Journal articles: 'Silvesters' method'

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Rosenfield, Derek Andrew, and Cristiane Schilbach Pizzutto. "Wildlife population control – reproductive physiology under the influence of contraceptive methods in mammalian wildlife, with emphasis on immunocontraception: the best choice? A literature review." Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Research and Animal Science 55, no. 1 (April 4, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.1678-4456.bjvras.2018.129431.

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Os conflitos Humanos-Animais Selvagens são uma realidade crescente e triste no mundo inteiro, tornando o controle populacional da fauna silvestre e animais ferais o maior desafio, principalmente diante do crescimento da população humana e, consequentemente, da diminuição dos habitats naturais dos animais. As atividades humanas e a destruição da natureza, forçam os animais de vida livre a se dirigirem para áreas urbanas e agrícolas, inevitavelmente, causando conflitos, como o risco de zoonoses, acidentes de trânsito, bem como danos às plantações, quando em busca de alimentos, cujo prejuízo chega a milhões de dólares. Durante décadas, a ciência esteve empenhada em esforços extensivos para desenvolver métodos de controle populacional “humano”; e muitas técnicas foram utilizadas, a fim de se realizar um controle populacional destes animais silvestres. Neste artigo será apresentada uma visão geral dos métodos anticoncepcionais aplicados, com demonstrações gráficas simplificadas de suas interações com a fisiologia reprodutiva, bem como relacionando os prós e os contras dos agentes antifertilidade empregados; também serão comparados com um conjunto de características desejadas para as aplicações em fauna a campo, com ênfase em imunocontracepção reversível, concluindo assim, com as razões do porque este conceito torna-se o mais apropriado e promissor para animais silvestres de vida livre.

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Kilshaw, Kerry, Paul J. Johnson, Andrew C. Kitchener, and David W. Macdonald. "Detecting the elusive Scottish wildcat Felis silvestris silvestris using camera trapping." Oryx 49, no. 2 (May 7, 2014): 207–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605313001154.

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AbstractPopulation monitoring is important for conservation management but difficult to achieve for rare, cryptic species. Reliable information about the Critically Endangered Scottish wildcat Felis silvestris silvestris is lacking because of difficulties in morphological and genetic identification, resulting from extensive hybridization with feral domestic cats Felis catus. We carried out camera-trap surveys in the Cairngorms National Park, UK, to examine the feasibility of camera trapping, combined with a pelage identification method, to monitor Scottish wildcats. Camera trapping detected individually identifiable wildcats. Of 13 individual wild-living cats, four scored as wildcats based on pelage characters and the rest were wildcat × domestic cat hybrids. Spatially explicit capture–recapture density estimation methods generated a density of wild-living cats (wildcats and hybrids) of 68.17 ± SE 9.47 per 100 km2. The impact of reducing trapping-grid size, camera-trap numbers and survey length on density estimates was investigated using spatially explicit capture–recapture models. Our findings indicate camera trapping is more effective for monitoring wildcats than other methods currently used and capture success could be increased by using bait, placing camera stations ⩽ 1.5 km apart, increasing the number of camera stations, and surveying for 60–70 days. This study shows that camera trapping is effective for confirming the presence of the wildcat in potential target areas for conservation management.

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Espejel-Sánchez, Karen I., Teodoro Espinosa-Solares, Benito Reyes-Trejo, Guillermina Hernández-Rodríguez, José M. Cunill-Flores, and Diana Guerra-Ramírez. "Nutritional value and thermal degradation of bioactive compounds in wild edible mushrooms." Revista Chapingo Serie Ciencias Forestales y del Ambiente 27, no. 3 (August 31, 2021): 337–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5154/r.rchscfa.2020.12.078.

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Introduction: Nutritional potential of wild edible mushrooms and loss of their nutraceutical properties during cooking have been little examined. Objective: To evaluate the nutritional content and effect of heat treatment on nutraceutical properties in the wild species Lactarius indigo (Schwein.) Fr. (blue mushroom), Ramaria flava (Schaeff.) Quél. (changle) and Hypomyces lactifluorum (Schwein.) Tul. & C. Tul. (lobster mushroom), collected in temperate pine and oak forests of the Sierra Norte de Puebla. Materials and methods: The mushrooms were collected in the company of “traditional mushroom collectors”. Proximal composition was quantified according to AOAC methods. The effect of heat treatment was evaluated at 50 and 92 °C at 10 to 60 min intervals. Total phenolic content was determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method and antioxidant capacity by ABTS and FRAP assays. Results and discussion: R. flava and L. indigo had the highest percentages of protein (24.02 %) and crude fiber (14.64 %) on dry basis, respectively. R. flava had the highest phenolic content (4.40 mg gallic acid equivalents per gram dry basis) and the highest antioxidant capacity (23.65 µmol trolox equivalents per gram dry basis). Degradation kinetics of the compounds was first order; H. lactifluorum and R. flava had the highest loss of phenols and antioxidants, respectively. Conclusion: The mushrooms studied showed high nutritional value and retained more than 50 % of their antioxidant properties after thermal processing.

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Huynh, Biet V. "Phytochemical analysis of Ardisia silvestris leaf extracts and their antioxidant and antibacterial activities." Journal of Agriculture and Development 19, no. 04 (June 30, 2020): 28–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.52997/jad.4.04.2020.

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The phytochemical analysis and antibacterial and antioxidant activity of Ardisia silvestris extracts were carried out. The bioactive compounds of Ardisia silvestris leaves were extracted with petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, ethanol and water by immersion and microwave method. The DPPH method was used to determine the antioxidant activity of Ardisia silvestris extracts. The antibacterial properties of Ardisia silvestris tested against of Staphylococcu saureus, Samonella sp., and Escherichia coli were determined by using agar diffusion method. The agar diffusion method was used to determine the antibacterial effects of both plant extracts on the test organisms. The results showed that Ardisia silvestris leaves contained compounds such as essential oils, fats, alkaloids, flavonoids, coumarins, tannins, anthocyanoids, carotenoids, organic acids, reducing agents, proanthocyanidins, saponins and anthraquinones. Ardisia silvestris leaves had a total polyphenol content of 0.26% dry matter, tannin of 8.8%, and a total flavonoid of 1.44 mg/g. The ethyl acetate extract and water extract of the leaves had the antioxidant activity and were 4.2 and 4.4 times lower than ascorbic acid, respectively. The ethyl acetate extract of Ardisia silvestris had the highest oxidative activity. The zone of inhibition of the plant extract diameters at the concentration of 100 µl/ml ranged between 9.67mm and 20.67mm for ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts, respectively on E. coli. Similarly, the zones of inhibitionof ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts diameters were 14.67 and 15.33 mm, respectively on Samonella sp., however, it was not shown for Staphylococus aureus.

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Cimé-Pool, José Adrián, Yariely del Rocío Balam-Ballote, Silvia Filomena Hernández-Betancourt, Juan Manuel Pech-Canché, Ermilo Humberto López-Cobá, Juan Carlos Sarmiento-Pérez, Samuel Canul-Yah, and Guelmy Anilú Chan Mutul. "USO Y CONOCIMIENTO DE LA MASTOFAUNA EN EL EJIDO SAN DIONISIO, MUNICIPIO DE PETO, YUCATÁN, MÉXICO." Revista Mexicana de Mastozoología (Nueva Epoca) 10, no. 1 (July 15, 2020): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/ie.20074484e.2020.10.1.301.

