Journal articles on the topic 'Similarity avoidance'
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Frisch, Stefan A., Janet B. Pierrehumbert, and Michael B. Broe. "Similarity Avoidance and the OCP." Natural Language & Linguistic Theory 22, no. 1 (February 2004): 179–228. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:nala.0000005557.78535.3c.
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Czaplicki, Bartłomiej. "Construction-specific effects of phonological similarity avoidance." Poznan Studies in Contemporary Linguistics 58, no. 2 (June 1, 2022): 159–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/psicl-2022-0010.
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Abstract Previous research on similarity avoidance has focused on such phonological factors as featural similarity and adjacency. This paper additionally investigates the phonology-morphology interface and draws attention to morphological and lexical effects of similarity avoidance. Avoidance of identical or similar sounds may give rise to a variety of strategies, including periphrastic category formation, an unexpected allomorph of the stem or affix and a lexical gap. It is argued that, although similarity avoidance has a universal basis in language processing, the various strategies to implement it are construction specific. In particular, it is shown that one construction may exhibit a different scope of OCP effects than another, which entails that the constraints regulating OCP effects should be morphosyntactically indexed, in turn requiring reference to multiple cophonologies with distinct properties. A novel finding is that cophonologies may be delimited by the syntactic category of the base of category formation. Drawing on the insight of Construction Morphology, the analysis represents dissimilation as an interaction of construction-specific OCP constraints with schemas that include reference to the base. In order to derive the gradience of OCP effects, the relevant constraints are ranked on the basis of a similarity metric and formal complexity. The proposed constraint-based analysis aims to represent the construction-specific strategies for dealing with dissimilation and capture the observed gradience of the pressure.
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Côté, Marie-Hélène. "Syntagmatic distinctness in consonant deletion." Phonology 21, no. 1 (May 2004): 1–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952675704000120.
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This article examines the role of distinctness between adjacent segments in consonant deletion. On the basis of five stop-deletion patterns, it establishes a correlation between the likelihood of cluster simplification and the level of similarity between the consonants in the cluster. This correlation is motivated on perceptual grounds, and an OT analysis of similarity avoidance is provided in which perceptual factors are integrated in the grammar through both faithfulness and markedness constraints. This perceptual approach improves in two ways on previous analyses, notably the OCP. First, it integrates similarity avoidance within a more general perception-based framework, which accounts naturally for its gradient nature. Second, it uncovers a distinction between absolute and contextual similarity avoidance between adjacent segments, depending on whether similarity avoidance is established without reference to the context in which the segments appear or relative to the quality of the perceptual cues available to the segments.
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Stiglbauer, Barbara, and Carrie Kovacs. "Need for Uniqueness Determines Reactions to Web-Based Personalized Advertising." Psychological Reports 122, no. 1 (February 1, 2018): 246–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0033294118756353.
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The presented empirical study among a sample of n = 256 participants addressed the relationship between consumers' need for uniqueness and their reactions to web-based personalized advertising. Drawing on regulatory focus theory, we argue that the consumers' need for uniqueness dimensions creative choice and similarity avoidance may relate to promotion and prevention regulatory orientations, respectively. Accordingly, we hypothesized that creative choice and similarity avoidance would differentially predict self-reported approach and avoidance behavior toward personalized advertising. These direct relationships were further expected to be mediated by subjective evaluations of personalized advertising (i.e., perceived value and irritation). In line with these hypotheses, we found that creative choice predicted approach behavior through increased web-based personalized advertising value, whereas similarity avoidance predicted avoidance behavior through increased irritation. Creative choice also predicted decreased irritation, which in turn was related to decreased approach behavior. In sum, the results suggest that the consumers' need for uniqueness dimensions should not be investigated as a composite, as they seem to reflect different regulatory orientations and are therefore likely to evoke different affective, cognitive, and behavioral responses.
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Huang, Hui-chuan J. "Glide strengthening in Atayal: sonority dispersion and similarity avoidance." Journal of East Asian Linguistics 29, no. 1 (February 2020): 77–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10831-020-09204-w.
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Bradley, Travis G., and Jacob J. Adams. "Sonority distance and similarity avoidance effects in Moroccan Judeo-Spanish." Linguistics 56, no. 6 (November 27, 2018): 1463–511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ling-2018-0028.
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Abstract This article investigates consonant gemination in late Nineteenth- and early Twentieth-century haketía, a now moribund, regional dialect of Judeo-Spanish spoken in northern Morocco since the late fifteenth century. Some, but not all, consonant clusters arising across a word boundary undergo regressive total assimilation, e.g. [n.n] siudad ninguna ‘no city’ but [z.n] laz niñas ‘the girls’. We present novel descriptive generalizations to show that regressive gemination is sensitive to the degree of sonority distance between the coda and the onset. Evidence of parasitic harmony comes from lateral+consonant clusters, which undergo gemination only if the target and trigger consonants are already similar in some respect. In the framework of Optimality Theory, we formalize syllable contact as a relational hierarchy of *Distance constraints and capture parasitic harmony effects by similarity avoidance, or Obligatory Contour Principle, constraints against adjacent consonants with identical manner and/or place features. These markedness constraints interact with other universal faithfulness and markedness constraints in a language-specific ranking that predicts the attested patterns of regressive gemination. This study lends further support to sonority distance effects and gradient syllable contact in phonological theory and shows that similarity avoidance is also necessary to give a full account of regressive gemination in Moroccan Judeo-Spanish.
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Menger, Rudmer, H. Chris Dijkerman, and Stefan Van der Stigchel. "The Effect of Similarity: Non-Spatial Features Modulate Obstacle Avoidance." PLoS ONE 8, no. 4 (April 29, 2013): e59294. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0059294.
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Baek, Eunsoo, and Ho Jung Choo. "Effects of Peer Consumption on Hedonic Purchase Decisions." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 43, no. 7 (August 16, 2015): 1085–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2015.43.7.1085.
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We investigated how peer consumption of goods influences consumers' decision making. Focusing on hedonic products with emotional, experiential, but functional benefits, we conducted an empirical study with 200 Korean women aged in their 20s. Utilizing self-construal as the moderator, results indicated that when participants viewed their peers' consumption, interdependent people displayed greater purchase intention, whereas independent people exhibited nonsignificant changes in purchasing behavior. Avoidance of similarity tendency further explained why peer consumption enhanced the purchase intention of interdependents who placed a low value on avoidance of similarity, whereas the absence of peer consumption enhanced the purchase intention of independents who placed a high value on avoiding similarity. The results supported our hypothesis that, in a hedonic consumption situation, the presence of peer consumption influences consumers' purchase decisions.
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Cassidy, Jude, Jessica A. Stern, Mario Mikulincer, David R. Martin, and Philip R. Shaver. "Influences on Care for Others: Attachment Security, Personal Suffering, and Similarity Between Helper and Care Recipient." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 44, no. 4 (December 22, 2017): 574–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167217746150.
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Research indicates that dispositional attachment security fosters empathy, and that short-term increases in security (“security priming”) increase empathy and willingness to help others. In two experiments, we examined effects of recalling one’s own vulnerability ( feeling hurt by a relationship partner) and security priming on empathy for a recipient in need. In Study 1, the recipient was a middle-aged homeless woman (low similarity to participants); in Study 2, the recipient was a college-aged woman whose boyfriend had been unfaithful (high similarity to participants). In both studies, hurt feelings influenced participants’ empathy, but the nature of the influence varied as a function of target–participant similarity. In Study 1, hurt feelings decreased empathy and increased caregiving avoidance. In Study 2, hurt feelings not only increased empathy but also aroused caregiving anxiety. Furthermore, security priming weakened defensive barriers against helping: In Study 1, it reduced caregiving avoidance, and in Study 2, it reduced caregiving anxiety.
