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Journal articles on the topic 'Silvereyes'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Stanley, Margaret C., and Alan Lill. "Importance of Seed Ingestion to an Avian Frugivore: An Experimental Approach to Fruit Choice Based on Seed Load." Auk 119, no. 1 (January 1, 2002): 175–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/auk/119.1.175.

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Abstract Frugivorous birds may be able to reduce the cost of processing seeds by discarding seeds, selecting fruits that have a high pulp-to-seed ratio, or by choosing fruit in which seeds are packaged in a way that the frugivore's gut can void them more rapidly. A preference for fruit based on pulp-to-seed ratio or seed composition within a fruit is likely to have important implications for plants and evolution of seed size. We tested whether captive Silvereyes (Zosterops lateralis) discriminate among artificial fruit on the basis of seed presence by presenting birds with artificial fruit with or without a seed. In the first experiment, fruit were translucent so that birds could see which fruit contained a seed. In the second experiment, the visual cue was removed. When Silvereyes were presented with a choice between translucent, artificial fruit with or without a seed, they showed a strong preference for fruit that did not contain a seed. However, when the visual cue to seed presence was removed, preference for seedless fruit was still significant, but markedly reduced. We also tested seed-size preference of Silvereyes in the field in Victoria, Australia. Seeds from a fruit commonly consumed by Silvereyes, fragrant saltbush (Rhagodia parabolica), were recovered from Silvereye faecal samples and their volumes measured. Comparisons were made between seed volumes of fruit consumed by Silvereyes and those within fruit available on the plant. Silvereyes consumed significantly smaller seeds than the mean size available on saltbush plants. When Silvereyes were presented with a cereal-based diet containing artificial seeds (designed to mimic large fruit containing many small seeds), they avoided seed ingestion and were able to consume proportionally more cereal than seeds, even when on a high seed-load diet (30%). Seed dispersal by Silvereyes may be inefficient for plant species with large fruit containing many small seeds, because Silvereyes in this experiment were able to avoid ingesting seeds.

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2

Stanley, Margaret C., and Alan Lill. "Accessibility as a factor influencing frugivory by silvereyes (Zosterops lateralis): field comparisons with aviary experiments." Australian Journal of Zoology 49, no. 2 (2001): 171. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo00085.

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The influence of accessibility on the fruit preferences of frugivorous silvereyes (Zosterops lateralis) was examined in three different contexts: for captive individuals, in a captive group and in a field situation. Individual silvereyes in small cages were presented with identical artificial fruit that differed only in their accessibility from a perch. The birds removed fruit that could be obtained by ‘picking’ rather than by ‘reaching up’ and avoided ‘hanging’ to remove fruit. A second experiment tested the response of silvereyes to fruit accessibility in a large aviary where birds fed in a group. The artificial fruit were presented at a larger and more natural scale on artificial trees. In this experiment, silvereyes again avoided ‘hanging’ to obtain fruit; however, these birds showed no preference for ‘picking’ over ‘reaching up’. Foraging observations of silvereyes were recorded for three different plant species in the field. Silvereyes generally avoided ‘hanging’ to remove fruit, although the foraging method used varied with the species of plant on which the bird was foraging. The foraging method used by avian frugivores to remove fruit is likely to be influenced by plant morphology, as well as the morphology of the bird. The strong preference shown by silvereyes for fruit that are more accessible suggests that when other fruit characteristics are equal, accessibility is important in influencing fruit-removal patterns. However, this may be affected by the context in which the fruit is presented. Properties of the fruiting plant, such as the branching pattern, perch stability and position of the fruit display, are likely to influence fruit preference. These aspects of plant structure should be considered when assessing foraging behaviour and resource use by frugivorous birds.

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3

Stanley, Margaret C., and Alan Lill. "Response of silvereyes (Zosterops lateralis) to dietary tannins: the paradox of secondary metabolites in ripe fruit." Australian Journal of Zoology 49, no. 6 (2001): 633. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo01042.

