable to contain any plan regardless of their origin, complexity or duty and to be able to associate security codes to ensure their inviolability (electronic signature). For such purpose is established a data model which contains the main components and the relationships between them in a language of “operation” among several plans in order to achieve an adapted plan through a computing automated mechanism. * Specification and development of all the drawing tools for urban planning in order to make easier the duty of urban planning editors to make digital plans with a digital structure established. * Creation of official registries for urban planning to control the state of those documents by registration tasks. These registries are responsible of publishing the plans, and include validation, registration and adaptation of urban planning in regional information systems that ensure legal effectiveness not only for the separated plan but also the final adapted plan. * Developing tools to control, to validate and to adapt the plans in order to keep maintained the digital registries by the relevant authorities. * Standardize definition of systems and languages for graphic viewing and provide the access to the legal documents of urban planning and for using Internet as the only access channel to these documents and a way to obtain digital planning with total legal effectiveness. * Specification and development of computing tools to provide consulting services through standard WMS, WFS and XML services. Reach a consensus in the definition of stable drawing styles that facilitates legibility of urban planning regardless of producer, range or legal documents that supports them. * Definition of a city planning legal framework (state, regional) that consider these digital planning systems. * Establishment of the basis for standardization developments of urban planning concepts that facilitate its integration in the different state or regional levels and set all the mechanisms of aggregation and reuse of these levels gradually. * Improving the stages of official processes in urban planning, making the entire life cycle of digital plan ensuring its participative role, giving legal status to the reported systems based on digital techniques, building universal access systems through Internet to consult, suggest and complain with the following conditions: the consulted plan must correspond to the approved one; the information available must correspond to the whole plan; consulting and navigation system shall become so simple that allows easy access to all the information; finally, analysis and validation systems must be designed to verify the quality of the plans as an assistance to the legal report for approval. This document sets out a solution that comply all these conditions and it stands as a possible standard for urban planning systematization and digitization, as first stage for adding management and building processes in order to make a whole territorial information system
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
7

Bakshi, Soham, Badih A. Jawad, Selin Arslan, Kingman Yee, and Liping Liu. "Multi-Objective Optimization of a Simplified Car Body Using Computational Fluid Dynamics." In ASME 2015 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2015-52913.

Full text
Abstract:
Today’s strict fuel economy requirement produces the need for the cars to have really optimized shapes among other characteristics as optimized cooling packages, reduced weight, to name a few. With the advances in automotive technology, tight global oil resources, lightweight automotive design process becomes a problem deserving important consideration. It is not however always clear how to modify the shape of the exterior of a car in order to minimize its aerodynamic resistance. Air motion is complex and operates differently at different weather conditions. This gap can be covered by the use of adjoint solvers which predict the sensibility of the aerodynamic forces to changes of the geometry. Alternatively, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) solvers can be partnered with optimization software which guide model design changes and evaluate the corresponding results. Design changes can be executed by modifying a parameterized geometry or using mesh morphing techniques. With the advances in computational fluid dynamics, design optimization methods in the aerodynamic design are more important than ever. In the present paper, ANSYS Fluent will be used in conjunction with the optimization software ANSYS DesignXplorer to study ways of reducing drag and lift for a simplified car body. ANSYS simulation software allows one to predict, with confidence, the impact of fluid flows on the product throughout design and manufacturing as well as during end use. CFD is a complex technology involving strongly coupled non-linear partial differential equations which attempt to computationally simulate theoretical and experimental models in a discrete domain of complex geometric shape. A detailed assessment of errors and uncertainties has to concern itself with the three roots of CFD: theory, experiment, and computation. Further, the application of CFD is rapidly expanding with the growth in computational resources. The body in question in this study is the Ahmed body [1] which has been used numerous times for CFD code validation. This geometry represents a road legal car which is used to study the effect of different forces like, aerodynamic drag force, lift force, and some other major forces which affect a car’s motion significantly. Despite being a simple body, accurate prediction of its aerodynamic performance often requires very accurate and computationally expensive calculations. We would like to investigate if meaningful optimizations can be achieved by using reduced resources, by analyzing how air at different velocity affect the body and what changes might be necessary for a further optimized performance. The purpose here is not to predict the absolute values of drag for this body, but to demonstrate that optimization can be performed with limited resources relying on information about drag deltas rather than absolute values. Keeping limiting resources in mind, a grid independence study wasn’t done.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
8