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ResumenDe julio a noviembre de 2016, se documentaron los usos y conocimientos de la mastofauna en el Ejido San Dionisio, Peto, Yucatán, México. Se utilizaron técnicas de investigación social, como cuestionarios, entrevistas y se realizaron talleres de diagnósticos participativos, además de la recopilación de usos ceremoniales, en cuentos y leyendas. También se llevaron a cabo recorridos aplicando métodos directos (captura, avistamientos) e indirectos (rastros). En total 27 especies de mamíferos pertenecientes a 19 familias y ocho órdenes fueron registradas. Ocho especies fueron verificadas únicamente a través de técnicas participativas. Se observó el uso de mamíferos silvestres en ritos y ceremonias, pero el uso más importante fue el consumo de la carne de especies como venado cola blanca y pecarí de collar. Por otra parte, desde la perspectiva de los pobladores a través del tiempo, se observó la disminución de las poblaciones naturales de mamíferos silvestres. La presencia de especies como Tamandua mexicana, Mimon cozumelae, Coendou mexicanus, Leopardus wiedii y Eira barbara, con requerimientos específicos de hábitat y alimento, probablemente reflejan las condiciones favorables de la selva que todavía se encuentra en el ejido. La cacería ilegal, sequías, crecimiento de la población, incendios y la deforestación son factores que amenazan a la mastofauna local. Como estrategia de conservación de la vida silvestre se propuso la ejecución de Unidades de Manejo para la Conservación de la Vida Silvestre (UMAS'S) y Áreas Destinadas Voluntariamente a la Conservación (ADVC).Palabras clave: estrategia de conservación comunitaria, ordenamiento territorial comunitario, selva mediana subcaducifolia, uso de fauna silvestre.AbstractThe usage and knowledge of the mammals at Ejido San Dionisio, Peto, Yucatan, Mexico were documented from July to November 2016. Social research techniques were used, include questionnaires, interviews, and participatory diagnostic workshops, in addition to the collection of ceremonial uses, in stories and legends. Fieldwork was carried out applying direct (capture, sightings) and indirect methods (tracks). In total, 27 species of mammals from 19 families and eight orders were registered. Eight species were verified only through participatory techniques. The use of wild mammals in rites and ceremonies was observed, but the most important use was the consumption of meat from species such as white-tailed deer and collared peccary. On the other hand, from the perspective of the inhabitants over time, the decrease in the natural populations of wild mammals is observed. The presence of species such as Tamandua mexicana, Mimon cozumelae, Coendou mexicanus, Leopardus wiedii and Eira barbara with specific habitat and food requirements, probably reflect the favorable conditions of the jungle that still occurs in the ejido. Illegal hunting, droughts, population growth, fires, and deforestation are factors that threaten the local mammal fauna. As a wildlife conservation strategy, the implementation of Wildlife Conservation Management Units (WCMU'S) and Voluntarily Designated Areas for Conservation (VDAC) is proposed.Key words: community conservation strategy, community land planning, medium sub-deciduous forest, use of wild fauna.

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Zeist, André Ricardo, Juliano Tadeu V. de Resende, Guilherme José A. Oliveira, Renato B. de Lima Filho, Juliane M. Henschel, Alex Sandro T. Figueiredo, André D. Silva Júnior, and Marcos V. Faria. "Genetic divergence among wild and hybrid tomato accessions based on morphoagronomic and physiological traits." Horticultura Brasileira 40, no. 3 (September 2022): 326–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-0536-20220312.

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ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the genetic divergence among accessions of wild tomato species and interspecific F1 hybrids. Six wild accessions were characterized (Solanum pimpinellifolium ‘AF 26970’, S. galapagense ‘LA-1401’, S. peruvianum ‘AF 19684’, S. habrochaites var. hirsutum ‘PI-127826’, S. habrochaites var. glabratum ‘PI-134417’, and S. pennellii ‘LA-716’), the commercial cultivar Redenção, and the respective interspecific F1 hybrids: ‘Redenção’ x ‘AF 26970’, ‘Redenção’ x ‘LA-1401’, ‘Redenção’ x ‘AF 19684’, ‘Redenção’ x ‘PI-127826’, ‘Redenção’ x ‘PI-134417’, and ‘Redenção’ x ‘LA-716’. Thirty-five quantitative traits were evaluated, encompassing 29 morphoagronomic and six physiological characteristics. Principal component analysis (PCA) was performed. Tocher’s optimization method was used based on the Mahalanobis distance and the graphic dispersion of canonical variables, which followed the same trend of genotype clustering, forming three distinct groups. The PCA indicated some genetic divergences not shown by the other methods. A high divergence was observed among the species accessions and interspecific hybrids. The cultivar Redenção had the greatest genetic dissimilarity, and the interspecific hybrids of S. lycopersicum with wild accessions showed the greatest morphoagronomic and physiological similarity with the wild parents.

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Nájera, Fernando, Elena Crespo, Amalia García-Talens, Rebeca Grande-Gómez, Francisco Javier Herrera-Sánchez, Michaela Gentil, Carmen Cortés-García, Elisabeth Müller, Rafael Calero-Bernal, and Luis Revuelta. "First Description of Sarcoptic Mange in a Free-Ranging European Wildcat (Felis silvestris silvestris) from Spain." Animals 11, no. 9 (August 25, 2021): 2494. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11092494.

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Sarcoptic mange caused by the mite Sarcoptes scabiei is a worldwide-distributed skin infestation with a wide range of hosts, among them several species within the Felidae family. Sarcoptes scabiei was diagnosed in a dead adult female European wildcat (Felis silvestris silvestris) from Spain, based on histological evaluation of skin biopsies and identification of the arthropod from skin scrapings and molecular methods. This is the first description of Sarcoptes scabiei in a European wildcat. Due to its critical demography in the southernmost population of the Iberian Peninsula, the impacts of infectious diseases, including sarcoptic mange, as a new potential threat should be considered during disease surveillance programs of the species’ populations.

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Ferrari, Ronald. "The Finite-Element Method, Part 2: P. P. Silvester, an Innovator in Electromagnetic Numerical Modeling." IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine 49, no. 3 (2007): 216–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/map.2007.4293978.

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Cai, Fei, Atsushi Nakamura, and Keizo Ugai. "Revisiting the three-dimensional slope stability problem in clay." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 49, no. 4 (April 2012): 494–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t2012-002.

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This note revisits the benchmark problem involving a spherical failure surface in clay, gives an integral expression for the safety factor defined in terms of moments, and points out the mistakes in the solution of Silvestri. An integral expression for the safety factor of three-dimensional simplified Janbu’s method is also presented to facilitate the validation of three-dimensional limit equilibrium methods that satisfy force equilibrium conditions.

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Hernández-Verdugo, Sergio, Ramón G. Guevara-González, Rafael F. Rivera-Bustamante, Carlos Vázquez-Yanes, and Ken Oyama. "Los parientes silvestres del chile (Capsicum spp.) como recursos genéticos." Botanical Sciences, no. 62 (May 20, 2017): 171. http://dx.doi.org/10.17129/botsci.1559.

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Results of studies on variation of genetic, morphological, germination and resistance to PHV (pepper huasteco virus) geminivirus of wild populations of C. annuum collected in Sinaloa state are presented in order to show the importance of studing the wild relatives of cultivated plants. The study on resistance to PHV geminivirus with the biolistic method showed high variability between populations in this trait. Sorne populations showed low levels of disease symptoms, and they are very promising for further studies on virus resistance. The isozymes study showed that ali the populations maintain high genetic variability (heterozygosity ranged between 0.255 to 0.325). Ali the wild C. annuum populations showed high variability in ten of eleven morphological traits analyzed. Most of the germination tests showed a great variability in response among the populations studied. Ali the wild C. annuum populations did not germinate under dark conditions, suggesting the existence of seed dormancy. In conclusion, wild relatives of pepper maintain high levels of variability of genetic, morphological and germination capacity, and they have potentially useful genes; they are valuable genetic resources that we need to study and to preserve.

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Oliveira, Rita, Raquel Godinho, Ettore Randi, and Paulo C. Alves. "Hybridization versus conservation: are domestic cats threatening the genetic integrity of wildcats ( Felis silvestris silvestris ) in Iberian Peninsula?" Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 363, no. 1505 (June 16, 2008): 2953–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2008.0052.

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Cross-breeding between wild and free-ranging domestic species is one of the main conservation problems for some threatened species. The situation of wildcats ( Felis silvestris silvestris ) in Europe is a good example of this critical phenomenon. Extensive hybridization was described in Hungary and Scotland, contrasting with occasional interbreeding in Italy and Germany. First analyses in Portugal revealed a clear genetic differentiation between wild and domestic cats; however, four hybrids were detected. Here, we extended the approach to Iberian Peninsula using multivariate and Bayesian analyses of multilocus genotypes for 44 Portuguese wildcats, 31 Spanish wildcats and 109 domestic cats. Globally, wild and domestic cats were significantly differentiated ( F ST =0.20, p <0.001) and clustered into two discrete groups. Diverse clustering methods and assignment criteria identified an additional hybrid in Portugal, performing a total of five admixed individuals. The power of admixture analyses was assessed by simulating hybrid genotypes, which revealed that used microsatellites were able to detect 100, 91 and 85% of first-generation hybrids, second-generation genotypes and backcrosses, respectively. These findings suggest that the true proportion of admixture can be higher than the value estimated in this study and that the improvement of genetic tools for hybrids detection is crucial for wildcat conservation.