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There are many secondary metabolites in ripe fruit that are toxic to vertebrate consumers. The most prevalent explanation for their presence in ripe fruit is to protect the fruit against consumers that do not disperse viable seeds. It has been hypothesised that seed dispersers are not deterred by, or can tolerate, the consumption of secondary metabolites in ripe fruit. We tested whether silvereyes (Zosterops lateralis), which are known seed dispersers, were deterred by quebracho (condensed tannins) presented in two different food types. In the first experiment, silvereyes were given artificial fruit containing either 0% or 5% quebracho and their fruit consumption was measured. A second experiment recorded consumption of a cereal-based, long-term maintenance diet containing either 0% or 5% quebracho. Silvereyes did not exhibit a significant preference for artificial fruit that did not contain quebracho: 39.9% of the fruit consumed did contain quebracho. However, silvereyes strongly avoided the cereal diet containing quebracho, consuming, on average, only 0.36 g (0.06 g) of cereal per 5 h compared with 17.3 g (0.23 g) of cereal that did not contain quebracho. We suggest that because the artificial fruit were swallowed whole by silvereyes, the quebracho may not have been detected as easily in the time available as it would have been in the aqueous cereal diet. Consumption of fruit containing secondary metabolites by wild silvereyes is likely to depend on factors such as food availability, nutrient content of the fruit and the degree of diet mixing.

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4

Grant, P. R. "Founder effects and silvereyes." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 99, no. 12 (June 11, 2002): 7818–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.132260299.

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5

Stanley, Margaret C., and Alan Lill. "Does Seed Packaging Influence Fruit Consumption and Seed Passage in an Avian Frugivore?" Condor 104, no. 1 (February 1, 2002): 136–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/condor/104.1.136.

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AbstractSeed packaging is one fruit characteristic that may influence post-ingestional fruit processing in avian frugivores. We tested the response of a facultative frugivore, the Silvereye (Zosterops lateralis), to fruit containing different forms of seed packaging. Wild-caught, captive Silvereyes were presented with artificial fruit containing either one large seed or three small seeds of equivalent total volume, and their consumption rates were recorded over 90 min. In a second experiment, the seed transit times (ingestion to excretion) for similar large-seeded and small-seeded fruit consumed by Silvereyes were recorded. Silvereyes consumed significantly more large-seeded fruit than small-seeded fruit. The transit time of seeds was also significantly shorter for large-seeded (mean = 22 min) than for small-seeded fruit (mean = 29 min). Thus seed packaging had a significant influence on the rate at which fruit were processed. Silvereyes were able to consume more large-seeded than small-seeded fruit because the seeds in large-seeded fruit were defecated faster than those in small-seeded fruit. It is likely that Silvereyes can compensate for the costs of seed ingestion through having a rapid gut passage rate and hence an increased fruit consumption rate. The gut of Silvereyes showed morphological characters intermediate between insectivores and specialist frugivores. The dimensions of the intestine and gizzard were like those of insectivores and the gizzard was substantially larger than those of specialist frugivores. Facultative frugivores appear to have few morphological adaptations to frugivory and we argue that this facilitates plasticity in the diet and the processing of insects when fruit is not available.¿Influencia el Empaquetamiento de Semillas el Consumo de Frutos y el Tiempo de Tránsito en Aves Frugívoras?Resumen. El empaquetamiento de semillas es una característica que puede influenciar el procesamiento de frutos post ingestión en aves frugivoras. Pusimos a prueba la respuesta de un frugívoro facultativo (Zosterops lateralis) a frutos con distintas formas de empaquetamiento de semillas. Individuos de Z. lateralis silvestres fueron capturados y expuestos a frutos artificiales de volumen equivalente con una semilla grande o con tres semillas pequeñas y su tasa de consumo fue registrada durante 90 minutos. En un segundo experimento, se registró el tiempo de tránsito (de ingesta a defecación) de frutos similares con semillas grandes y pequeñas. Z. lateralis consumió una significativamente mayor cantidad de frutos con semillas grandes que de frutos con semillas pequeñas. El tiempo de tránsito de semillas grandes fué significativamente menor (promedio = 22 min) que el de semillas pequeñas (promedio = 29 min). Por lo tanto, el empaquetamiento de semillas tuvo una influencia significativa sobre la tasa a la que los frutos fueron procesados. Z. lateralis fue capaz de consumir más frutos con semillas grandes ya que sus semillas fueron defecadas más rápidamente que las de frutos con semillas pequeñas. Es probable que Z. lateralis pueda compensar el costo de la ingesta de semillas con un paso rápido a través del tracto digestivo lo que se traduce en un aumento en la tasa de consumo de frutos. El tracto digestivo de Z. lateralis muestra caracteres morfológicos intermedios entre los de insectívoros y frugívoros especialistas. Las dimensiones de los intestinos y la molleja son similares a las de insectívoros y la molleja es sustancialmente más grande que la de los frugívoros especialistas. Los frugívoros facultativos parecieran tener pocas adaptaciones morfológicas a la frugivoría. Sugerimos que esto facilita una mayor plasticidad en la dieta y en el procesamiento de insectos cuando existe poca disponibilidad de frutos.

