Journal articles on the topic 'Silver (Money)'
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1
Zahara, Fatimah. "The Analysis of Maqashid Syariah on the Use of Fiat Money and Dinar Dirham." Budapest International Research and Critics Institute (BIRCI-Journal): Humanities and Social Sciences 3, no. 2 (May 8, 2020): 1216–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.33258/birci.v3i2.964.
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Money as a medium of exchange, has at least two forms, namely fiat money and dinar dirham. This paper discusses the use of fiat money and the use of gold and silver as a currency with its advantages and disadvantages. Furthermore, this article also compares the use of fiat money and dinar dirhams as currency. This paper answers the question of whether gold and silver are the only metals accepted as the currency in the economic system, while other currencies are not. The results of this study indicate that, although the hadith is more likely to state that gold and silver as money, it is not limited to gold and silver. By law, 'Illah of thamaniyyah' which is not restricted to gold and silver but money in general, is supported by Ibn Taymiyah's opinion. In addition to that, the principle of ibahah where in muamalah everything is allowed, as long as it is not prohibited by the texts (Al-Quran and Sunnah). Maqashid Al-Shariah allows other forms other than gold and silver to be used as currency, if the conditions are demanding so. Metals other than gold and silver are accepted, as long as it can facilitate sharia activities such as paying zakat and rejecting usury.
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Candrakusuma, Muslich, and Arif Santoso. "Tinjauan Komprehensif Konsep Uang Taqiyuddin An-Nabhani." Musyarakah: Journal of Sharia Economic (MJSE) 1, no. 1 (April 23, 2021): 20–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.24269/mjse.v1i1.3852.
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Money is one of the pillars of the economy. Money facilitates the process of exchanging commodities and services. Every process of production and distribution must use money. Money has the main function as a medium of exchange, and is derived from other functions such as standard of value, store of value, unit of account. According to Taqiyuddin an-Nabhani, Islam has determined a fixed and standard unit of money in a distinctive form, namely gold and silver. Taqiyuddin normatively proves that money in Islam is gold and silver, or the monetary standard is gold and silver. Historically, it has been proven in history that the gold system is the longest-used currency in human history, and its application is always relevant under any circumstances. Meanwhile, politically, Taqiyuddin argued that the switch to the paper money system was a hoax for the purpose of imperialization.
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Sifat, Imtiaz Mohammad, and Azhar Mohammad. "DESIGNING FITRAH MONEY: A MAQASIDIC DISCOURSE." Journal of Islamic Monetary Economics and Finance 3, no. 2 (March 28, 2018): 388–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.21098/jimf.v3i2.896.
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Academic efforts in concocting a plausible alternative to fiat regime often staggers given inherent constrictions of Islamic jurisprudence and economic technicalities. Despite passionate advocacy of Muslim scholars, the campaign for gold dinar and silver dirham runs into allegations of being simplistic, anachronistic, regressive, unnecessary, and sub-optimal. Shunning the popular Maqasidic and historical approaches in debunking these claims, this paper highlights the need for a return to basics, the default factory settings as designed by God, and trowels a fitrah approach in evaluating gold and silver. As such, we proffer an open-minded approach in formulating an Islamically congruent currency and decry obstinate fixation with gold and silver, which hardly serve the best interests of ummah.
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Park, Na Young. "Where Will the ‘Silver Money’ Go?" European Financial Management 23, no. 3 (September 23, 2016): 459–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/eufm.12099.
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Powell, Marvin. "Money in Mesopotamia." Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 39, no. 3 (1996): 224–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568520962601225.
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AbstractAlthough contemporary preconceptions about what money is or is not sometimes evoke doubt about the existence of money in ancient Mesopotamia, it seems clear that it did exist. Money was substance oriented, and coins, when they finally appear are weighed like any other valuable metal. The most common money substances were barley as cheap money and silver as the more expensive, but other substances were also used. As to the forms or shapes in which money circulated, a number of words in the ancient languages can be identified that probably refer to these forms, but their specific appearance remains, in most cases, unknown.
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Mahdi, Waruno. "Confirmation of an Etymology: xSalaka 'Money Silver'." Oceanic Linguistics 35, no. 1 (June 1996): 142. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3623035.
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McCants, Anne E. C. "Money for Everyone." Journal of Interdisciplinary History 54, no. 4 (2024): 497–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jinh_a_02008.
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Abstract Money, a ubiquitous yet enigmatic concept, defies clear definition despite its long historical use. Naismith’s Making Money in the Early Middle Ages reveals the complexity of early medieval monetary systems, identifying three important developments in their history (the decline of Roman imperial money, the shift from gold currency in favor of silver, and the gradual rise in coin usage over the long Middle Ages). In exploring money’s symbolic and practical characteristics, the book illustrates money’s impact on social relations and hierarchies, opening the door for the human questions that carry implications for justice. By integrating distinct methodologies, the author presents a nuanced understanding of money’s significance in shaping medieval societies, offering an exemplary model for interdisciplinary scholarship.