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Rowe, Candy, Leena Lindström, and Anne Lyytinen. "The importance of pattern similarity between Müllerian mimics in predator avoidance learning." Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 271, no. 1537 (February 22, 2004): 407–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2003.2615.
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Liaqat, Hannan Bin, Feng Xia, Jianhua Ma, Laurence Tianruo Yang, Ahmedin Mohammed Ahmed, and Nana Yaw Asabere. "Social-Similarity-Aware TCP With Collision Avoidance in Ad Hoc Social Networks." IEEE Systems Journal 9, no. 4 (December 2015): 1273–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jsyst.2014.2305191.
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Stevens, Martin, Johanna Mappes, and Siiri-Lii Sandre. "The effect of predator appetite, prey warning coloration and luminance on predator foraging decisions." Behaviour 147, no. 9 (2010): 1121–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/000579510x507001.
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AbstractAposematic prey advertise their defence to visually hunting predators using conspicuous warning colouration. Established theory predicts that aposematic signals should evolve towards increased conspicuousness and similarity to enhance predator education. Contrary to theoretical expectations, there is often considerable within- and between-species variation in aposematic signals of animals sharing the same ecological niche, phylogeny and predators. This may be explained by varying responses of predators that weaken the selection pressure for a consistent signal. By presenting painted mealworm larvae as prey to great tits as predators we tested if different aposematic colour patterns have different values as a means of initial protection and learnt avoidance from predators, and how widely birds generalise their learnt avoidance to other colour patterns. We also investigated how the colour and luminance of the pattern elements affect predator attack decisions. Finally, we studied if hunger affects the predators' reaction to differently coloured prey. We found that similarity in colour was not crucial to the survival of aposematic prey, since learnt avoidance was not influenced by colour, and predators remembered and generalised widely in their learnt avoidance to other colours. We found that initial avoidance was, however, apparently influenced by luminance contrast. Interestingly, the predators' level of hunger was more important than the colour of the aposematic signal in determining birds' decisions to attack chemically-defended insect larvae. We discuss the implications of visual properties of prey colour pattern and predator appetite for the evolution of insect defences and warning signals. In addition we propose a methodological approach to effectively control for predator appetite in laboratory experiments.
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Menger, R., C. Dijkerman, and S. Van der Stigchel. "Reaching Into the Danger Zone: Specific Target-distractor Similarity Effects in Obstacle Avoidance." Journal of Vision 13, no. 9 (July 25, 2013): 341. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/13.9.341.
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Ravichandran M, Subramanian K M, and Jothikumar R. "An Enhanced and Efficient Multi-View Clustering Trust Inference Approach by GA Model." International Journal of Information Technology and Web Engineering 14, no. 4 (October 2019): 64–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijitwe.2019100104.
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Multi-view affinity propagation (MAP) methods are widely accepted techniques, measure the within-view clustering and clustering consistency. These suffer from similarity and correlation between clusters. The trust and similarity measured was introduced as a new approach to overcome the problem. But these approaches suffer from low accuracy and coverage due to avoidance of implicit trust. So, a framework called multi-view clustering based on gray affinity (MVC-GA) created by integrating both similarity and implicit trust. Similarity between two clusters is obtained by applying the Pearson Correlation Coefficient-based similarity. It utilizes the collaborative filter-based trust evaluation for each clustered view in terms of the similarity based on the gray affinity nn algorithm. Classification of incomplete occurrences is addressed based on GA Function. Experiments on the benchmark data sets have been performed to validate the proposed framework. It is shown that MVC-GA can improve the multi-view clustering accuracy and coverage.
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Ahi, Kiarash, Abdiel Rivera, Anas Mazadi, and Mehdi Anwar. "Fabrication of Robust Nano-Signatures for Identification of Authentic Electronic Components and Counterfeit Avoidance." International Journal of High Speed Electronics and Systems 26, no. 03 (June 27, 2017): 1740006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129156417400067.
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In this paper, a novel approach for marking integrated circuit packages with authentication nanosignatures is introduced. In this work, the signatures patterns are fabricated using electron beam lithography. Moreover, the robustness of these signatures against aging and humidity is investigated. A recipe comprising image processing techniques and measurement of similarity indices has been developed. These signatures are proposed to be fabricated at the manufacturer side of the supply chain. Then, they are decoded at the consumer end. Thus, robustness against ambient environment and aging is a requirement for these signatures to survive in the global supply chain. Calculated Mean Square Error and Structural SIMilarity Index confirmed that the reflected patterns of the signatures remain unchanged against aging and humidity.
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Pohlmann, Attila. "Intransigent compassion: Human and non-human animal self-similarity and meat avoidance intent dataset." Data in Brief 38 (October 2021): 107318. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2021.107318.
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YOSHIHARA, Yuki, Shingo SHIMODA, Takashi YAMAMOTO, Iwao MAEDA, and Hidenori KIMURA. "2P2-L15 Obstacle avoidance based on similarity evaluation of environment(Neurorobotics & Cognitive Robotics)." Proceedings of JSME annual Conference on Robotics and Mechatronics (Robomec) 2011 (2011): _2P2—L15_1—_2P2—L15_4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmermd.2011._2p2-l15_1.
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Célérier, Aurélie, Cécile Bon, Aurore Malapert, Pauline Palmas, and Francesco Bonadonna. "Chemical kin label in seabirds." Biology Letters 7, no. 6 (April 27, 2011): 807–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2011.0340.
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Chemical signals yield critical socio-ecological information in many animals, such as species, identity, social status or sex, but have been poorly investigated in birds. Recent results showed that chemical signals are used to recognize their nest and partner by some petrel seabirds whose olfactory anatomy is well developed and which possess a life-history propitious to olfactory-mediated behaviours. Here, we investigate whether blue petrels ( Halobaena caerulea ) produce some chemical labels potentially involved in kin recognition and inbreeding avoidance. To overcome methodological constraints of chemical analysis and field behavioural experiments, we used an indirect behavioural approach, based on mice olfactory abilities in discriminating odours. We showed that mice (i) can detect odour differences between individual petrels, (ii) perceive a high odour similarity between a chick and its parents, and (iii) perceive this similarity only before fledging but not during the nestling developmental stage. Our results confirm the existence of an individual olfactory signature in blue petrels and show for the first time, to our knowledge, that birds may exhibit an olfactory kin label, which may have strong implications for inbreeding avoidance.
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Hase, Kazuma, Saori Sugihara, Seiya Oka, and Shizuko Hiryu. "Absence of Jamming Avoidance and Flight Path Similarity in Paired Bent-Winged Bats, Miniopterus Fuliginosus." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 33, no. 3 (June 20, 2021): 564–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.2021.p0564.
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Echolocating bats perceive their surroundings by listening to the echoes of self-generated ultrasound pulses. When multiple conspecifics fly in close proximity to each other, sounds emitted from nearby individuals could mutually interfere with echo reception. Many studies suggest that bats employ frequency shifts to avoid spectral overlap of pulses with other bats. Technical constraints in recording technology have made it challenging to capture subtle changes in the pulse characteristics of bat calls. Therefore, how bats change their behavior to extract their own echoes in the context of acoustic interference remains unclear. Also, to our best knowledge, no studies have investigated whether individual flight paths change when other bats are present, although movements likely reduce acoustic masking. Here, we recorded the echolocation pulses of bats flying alone or in pairs using telemetry microphones. Flight trajectories were also reconstructed using stereo camera recordings. We found no clear tendency to broaden individual differences in the acoustic characteristics of pulses emitted by pairs of bats compared to bats flying alone. However, some bats showed changes in pulse characteristics when in pairs, which suggests that bats can recognize their own calls based on the initial differences in call characteristics between individuals. In addition, we found that the paired bats spend more time flying in the same directions than in the opposite directions. Besides, we found that the flight paths of bats were more similar in “paired flight trials” than in virtual pairs of paired flight trials. Our results suggest that the bats tend to follow the other bat in paired flight. For the following bat, acoustic interference may be reduced, while the opportunity to eavesdrop on other bats’ calls may be increased.