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6

Stanley, M. C., E. Smallwood, and A. Lill. "The response of captive silvereyes (Zosterops lateralis) to the colour and size of fruit." Australian Journal of Zoology 50, no. 2 (2002): 205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo01035.

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Birds are important consumers and dispersers of the seeds of fleshy fruit and some have been shown to be selective in their choice of fruit. However, our knowledge of how birds respond to a variety of fruit characteristics is poor. Some birds are known to avoid green fruit or consume them less than fruit of other colours. The fruit of many plant species are green when they are unripe and contain low concentrations of sugars and high concentrations of secondary compounds. In this study, captive silvereyes (Zosterops lateralis) were presented with a choice of red, white and green artificial fruit. Half of them were given these fruit with equal sugar concentrations (15%) and the other half were given the choice but with the green fruit having a sugar concentration twice that of the other two colours (30%). Green fruit were not strongly avoided by silvereyes and were actually preferred when they had a higher sugar concentration than the other two fruit types (red and white). Sugar concentration was therefore a more important determinant of fruit choice than colour. Fruit size is also known to affect fruit choice in some bird species. Small fruit are easier to consume than larger fruit, but contain less pulp. To maximise energy gain, birds should consume fruit that are large, but not large enough to incur high handling costs. Silvereyes in this study were presented with a choice between 20 artificial fruit 4 mm in diameter (large fruit) and 20 artificial fruit 2 mm in diameter (small fruit), both of which they are able to consume. In this experiment, silvereyes exhibited a strong preference for large fruit over small fruit. In general, larger fruit contain more pulp and therefore more energy than smaller fruit. However, other fruit traits, such as seed load, are likely to influence fruit choice by silvereyes in the wild and result in a trait hierarchy.

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7

Kikkawa, Jiro, and Janice M. Wilson. "Fighting Strategies of Silvereyes, Zosterops lateralis." Journal of the Yamashina Institute for Ornithology 34, no. 1 (2002): 60–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3312/jyio1952.34.60.

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8

Wiltschko, Wolfgang, Ursula Munro, Hugh Ford, and Roswitha Wiltschko. "Lateralisation of magnetic compass orientation in silvereyes, Zosterops lateralis." Australian Journal of Zoology 51, no. 6 (2003): 597. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo03022.

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The ability of migratory silvereyes to orient was tested in the geomagnetic field with one eye covered. Silvereyes using only their right eye were able to orient in migratory direction just as well as birds using both eyes. Using only their left eye, however, the birds did not show a significant directional preference. These data indicate that directional information from the magnetic field is mediated almost exclusively by the right eye and processed by the left hemisphere of the brain. Together with corresponding findings from European robins and indications for a similar phenomenon in homing pigeons, they suggest that a strong lateralisation of the magnetic compass is widespread among birds.