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Gu, Yiqi, and Michael K. Ng. "Deep Ritz Method for the Spectral Fractional Laplacian Equation Using the Caffarelli--Silvestre Extension." SIAM Journal on Scientific Computing 44, no. 4 (July 13, 2022): A2018—A2036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1137/21m1442516.

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Veselovsky, V. V. "A simple method for preparing racemic dolichols from the polyprenols of pine needles (Pinus silvestris)." Russian Chemical Bulletin 48, no. 5 (May 1999): 1000–1002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02494655.

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Shah, Masuri Kama Kamaruddin, Hasnah Mohd Sirat, Shajarahtunnur Jamil, and Juriyati Jalil. "Flavonoids from the Bark of Artocarpus integer var. silvestris and their Anti-inflammatory Properties." Natural Product Communications 11, no. 9 (September 2016): 1934578X1601100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1601100921.

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A new pyranoflavone, methoxycyclocommunol (1) together with four known flavonoids, artonin F (2), heteroflavanone A (3), cudraflavone C (4) and cyclocommunol (5) were isolated from the bark of Artocarpus integer var. silvestris Corner. Their structures were elucidated through extensive spectroscopic techniques (UV, IR, MS, 1D-NMR and 2D-NMR) and by comparison with literature data. All the pure compounds were tested for their anti-inflammatory activities by using screening kit and radioimmunoassay methods. In a 15-lipoxygenase (15-LOX) inhibitory assay, compounds 1, 2, 4 and 5 gave weak percentages of inhibition, 16.5, 18.3, 17.6, 10.2%, respectively at the concentration of 100 μM. Compounds 1, 3 and 4, however, showed strong dose-dependent inhibition towards prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production in lipopolysaccharide-induced human whole blood using a radioimmunoassay method with IC50 values of 4.3, 0.8, and 0.07 μM, respectively suggesting that they strongly exhibited cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) activity.

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Luna Cavazos, Mario. "Variación morfológica de poblaciones silvestres y arvenses de Solanum ehrenbergii (Solanaceae)." Botanical Sciences, no. 61 (May 20, 2017): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.17129/botsci.1541.

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Solanum ehrenbergii ("papa de monte" or "papa güera") is a species with edible tubers, valuable for the people from central Mexico. The farmers seek the tubers in "nopaleras" and "mezquitales'', but more commonly, they can be found in corn and bean cultivated fields, thus the plants are tolerated and encouraged. The environment in which S. ehrenbergii grows is variable, from harsh, in natural conditions , to bening, in the cultivated fields. The hypothesis is that it must exist a pattern of morphological variation in response to the origin of the populations. The objectives of the study were: a] to analyze the pattern of morphological variation between wild and weed populations of Solanum ehrenbergii and b] to document possible taxonomic differences and evolutive trends under management conditions. The methods included the morphological characterization of botanic material and the numerical analyses of data by cluster and principal components. The results indicated, that populations are grouped according to its origin wild or weed. Probably, the morphological variation of S. ehrenbergii is influenced for an incipient process of domestication in response to practices of tolerance, protection and encouragement carried out by the farmers.

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Mejía-Morales, Claudia, Ramón Rodríguez-Macías, Eduardo Salcedo-Pérez, Francisco Zamora-Natera, Jorge Molina-Torres, and Julia Zañudo-Hernández. "Pumpkin (Cucurbita spp.) seeds; wild versus domesticated triglycerides chromatographic profiling analysis." Revista Chapingo Serie Ciencias Forestales y del Ambiente 28, no. 3 (August 30, 2022): 385–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5154/r.rchscfa.2021.10.060.

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Introduction: Triglycerides (TG) represent 98 % of the vegetable oils composition. The evaluation of TG in pumpkin seed extracts is valuable to perceive effects caused by domestication. Objective: To compare the triglyceride profile of wild versus domesticated pumpkins by reversed-phase HPTLC. Materials and methods: Wild pumpkins (Cucurbita foetidissima Kunth and C. radicans Naudin) seeds were collected at mature stage at three sites of the Mexican Plateau and seeds of domesticated pumpkins (C. pepo L., C. moschata Duchesne, C. argyrosperma K. Koch) and sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) were acquired. Ground seeds were Soxhlet extracted with hexane to obtain the lipids. From the neutral lipid extract, TG were separated on 20 x 10 HPTLC Silica Gel 60 glass plates. Unsaturated TG were used as reference. The bands, in different tracks, were analyzed with the free-to-use GelAnalyzer software. Results and discussion: The TG profile of both wild and domesticated pumpkin seed extract shows similarity among their most abundant bands. In both samples, TG 18:2/18:2/18:2 predominates. In wild pumpkins, TG 18:3/18:3/18:3 bands stand out. Domesticated pumpkins have lower TG with higher unsaturation chain, than wild species, which gives them a greater nutritional value. Conclusions: Wild pumpkin seeds show a characteristic profile of unsaturated TG. Chromatographic profiling and image analysis with GelAnalyzer led to the sample’s differentiation based on the bands found.

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Coronel, Eva, Silvia Caballero, Gabriela Gonzalez, Miho Sunguino, and Laura Mereles. "Frutos silvestres de Anisocapparis speciosa “pajagua naranja” composición proximal, minerales y potencial antioxidante." South Florida Journal of Development 2, no. 5 (October 11, 2021): 6608–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.46932/sfjdv2n5-022.

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Los frutos de Anisocapparis speciosa son nativas de la Ecoregión del Gran Chaco, crecen de manera silvestre en todo este territorio, su pulpa y semillas son comestibles y muy apreciadas por las poblaciones indígenas que lo habitan, además de otros usos con propiedades medicinales atribuidas por conocimientos etnobotánicos, pero no se tienen datos sobre la composición de estos frutos regionales y sus potenciales aplicaciones. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar la composición de la pulpa y semillas de frutos en estado maduro, y el potencial antioxidante en diferentes estadíos de madurez. La composición proximal, el contenido de minerales, vitamina C y solidos solubles se realizaron según metodologías oficiales de la AOAC. Los fenoles totales se determinaron por el método de Folin Ciocalteau y la capacidad antioxidante total por medio de la inhibición del radical ABTS. Los componentes mayoritarios en pulpa y semillas fueron carhobidratos y fibra alimentaria. La pulpa madura posee un buen contenido de vitamina C (20 mg/100g). El contenido de fenoles y capacidad antioxidante total fue mayor en la pulpa que en la semillas en estados inmaduros. Los frutos de Anisocapparis speciosa pueden representar una buena fuente de carbohidratos, fibra alimentaria, Mg y vitamina C en la dieta. La pulpa y semillas son fuentes de antioxidantes naturales. Estudios futuros sobre métodos postcosecha, almacenamiento y procesamiento serán necesarios para potenciar su uso y re-valorización en el marco de la Seguridad alimentaria en la población regional. The native Anisocapparis speciosa fruits from Gran Chaco Ecoregion, they grow wild throughout this territory, their edible pulp and seeds are highly appreciated by the indigenous populations that inhabit it, in addition to other uses with medicinal properties attributed by ethnobotanicals knowledge, but there are no data on the composition of these regional fruits and their potential applications. The aims of the present work were to analyze the pulp and seeds composition of fruits in the ripe state, and the antioxidant potential in different stages of maturity. The proximal composition, minerals content, vitamin C and soluble solids were carried out according to official AOAC methodologies. The total phenolics compounds (TPC) by the Folin Ciocalteau method and the total antioxidant capacity by means of the inhibition of the radical ABTS were evaluated. The main components in pulp and seeds were carbohydrates and dietary fiber. The ripe pulp has a good content of vitamin C (20 mg/100g). The content of TPC and total antioxidant capacity (ABTS radical scavenging) was higher in pulp than in the seeds, in immature stages. The Anisocapparis speciosa fruits can represent a good source of carbohydrates, dietary fiber, Mg and vitamin C in the diet of regional populations. The pulp and seeds are sources of natural antioxidants. Future studies on post-harvest, storage and processing methods will be necessary to enhance its use and re-valorization within the Food Security framework.

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Wening, Harald, Lynne Werner, Matthias Waltert, and Markus Port. "Using camera traps to study the elusive European Wildcat Felis silvestris silvestris Schreber, 1777 (Carnivora: Felidae) in central Germany: what makes a good camera trapping site?" Journal of Threatened Taxa 11, no. 4 (March 12, 2019): 13421–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.4498.11.4.13421-13431.