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Pineaux, Maxime, Pierrick Blanchard, Étienne Danchin, Scott A. Hatch, Fabrice Helfenstein, Hervé Mulard, Joël White, Sarah Leclaire, and Richard H. Wagner. "Behavioural avoidance of sperm ageing depends on genetic similarity of mates in a monogamous seabird." Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 128, no. 1 (June 17, 2019): 170–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blz079.
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Abstract Inbreeding, i.e. the mating of genetically related individuals, can lead to reduced fitness and is considered to be a major selective force of mate choice. Although inbreeding avoidance has been found in numerous taxa, individuals may face constraints when pairing, leading to mating with suboptimal partners. In such circumstances, individuals that are able to avoid factors exacerbating detrimental effects of inbreeding should be favoured. Using the socially and genetically monogamous black-legged kittiwake (Rissa tridactyla), we explored whether the detrimental effects of inbreeding are exacerbated by sperm ageing (i.e. the post-meiotic senescence of sperm cells, mainly occurring within the female tracts after copulation), and whether they can be mitigated by behavioural tactics. First, by experimentally manipulating the age of the fertilizing sperm, we found that hatching failure due to sperm ageing increased with higher genetic similarity between mates. We then investigated whether more genetically similar pairs exhibited mating behaviours that prevent fertilization by old sperm. The more genetically similar mates were, the less likely they were to copulate early in the reproductive season and the more females performed post-copulatory sperm ejections. By flexibly adapting their behaviour in response to within-pair genetic similarity, kittiwakes may avoid exacerbation of inbreeding costs due to sperm ageing.
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Laufer, Batia. "Avoidance of idioms in a second language: The effect of L1-L2 degree of similarity." Studia Linguistica 54, no. 2 (August 2000): 186–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9582.00059.
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Laufer, Batia, and Stig Eliasson. "What Causes Avoidance in L2 Learning." Studies in Second Language Acquisition 15, no. 1 (March 1993): 35–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0272263100011657.
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Among the structural and lexical factors claimed to account for avoidance in second language learning are (a) cross-linguistic difference, (b) cross-linguistic similarity, and (c) intrinsic complexity of the second language features avoided. This paper examines patterns of avoidance and preference for phrasal verbs or equivalent single-word verbs among Swedish learners of English. We assumed that if the subjects avoided English phrasal verbs, particularly the figurative ones, even though phrasal verbs exist in Swedish, this would indicate that inherent semantic difficulty of second language forms was the main factor contributing to the avoidance behavior. If, on the other hand, the learners did not show any preference for one-word verb forms in English, or indeed favored the phrasal forms, this would support the assumption that avoidance or nonavoidance depends largely on differences or similarities between the native and the foreign language.A multiple-choice test and a translation test were given to two groups of advanced Swedish-speaking learners of English. Each test consisted of 20 sentences, allowing for the choice of either a phrasal or a synonymous single-word verb. The test answers showed that the Swedish learners avoided neither phrasal verbs in general nor the figurative ones in particular, regardless of whether the verbs were similar to, or different from, their Swedish translation equivalents. Furthermore, the results were compared to the avoidance patterns of a group of advanced Hebrew-speaking learners of English. From the comparison it emerged that the Swedish learners usedsignificantly more phrasal verbs than the Israelis, notably figurative ones. These results suggest that the avoidance is determined more by a systemic incongruence between the first language (L1) and the second language (L2) than by the inherent difficulty of L2 forms.
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Fujimoto, Kayo, Peng Wang, Dennis H. Li, Lisa M. Kuhns, Muhammad Amith, and John A. Schneider. "Collective Avoidance of Social and Health Venues and HIV Racial Inequities: Network Modeling of Venue Avoidance on Venue Affiliation, Social Networks, and HIV Risk." Health Education & Behavior 47, no. 2 (February 24, 2020): 202–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1090198119876240.
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Many younger Black men who have sex with men (YBMSM) are exposed to homonegativity, societal stigma, and racial discrimination in their social environment. This study uses a social network modeling methodology to identify aspects of the social environment that are not often described, that is, the places and spaces or “venues” where YBMSM socialize or where they receive HIV prevention services. In particular, we identify the structural features of avoidance of these venues as an indicator of negative experiences, using bipartite exponential random graph models. Our study theorizes that YBMSM avoid certain venues en masse through information diffusion among social network members. We specify two social mechanisms of collective venue avoidance—(1) homophily (i.e., ego–alter similarity in venue avoidance) and (2) popular opinion leaders (as early adopters)—and test the corresponding hypotheses that (Hypothesis 1) socially connected individuals avoid venues together and that (Hypothesis 2) popular individuals would be more likely to avoid venues. Based on data collected from YBMSM aged 16 to 29 years between 2014 and 2016 in Houston, Texas ( N = 227) and Chicago, Illinois ( N = 241), results indicate that Hypothesis 1 was supported in both cities but that Hypothesis 2 was supported only in Chicago. The findings suggest that the structural patterns of venue avoidance are different between cities and may inform dissemination of prevention messages and delivery of venue- and social influence–based HIV interventions.
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Markkula, Gustav, Ola Benderius, Krister Wolff, and Mattias Wahde. "A Review of Near-Collision Driver Behavior Models." Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 54, no. 6 (June 28, 2012): 1117–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0018720812448474.
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Objective: This article provides a review of recent models of driver behavior in on-road collision situations. Background: In efforts to improve traffic safety, computer simulation of accident situations holds promise as a valuable tool, for both academia and industry. However, to ensure the validity of simulations, models are needed that accurately capture near-crash driver behavior, as observed in real traffic or driving experiments. Method: Scientific articles were identified by a systematic approach, including extensive database searches. Criteria for inclusion were defined and applied, including the requirement that models should have been previously applied to simulate on-road collision avoidance behavior. Several selected models were implemented and tested in selected scenarios. Results: The reviewed articles were grouped according to a rough taxonomy based on main emphasis, namely avoidance by braking, avoidance by steering, avoidance by a combination of braking and steering, effects of driver states and characteristics on avoidance, and simulation platforms. Conclusion: A large number of near-collision driver behavior models have been proposed. Validation using human driving data has often been limited, but exceptions exist. The research field appears fragmented, but simulation-based comparison indicates that there may be more similarity between models than what is apparent from the model equations. Further comparison of models is recommended. Application: This review provides traffic safety researchers with an overview of the field of driver models for collision situations. Specifically, researchers aiming to develop simulations of on-road collision accident situations can use this review to find suitable starting points for their work.
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Mustajoki, Arto, and Alla Baikulova. "Avoidance of cognitive efforts as a risk factor in interaction." Discourse Studies 24, no. 3 (June 2022): 269–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/14614456221074085.