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9

Catterall, Carla P. "The Economics of Winter Fighting in Silvereyes." Emu - Austral Ornithology 89, no. 3 (September 1989): 173–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mu9890173.

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10

Potvin, Dominique A., Kirsten M. Parris, and Raoul A. Mulder. "Geographically pervasive effects of urban noise on frequency and syllable rate of songs and calls in silvereyes ( Zosterops lateralis )." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 278, no. 1717 (January 5, 2011): 2464–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2010.2296.

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Recent studies in the Northern Hemisphere have shown that songbirds living in noisy urban environments sing at higher frequencies than their rural counterparts. However, several aspects of this phenomenon remain poorly understood. These include the geographical scale over which such patterns occur (most studies have compared local populations), and whether they involve phenotypic plasticity or microevolutionary change. We conducted a field study of silvereye ( Zosterops lateralis ) vocalizations over more than 1 million km 2 of urban and rural south-eastern Australia, and compared possible effects of urban noise on songs (which are learned) and contact calls (which are innate). Across 14 paired urban and rural populations, silvereyes consistently sang both songs and contact calls at higher frequencies in urban environments. Syllable rate (syllables per second) decreased in urban environments, consistent with the hypothesis that reflective structures degrade song and encourage longer intervals between syllables. This comprehensive study is, to our knowledge, the first to demonstrate varied adaptations of urban bird vocalizations over a vast geographical area, and to provide insight into the mechanism responsible for these changes.

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11

Puckey, Helen L., Alan Lill, and Dennis J. O'Dowd. "Fruit Color Choices of Captive Silvereyes (Zosterops lateralis)." Condor 98, no. 4 (November 1996): 780–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1369858.

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12

Maddocks, Tracy A., and Fritz Geiser. "Energetics, Thermoregulation and Nocturnal Hypothermia in Australian Silvereyes." Condor 99, no. 1 (February 1997): 104–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1370228.

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13

McCallum, Hamish, Jiro Kikkawa, and Carla Catterall. "Density dependence in an island population of silvereyes." Ecology Letters 3, no. 2 (March 2000): 95–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1461-0248.2000.00120.x.

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14

Wilson, Janice M. "Variation in initiator strategy in fighting by silvereyes." Animal Behaviour 47, no. 1 (January 1994): 153–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/anbe.1994.1017.

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15

Rooke, IJ, SD Bradshaw, RA Langworthy, and JA Tom. "Annual Cycle of Physiological Stress and Condition of the Silvereye, Zosterops-Lateralis (Aves)." Australian Journal of Zoology 34, no. 4 (1986): 493. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo9860493.

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The physiological condition of a natural population of silvereyes was monitored near Margaret River in Western Australia in each month for a complete year. Plasma samples were analysed for total corticosteroids, glucose, osmolality, urea, sodium, potassium and chloride; blood haematocrit was recorded. Carcasses were processed to yield body weight, total body water, fat content, lean dry-body weight and lean dry weight of the breast muscles. These results showed that in March total corticosteroids were high, haematocrit was low and fat contents were low. In June, fat contents were low and urea levels were high. Although breast muscle weights did not differ significantly between months, lower mean values during June may indicate that the labile protein content is 58% lower than in May. These results indicate that silvereyes are stressed in March and in poor condition in March and June. March and June may be the periods when natural mortality limits the population size, even in years when the March food supply is adequate.

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16

Wiltschko, Wolfgang, Ursula Munro, Hugh Ford, and Roswitha Wiltschko. "Avian orientation: the pulse effect is mediated by the magnetite receptors in the upper beak." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 276, no. 1665 (March 11, 2009): 2227–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2009.0050.