Ortegón Fuentes, Ángela Bibiana, and Juan David Castellom Rodríguez. "MODELO DE ANÁLISIS CORRELACIONAL PARA LA IDENTIFICACIÓN DE PATRONES ASOCIADOS A LOS ACCIDENTES DE TRÁNSITO DE YOPAL." In Mujeres en ingeniería: empoderamiento, liderazgo y compromiso. Asociacion Colombiana de Facultades de Ingeniería - ACOFI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.26507/ponencia.1787.

Full text
Abstract:
Con el desarrollo del presente proyecto, se busca crear un modelo correlacional que permita identificar las características con mayor incidencia en los accidentes de tránsito en determinadas zonas de la ciudad de Yopal (Colombia), e indicar los patrones asociados a los mismos. En la construcción del modelo se aplican algoritmos de regresión lineal simple de aprendizaje supervisado, construyendo la correlación entre variables dependientes e independientes. El objetivo es obtener un modelo lineal que explique la relación entre las variables en toda la información de accidentes de tránsito en Yopal, calcular el coeficiente de determinación 𝑟𝑟2 y su significancia (p-value). El proyecto se lleva a cabo en cuatro fases: Construcción de aplicativo para la recolección de la información de los accidentes de tránsito según IPAT, medicina y Medicina Legal, en la segunda fase se identifican los diez puntos críticos de accidentalidad por georreferenciación, la tercera fase se caracteriza e identifica los factores de riesgos asociados a los accidentes de tránsito y cuarta fase, se Implementar Modelo Correlacional para la identificación de patrones asociados teniendo en cuenta la información recolectada en cada punto crítico Como resultado se verificó la existencia de correlaciones significativas entre la variables que intervienen en los accidentes de tránsito como fecha, gravedad, edad, día de la semana, grado de alcoholimetría y se relaciona con las variables independientes de precipitaciones meteorológicas tomadas del data set proporcionado por la Fuerza Aérea de Casanare, adicionalmente se identifican los puntos con mayor accidentalidad del municipio y los factores mas relevantes por cada punto, permitiendo a los entes involucrados identificar las causas raíces de los eventos, intervenirlos y evitar su reincidencia. Este proyecto se puede replicar en cualquier municipio de Colombia gracias al formato que se basa para la recolección (IPAT), documento reglamentado bajo la resolución 11268 de 2012 otorgada por el Ministerio de Transporte y se puede tomar de referente para la caracterización y correlación de los accidentes de tránsito a nivel mundial.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
9

Passek, Boris. "Light Weight Design in Body-in-White Development Considering Passive Safety Requirements." In ASME 2001 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2001/amd-25440.

Full text
Abstract:
Abstract Aside from aerodynamics, resistance to rolling, and the engine efficiency itself, mass is the most influencing factor of fuel consumption and therefore vehicle emission. Over the last years, the automobile industry has generally met the ever-increasing requirements on comfort and passive safety with increases in vehicle mass. However, with the European Community together with Automobile Manufacturers’ Association (ACEA), setting fleet average fuel consumption goals for 2008 to 5.81 petrol/100km (5.251 diesel/100km), this practice has to be not only stopped, but reversed. Very simply, it means that vehicle mass has to decrease while current and new legal requirements on passive safety will continue to have to be met. Additionally, comfort goals have to remain abreast of market demands. The use of alternative, lightweight materials in the Body-in-White offers the possibility of reducing vehicle mass without influencing the general concept of the car. The basis for an optimal vehicle structure is set in the initial phase of development. Consideration of implementing alternative materials has to occur at this stage in order to be successful. In order to be cost effective, these feasibility studies are primarily determined by simulation. For this purpose, it is imperative to have dependable models for these alternative materials, which can describe, not only their linear-elastic properties, but also the non-linear behavior and damage. One common choice for lightweight material which is seeing more and more use in the automobile industry is aluminum which has only one third the density of steel. This paper discusses the simulating and testing process for structural aluminum components in a BMW vehicle, starting with a general introduction to the problems of simulating aluminum alloys. BMW’s Z8 project is used as example, emphasis being placed on passive safety subjects.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Reports on the topic "Simple Legal Model"