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In an ordinary interaction, communicants have various, mostly unconscious goals which reflect their interactional, social and personal needs. In these interactions, people’s minds try to find a balance between reaching these goals and consuming cognitive energy. If a speaker puts too little effort into speech production, she risks not achieving her communicative goals. This is especially typical when the atmosphere is relaxed, a good example of which is family discourse. An analysis of recorded conversations shows that there are certain regular manifestations of risk-taking in family discourse, such as expressing immature thoughts, raising a large variety of topics and overguessing. A substantial amount of risk-taking in family discourse is in one way or another connected with false confidence in the interlocutors’ common ground. Family members know each other well, which results in an overestimation of the similarity of their understanding of words and objects. This attitude leads them to use cryptic, hard-to-comprehend speech. Quick, everyday interactions are mostly automated, and the speakers do not recognise that their speech is full of implicitness and underdeterminacy.
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Kim, Yongsu, Yerin Hwang, Sangryong Bae, Thomas N. Sherratt, Jeongseop An, Sei-Woong Choi, Jeffrey C. Miller, and Changku Kang. "Prey with hidden colour defences benefit from their similarity to aposematic signals." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 287, no. 1934 (September 9, 2020): 20201894. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.1894.
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Some camouflaged animals hide colour signals and display them only transiently. These hidden colour signals are often conspicuous and are used as a secondary defence to warn or startle predators (deimatic displays) and/or to confuse them (flash displays). The hidden signals used in these displays frequently resemble typical aposematic signals, so it is possible that prey with hidden signals have evolved to employ colour patterns of a form that predators have previously learned to associate with unprofitability. Here, we tested this hypothesis by conducting two experiments that examined the effect of predator avoidance learning on the efficacy of deimatic and flash displays. We found that the survival benefits of both deimatic and flash displays were substantially higher against predators that had previously learned to associate the hidden colours with unprofitability than against naive predators. These findings help explain the phenological patterns we found in 1568 macro-lepidopteran species on three continents: species with hidden signals tend to occur later in the season than species without hidden signals.
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Brändström, Sven, Thomas R. Przybeck, and Sören Sigvardsson. "Reliability of Informant Ratings and Spouse Similarity Based on the Temperament and Character Inventory." Psychological Reports 109, no. 1 (August 2011): 231–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/02.09.pr0.109.4.231-242.
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A cohort of 136 Swedish spouse pairs rated themselves and each other with the Temperament and Character Inventory. The data allowed assessment of the reliability of ratings by knowledgeable informants compared to self-rating for this personality test. The reliability of the informant rating was in the expected range, with an average correlation of .58. Agreement was slightly higher for the Temperament dimensions than for the Character dimensions. Additionally, the design allowed evaluation of the similarity between husbands and wives across the seven dimensions measured by the TCI. Correlations between spouses in self-reports were very low for Temperament, with only Harm Avoidance having a statistically significant correlation (.22, p <.05). On the other hand, all three Character dimensions were significantly correlated. These results support the conceptualization of Temperament and Character as separate components of personality. The results are consistent with previous reports on the personality of spouse pairs.
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KAZIMIRSKI, Piotr Paweł. "An unusually coloured individual of the common spadefoot toad Pelobates fuscus (Laurenti, 1768)." Fragmenta Faunistica 63, no. 2 (2021): 137–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3161/00159301ff2020.63.2.137.
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The background colouration of the spadefoot toad Pelobates fuscus, an anuran species found in Europe is typically light grey/yellow grey/light olive-green. However, an atypical specimen, whose background was brightly coloured yellowish green (light green/lime/yellow coloured), with darker small spots distributed through dorsal parts and four main spots slightly shaped was observed in Poland (Great Poland, Mościejewo village), near to two ponds. The ecological effects of green coloured individual can be adaptively important, through its similarity to the vegetation (predator avoidance).
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Suhartini, Suhartini. "THE UNLUCKY NUMBER IN CULTURAL PERSPECTIVE OF JAPANESE SOCIETY." Humanus 18, no. 2 (December 9, 2019): 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/humanus.v18i2.106094.
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This article tries to reveal the cultural perspective of Japanese society on unlucky number, that is 4. Comprehending this phenomenon is needed by those who intend to cooperate or make relation with the Japanese in order to get better understanding. Library research and interview with native speakers of Japanese and Chinese are conducted in this research. The result shows that 4 is considered an unlucky number because linguistics link in the form of homophone or similarity of sound between the Japanese numeralia’s pronounciation of absorbed from Chinese, that is shi [ɕi] meaning ‘number 4’, and a Japanese root verb’s pronounciation shi [ɕi] of shinu [ɕinɯ] meaning ‘death’. Although today the number is often used in public, some Japanese still avoid it directly or indirectly. Direct avoidance is done by not using 4 or refusing anything related to the number. Indirect avoidance is done by using numeralia yon which is the synonym of shi, both of which mean 4.
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Leedale, Amy E., Michelle Simeoni, Stuart P. Sharp, Jonathan P. Green, Jon Slate, Robert F. Lachlan, Elva J. H. Robinson, and Ben J. Hatchwell. "Cost, risk, and avoidance of inbreeding in a cooperatively breeding bird." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 27 (June 22, 2020): 15724–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1918726117.
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Inbreeding is often avoided in natural populations by passive processes such as sex-biased dispersal. But, in many social animals, opposite-sexed adult relatives are spatially clustered, generating a risk of incest and hence selection for active inbreeding avoidance. Here we show that, in long-tailed tits (Aegithalos caudatus), a cooperative breeder that risks inbreeding by living alongside opposite-sex relatives, inbreeding carries fitness costs and is avoided by active kin discrimination during mate choice. First, we identified a positive association between heterozygosity and fitness, indicating that inbreeding is costly. We then compared relatedness within breeding pairs to that expected under multiple mate-choice models, finding that pair relatedness is consistent with avoidance of first-order kin as partners. Finally, we show that the similarity of vocal cues offers a plausible mechanism for discrimination against first-order kin during mate choice. Long-tailed tits are known to discriminate between the calls of close kin and nonkin, and they favor first-order kin in cooperative contexts, so we conclude that long-tailed tits use the same kin discrimination rule to avoid inbreeding as they do to direct help toward kin.
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COOK, JERRY L., and RANDALL M. JONES. "Congruency of Identity Style in Married Couples." Journal of Family Issues 23, no. 8 (November 2002): 912–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019251302237297.
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According to Erik Erikson, identity is an important precursor to the satisfaction that one gains from intimate relationships during adulthood. Identity styles refer to the processes by which individuals construct and reconstruct their personal identity or sense of self. Berzonsky identified the following three identity styles (orientations): information orientation, characterized by exploration, evaluation, and use of self-relevant information; normative orientation, characterized by conformity to the expectations of significant others; and diffuse orientation, characterized by procrastination and avoidance. This study assessed the degree to which similarity in identity styles contributes to marital satisfaction among recently married couples ( N = 84 couples). Analyses indicate that (a) men report greater marital satisfaction than women, (b) couples with similar identity styles report greater marital satisfaction than couples with dissimilar identity styles, and (c) women's reports of marital satisfaction are more influenced (than men) by similarity of identity style.
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Andreae, Doerthe A., Galina Grishina, Cansin Sackesen, María Dolores Ibáñez, and Hugh A. Sampson. "High similarity between lentil and other lentil-like-proteins (dal) complicates recommendations on avoidance in lentil allergic patients." Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice 3, no. 5 (September 2015): 808–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2015.05.010.
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Schäfer, Laura, Agnieszka Sorokowska, Jürgen Sauter, Alexander H. Schmidt, and Ilona Croy. "Body odours as a chemosignal in the mother–child relationship: new insights based on an human leucocyte antigen-genotyped family cohort." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 375, no. 1800 (April 20, 2020): 20190266. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0266.