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Migratory silvereyes treated with a strong magnetic pulse shift their headings by approximately 90°, indicating an involvement of magnetite-based receptors in the orientation process. Structures containing superparamagnetic magnetite have been described in the inner skin at the edges of the upper beak of birds, while single-domain magnetite particles are indicated in the nasal cavity. To test which of these structures mediate the pulse effect, we subjected migratory silvereyes, Zosterops l. lateralis , to a strong pulse, and then tested their orientation, while the skin of their upper beak was anaesthetized with a local anaesthetic to temporarily deactivate the magnetite-containing structures there. After the pulse, birds without anaesthesia showed the typical shift, whereas when their beak was anaesthetized, they maintained their original headings. This indicates that the superparamagnetic magnetite-containing structures in the skin of the upper beak are most likely the magnetoreceptors that cause the change in headings observed after pulse treatment.

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17

Munro, Ursula, John A. Munro, John B. Phillips, and Wolfgang Wiltschko. "Effect of Wavelength of Light and Pulse Magnetisation on Different Magnetoreception Systems in a Migratory Bird." Australian Journal of Zoology 45, no. 2 (1997): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo96066.

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Two hypotheses on magnetoreception in animals are currently discussed. The first hypothesis is based on light-dependent processes associated with the visual system, while the second hypothesis suggests that magnetoreception is based on biogenic magnetite. Both mechanisms are supported by experimental evidence, but whether the information they provide involves the magnetic compass or the ‘map’ is still open. In order to identify the relevance of light-dependent or magnetite-transduced processes in magnetoreception, juvenile migratory birds were tested for their orientation behaviour in the natural geomagnetic field as the only directional cue available to them. The test birds were juvenile Tasmanian silvereyes (Zosterops l. lateralis), which were caught on their native island soon after fledging, before they had an opportunity to establish a navigational ‘map’. (1) Under ‘white’ (full spectrum) and green light (571 nm), they were well oriented in their appropriate migratory direction, while they were disoriented under red light (633 nm). This coincides with previous findings on adult silvereyes and suggests that light-dependent processes are involved in an orientation mechanism used by both juvenile and adult migrants, namely the magnetic compass. (2) A short, high-intensity magnetic pulse, a treatment designed to alter the magnetisation of magnetite, did not affect the young birds´ orientation. They continued to select their seasonally appropriate migratory direction. In contrast, adult silvereyes from the same population had responded in a previous study with a 90° clockwise deflection from their normal migratory course. These results suggest that (a) magnetite is involved in an orientation mechanism used exclusively by adult migrants; and (b) a magnetite-based receptor is associated with the navigational ‘map’, which provides information on geographic position.

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18

Knape, Jonas, Niclas Jonzén, Martin Sköld, Jiro Kikkawa, and Hamish McCallum. "Individual heterogeneity and senescence in Silvereyes on Heron Island." Ecology 92, no. 4 (April 2011): 813–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/10-0183.1.

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19

Bruce, Penelope J., and Jiro Kikkawa. "A Sexual Difference in the Contact Calls of Silvereyes." Emu - Austral Ornithology 88, no. 3 (September 1988): 188–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mu9880188.

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20

Chan, Ken. "Nocturnal Activity of Caged Resident and Migrant Silvereyes (Zosteropidae: Aves)." Ethology 96, no. 4 (April 26, 2010): 313–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0310.1994.tb01019.x.

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21

Potvin, Dominique A., and Kirsten M. Parris. "Song convergence in multiple urban populations of silvereyes (Zosterops lateralis)." Ecology and Evolution 2, no. 8 (July 16, 2012): 1977–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ece3.320.

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22

Maddocks, Tracy A., and Fritz Geiser. "Seasonal variations in thermal energetics of Australian silvereyes (Zosterops lateralis)." Journal of Zoology 252, no. 3 (November 2000): 327–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.2000.tb00627.x.

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23

Waite, Edward, Gerard P. Closs, Yolanda van Heezik, and Katharine J. M. Dickinson. "Resource availability and foraging of Silvereyes (Zosterops lateralis) in urban trees." Emu - Austral Ornithology 113, no. 1 (March 2013): 26–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mu11093.

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24

Slater, Penelope J. "The Response of Silvereyes to Individual Variation in their Territorial Song." Emu - Austral Ornithology 91, no. 1 (March 1991): 36–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mu9910036.