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Camera traping is a widely used method to study the abundance and population density of elusive terrestrial animals. To make full use of this method, it is necessary to obtain high photographic capture rates of the target species. We examine what characteristics of camera trapping sites are associated with high photographic capture rates of European Wildcat Felis silvestris silvestris. We measured Wildcat capture rates across 25 camera trapping sites located in a 20km² study area within an unprotected low mountain range forest in central Germany. We measured the distance of each trapping site to the forest boundary, to the next watercourse, and to the next human settlement, and broadly defined the type of forest structure the site was located in. None of these site characteristics, however, predicted wildcat photographic capture success. We also examined the degree of human disturbance at the site, measured as the photographic capture rate of humans (including vehicles). Wildcats were detected at similar rates on dirt or gravel roads (heavily used by humans) as on soft-surfaced paths or logging trails (less frequently used by humans), and the degree of human disturbance across sites did not affect wildcat capture success. We, therefore, suggest that trail features such as course, curvature and width, or vegetation density along the trail are more important determinants of Wildcat capture success than habitat characteristics. We conclude that for European Wildcats, as for many larger felids, forest roads provide suitable camera trapping sites and that Wildcats are fairly tolerant towards human traffic on these roads.

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Dudchenko, T. V. "Resistance of the national collection of rice varieties to phytophagous pests." Interdepartmental Thematic Scientific Collection of Plant Protection and Quarantine, no. 62 (September 3, 2016): 100–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.36495/1606-9773.2016.62.100-118.

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The results of the field evaluation of the national collection of rice varieties, for resistance to Cricotopus silvestris Fabr., Hydrelia grisseola Fall., Ephydra macellaria Egg. & Schizaphis graminum Rond. by using an improved method of determining all types (antixenosis, antibiosis, evasion and tolerance) and adaptive resistance, are provided. Under conditions of 2011, among the 23 examined samples 3 varieties turned out to be resistant (with a score of 6) to Cricotopus silvestris Fabr., 1 to Hydrelia grisseola Fall., 2 to Ephydra macellaria Egg. In 2012, complex resistance (among 41 rice varieties) was observed in: UIR 3482, Flagman, Snezhynka, KOP-383-93 (red), which can be harnessed in a program of breeding resistant varieties. Rice samples exhibited different sensitivity to the scheme: mixed herbicide penoksulam + tsyhalofop-butyl and insecticide lambda tsyhalotryn after 10 days.

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Schneider, Bernd, Ester Torres, María P. Martín, Manfred Schröder, Heinz-Dietmar Behnke, and Erich Seemüller. "‘Candidatus Phytoplasma pini’, a novel taxon from Pinus silvestris and Pinus halepensis." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 55, no. 1 (January 1, 2005): 303–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.63285-0.

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Pinus silvestris and Pinus halepensis trees grown in Germany and Spain, respectively, showing abnormal shoot branching, dwarfed needles and other symptoms were examined for the presence of plant-pathogenic mollicutes (phytoplasmas). While phytoplasmas could not be detected unambiguously with microscopical methods, PCR amplification using universal phytoplasma primers yielded positive results. Samples collected from symptomatic and non-symptomatic plant parts of both symptomatic Pinus silvestris and Pinus halepensis trees tested positive. Also, surrounding non-symptomatic trees proved to be phytoplasma-infected. Comparisons revealed that the 16S rRNA gene sequences of the phytoplasmas identified in Pinus silvestris and Pinus halepensis were nearly identical. However, the pine phytoplasma is only distantly related to other phytoplasmas. The closest relatives are members of the palm lethal yellowing and rice yellow dwarf groups and ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma castaneae’, which share between 94·5 and 96·6 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity. From these data it can be concluded that the phytoplasmas identified in the two Pinus species represent a coherent but discrete taxon; it is proposed that this taxon be distinguished at putative species level under the name ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma pini’.

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Serzhant, I., E. U. Yesirkenov, and D. Grodzinsky. "Resin and bark of pine (Pinus silvestris) as new objects for retrospective dosimetry by the EPR method." Applied Radiation and Isotopes 47, no. 11-12 (November 1996): 1357–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0969-8043(96)00202-3.

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Veselovsky, V. V. "ChemInform Abstract: A Simple Method for Preparing Racemic Dolichols from the Polyprenols of Pine Needles (Pinus silvestris)." ChemInform 30, no. 48 (June 12, 2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199948195.

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Randi, Ettore, Massimo Pierpaoli, Mark Beaumont, Bernardino Ragni, and Andrea Sforzi. "Genetic Identification of Wild and Domestic Cats (Felis silvestris) and Their Hybrids Using Bayesian Clustering Methods." Molecular Biology and Evolution 18, no. 9 (September 1, 2001): 1679–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003956.

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Del Puerto, Florencia, Diana Pésole, Santiago Molina, Karen Vera, Marcela Arias, Javier Sosa, María Luisa Ortiz, José Fernández, and Anastacio Garay. "Sex identification by molecular methods in 9 species of birds from the wild animal research center of ITAIPU dam on the paraguayan side." Memorias del Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud 15, no. 3 (December 30, 2017): 89–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.18004/mem.iics/1812-9528/2017.015(03)89-092.

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Gunther, I., and J. Terkel. "Regulation of Free-Roaming Cat (Felis Silvestris Catus) Populations: A Survey of the Literature and Its Application to Israel." Animal Welfare 11, no. 2 (May 2002): 171–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s096272860002813x.

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AbstractFollowing domestication of the cat about 5000 years ago, it followed man into many areas of the world. The vast resources available in urban environments have led to increasing numbers of free-roaming cats on the streets. The high population density of these cats and, in many cases, the lack of suitable nourishment and veterinary care, is conducive to their poor condition of health. They are frequently perceived as a nuisance to human society. This article surveys the different methods of management of free-roaming cat populations, focusing on the urban environment, and discusses the animal welfare implications and the advantages and disadvantages of each method.

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Refoyo, P., C. Olmedo, and B. Muñoz. "La utilidad de los modelos de distribución de especies en la gestión cinegética de los ungulados silvestres." Animal Biodiversity and Conservation 37, no. 2 (December 2014): 165–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.32800/abc.2014.37.0165.

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We developed a distribution model of Iberian ibex (Capra pyrenaica) using the maximum entropy method (Maxent) based on information from the database of the Spanish Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Environment. The goal was to study the usefulness of such models to determine potential areas for reintroduction or natural colonization of the species. To validate the model, we used data generated from known densities of the Iberian ibex in 107 protected areas: 26 areas where the species is present, and 81 where it is not present. Findings showed that the preferred habitat for the species has steep slopes, altitude over 1,000 m, and seasonal variation in precipitation and temperature. We detected a significant relationship between the densities obtained in the study areas and their relation to the preferred habitat. Our results indicate these models can be useful in species management planning to determine areas for reintroduction of the species.

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Vazquez, Jorge, Luisa Rodríguez-Martínez, Armando Bautista, Robyn Hudson, and Margarita Martínez-Gómez. "Evaluación de una nueva trampa para capturar conejos silvestres (Sylvilagus cunicularius y S. floridanus)." Revista Mexicana de Mastozoología (Nueva Epoca) 11, no. 1 (January 1, 2007): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/ie.20074484e.2007.11.1.127.

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Resumen: En este artículo se describe el diseño de una trampa de red que se desarrolló para capturar conejos silvestres de las especies Sylvilagus cunicularius y S. floridanus en el Parque Nacional La Malinche, Tlaxcala. El desempeño de la trampa de red fue comparado con el de trampas de caja evaluando la eficiencia de captura y recaptura, el sesgo de capturas respecto al sexo y peso corporal y los tipos de lesiones que causan cada tipo de trampa sobre los conejos durante su captura. Se obtuvo mayor eficiencia de captura y recaptura de S. cunicularius con las trampas de red que con las de caja y no se encontraron sesgos de captura respecto al sexo en cada tipo de trampa. Sólo en trampas de red hubo un sesgo de captura hacia los individuos más pesados de S. cunicularius. En cambio, hubo un sesgo de capturas respecto al sexo en S. floridanus (fueron capturados una mayor proporción de machos), no se lograron observar los patrones encontrados en S. cunicularius, posiblemente porque S. floridanus fue la especie menos representada en las capturas. En ambas especies de conejos, las lesiones causadas durante su captura fueron más severas cuando se capturaron en trampas de caja que en las de red. Se concluye que la trampa de red es un buen dispositivo para realizar capturas y recapturas de conejos silvestres del género Sylvilagus, preferentemente conejos de mayor peso sobre todo en aquellos casos que se opte por capturar individuos adultos, tanto hembras como machos. Además este tipo de trampa de red reduce daños físicos en los conejos atrapados. Palabras clave: Conejos, Sylvilagus cunicularius, S. floridanus, trampa de red, trampa de caja, eficiencia de captura, Tlaxcala. Abstract: We describe the design of a net trap developed to capture wild rabbits of the species Silvilagus cunicularius and S. floridanus in La Malinche National Park, Tlaxcala. The performance of the net trap was compared with that of box traps, evaluating the efficiency of capture and recapture, and bias with respect to sex, body mass and the type of injuries associated with capture using each method. For S. cunicularius greater efficiency of capture and recapture was obtained with the net traps than with the box traps, no bias was found for sex for either type of trap, and only a bias was found towards the capture of the heaviest animals for the net traps. For S. floridanus, although there was a bias in captures with respect to sex (captures comprised a greater proportion of males), the pattern of captures was not as clear as for S. cunicularius, possibly due to the smaller number of captures for this species. In both species injuries caused by capture were more severe for the box than for the net traps. In conclusion, the net trap described here is a good method for capturing and recapturing wild rabbits of the genus Sylvilagus, and particularly heavier adult animals of either sex. It also reduces physical damage to the trapped animals. Key words: Rabbits, Sylvilagus cuniculus, S. floridanus, net traps, box traps, trapping efficiency, Tlaxcala