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Mothers are able to identify the body odour (BO) of their own child and prefer this smell above other BOs. It has hence been assumed that the infantile BO functions as a chemosignal promoting targeted parental care. We tested this hypothesis and examined whether children's BOs signal genetic similarity and developmental status to mothers. In addition, we assessed whether BOs facilitate inbreeding avoidance (Westermarck effect). In a cross-sectional design, N = 164 mothers participated with their biological children ( N = 226 children, aged 0–18 years) and evaluated BO probes of their own and four other, sex-matched children. Those varied in age and in genetic similarity, which was assessed by human leucocyte antigen profiling. The study showed not only that mothers identified and preferred their own child's BO, but also that genetic similarity and developmental status are transcribed in BOs. Accordingly, maternal preference of their own child's odour changes throughout development. Our data partly supported the Westermarck effect: mothers' preference of pubertal boys' BOs was negatively related to testosterone for the own son, but not for unfamiliar children. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue ‘Olfactory communication in humans’.
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Spasov, Alexander A., Edwin E. Zvartau, Olesya Iu Grechko, Natalya V. Eliseeva, Yuliya V. Semenova, Olga A. Dravolina, Pavel M. Vasiliev, and Vera A. Anisimova. "Study of aversive and p38 mapk-inhibitory properties of kappa-agonist with analgesic activity – compound RU-1205." Research Results in Pharmacology 6, no. 3 (September 25, 2020): 59–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/rrpharmacology.6.54558.
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Introduction: The clinical use of kappa-opioid agonists, despite their lack of significant drug potential, is limited by the development of severe sedation, dysphoria, depression, and anhedonia. To this date, there are kappa-opioid receptor agonists lacking these side effects due to the selective activation of intracellular signal transmission pathways without p38-MAPK-kinase activation. Materials and methods: We analyzed assessment of the docking energy of compound RU-1205 to the p38-MAPK active center by the method of similarity to SB203580. The study of possible aversive properties of RU-1205 (0.01–1 mg/kg s.c.) conducted in the tests of the intravenous self-administration and drug differentiation with butorphanol (0.01–0.3 mg/kg). The study of p38 MAPK-inhibitory activity was studied by the ability of RU-1205 to change the aversive properties of U50488 (10 mg/kg i.p.) compared to MAPK-kinase inhibitor SB203580 in the conditioned place avoidance test. Results: The spatial similarity coefficient of the RU-1205 molecule with SB203580 by the molecular conformation method was 1.14 (high similarity), and the docking energy was -8.7 Kcal/mol. RU-1205 did not possess any properties similar to those of butorphanol and did not demonstrate any primary reinforcing aversive properties in the development of intravenous self-administration reaction. Compound RU-1205 did not demonstrate any aversive properties in the conditioned place avoidance test, and reduced the development of aversion caused by U-50488, when they were used together. Discussion: The in silico analysis suggested that, in addition to agonism towards the kappa-opioid receptor, RU-1205 compound exhibits the properties of a p38 MAPK kinase inhibitor, which means it may have a double pharmacological activity. Conclusion: Kappa agonist – compound RU-1205 – is not a trigger of the development of behavioral patterns in animals corresponding to the development of addiction/dysphoria. The mechanism of such an activity may be associated with an inhibitory effect of compound RU-1205 on neuronal p38-MAPK-kinase.
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Mishra, Arunodaya Raj, Dragan Pamučar, Ibrahim M. Hezam, Ripon K. Chakrabortty, Pratibha Rani, Darko Božanić, and Goran Ćirović. "Interval-Valued Pythagorean Fuzzy Similarity Measure-Based Complex Proportional Assessment Method for Waste-to-Energy Technology Selection." Processes 10, no. 5 (May 19, 2022): 1015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr10051015.
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This study introduces an integrated decision-making methodology to choose the best “waste-to-energy (WTE)” technology for “municipal solid waste (MSW)” treatment under the “interval-valued Pythagorean fuzzy sets (IPFSs)”. In this line, first, a new similarity measure is developed for IPFSs. To show the utility of the developed similarity measure, a comparison is presented with some extant similarity measures. Next, a weighting procedure based on the presented similarity measures is proposed to obtain the criteria weight. Second, an integrated approach called the “interval-valued Pythagorean fuzzy-complex proportional assessment (IPF-COPRAS)” is introduced using the similarity measure, linear programming model and the “complex proportional assessment (COPRAS)” method. Furthermore, a case study of WTE technologies selection for MSW treatment is taken to illustrate the applicability and usefulness of the presented IPF-COPRAS method. The comparative study is made to show the strength and stability of the presented methodology. Based on the results, the most important criteria are “greenhouse gas (GHG)” emissions (P3), microbial inactivation efficacy (P7), air emissions avoidance (P9) and public acceptance (P10) with the weight/significance degrees of 0.200, 0.100, 0.100 and 0.100, respectively. The evaluation results show that the most appropriate WTE technology for MSW treatment is plasma arc gasification (H4) with a maximum utility degree of 0.717 followed by anaerobic digestion (H7) with a utility degree of 0.656 over various considered criteria, which will assist with reducing the amount of waste and GHG emissions and also minimize and maintain the costs of landfills.
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Juola, Frans A., and Donald C. Dearborn. "Sequence-based evidence for major histocompatibility complex-disassortative mating in a colonial seabird." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279, no. 1726 (May 25, 2011): 153–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2011.0562.
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The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is a polymorphic gene family associated with immune defence, and it can play a role in mate choice. Under the genetic compatibility hypothesis, females choose mates that differ genetically from their own MHC genotypes, avoiding inbreeding and/or enhancing the immunocompetence of their offspring. We tested this hypothesis of disassortative mating based on MHC genotypes in a population of great frigatebirds ( Fregata minor ) by sequencing the second exon of MHC class II B. Extensive haploid cloning yielded two to four alleles per individual, suggesting the amplification of two genes. MHC similarity between mates was not significantly different between pairs that did ( n = 4) or did not ( n = 42) exhibit extra-pair paternity. Comparing all 46 mated pairs to a distribution based on randomized re-pairings, we observed the following (i): no evidence for mate choice based on maximal or intermediate levels of MHC allele sharing (ii), significantly disassortative mating based on similarity of MHC amino acid sequences, and (iii) no evidence for mate choice based on microsatellite alleles, as measured by either allele sharing or similarity in allele size. This suggests that females choose mates that differ genetically from themselves at MHC loci, but not as an inbreeding-avoidance mechanism.
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Yoon, Namhee, Ha Kyung Lee, and Seyoon Jang. "The Effect of Consumers’ Choice Overload and Avoidance of Similarity on Innovativeness and Use Compatibility in Online Recommendation Service." Fashion & Textile Research Journal 21, no. 2 (April 30, 2019): 141–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5805/sfti.2019.21.2.141.
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Møller, Anders Pape, Diego Gil, and Wei Liang. "Snake-like calls in breeding tits." Current Zoology 67, no. 5 (January 30, 2021): 473–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cz/zoab001.