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25

Funnell, Julie R., and Ursula Munro. "Orientation in captive migratory and sedentary Australian silvereyes Zosterops lateralis (Zosteropidae)." Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 61, no. 3 (September 26, 2006): 337–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00265-006-0262-5.

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26

Wiltschko, W., R. Wiltschko, U. Munro, and H. Ford. "Magnetic versus celestial cues: cue-conflict experiments with migrating silvereyes at dusk." Journal of Comparative Physiology A: Sensory, Neural, and Behavioral Physiology 182, no. 4 (March 9, 1998): 521–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003590050199.

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27

JANSEN, AMY. "Acquisition of foraging skills by Heron Island Silvereyes Zosterops later alis chlorocephala." Ibis 132, no. 1 (April 3, 2008): 95–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919x.1990.tb01019.x.

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28

BARNETT, CRAIG A., and JAMES V. BRISKIE. "Silvereyes Zosterops lateralis increase incubation attentiveness in response to increased food availability." Ibis 152, no. 1 (October 5, 2009): 169–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919x.2009.00970.x.

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29

Munro, Ursula, Julie R. Funnell, and Audrey S. Thomson. "Moult in captive partially migratory and sedentary Australian silvereyes (Zosterops lateralis) (Zosteropidae)." Journal of Ornithology 147, no. 2 (February 24, 2006): 287–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10336-006-0056-6.

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30

Barnett, Craig A., and James V. Briskie. "Energetic state and the performance of dawn chorus in silvereyes (Zosterops lateralis)." Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 61, no. 4 (December 5, 2006): 579–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00265-006-0286-x.

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31

Degnan, Sandie M. "Genetic Variability and Population Differentiation Inferred from DNA Fingerprinting in Silvereyes (Aves: Zosteropidae)." Evolution 47, no. 4 (August 1993): 1105. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2409978.

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32

Chan, Ken. "Diurnal and Nocturnal Patterns of Activity in Resident and Migrant Silvereyes Zosterops lateralis." Emu - Austral Ornithology 95, no. 1 (March 1995): 41–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mu9950041.

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Degnan, Sandie M. "GENETIC VARIABILITY AND POPULATION DIFFERENTIATION INFERRED FROM DNA FINGERPRINTING IN SILVEREYES (AVES: ZOSTEROPIDAE)." Evolution 47, no. 4 (August 1993): 1105–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1993.tb02139.x.

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34

Potvin, Dominique A., Raoul A. Mulder, and Kirsten M. Parris. "Silvereyes decrease acoustic frequency but increase efficacy of alarm calls in urban noise." Animal Behaviour 98 (December 2014): 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2014.09.026.

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35

Potvin, Dominique A., Kirsten M. Parris, and Raoul A. Mulder. "Limited genetic differentiation between acoustically divergent populations of urban and rural silvereyes (Zosterops lateralis)." Evolutionary Ecology 27, no. 2 (June 29, 2012): 381–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10682-012-9591-1.

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36

Deutschlander, Mark E., John B. Phillips, and Ursula Munro. "Age-Dependent Orientation to Magnetically-Simulated Geographic Displacements in Migratory Australian Silvereyes (Zosterops l. lateralis)." Wilson Journal of Ornithology 124, no. 3 (September 2012): 467–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1676/11-043.1.

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37

Catterall, Caria P., Mark A. Elgar, and Jiro Kikkawa. "Vigilance does not covary with group size in an island population of silvereyes (Zosterops lateralis)." Behavioral Ecology 3, no. 3 (1992): 207–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/beheco/3.3.207.

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38

Sendell-Price, Ashley T., Kristen C. Ruegg, Eric C. Anderson, Claudio S. Quilodrán, Benjamin M. Van Doren, Vinh L. Underwood, Tim Coulson, and Sonya M. Clegg. "The Genomic Landscape of Divergence Across the Speciation Continuum in Island-Colonising Silvereyes (Zosterops lateralis)." G3 Genes|Genomes|Genetics 10, no. 9 (September 1, 2020): 3147–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1534/g3.120.401352.