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GARCÍA URETA, Agustín. "Métodos tradicionales de caza y Directiva de aves silvestres. Comentario al asunto C-900/19, One Voice, STJUE DE 17-03-2021." Revista Vasca de Administración Pública / Herri-Arduralaritzarako Euskal Aldizkaria, no. 120 (August 30, 2021): 209–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.47623/ivap-rvap.120.2021.06.

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LABURPENA: Iruzkin honek Europar Batasuneko Justizia Auzitegiaren (EBJA) epai bat aztertzen du, ehiza-metodo debekatuei buruzkoa, bereziki, liga itsasgarria erabiliz eta 2009/147 Zuzentarauan, basa-hegaztiak babesteari buruzkoan, jasotako salbuespenetako bat aplikatzeko aukerari buruzkoa. Horrek aukera ematen du [art. 9.1.c)] hertsiki kontrolatutako baldintzetan eta modu selektiboan, zenbait hegazti kopuru txikietan harrapatzea, atxikitzea edo zentzuzko beste edozein ustiapen. Epaiak selektibitatearen nozioa aztertzen du eta harrapaketa-metodo hilgarriak edo ez-hilgarriak bereizten ditu. Hala ere, liga metodo selektibo gisa erabiltzea zalantzan jartzen du, eta, nolanahi ere, edozein erabaki ezagutza zientifiko onenetan oinarrituta egotea eskatzen du. EBJAk ezarritako baldintzek nabarmen mugatzen dute metodo horren erabilera. ABSTRACT: This comment examines a judgment of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) concerning prohibited hunting methods, in particular, adhesive-covered twigs and the exception set out in Directive 20097147, on the conservation of wild birds. This directive allows, under strictly supervised conditions and on a selective basis, the capture, keeping or other judicious use of certain birds in small numbers. The judgment examines the notion of “selective basis” and draws a distinction between lethal and non-lethal hunting methods. Nevertheless, it questions the use of adhesive-covered twigs, demanding that any national decision be based on the best available scientific knowledge. The conditions imposed by the CJEU severely restrict the use of this method. RESUMEN: El presente comentario examina una sentencia del Tribunal de Justicia de la Unión Europea (TJUE) sobre los métodos prohibidos de caza, en particular, mediante el empleo de la liga y la posibilidad de aplicar una de las excepciones contenidas en la Directiva 2009/147, relativa a la protección de las aves silvestres. Esta permite [art. 9.1.c)] en condiciones estrictamente controladas y de un modo selectivo, la captura, la retención o cualquier otra explotación prudente de determinadas aves en pequeñas cantidades. La sentencia examina la noción de selectividad y distingue entre métodos de captura letales o no letales. Sin embargo, cuestiona el uso de la liga como método selectivo, exigiendo, en todo caso, que cualquier decisión esté fundada en los mejores conocimientos científicos. Las condiciones impuestas por el TJUE limitan de manera evidente el posible uso de este método.

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Fernandes, Elania Clementino, Mariana Macêdo Souza, Maria Itala Alves Souza, Antonio Gabriel Nunes Felipe, and Elton Lucio Araujo. "Rearing technique and demographic parameters of Tetrastichus giffardianus Silvestre (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae)." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 40, no. 5Supl1 (August 7, 2019): 2201. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2019v40n5supl1p2201.

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Tetrastichus giffardianus Silvestri (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) is a gregarious koinobiont endoparasitoid of frugivorous dipterans. In recent years, T. giffardianus has been detected parasitizing Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae) in different Brazilian semiarid sites. Thus, T. giffardianus has potential to be used in the biological control of C. capitata in semi-arid conditions. However, one of the factors limiting the use of this parasitoid is the lack of detailed information on rearing methods and bioecological aspects. Therefore, the main objectives of this study were to demonstrate a rearing technique for T. giffardianus and to determine the increase in population under laboratory conditions. Specimens of T. giffardianus were obtained in the field through of the collection of fruits infested with C. capitata. The specimens obtained were used to adapt a rearing methodology for T. giffardianus under laboratory conditions. Information on demographic parameters for a T. giffardianus population was obtained using the same methodology. Based on the parameters evaluated, we found that the intrinsic rate of population increase of T. giffardianus was 0.34, the average time of one generation was 19.7 days, the population doubling time was 2.03 days and the finite rate of population increase (?) was 1.41. The demographic parameters obtained demonstrated that, with the rearing technique used, it is possible to maintain populations of T. giffardianus and enable them to multiply under laboratory conditions.

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Huynh, Cuong, and Anneke A. Veenstra. "Two new species of Phryssonotus (Diplopoda : Synxenidae) from southern and western Australia." Australian Journal of Zoology 65, no. 4 (2017): 248. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo17074.

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For many years Phryssonotus novaehollandiae Silvestri, 1923 was thought to be the only species of this genus present in Australia. Specimens collected from three geographically separated populations had similar taxonomically important morphological characters and body lengths. However, their body scale trichomes exhibited three distinctive patterns: a trapezoid, T-shape, or dark banding, and the length-to-width ratios of their trichomes also differed. These differences, as well as results of phylogenetic analysis using 18S and COI gene regions from representatives of the three populations, suggested that more than one Phryssonotus species were present. Specimens of Phryssonotus preserved in ethanol can prove difficult to distinguish because the colour patterning gradually fades. Examination of the colour patterns of live specimens, other morphological characters and DNA analysis together, were found to be the most reliable method of correctly distinguishing between these three species. P. novaehollandiae Silvestri, 1923, the first described species collected from South Australia, remains, with its range extended to inland Victoria, and two new species (P. australis, sp. nov. and P. occidentalis, sp. nov.) are described.

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Schollenberger, Małgorzata, Agnieszka Gadomska-Gajadhur, Ewa Mirzwa-Mróz, Damian Kret, Ewa Skutnik, Elżbieta Paduch-Cichal, and Mark Gleason. "The influence of plant essential oils on in vitro growth of Pectobacterium and Dickeya spp. bacteria." Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Hortorum Cultus 20, no. 6 (December 9, 2021): 19–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.24326/asphc.2021.6.3.

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The activity of essential oils from Eucalyptus globulus, Pinus silvestris, Lavandula angustifolia, Juniperus virginiana, Rosmarinus officinalis and Citrus paradise against the soft-rot pathogens Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum, Pectobacterium atrosepticum, Pectobacterium parmentieri and Dickeya solani was determined in vitro. The antibacterial activity of the essential oils will be evaluated using the disk-diffusion method by Kirby-Bauer [Bauer et al. 1966]. It was found that all the presented essential oils varied in antimicrobial activity against the four bacterial strains. No differences in the influence of streptomycin on inhibition of growth of the four bacterial strains were observed. Among six tested plants, essential oils from P. sylvestris had the strongest inhibitory effect on the growth of soft rot bacteria from Pectobacterium genus. This paper constitute the first report on the activity of the essential oils obtained from J. virginiana against soft rot bacteria. They are also the first report on the activity of the essential oils obtained from E. globulus, P. silvestris, L. angustifolia and C. paradisi against P. atrosepticum, P. parmentieri and D. solani as well as on the activity of the R. officinalis essential oils against P. atrosepticum and P. parmentieri.