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Abstract Hole-nesting tits belonging to the family Paridae produce a hissing display that resembles the exhalatory hiss of a snake. When a predatory animal enters the nest hole of a tit, tits often hiss vigorously, while lunging their head forward and shaking their wings and tail, until the intruder retreats. We assessed the acoustic similarity between such hiss calls from 6 species of tits, snake hisses, and tit syllables used in alarm vocalizations, as well as white noise as a control. Tit hiss calls showed a high degree of similarity with snake hisses from 3 different snake families. Tit hisses had lower similarity to syllable alarm calls, suggesting convergence of tit hisses in their spectral structure. Hiss calls would only be effective in protecting nest boxes if nest predators responded to these calls. In order to test this hypothesis, we trained individual Swinhoe’s striped squirrels, Tamiops swinhoei hainanus, a common predator of egg and nestling tits, to feed at feeders in proximity to nest boxes. We compared the aversive response of squirrels to tit’s hiss calls and white noise, presented in random order. Squirrels showed a higher degree of avoidance of feeders when hiss calls were played back than when white noise was presented. In conclusion, our study suggests that hole-nesting birds have evolved convergent snake-like hiss calls, and that predators avoid to prey on the contents of nest boxes from which snake-like hisses emerge.
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Vemberain, Jesselin, and Yustina Triyani. "ANALISIS PENGARUH PROFITABILITAS, UKURAN PERUSAHAAN, LEVERAGE, DAN KEPEMILIKAN INSTITUSIONAL TAX AVOIDANCE." Jurnal Akuntansi 10, no. 1 (February 28, 2021): 40–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.46806/ja.v10i1.785.
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Tax avoidance is a scheme that aims to minimize the tax burden by taking advantage of loopholes in the tax provisions of a country. Tax avoidance is a practice carried out by individual and corporate taxpayers to reduce the tax burden that must be paid without violating the applicable tax laws. This study aims to analyze the effect of profitability, firm size, leverage and institutional ownership on tax avoidance. This study uses the basic theory : agency theory and compliance theory. The object of the research is a manufacturing company in the consumer goods industry sector which is listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange during the 2016-2019 period. Researchers conducted descriptive statistical tests, coefficient similarity test (pooling), classical assumption test, multiple linear analysis, and hypothesis testing. The conclusion is that there is sufficient evidence that profitability and firm size have a negative effect on tax avoidance, while there is insufficient evidence that leverage has a positive effect on tax avoidance, and there is not sufficient evidence that institutional ownership has a negative effect on tax avoidance. Key word : profitability, firm size, leverage, institutional ownership, tax avoidance References: Arianandini, P. W., & Ramantha, I. W. (2018). Pengaruh Profitabilitas, Leverage, dan Kepemilikan Institusional Pada Tax Avoidance. E-Jurnal Akuntansi, 22, 2088–2116. https://doi.org/10.24843/eja.2018.v22.i03.p17 Darmayanti, P. P. B., & Merkusiwati, N. K. L. A. (2019). Pengaruh Ukuran Perusahaan, Profitabilitas, Koneksi Politik dan Pengungkapan Corporate Social Responsibility Pada Tax Avoidance. E-Jurnal Akuntansi, 26, 1992–2019. https://doi.org/10.24843/eja.2019.v26.i03.p12 Dewanti, I. G. A. D. C., & Sujana, I. K. (2019). Pengaruh Ukuran Perusahaan, Corporate Social Responsibility, Profitabilitas dan Leverage pada Tax Avoidance. E-Jurnal Akuntansi, 28, 377. https://doi.org/10.24843/eja.2019.v28.i01.p15 Dewi, N. L. P. P., & Noviari, N. (2017). Pengaruh Ukuran Perusahaan, Leverage, Profitabilitas dan Corporate Social Responsibility Terhadap Penghindaran Pajak (Tax Avoidance). E-Jurnal Akuntansi, 21(2), 830–859. https://doi.org/10.24843/EJA.2017.v21.i02.p01 Dewinta, I. A. R., & Setiawan, P. E. (2016). Pengaruh Ukuran Perusahaan, Umur Perusahaan, Profitabilitas, Leverage, Dan Pertumbuhan Penjualan Terhadap Tax Avoidance. E-Jurnal Akuntansi Universitas Udayana, 14(3), 1584–1613. Ekonomi Bung Hatta. (2020). Ukuran Perusahaan (Pengertian, Jenis, Kriteria dan Indikator). https://ekonomi.bunghatta.ac.id/index.php/id/artikel/811-ukuran-perusahaan-pengertian-jenis-kriteria-dan-indikator diakses tanggal 12 Januari 2021 Fiandri, K. A., & Muid, D. (2017). Pengaruh Kepemilikan Institusional Dan Ukuran Perusahaan Terhadap Tax Avoidance Dengan Kinerja Keuangan Sebagai Variabel Mediasi Padaperusahaan Manufaktur Yang Terdaftar Di Bursa Efek Indonesiatahun 2011 – 2014. Diponegoro Journal of Accounting, 6(2), 31–43. Fitria, G. N. (2018). Pengaruh Kepemilikan Institusional, Komisaris Independen, Karakter Eksekutif Dan Size Terhadap Tax Avoidance. Jurnal Profita : Komunikasi Ilmiah Akuntansi Dan Perpajakan, 11(3), 94–104. http://publikasi.mercubuana.ac.id/index.php/profita/article/view/4315 Gitman, L. J., & Zutter, C. J. (2012). Principles of Managerial Finance, Thirteenth Edition. England : Pearson Education Limited. Hidayat, W. W. (2018). Pengaruh Profitabilitas, Leverage Dan Pertumbuhan Penjualan Terhadap Penghindaran Pajak. Jurnal Riset Manajemen Dan Bisnis (JRMB) Fakultas Ekonomi UNIAT, 3(1), 19–26. https://doi.org/10.36226/jrmb.v3i1.82 Jensen, M. C., & Meckling, W. H. (1976). Theory of the firm: Managerial Behavior, Agency Costs and Ownership Structure. Journal of Financial Economics, 3(4), 305–360. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-405X(76)90026-X Kushariadi, B., & Putra, R. N. (2018). Good Corporate Governance, Leverage, Ukuran Perusahaan Dan Tax Avoidance. Journal of Islamic Finance and Accounting, 1(2), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.22515/jifa.v1i2.1401 Oktamawati, M. (2017). Pengaruh Karakter Eksekutif, Komite Audit, Ukuran Perusahaan, Leverage, Pertumbuhan Penjualan, Dan Profitabilitas Terhadap Tax Avoidance. Jurnal Akuntansi Bisnis, 15(1), 23–40. https://doi.org/10.24167/JAB.V15I1.1349 Pitaloka, S., & Merkusiwati, N. K. L. A. (2019). Pengaruh Profitabilitas, Leverage, Komite Audit, dan Karakter Eksekutif Terhadap Tax Avoidance. E-Jurnal Akuntansi, 27, 1202-1230. https://doi.org/10.24843/eja.2019.v27.i02.p14 Prasetyo, I., & Pramuka, B. A. (2018). Pengaruh Kepemilikan Manajerial, Kepemilikan Institusional, dan Proporsi Dewan Komisaris Independen terhadap Manajemen Laba. Jurnal Ekonomi, Bisnis, Dan Akuntansi (JEBA), 20(2), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.32616/jbr.v1i2.64 Putra, I. G. L. N. D. C., & Merkusiwati, N. K. L. A. (2016). Pengaruh Komisaris Independen, Leverage, Size dan Capital Intensity Ratio pada Tax Avoidance (Studi pada Perusahaan Manufaktur di Bursa Efek Indonesia Periode 2012-2014). E-Jurnal Akuntansi Universitas Udayana, 17(1), 690–714. https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/Akuntansi/article/view/22025 Putri, A. A., & Lawita, N. F. (2019). Pengaruh Kepemilikan Institusional Dan Kepemilikan Manajerial Terhadap Nilai Perusahaan. Jurnal Akuntansi & Ekonomika, 9(1), 68–75. https://doi.org/10.32795/widyaakuntansi.v1i1.249 Putri, V. R., & Putra, B. I. (2017). Pengaruh Leverage, Profitability, Ukuran Perusahaan Dan Proporsi Kepemilikan Institusional Terhadap Tax Avoidance. Jurnal Manajemen Dayasaing, 19(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.23917/dayasaing.v19i1.5100 Rahayu, S. K. (2017). Perpajakan (Konsep dan Aspek Formal). Bandung : Rekaya Sains. Riyanto, B. (2013). Dasar-Dasar Pembelanjaan Perusahaan. BPFE. Sintyawati, N. L. A., & Dewi, M. R. (2018). Pengaruh Kepemilikan Manajerial, Kepemilikan Institusional Dan Leverage Terhadap Biaya Keagenan Pada Perusahaan Manufaktur. E-Jurnal Manajemen Universitas Udayana, 7(2), 993-1020. https://doi.org/10.24843/EJMUNUD.2018.v7.i02.p16. Tahar, A., & Rachman, A. K. (2014). Pengaruh Faktor Internal dan Faktor Eksternal Terhadap Kepatuhan Wajib Pajak. Jurnal Akuntansi Dan Investasi, 15(1), 56–67. Tebiono, J. N., & Sukanda, I. B. N. (2019). Faktor-Faktor yang mempengaruhi Tax Avoidance pada Perusahaan Manufaktur yang terdaftar Di BEI. Jurnal Bisnis Dan Akuntansi, 21(1), 121–130. http://jurnaltsm.id/index.php/JBA Utari, N. K. Y. U., & Supadmi, N. L. (2017). Pengaruh Corporate Governance, Profitabilitas Dan Koneksi Politik Pada Tax Avoidance. E-Jurnal Akuntansi Universitas Udayana, 18(3), 2202–2230. Yudea. (2018). Pengaruh Mekanisme Corporate Governance, Ukuran Perusahan, dan Leverage Terhadap Tax Avoidance. Jurnal Reviu Akuntansi Dan Keuangan, 21(2), 115–124. Zain, M. (2005). Manajemen Perpajakan. Jakarta : Salemba Empat.