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Nursyakdiah, Nursyakdiah, and Achmad Hidir. "SILVER MAN'S ACTION IN PEKANBARU CITY." JURNAL ILMIAH GLOBAL EDUCATION 3, no. 2 (December 7, 2022): 136–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.55681/jige.v3i2.341.
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Silver Man is a social phenomenon which is currently being used as a job by some individuals who do not have a job. The purpose of this study was to find out: 1) The rationality of the actions of silver people in Pekanbaru City. 2) The joys and sorrows experienced by the silver man. This study applies a qualitative research method. The theory used is Talcott Parsons Action theory. The number of informants in this study were 4 people. The informant is a silver man. The results of this study are the rationality of the actions shown by the silver man on the main road, the purpose of which is to earn money and fulfill basic needs. Next are the joys and sorrows experienced by silver humans when they act on the streets. The likes that are generally felt are benefactors who give large amounts of money. The sorrows experienced by silver people varied, ranging from being kicked out during an action to never getting any income at all within one day of acting as a silver person.
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Tartory, Hussain. "The cause of ribā in gold and silver and its influence on trading." Hebron University Research Journal (HURJ): B- (Humanities) 15, no. 2 (December 31, 2020): 144–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.60138/15220206.
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Ribā (usury) is absolutely prohibited in Islam. The Hadiṯ enumerated six commodities on which ribā applies (ribawī commodities): gold, silver, wheat, barley, dates, and salt. The scholars of the four schools of Islamic Jurisprudence agreed, however, that ribā applies also to other commodities that share the cause with the six commodities enumerated in the Hadiṯ. This paper investigates (a) the cause of ribā in gold and silver and (b) the consequence of adopting the ṯamaniyah (the intrinsic value of a commodity) cause on selling gold for gold with excess if manufacturing or workmanship of the two varies. This research concludes that the cause of ribā al-nasīʾah (usury in credit transactions) in gold and silver is the ṯamaniyah, i.e., the gold and silver being commodities with intrinsic value, and that the cause of ribā al-faḍl (excess in the exchange of the same commodity) in gold and silver is the ṯamaniyah and the homogeneity of the commodity traded (i.e., gold for gold or silver for silver). It is obligatory that gold is traded in equal weights even if raw or money gold is exchanged for gold jewelry or vice versa. This does not cause hardship on people, however, because trading nowadays is done using fiat money (each currency of which is considered a different sort) and, therefore, people can buy and sell gold for any price of fiat money agreed upon, provided that the price is paid immediately and on the spot.
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Suhendri Irandi. "The Transaction of Damaged Cash Exchange in the Perspective of Islamic Economic Law (Case Study in Medan City)." Britain International of Humanities and Social Sciences (BIoHS) Journal 3, no. 1 (February 11, 2021): 93–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.33258/biohs.v3i1.377.
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From the discussion of damaged cash exchange transactions carried out by corrupted money collectors in the city of Medan, the author can draw several conclusions, as follows: Currency transactions that are unfit for circulation that occur in the city of Medan are closely related to the concept of the sharf contract in the perspective of Islamic economic law. This is, if we look at it from the object being transacted, namely currency, even though the money is money which is not fit for circulation. In this transaction, the terms and conditions in the sharf contract concept must be fulfilled in it. The application of Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 7 of 2011 concerning Money Changes in the community has been running, but is still not optimal. This is because there are still many people who do not know or do not understand how to exchange their damaged cash. Most people feel that the damaged cash they have is no longer sold to be spent. In fact, based on the Regulation of Members of the Board of Governors Number 19/13 / PDADG / 2017 concerning Rupiah Currency Exchange, it explains the procedure for exchanging money that is not fit for circulation. In the perspective of Islamic economic law, the practice of changing corrupted money by the corrupt money-seeking community is divided into three opinions. One opinion says, it is legally forbidden'. This opinion argues that the laws that apply to paper money also apply to gold and silver. There are two requirements in the sale and purchase of gold with gold or silver and silver, namely: the same weights and cash in one agreement. Meanwhile, the second opinion is allowed even though there is a difference in the nominal value. Another case is the third opinion which first sees the public's attitude towards money unfit for circulation.
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Yasir, Muhammad, Tengku Sirajuddiin, and Ahmad Alfajri. "Zakat on Banknotes in Fiqh Syᾱfi’ῑyah Perspective." Budapest International Research and Critics Institute (BIRCI-Journal) : Humanities and Social Sciences 2, no. 2 (May 31, 2019): 437–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.33258/birci.v2i2.319.