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Schragen, Christian, David Kuntze, Susan Kessinger, Fritz Keller, and Ute Dauert. "Feinstaubemissionen aus Feuerwerk zu Silvester und deren Einfluss auf die Luftqualität/Particulate Matter Emissions from New Year’s Eve Fireworks and their Influence on Air Quality – Novel Method for Quantification of Emissions." Gefahrstoffe 82, no. 01-02 (2022): 5–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.37544/0949-8036-2022-01-02-7.

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Bis 2020 ermittelte und berichtete das Umweltbundesamt (UBA) die Emissionen aus dem Abbrand von Feuerwerk nach der im EMEP/EEA air pollutant emission inventory guidebook beschriebenen Methode. Diese verwendet Emissionsfaktoren, die auf Expertenschätzungen beruhen. Nun liegen experimentell bestimmte Messwerte zu Feinstaubemissionen aus Feuerwerk vor, die der Verband der pyrotechnischen Industrie bei einem unabhängigen Prüfinstitut beauftragt hat. Zusammen mit der gleichzeitig präzisierten Ermittlung der Aktivitätsraten ergibt sich eine novellierte Methodik zur Berechnung von Feinstaubemissionen von Feuerwerk. Es zeigt sich, dass die EMEP/EEA-Methode die Emissionen stark überschätzt. Darüber hinaus stellt diese Arbeit die Auswirkungen der Feuerwerksemissionen auf die Luftqualität zu Silvester dar. Ergänzend zur neuen Methodik werden technische und gesetzliche Rahmenbedingungen aus dem deutschen Sprengstoff- und europäischen Pyrotechnik- und Chemikalienrecht erläutert. Mit diesem Artikel wird das komplexe Thema „Emissionen aus dem Abbrand von Feuerwerk“ wissenschaftlich und umfassend analysiert.

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Jacomassa, Fábio André Facco. "MEDIUM- AND LARGE-SIZED WILD MAMMALS OF THE RESERVA BIOLÓGICA MUNICIPAL MORENO FORTES, DOIS IRMÃOS DAS MISSÕES, RIO GRANDE DO SUL STATE, BRAZIL." Oecologia Australis 26, no. 01 (March 16, 2022): 77–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4257/oeco.2022.2601.09.

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Medium- and large-sized wild mammals (MLSWM) are little known in protected areas. I carried a survey of MLSWM at the Reserva Biológica Municipal Moreno Fortes (REBIO-MF) in Dois Irmãos das Missões, Rio Grande do Sul state (RS), Brazil, using active search, footprint traps and interviews with residents. This work provided a list of 26 species of MLSWM. This number represent 60% of MLSWM species of Rio Grande do Sul state and 70% of those found in the region. Among them, 54% are included in the list fauna of endangered species at the state level, 19% at the national level, and 23% globally. The Crab-eating Fox (Cerdocyon thous) was the most registered and common species. The interviewees reported 24 species, 12 of which were not registered using active search and footprint traps methods. Such informations indicates REBIO-MF as an important place for MLSWM at RS.

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Feldman, Hilary N. "Methods of scent marking in the domestic cat." Canadian Journal of Zoology 72, no. 6 (June 1, 1994): 1093–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z94-147.

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Carnivores use various scent-marking methods. Semi-feral domestic cats (Felis silvestris catus) were observed to use the same means as their wild counterparts. Adult males performed most urine spray marking. Cats scratched tree bark, producing a visual mark, and probably used trees both as markers and for claw sharpening. Most scratching trees were located along frequently used paths rather than along territorial boundaries or scattered randomly throughout a home range. Bark consistency affected the tree species that were scratched, with soft bark preferred. Although deposition of faeces and urine was recorded, there was no clear evidence for their use as territorial markers; cats primarily eliminated away from the core area of the home range. Most faeces were buried, although exposed deposits were also observed. Cats also rubbed against objects, probably using glandular secretions from the face and tail areas to scent mark. Males rubbed objects more than females, and males scent marked more. Individual males may use different means of scent marking. Scent marking in this study supports the idea that cats do not defend territories, instead patrolling and reinforcing marks throughout a looser home range. The suggestion has been made that different forms of marking may serve separate signalling functions.

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Hernández-Campoy, J. M. "English in its socio-historical context." English Today 29, no. 3 (August 15, 2013): 58–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266078413000217.

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Since Romaine's (1982) pioneering work, historical sociolinguistics has been studying the relationships between language and society in its socio-historical context by focusing on the study of language variation and change with the use of variationist methods. Work on this interdisciplinary sub-field subsisting on sociology, history and linguistics is expanding, as shown, for example, by Milroy (1992), Nevalainen & Raumolin-Brunberg (1996; 2003), Ammon, Mattheier & Nelde (1999), Jahr (1999), Kastovsky & Mettinger (2000), Bergs (2005), Conde-Silvestre (2007), Trudgill (2010), or Hernández-Campoy & Conde-Silvestre (2012). These works have been elucidating the theoretical limits of the discipline and applying the tenets and findings of contemporary sociolinguistic research to the interpretation of linguistic material from the past. Yet in the course of this development historical sociolinguistics has sometimes been criticised for lack of representativeness and its empirical validity has occasionally been questioned. Fortunately, in parallel to the development of electronic corpora, the assistance of corpus linguistics and social history has conferred ‘empirical’ ease and ‘historical’ confidence on the discipline.

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González-Gallina, Alberto, Griselda Benítez-Badillo, Mircea G. Hidalgo-Mihart, Miguel Equihua, and Octavio R. Rojas-Soto. "Roadkills as a complementary information source for biological surveys using rodents as a model." Journal of Mammalogy 97, no. 1 (November 13, 2015): 145–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/gyv165.

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Abstract Roads affect wildlife in many ways, with roadkills probably the most conspicuous. In Mexico, there is increasing interest in this effect on wildlife. Together, richness and abundance can be used to predict trends for wild populations, and our study analyzes these variables for rodents killed by vehicles and trapped along a 14-km stretch of an A-type roadway in Veracruz, Mexico, from June 2010 to March 2011. Our study area had 2 habitat types: shrubland on lava flow and grassland. Over the course of the study, we monitored this stretch of highway by car for 34 days of effective sampling. When we spotted an animal, we stopped to record it. In the surrounding habitats, traps were set for 28 nights with 36 traps per habitat (total effort: 1,008 trap nights). The richness of trapped rodents was 9 species and for roadkills it was 14. The 2 sampling methods shared 7 species. The differential contribution was 2 species in trapping and 7 in roadkills. The complementarity index was 99.36. For both methods, the dominant species were mice of the genus Peromyscus ( Peromyscus difficilis for the shrubland and Peromyscus maniculatus for the grassland). Roadkills were a very representative source of information for the purposes of biological inventory and even for identifying the dominance pattern in species composition, thus offered a useful method for supplementing information obtained from traditional trapping. Highways threaten biodiversity mainly because they fragment habitats and further expose other habitats to impact by humans, but also because of their potential as a direct mortality factor. Careful interpretation of roadkill data can be a useful tool whose value for biologists has not yet been fully appreciated. Los caminos afectan a la fauna silvestre de muchas maneras, probablemente la más conspicua son los atropellamientos. En México, recientemente, algunos estudios comienzan a señalar con mayor interés el problema. Este estudio se enfoca en evaluar la riqueza y abundancia de roedores atropellados a lo largo de un segmento de 14 km de la carretera tipo A2 en el estado de Veracruz, abarcando desde junio de 2010 hasta marzo del 2011, Además, estos pueden predecir las tendencias de las poblaciones silvestres que habitan en la zona aledaña, compuesta por dos hábitats: malpaís y un llano. Durante el estudio, el camino se revisó desde el auto durante 34 días efectivos de muestreo carretero y un total de 28 noches de trampeo, que representa un esfuerzo de 1008 noches/trampa. Se obtuvo una riqueza de roedores de nueve especies por trampeo contra 14 encontradas atropelladas, con siete especies compartidas entre métodos. La contribución diferencia fue de dos especies por trampeo y siete por atropellamiento. Se obtuvo un índice de complementariedad de 99.36. Las especies dominantes en ambos métodos fueron los ratones del género Peromyscus ( P. difficilis para el malpaís y P. maniculatus para el llano). Los atropellamientos fueron una fuente eficiente de información biológica para inventarios e incluso permitieron identificar patrones de dominancia en la composición de especies. Por tanto, resaltamos su valor complementario a métodos tradicionales de trampeo. Las carreteras represantan una amenaza para la biodiversidad principalmente por que causan fragmentación de los hábitats exponiendo así más de estos al impacto humano, pero también por su potencial como un factor de mortalidad. Podemos explotar esto mediante la cuidadosa interpretación de información proporcionada por los atropellamientos, convirtiéndose en una herramienta útil para biólogos que hasta la fecha ha sido menospreciada.