1

Bizer, Kilian, and Martin Führ. Responsive Regulierung für den homo oeconomicus institutionalis – Ökonomische Verhaltenstheorie in der Verhältnismäßigkeitsprüfung. Sonderforschungsgruppe Institutionenanalyse, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.46850/sofia.393379529x.

Full text
Abstract:
The starting point of the research project was the hypothesis that the "principle of proportionality", which is fundamental to law, is related to the "economic principle". The resulting methodological similarities were intended to enable a cross-disciplinary bridge to be built, which would allow the findings of economic analysis to be made fruitful for legal issues. This was practically tested in three study areas in order to be able to better classify the performance of the analytical tools. The foundations for interdisciplinary bridge building are found in the rational-choice paradigm. In both disciplines, this paradigm calls for an examination of the relationship between the purpose-means-relations: among the design options under consideration, the one must be selected that is expected to be as (freedom- or resource-) sparing as possible, in other words, the most "waste-free" solution to the control problem.The results of the economic analysis can thus be "translated" in such a way that, within the framework of "necessity", they support the search for control instruments that are equivalent to the objective but less disruptive. supports. The core of the positive economic analysis is the motivational situation of those actors whose behavior is to be influenced by a changed legal framework. In this context, the classical behavioral model of economics proved to be too limited. It therefore had to be developed further in line with the findings of research in institutional economics into homo oeconomicus institutionalis. This behavioral model takes into account not only the consequentialist, strictly situational utility orientation of the model person, but also other factors influencing behavior, including above all those that are institutionally mediated. If one takes the motivational situation of the actors as the starting point for policy-advising design recommendations, it becomes apparent that an understanding of governance dominated by imperative behavioral specifications leads to less favorable results, both in terms of the degree to which goals are achieved and in terms of the freedom-impairing effects, than a mixed-instrument approach oriented toward the model of "responsive regulation." According to this model, the law can no longer simply assume that those subject to the law will "obediently" execute the legal commands. It must ask itself what other factors determine behavior and under what boundary conditions changes can be expected in the direction of the desired behavior. For this reason, too, it must engage with the cognitive program of the behavioral sciences. This linkage opens up new perspectives for interdisciplinary research on the consequences of laws.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
2

Mayfield, Colin. Capacity Development in the Water Sector: the case of Massive Open On-line Courses. United Nations University Institute for Water, Environment and Health, January 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.53328/mwud6984.