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Shin, Donghee, and Frank Biocca. "Impact of Social Influence and Users' Perception of Coolness on Smartwatch Behavior." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 46, no. 6 (June 5, 2018): 881–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.5134.
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We explored the motives behind switching one's smartwatch, focusing on 2 divergent motivations that relate to social influence and the mobile and visible nature of these watches. Our findings and a review of related work indicated that the social motive for switching a smartwatch was coolness, that is, distinguishing oneself from others, because owning the latest model of smartwatch is a way to demonstrate having ample financial resources. The perceived benefit of switching one's smartwatch was associated more with coolness and the identity formation process, and less with actual utility or social influence. Further, the effects of similarity avoidance based on smartwatch purchasing intention were mediated by the effect of identity formation. Our findings may shed light on the nature of smartwatch uses and the motives that drive smartwatch users' choice to upgrade their devices.
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Loukides, Grigorios, and George Theodorakopoulos. "Location histogram privacy by Sensitive Location Hiding and Target Histogram Avoidance/Resemblance." Knowledge and Information Systems 62, no. 7 (December 31, 2019): 2613–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10115-019-01432-4.
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AbstractA location histogram is comprised of the number of times a user has visited locations as they move in an area of interest, and it is often obtained from the user in the context of applications such as recommendation and advertising. However, a location histogram that leaves a user’s computer or device may threaten privacy when it contains visits to locations that the user does not want to disclose (sensitive locations), or when it can be used to profile the user in a way that leads to price discrimination and unsolicited advertising (e.g., as “wealthy” or “minority member”). Our work introduces two privacy notions to protect a location histogram from these threats: Sensitive Location Hiding, which aims at concealing all visits to sensitive locations, and Target Avoidance/Resemblance, which aims at concealing the similarity/dissimilarity of the user’s histogram to a target histogram that corresponds to an undesired/desired profile. We formulate an optimization problem around each notion: Sensitive Location Hiding ($${ SLH}$$SLH), which seeks to construct a histogram that is as similar as possible to the user’s histogram but associates all visits with nonsensitive locations, and Target Avoidance/Resemblance ($${ TA}$$TA/$${ TR}$$TR), which seeks to construct a histogram that is as dissimilar/similar as possible to a given target histogram but remains useful for getting a good response from the application that analyzes the histogram. We develop an optimal algorithm for each notion, which operates on a notion-specific search space graph and finds a shortest or longest path in the graph that corresponds to a solution histogram. In addition, we develop a greedy heuristic for the $${ TA}$$TA/$${ TR}$$TR problem, which operates directly on a user’s histogram. Our experiments demonstrate that all algorithms are effective at preserving the distribution of locations in a histogram and the quality of location recommendation. They also demonstrate that the heuristic produces near-optimal solutions while being orders of magnitude faster than the optimal algorithm for $${ TA}$$TA/$${ TR}$$TR.
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Parobkiewicz, Aleksandra, Michał Ziarko, Julia Krawczyk, and Jagna Jasielska. "Posttraumatic Stress Disorder symptoms in persons involved in road accidents and paramedics." Journal of Medical Science 90, no. 2 (June 29, 2021): e515. http://dx.doi.org/10.20883/medical.e515.
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Aim. The aim of the study was to assess the risk of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among persons involved in road accidents and paramedics. Little is known about similarity or difference of PTSD symptoms between these two groups involved in accident in voluntary and involuntary way. Material and Methods. Persons involved in road accidents (N = 78) and paramedics (N = 106) completed the Polish version of the Impact of Event Scale–Revised.Results. The percentage of those who reported PTSD symptoms was similar and insignificant among persons involved in road accidents (56%) and among paramedics (45%). A significant difference (p < 0,01) was observed between these groups, however. The total PTSD, intrusions, and avoidance were higher for persons involved in road accidents.Conclusions. Victims, perpetrators, and helpers in road accidents were at a similar risk of PTSD. Peritraumatic interventions are recommended for all these groups.
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Xu, Zhu Xiang, Yi Jiang, Fan Lin, and Long Dai. "The Analysis and Prevent in Traffic Accidents Based on Bayesian Network." Advanced Engineering Forum 1 (September 2011): 21–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/aef.1.21.
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The development of the city has led to the frequent occurrence of traffic accidents. Whether we can analyze those accidents which had happened correctly will directly affect the avoidance of future ones of the similar kind. In this paper, we will establish Bayesian Networks traffic accident analysis model by K2 algorithm, which can make accident probability prediction and accident diagnosis.K2 algorithm is known to all with high efficiency and accuracy, but it requires to obtain order first, so to get the reasonable node order, first use clustering algorithm to divide the nodes into groups, in groups the similarity is high with each other. The probability of parent child relationship is larger, then reorder the nodes in every group by the expert experience finally determine the node sequence. Base on this, we can find the system weak links and adopt corresponding effective measures.
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Ti, Boyang, Yongsheng Gao, Ming Shi, Le Fu, and Jie Zhao. "Movement generalization of variable initial task state based on Euclidean transformation dynamical movement primitives." International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems 18, no. 6 (November 1, 2021): 172988142110655. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/17298814211065577.