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Abstract Inferring the evolutionary dynamics at play during the process of speciation by analyzing the genomic landscape of divergence is a major pursuit in population genomics. However, empirical assessments of genomic landscapes under varying evolutionary scenarios that are known a priori are few, thereby limiting our ability to achieve this goal. Here we combine RAD-sequencing and individual-based simulations to evaluate the genomic landscape of divergence in the silvereye (Zosterops lateralis). Using pairwise comparisons that differ in divergence timeframe and the presence or absence of gene flow, we document how genomic patterns accumulate along the speciation continuum. In contrast to previous predictions, our results provide limited support for the idea that divergence accumulates around loci under divergent selection or that genomic islands widen with time. While a small number of genomic islands were found in populations diverging with and without gene flow, in few cases were SNPs putatively under selection tightly associated with genomic islands. The transition from localized to genome-wide levels of divergence was captured using individual-based simulations that considered only neutral processes. Our results challenge the ubiquity of existing verbal models that explain the accumulation of genomic differences across the speciation continuum and instead support the idea that divergence both within and outside of genomic islands is important during the speciation process.

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39

Wiltschko, W., U. Munro, H. Ford, and R. Wiltschko. "Effect of a magnetic pulse on the orientation of silvereyes, zosterops l. lateralis, during spring migration." Journal of Experimental Biology 201, no. 23 (December 1, 1998): 3257–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.201.23.3257.

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The orientation behaviour of Australian silvereyes, Zosterops l. lateralis, was tested during their spring migration, when they head southward to their Tasmanian breeding grounds. With only the local geomagnetic field as a cue, the birds significantly preferred their normal southerly migratory direction. Treatment with a short, strong magnetic pulse designed to alter the magnetization of single-domain magnetite led to a significant deflection towards the east for the next 4 days. This was followed by a period of non-oriented behaviour. From day 10 onwards, the birds returned to their original southerly headings. Together with previous findings, these data suggest that the navigational 'map' of these birds includes magnetic parameters and that a magnetite-based receptor provides them with information about their position. The transient nature of the effect is not easily explained on the basis of single-domain magnetite.

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40

Leach, GJ, and HF Recher. "Use of roadside remnants of softwood scrub vegetation by birds in south-eastern Queensland." Wildlife Research 20, no. 2 (1993): 233. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9930233.

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Birds in roadside and remnant patches of vegetation in the Marburg district of south-eastern Queensland were studied from November 1989 to February 1990. Effects of the length, width and height of the tree, shrub and herb layers, and their major components, on the bird community were determined. In all, 43 species of birds were observed in roadside vegetation; 16 of these were abundant and widely distributed. Silvereyes were most frequently observed (240 observations), followed by superb fairy-wrens (59), yellow thornbills (53), double-barred finches (26), red-backed fairy-wrens (25) and Lewin's honeyeaters (20). Apart from silvereyes (20-654 of observations), and superb fairy-wrens on two roads (12 and 13%) and yellow thornbills on one (15%), no other species constituted more than 10% of observations on any road. In all, 48 species of birds were observed in remnant patches of vegetation, 14 in all of them. Rates of detection in remnant patches ranged from 2.7 to 5.3 birds per 5 min compared with a mean maximum rate for roadside vegetation of 1.3. The richness of the roadside avifauna increased significantly (P=0.001) as the volume (length x width x height) of the tree component, especially the softwood species, increased. The diversity of tree species in softwood remnants and the greater canopy density appear to be important factors that enhance the bird community. The number of birds was also correlated (P=0.05) with the volume of brigalow, Acacia harpophylla. The correlation of the volume of woody weeddshrubs with the number of birds was low (P=0.05), and with the number of species not significant, even though woody weeds were a major component of roadside vegetation. Although supporting fewer birds than remnant patches of vegetation, roadside vegetation contributes importantly to conservation of the avifauna in the Marburg district. Some simple management practices, such as maintaining a minimum width of undisturbed vegetation and retaining vegetation diversity, would ensure or enhance the long-term conservation benefits. Opportunities to regenerate softwood remnants could also be taken, particularly to enhance the value, and possibly prolong the life, of the associated remnants of brigalow.