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Sousa, Sebastiana Adriana Pereira, Helcileia Dias Santos, Cristiane América de Carvalho, Aline Marinho Machado, Letícia Espindola de Oliveira, Taiã Mairon Peixoto Ribeiro, Adriana Genelhá Carreira, et al. "Acute visceral leishmaniasis in a domestic cat (Felis silvestris catus) from the state of Tocantins, Brazil." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 40, no. 4 (June 7, 2019): 1723. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2019v40n4p1723.

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Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is expanding in the Brazilian territory. Dogs are considered an important urban reservoir; however, studies have demonstrated the presence of infected cats in some Brazilian states. This report aimed to describe a case of Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum infection in a two-month-old domestic feline from a Brazilian region with a high incidence of human visceral leishmaniasis. The analyzed samples were the cat’s blood, conjunctiva, spleen, liver, popliteal, submandibular and mesenteric lymph nodes, skin, lung and kidney. The diagnostic methods were: parasitological examination, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and an immunoflurescence antibody test (IFAT). All tissues were positive. The title obtained using the IFAT was 1:160. The animal was negative for feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and feline leukemia virus (FeLV). This work addresses the first case of feline leishmaniasis in the state of Tocantins, and reveals data that may contribute to the knowledge of the disease, since it has been shown to be able to develop rapidly and fatally in kittens, with the ability to infect several tissues.

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Gemell, L. G., E. J. Hartley, and R. J. Roughley. "Counting Rhizobium sp. (Phaseolus) by a plant-infection method using a small-seeded cultivar of Phaseolus silvestre L. grown enclosed in test tubes." Soil Biology and Biochemistry 27, no. 4-5 (April 1995): 713–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0038-0717(95)98653-6.

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Kubowicz, Dorota, and Ewa Grodzka. "The use of cultivars of Raphanus sativus for cytokinin bioassay." Acta Agrobotanica 40, no. 1-2 (2013): 21–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/aa.1987.003.

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Six cultivars of radish (Raphanus sativus) were tested for their usefulness in radish cytokinin bioassay by the method of Letham (1971). The best cultivar was found to be 'Sopel Lodu' which responds well to both zeatin and 2iP over a wide range of concentrations. The fresh weight of cotyledons increased at most by 71.5% (if treated with zeatin) or 101.0% (if treated with 2iP) compared to untreated cotyledons. This cultivar is also sensitive to the partially purified cytokinin-like fraction isolated from the pine (Pinus silvestris) cambial region. The cultivar 'Sopel Lodu' is therefore proposed to be a suitable plant for cytokinin bioassays.

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Chen, Wenxiong, Congming Li, and Yan Li. "A direct blowing-up and rescaling argument on nonlocal elliptic equations." International Journal of Mathematics 27, no. 08 (July 2016): 1650064. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129167x16500646.

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In this paper, we develop a direct blowing-up and rescaling argument for nonlinear equations involving nonlocal elliptic operators including the fractional Laplacian. Instead of using the conventional extension method introduced by Caffarelli and Silvestre to localize the problem, we work directly on the nonlocal operator. Using the defining integral, by an elementary approach, we carry on a blowing-up and rescaling argument directly on the nonlocal equations and thus obtain a priori estimates on the positive solutions. Based on this estimate and the Leray–Schauder degree theory, we establish the existence of positive solutions. We believe that the ideas introduced here can be applied to problems involving more general nonlocal operators.

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DeSalle, Rob, L. Val Giddings, and Alan R. Templeton. "Mitochondrial DNA variability in natural populations of Hawaiian Drosophila. I. Methods and levels of variability in D. silvestris and D. heteroneura populations." Heredity 56, no. 1 (February 1986): 75–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/hdy.1986.11.

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Gowin, Teresa, and Igor Góral. "Chlorophyll and pheophytin content in needles of different age of trees growing under conditions of chronic industrial pollution." Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 46, no. 1 (2015): 151–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/asbp.1977.012.

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Chlorophyll and pheophytin content was determined by means of Vernon method (Vernon, 1960) in needles of different age. Needles of Pinus strobus L., Pinus nigra Arnd., Pinus silvestris L., and Pseudotsuga menziesii Franco growing under conditions of chronic industrial pollution as well as under unpolluted conditions were examined. High pheophytin content was found in needles of trees growing under the conditions of chronic pollution. The youngest needles always showed the highest pheophytin content' as related to Chlorophyll content. The examined species showed different degree of Chlorophyll decomposition under the influence of polluted environment. Trees growing under control environment showed small and similar amounts of pheophytin in needles of different age. Pheophytin content does not seem to be a convenient indicator to test the effect of pollution before visual symptoms occur, since the method is very labourious and plant material very variable.

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Wells and McDowell. "Laterality as a Tool for Assessing Breed Differences in Emotional Reactivity in the Domestic Cat, Felis silvestris catus." Animals 9, no. 9 (September 3, 2019): 647. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9090647.

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Cat breeds differ enormously in their behavioural disposition, a factor that can impact on the pet-owner relationship, with indirect consequences for animal welfare. This study examined whether lateral bias, in the form of paw preference, can be used as a tool for assessing breed differences in emotional reactivity in the cat. The paw preferences of 4 commonly owned breeds were tested using a food-reaching challenge. Cats were more likely to be paw-preferent than ambilateral. Maine Coons, Ragdolls and Bengals were more likely to be paw-preferent than ambilateral, although only the Bengals showed a consistent preference for using one paw (left) over the other. The strength of the cats’ paw use was related to cat breed, with Persians being more weakly lateralised. Direction of paw use was unrelated to feline breed, but strongly sex-related, with male cats showing a left paw preference and females displaying a right-sided bias. We propose that paw preference measurement could provide a useful method for assessing emotional reactivity in domestic cats. Such information would be of benefit to individuals considering the acquisition of a new cat, and, in the longer term, may help to foster more successful cat-owner relationships, leading to indirect benefits to feline welfare.

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SILVA, F. L., M. S. RUBIO, F. P. SPADA, J. C. P. SPADA, L. A. ANJOS, and A. C. LAURENTIZ. "AVALIAÇÃO COPROPARASITOLÓICA DE AVES SILVESTRES MANTIDAS EM CATIVEIRO PELA TÉCNICA DE FAUST EM ILHA SOLTEIRA-SP / COPROPARASITOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF CAPTIVE WILD BIRDS BY FAUST METHOD IN ILHA SOLTEIRA –SP." Ars Veterinaria 29, no. 4 (October 9, 2013): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.15361/2175-0106.2013v29n4p44.

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Mendoza-Rodríguez, Martha Navid, Leobardo González-Barraza, Lisbet Argüelles-Martínez, Iván Hernández-Ramírez, Margarita Cervantes-Rodríguez, Omar Rodríguez-Salazar, Oscar Antonio Aguilar-Paredes, and Daniel Méndez-Iturbide. "Capacidad antioxidante del fruto silvestre pipisco (Jaltomata procumbens), y su aplicación en la preparación de una salsa." Mexican Journal of Biotechnology 1, no. 2 (January 7, 2016): 83–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.29267/mxjb.2016.1.2.83.

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In this work, the antioxidant capacity of the wild fruit (Jaltomata procumbens) commonly known as “pipisco” was determined. The evaluated samples were: a) Fresh pipisco, b) Pipisco subjected to heat treatment, c) A preparation of a sauce with fresh pipisco and d) Pipisco´s extracts. The antioxidant capacity was determined by spectrophotometric methods ABTS (2,2´-azino-bis(3-ethyl benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt), DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl), TBARS (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances), total carotenoids and polyphenols. In the test of ABTS and DPPH there was evaluated the aptitudes of the sample to trapping the radicals previously mentioned, the reductions of the free radicals was 69.21% ± 0.92 and 95.08% ± 3.38 respectively. In the TBARS there decided a percentage of inhibition of lipoperoxidation of 40.24%. The results in the total carotenoids content were 6.88 ± 0.05 µg/g of sample. The concentration of the total polyphenols in the fruit was 0.2621 ± 1.074 mg equivalents of the gallic acid/g per fruit.

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Zakrzewski, Jacek, and Krzysztof Rakowski. "The effect of cambial zone isolation upon the autolytic system in maturing tracheids of pine (Pinus silvestris L.)." Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 56, no. 3 (2014): 399–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/asbp.1987.037.