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Robots need the ability to tackle problems of movement generalization in variable task state and complex environment. Dynamical movement primitives can effectively endow robots with humanoid characteristics. However, when the initial state of tasks changes, the generalized trajectories by dynamical movement primitives cannot retain shape features of demonstration, resulting in the loss of imitation quality. In this article, a modified dynamical movement primitives based on Euclidean transformation is proposed to solve this problem. It transforms the initial task state to a virtual situation similar to the demonstration and then utilizes the dynamical movement primitive method to realize movement generalization. Finally, it reverses the movement back to the real situation. Besides, the information of obstacles is added to Euclidean transformation based dynamical movement primitives framework to endow robots with the ability of obstacle avoidance. The normalized root-mean-square error is proposed as the criterion to evaluate the imitation similarity. The feasibility of this method is verified through writing letters, wiping whiteboard in two-dimensional task, and stirring mixture in three-dimensional task. The results show that the similarity of movement imitation in the proposed method is higher than dynamical movement primitives when the initial state changes. Meanwhile, Euclidean transformation based dynamical movement primitives can still greatly retain shape feature of demonstration while avoiding obstacles in an unstructured environment.
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Park, Jinwan, Jungsik Jeong, and Youngsoo Park. "Ship Trajectory Prediction Based on Bi-LSTM Using Spectral-Clustered AIS Data." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 9 (September 21, 2021): 1037. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse9091037.
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According to the statistics of maritime accidents, most collision accidents have been caused by human factors. In an encounter situation, the prediction of ship’s trajectory is a good way to notice the intention of the other ship. This paper proposes a methodology for predicting the ship’s trajectory that can be used for an intelligent collision avoidance algorithm at sea. To improve the prediction performance, the density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise (DBSCAN) has been used to recognize the pattern of the ship trajectory. Since the DBSCAN is a clustering algorithm based on the density of data points, it has limitations in clustering the trajectories with nonlinear curves. Thus, we applied the spectral clustering method that can reflect a similarity between individual trajectories. The similarity measured by the longest common subsequence (LCSS) distance. Based on the clustering results, the prediction model of ship trajectory was developed using the bidirectional long short-term memory (Bi-LSTM). Moreover, the performance of the proposed model was compared with that of the long short-term memory (LSTM) model and the gated recurrent unit (GRU) model. The input data was obtained by preprocessing techniques such as filtering, grouping, and interpolation of the automatic identification system (AIS) data. As a result of the experiment, the prediction accuracy of Bi-LSTM was found to be the highest compared to that of LSTM and GRU.
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McCauley, R. D., J. Fewtrell, A. J. Duncan, C. Jenner, M.-N. Jenner, J. D. Penrose, R. I. T. Prince, A. Adhitya, J. Murdoch, and K. McCabe. "MARINE SEISMIC SURVEYS— A STUDY OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATIONS." APPEA Journal 40, no. 1 (2000): 692. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj99048.
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An experimental program was run by the Centre for Marine Science and Technology of Curtin University between March 1996 and October 1999 to study the environmental implications of offshore seismic survey noise. This work was initiated and sponsored by the Australian Petroleum Production and Exploration Association. The program:characterised air gun signal measurements; modelled air gun array sources and horizontal air gun signal propagation;developed an 'exposure model' to predict the scale of potential biological effects for a given seismic survey over its duration;made observations of humpback whales traversing a 3D seismic survey;carried out experiments of approaching humpback whales with a single operating air gun;carried out trials with an air gun approaching a cage containing sea turtles, fishes or squid; andmodelled the response of fish hearing systems to airgun signals.The generalised response of migrating humpback whales to a 3D seismic vessel was to take some avoidance manoeuvre at >4 km then to allow the seismic vessel to pass no closer than 3 km. Humpback pods containing cows which were involved in resting behaviour in key habitat types, as opposed to migrating animals, were more sensitive and showed an avoidance response estimated at 7−12 km from a large seismic source. Male humpbacks were attracted to a single operating air gun due to what was believed the similarity of an air gun signal and a whale breaching event (leaping clear of the water and slamming back in). Based on the response of captive animals to an approaching single air gun and scaling these results, indicated sea turtles displayed a general 'alarm' response at an estimated 2 km range from an operating seismic vessel and behaviour indicative of avoidance estimated at 1 km. Similar trials with captive fishes showed a generic fish 'alarm' response of swimming faster, swimming to the bottom, tightening school structure, or all three, at an estimated 2−5 km from a seismic source. Modelling the fish ear predicted that at ranges
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Raviya, Kapil, Ved Vyas Dwivedi, Ashish Kothari, and Gunvantsinh Gohil. "Real Time Depth Hole Filling using Kinect Sensor and Depth Extract from Stereo Images." Oriental journal of computer science and technology 12, Issue 3 (October 1, 2019): 115–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/ojcst12.03.06.
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The researcher have suggested real time depth based on frequency domain hole filling. It get better quality of depth sequence generated by sensor. This method is capable to produce high feature depth video which can be quite useful in improving the performance of various applications of Microsoft Kinect such as obstacle detection and avoidance, facial tracking, gesture recognition, pose estimation and skeletal. For stereo matching approach images depth extraction is the hybrid (Combination of Morphological Operation) mathematical algorithm. There are few step like color conversion, block matching, guided filtering, minimum disparity assignment design, mathematical perimeter, zero depth assignment, combination of hole filling and permutation of morphological operator and last nonlinear spatial filtering. Our algorithm is produce smooth, reliable, noise less and efficient depth map. The evaluation parameter such as Structure Similarity Index Map (SSIM), Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR) and Mean Square Error (MSE) measure the results for proportional analysis.
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Linzen, Tal, Sofya Kasyanenko, and Maria Gouskova. "Lexical and phonological variation in Russian prepositions." Phonology 30, no. 3 (December 2013): 453–515. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952675713000225.
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Phonological rules can be variable in two ways: they can apply to a subset of the lexicon (lexical variation), or apply optionally, with a probability that depends on the phonological environment (stochastic variation). These two types of variation are occasionally seen as mutually exclusive. We show that the vowel–zero alternation in Russian prepositions ([s trudom] ‘with difficulty’vs. [sə stinoj] ‘with the wall’) exhibits both types of variation. In two corpus studies and a nonce-word experiment, we document novel stochastic factors that influence the alternation: similarity avoidance, stress position and sonority profile. These constraints interact additively, lending support to a weighted-constraints analysis. In addition to phonologically determined stochastic variation, we find significant lexical variation: phonologically similar nouns differ in the rate at which they condition the alternation in the prepositions. We analyse this pattern by augmenting the weighted-constraints approach with lexical scaling factors.
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Aw, Eugene Cheng-Xi, Leisa Reinecke Flynn, and Han Xi Chong. "Antecedents and consequences of self-congruity: replication and extension." Journal of Consumer Marketing 36, no. 1 (January 14, 2019): 102–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcm-10-2017-2424.
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PurposeThe purpose of this study is to propose and empirically test a framework encompassing self-congruity with its antecedents and consequences. This study also aims to test the mediating role of perceived value and its dimensions.Design/methodology/approachA questionnaire-based survey was conducted using a purposive sampling technique. In total, 310 useable responses were collected and data were analyzed using partial least square structural equation modeling.FindingsA majority of hypotheses were supported. Avoidance of similarity and status consumption positively influenced self-congruity, replicating an earlier study. Self-congruity positively influenced overall perceived value and its dimensions, as well as revisit intention. Overall perceived value and its dimensions positively influenced revisit intention. Finally, overall perceived value and its dimensions were found to have a mediating effect on the relationship between self-congruity and revisit intention.Originality/valueThis study provides empirical evidence for the antecedents and consequences of self-congruity with a service and expands understanding of the mediating role of overall perceived value and its dimensions in predicting intention.
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Pohlmann, Attila. "Lowering barriers to plant-based diets: The effect of human and non-human animal self-similarity on meat avoidance intent and sensory food satisfaction." Food Quality and Preference 93 (October 2021): 104272. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2021.104272.
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