Full text
Abstract:
The Sustainable Development Goal 6 targets are all dependent on capacity development as outlined in SDG 6a “Expand international cooperation and capacity-building support to developing countries in water- and sanitation related activities and programmes “. Massive Open On-line Courses (MOOCs) and distance learning in general have a significant role to play in this expansion. This report examines the role that MOOCs and similar courses could play in capacity development in the water sector. The appearance of MOOCs in 2010/11 led within 4 years to a huge increase in this type of course and in student enrollment. Some problems with student dropout rates, over-estimating the transformational and disruptive nature of MOOCs and uncertain business models remain, but less “massive” MOOCs with more engaged students are overcoming these problems. There are many existing distance learning courses and programmes in the water sector designed to train and/ or educate professionals, operators, graduate and undergraduate students and, to a lesser extent, members of communities dealing with water issues. There are few existing true MOOCs in the water sector. MOOCs could supply significant numbers of qualified practitioners for the water sector. A suite of programmes on water-related topics would allow anyone to try the courses and determine whether they were appropriate and useful. If they were, the students could officially enroll in the course or programme to gain a meaningful qualification or simply to upgrade their qualifications. To make MOOCs more relevant to education and training in the water sector an analysis of the requirements in the sector and the potential demand for such courses is required. Cooperation between institutions preparing MOOCs would be desirable given the substantial time and funding required to produce excellent quality courses. One attractive model for cooperation would be to produce modules on all aspects of water and sanitation dealing with technical, scientific, social, legal and management topics. These should be produced by recognized experts in each field and should be “stand-alone” or complete in themselves. If all modules were made freely available, users or mentors could assemble different MOOCs by linking relevant modules. Then extracts, simplified or less technical versions of the modules could then be used to produce presentations to encourage public participation and for other training purposes. Adaptive learning, where course materials are more tailored to individual students based on their test results and reactions to the material, can be an integral part of MOOCs. MOOCs efficiently provide access to quality courses at low or no cost to students around the world, they enable students to try courses at their convenience, they can be tailored to both professional and technical aspects, and they are very suitable to provide adaptive learning courses. Cooperation between institutions would provide many course modules for the water sector that collectively could provide excellent programmes to address the challenges of capacity development for SDG 6 and other issues within the water sector.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
3

Alexander, Serena E., Mariela Alfonzo, and Kevin Lee. Safeguarding Equity in Off-Site Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT) Mitigation in California. Mineta Transportation Institute, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2021.2027.

Full text
Abstract:
Historically, the State of California assessed the environmental impacts of proposed developments based on how it was projected to affect an area’s level of service (LOS). However, as LOS focused on traffic delays, many agencies simply widened roads, which was an ineffective way to reduce greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs). With the passage of Senate Bill (SB)743 in 2013, LOS was replaced by Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT) as a more appropriate metric by which to gauge the environmental impacts of proposed development. Additionally, SB 743 presented an opportunity for off-site VMT mitigation strategies through banking and exchanges– allowing multiple development projects to fund a variety of strategies to reduce VMT elsewhere in the city or region. While the shift from LOS to VMT has generally been lauded, concerns remain about how to apply SB 743 effectively and equitably. This study aimed to: 1) understand how local governments are addressing this shift toward VMT while ensuring equity, including its approaches to off-site VMT mitigation; and 2) evaluate the various built environment factors that impact VMT, which should be considered by local governments, using both qualitative and quantitative research designs. The study posited that both micro and macro level aspects of the built environment needed to be considered when evaluating the impacts of proposed development on VMT, not only to ensure higher accuracy VMT models, but also because of the potential equity implications of off-site mitigation measures. Using multiple linear regression, the study shows that macroscale built environment features such as land use, density, housing, and employment access have a statistically significant impact on reducing VMT (35%), along with transit access (15%), microscale features such as sidewalks, benches, and trees (13%), and income (6%). More notably, a four-way interaction was detected, indicating that VMT is dependent on the combination of macro and micro level built environment features, public transit access, and income. Additionally, qualitative interviews indicate that transportation practitioners deal with three types of challenges in the transition to VMT impact mitigation: the lack of reliable, standardized VMT measure and evaluation tools; the lack of a strong legal foundation for VMT as a component of the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA); and the challenge of distributing off-site VMT mitigation equitably. Overall, findings support a nuanced, multi-factor understanding of the context in which new developments are being proposed, both in terms of modeling VMT, but also when considering whether offsite mitigation would be appropriate. The results of this study can help California ensure equitable VMT mitigation that better aligns with the state’s climate goals.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
You might also be interested in the extended bibliographies on the topic 'Simple Legal Model' for particular source types:
Journal articles
We offer discounts on all premium plans for authors whose works are included in thematic literature selections. Contact us to get a unique promo code!

To the bibliography