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Baker, Myron C. "Silvereyes (Zosterops lateralis) Song Differentiation in an Island-Mainland Comparison: Analyses of a Complex Cultural Trait." Wilson Journal of Ornithology 124, no. 3 (September 2012): 454–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1676/11-172.1.

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Catterall, Carla P., Jiro Kikkawa, and Colin Gray. "Inter-Related Age-Dependent Patterns of Ecology and Behaviour in a Population of Silvereyes (Aves: Zosteropidae)." Journal of Animal Ecology 58, no. 2 (June 1989): 557. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4848.

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43

Pyke, Graham H., and Harry F. Recher. "Seasonal Patterns of Capture Rate and Resource Abundance for Honeyeaters and Silvereyes in Heathland near Sydney." Emu - Austral Ornithology 88, no. 1 (March 1988): 33–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mu9880033.

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44

Liu, Gang, Xiaotong Peng, Zhuofei Ren, Miao Liu, Rui Dang, Yuqi Chen, and Fangbo Liu. "The effect of artificial light with different SPDs and intensities on the sleep onset of silvereyes." Biological Rhythm Research 50, no. 5 (July 23, 2018): 787–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09291016.2018.1498201.

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45

Giles, S., and A. Lill. "The effect of fruit abundance, conspicuousness and sugar concentration on fruit colour choice by captive silvereyes." Ethology Ecology & Evolution 11, no. 3 (July 1999): 229–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08927014.1999.9522825.

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46

McBrydie, H. M., B. G. Howlett, and D. E. Pattemore. "Relative abundance and movement of flower visitors within ‘Black Doris’ plum orchards in Hawke’s Bay, New Zealand." New Zealand Plant Protection 70 (August 8, 2017): 58–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2017.70.28.

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The Japanese plum ‘Black Doris’ (Prunus salicina) is a self-infertile early-flowering crop so insufficient cross pollination and lack of pollinators could be factors to explain reported poor fruit set. This project assessed the relative abundance of flower visitors within a plum orchard and their movements among three orchards, as part of a wider study on plum pollination. Insect surveys conducted over three days across one orchard in 2014 identified a total of 479 individual pollinators. Honey bees represented 94.6% of all pollinators observed. To assess pollinator movement across the crop, 140 individual flower visitors were followed over a five-day period in 2014 and again in 2015 across three orchards. Bumble bees moved further within the orchard and visited more trees per minute than foraging honey bees, while silvereyes visited more than twice as many flowers per minute than any other insect flower visitor.

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47

Stansbury, C. D. "Dispersal of the environmental weed Bridal Creeper, Asparagus asparagoides, by Silvereyes, Zosterops lateralis, in south-western Australia." Emu - Austral Ornithology 101, no. 1 (March 2001): 39–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mu00069.

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SAXTON, VALERIE P., IVO MULDER, GLEN L. CREASY, ADRIAN M. PATERSON, JAMES G. ROSS, and MICHAEL C. T. TROUGHT. "Comparative behavioural responses of silvereyes (Zosterops lateralis) and European blackbirds (Turdus merula) to secondary metabolites in grapes." Austral Ecology 36, no. 3 (June 14, 2010): 233–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-9993.2010.02142.x.

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Eguchi, Kazuhiro. "Temporal changes in food resources, parental feeding and breeding success of Heron Island silvereyes,Zosterops lateralis chlorocephala." Ecological Research 8, no. 3 (December 1993): 319–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02347191.

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50

Wiltschko, Roswitha, Ursula Munro, Hugh Ford, and Wolfgang Wiltschko. "After-Effects of Exposure to Conflicting Celestial and Magnetic Cues at Sunset in Migratory Silvereyes Zosterops l. lateralis." Journal of Avian Biology 30, no. 1 (March 1999): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3677243.

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