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The autolytic protease system in maturing tracheids of the main stem of Pinus silvestris was investigated after separation (using surgical methods) of the cambial zone from the layer of differentiating xylem, in combination with decapitation and IAA application. Separation of the cambium prevented autolysis of the protoplast in maturing tracheids, although the specific activity of proteases was little reduced. It was found that a radial or longitudinal concentration gradient of exogenously applied auxin was not responsible for autolysis, but that it could influence the level of extracted protein, and proteolytic activity. Similarly, decapitation modified, only to small degree, the effects of the cambium separation. Thus, the data from this experiment lead to the conclusion that integration of all cells in the region of xylem formation is a crucial factor for the start of autolytic protoplast breakdown. Possible involvement of auxin waves in the transfer of the positional information for this process is suggested.

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Čonč, Špela, Teresa Oliveira, Ruben Portas, Rok Černe, Mateja Breg Valjavec, and Miha Krofel. "Dolines and Cats: Remote Detection of Karst Depressions and Their Application to Study Wild Felid Ecology." Remote Sensing 14, no. 3 (January 29, 2022): 656. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14030656.

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Automatic methods for detecting and delineating relief features allow remote and low-cost mapping, which has an outstanding potential for wildlife ecology and similar research. We applied a filled-DEM (digital elevation model) method using LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) data to automatically detect dolines and other karst depressions in a rugged terrain of the Dinaric Mountains, Slovenia. Using this approach, we detected 9711 karst depressions in a 137 km2 study area and provided their basic morphometric characteristics, such as perimeter length, area, diameter, depth, and slope. We performed visual validation based on shaded relief, which indicated 83.5% accordance in detecting depressions. Although the method has some drawbacks, it proved suitable for detection, general spatial analysis, and calculation of morphometric characteristics of depressions over a large scale in remote and forested areas. To demonstrate its applicability for wildlife research, we applied it in a preliminary study in combination with GPS-telemetry data to assess the selection of these features by two wild felids, the Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) and the European wildcat (Felis silvestris). Both species selected for vicinity of karst depressions, among which they selected for larger karst depressions. Lynx also regularly killed ungulate prey near these features, as we found more than half of lynx prey remains inside or in close vicinity of karst depressions. These results illustrate that karstic features could play an important role in the ecology of wild felids and warrant further research, which could be considerably assisted with the use of remote detection of relief features.

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Kristensen, María Julia, Juan Lavornia, Virginia Leber, María Paula Pose, Pablo Dellapé, Analía Salle, Lorena Braccalente, Mariano Giarratano, and Mariela Higuera. "Estudios para la conservación de la Pampa austral. I. Diagnóstico de la biodiversidad local." Revista Estudios Ambientales - Environmental Studies Journal 2, no. 1 (August 30, 2014): 105–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.47069/estudios-ambientales.v2i1.1061.

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El artículo sintetiza resultados obtenidos por el Grupo de Estudios de Biodiversidad del CINEA (FCH, UNICEN), cuyo propósito es contribuir a la conservación y sustentabilidad de ecosistemas de la Pampa Austral, en el sudeste de Buenos Aires. El objetivo general fue profundizar en el conocimiento de la biodiversidad nativa, en especial en el área serrana y en la costa Atlántica, y en los efectos que la modificación del paisaje ejercen sobre ella. Los objetivos particulares fueron estudiar la diversidad regional, de líquenes, florística, insectos, aves, mamíferos, anfibios y reptiles; diagnosticar el uso de recursos silvestres -helechos, fauna cinegética, flora medicinal- y estudiar las invasiones de leñosas exóticas. Para cada objetivo se aplicaron metodologías específicas y estandarizadas. Los resultados mostraron mayor riqueza liquénica saxícola (49 spp) que corticícola (13 spp) y una riqueza de aves en pastizales de 53 spp. De 9 especies de anfibios, 12 reptiles y 18 mamíferos citados para Tandil, 17 caen en un rango de mayor vulnerabilidad. Se determinaron 134 especies de insectos heterópteros y una primera cita de la Argentina del género Esuris. Se identificaron problemáticas en la Reserva A° Zabala que comprometen sus objetivos de conservación. Rumohra adiantiformis constituye un recurso silvestre, que sin estar regulado abastece al mercado central de flores. La caza es una actividad comercial de exportación, que se realiza mediante prácticas ilegales. Se constató que la flora serrana potencialmente medicinal no es utilizada y que hay leñosas exóticas invasoras. Se comprobó que la confluencia de disturbios antrópicos propicia la propagación de retamillares. Abstract This article synthesizes the research conducted at the Biodiversity Research Group of CINEA (FCH, UNICEN) with the purpose of contributing to the conservation and sustainability of the Southern Pampas in SE of Buenos Aires. The general aim was to study the native biodiversity, especially in the mountain areas and the Atlantic coast, and the effects of human impacts and landscape modification. Specific aims were: to study the regional flora, lichen, plant, bird, mammal, amphibian, reptile and insect diversity; to diagnose the use of wildlife resources (ornamental ferns, game, and medicinal plants); and to study woody alien plant invasions. We applied specific and standardized methods for each aim. The results showed a greater diversity of saxicolous (49 spp) than corticolous lichens (13 spp) and a bird species richness of 53 spp in grasslands. A total of 17 species out of 9 amphibians, 12 reptiles, and 18 mammals showed higher vulnerability. 134 species of Heteroptera were identified in 31 families, including the genus Esuris for the first time from Argentina. Problems compromising conservation objectives were identified in Arroyo Zabala Reserve. Fern Rumohra adiantiformis is an abundant resource in the market, though unregulated by laws. Hunting is a commercial export activity performed via illegal practices. The potential medicinal flora of the Sierras is not harnessed and there are exotic invasive trees. Human disturbance favors the propagation of French Broom Genista monspessulana.

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Gyӧrke, Adriana, Mirabela Oana Dumitrache, Zsuzsa Kalmár, Anamaria Ioana Paştiu, and Viorica Mircean. "Molecular Survey of Metastrongyloid Lungworms in Domestic Cats (Felis silvestris catus) from Romania: A Retrospective Study (2008–2011)." Pathogens 9, no. 2 (January 26, 2020): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9020080.

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Background: Lungworms are recognized as important agents in the pathology of the respiratory system in domestic cats. While Aelurostrongylus abstrusus is worldwide known and studied, Troglostrongylus brevior has gained the attention of the scientific community only in the last decade. The pathogenicity of this species seems to be higher than A. abstrusus, causing more severe clinical presentations and being potentially fatal, especially in young animals. Methods: In this study, 371 DNA isolates of faecal samples were tested by multiplex polymerase chain reaction for the presence of A. abstrusus, T. brevior, and Angiostrongylus chabaudi. Results: The results showed that 30.2% and 6.7% of the investigated domestic cats were positive for A. abstrusus and T. brevior respectively, stressing out the importance of these parasites as agents of respiratory conditions in domestic cats from Romania. None of the samples were positive for A. chabaudi. The age, the outdoor access, and the lack of deworming were identified as significant risk factors for infection with A. abstrusus. Conclusions: This paper represents the first report of T. brevior in domestic cats from Romania. Moreover, it presents the most northern localization in Europe of T. brevior.

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Calegario, Renata Faier, Sávio de Siqueira Ferreira, Eduardo Chumbinho de Andrade, and Francisco Murilo Zerbini. "Characterization of Tomato yellow spot virus, a novel tomato-infecting begomovirus in Brazil." Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira 42, no. 9 (September 2007): 1335–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-204x2007000900016.

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The objective of this work was the biological and molecular characterization of a begomovirus detected in São Joaquim de Bicas, Minas Gerais, Brazil, named TGV-[Bi2], by determining its host range, complete nucleotide sequence and phylogenetic relationships with other begomoviruses. Biological characterization consisted of a host range study using either sap inoculation or particle bombardment as inoculation methods. The yellow spot virus can infect plants in Solanaceae and Amaranthaceae, including economically importat crops as sweet pepper, and weeds as Datura stramonium and Nicotiana silvestris. For the molecular characterization, the full-length genome (DNA-A and DNA-B) was amplified, cloned and completely sequenced. Sequence comparisons and phylogenetic analyses indicated that TGV-[Bi2] constitutes a novel begomovirus species named Tomato yellow spot virus (ToYSV), closely related to Sida mottle virus (SiMoV).

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Journal articles on the topic 'Silvesters' method'

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