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One of the Islamic Shari'a is zakat, in addition to the value of the charity of zakat, it also serves as an economic boost for the poor. The obligation of zakat can be understood implicitly from the Qur'an and Hadith but the methods and criteria of zakat are not fully explained, this is where the different assumptions that lead to different practices and criteria are established, one of which is banknotes where some say obligatory and some not . This research is focused on zakat on banknotes, and the reasons that require paper money zakat according to the study of syᾱfi'ῑyahi fiqh. To obtain accurate data in this study, the authors conducted a literature review by using qualitative research methods. The data collection techniques were carried out by library studies, namely selecting and analyzing relevant literature and were seen as supporting material that discussed the problem of zakat money. From the results of this study, the authors find that banknotes is said to be obligatory, some said it is not mandatory. Opinions that say must give a reason, if the current position of banknotes in lieu of dirhams and dinars in the past then the wisdom that exists in dirhams and dinars is also on paper money that is valid in the present and when viewed in terms of the value of paper money This is instead of the value of gold and silver, which means that banknotes owned by someone instead of gold and silver are only in the form of the paper money must be zakat. Opinions that say they are not obliged to give reasons do not come up arguments that require currencies other than dirhams and dinars to be zakati, the lessons in gold and silver are not in currencies other than gold and silver. And currencies other than gold and silver have nothing in common with dirhams and dinars which can be explained to the obligatory zakat.
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Bouchelaghem, Salah. "The Monetary Status of Paper Currency: The Jurisprudential Problem and the Future Alternative." مجلة إسرا الدولية للمالية الإسلامية 11, no. 1 (June 27, 2022): 55–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.55188/ijifarabic.v11i1.254.
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Money has been considered the sinew of the economy and the medium of exchange throughout the ages. Money consisted of gold and silver coins in the first Islamic era; however, in our contemporary reality it has taken on completely different forms having no connection to gold or silver. This has generated many problems in categorizing these forms as money to which the legal rulings of the Qur’an and Sunnah, as well as the jurisprudence of former jurists, apply. This research aims to track the most important of these problems in order to facilitate understanding of them. It adopts inductive, analytical and critical methods to do so. The research reached a number of results, the most important of which is that the unqualified application of Shariah provisions that were established for gold and silver to paper currencies and other forms of money deviates from the accurate application (taḥqīq al-manāṭ) of the legal texts. Moreover, it deviates from the objectives of the Shariah regarding justice in wealth and prevention of its wrongful consumption. It is, thus, necessary to review the previous jurisprudential rulings in order to restore gold as a measure of value and a medium of exchange. The emergence of virtual currencies and the current global situation can be used to achieve this.
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Kropiwnicki, Jerzy. "Trzydzieści srebrników." Annales. Etyka w Życiu Gospodarczym 12, no. 2 (May 15, 2009): 121–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/1899-2226.12.2.11.
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he last 2000 years have seen a change in the prices of silver, grain, land as well as a change in living costs, the salary of hired labourers and police informers. The relationships between those figures have also changed and the monetary systems are quite different nowadays. Thus, it is difficult to answer an apparently simple question: how much is Judas’s 30 pieces of silver? An equivalent of 30 pieces of silver could be 95 zlotys, but also 46 500 zlotys (i.e. about $28 and $13 700 respectively). However, it is obvious that this amount of money is dramatically little in comparison with the scale of betrayal of God and no sum of money would be adequate. But again: even if Judas had lacked faith in Jesus, the sum of money was excessively small for betraying a good and innocent man by one who was chosen by that man from the others and in whom his companions placed so much confidence. Even if Judas had realized that, it was unfortunately too late (Mt. 27: 1–5).
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Sinna Lebbe, Suhail, Azhar Mohamad, and Imtiaz Mohammad Sifat. "Back to the future: returning to silver-backed money in Sri Lanka." Journal of Islamic Accounting and Business Research 10, no. 1 (January 7, 2019): 73–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jiabr-08-2015-0039.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the drivers of the behaviour intention to use the Silver-Backed Mobile Payment System (SBMPS) among the residents of Kattankudy, Sri Lanka. Design/methodology/approach Based on technology adoption model theory, a conceptual framework was devised, which was later tested via structural equation modelling (SEM) using valid responses from a survey questionnaire. Findings The results indicated that perceived usefulness and subjective norms have positive relationships and perceived risk a negative relationship with people’s behavioural intention to adopt SBMPS. In addition, the respondents were primarily motivated by faith (Islam) and also by economic advantages to adopt SBMPS. Research limitations/implications Religion, culture, gender, income level, age and educational level could be used as moderating factors for better understanding of people’s behaviour intentions. A Multi-cultural demographic may shed further light. Social implications This paper not only makes awareness of the importance of real (commodity) money but also provides the understanding of people’s willingness and the underlying motivations to practically implement the system without threatening the legal tender. Originality/value Extant research has mainly focused on the validity and the conceptual ideas to return to gold and silver money. This paper has been an extension to practically implement real money without threatening the legal tender by investigating the determinants of people’s willingness to return to silver money and understanding their motivations underlying those decisions
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GRAMM, MARSHALL, and PHIL GRAMM. "The Free Silver Movement in America: A Reinterpretation." Journal of Economic History 64, no. 4 (December 2004): 1108–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050704043104.
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Monetary historians have contended that Free Silver advocates were inflationists seeking debt reduction. We offer an alternative interpretation using a theory of money demand with differential returns on nominal units and a nonoptimum nominal money stock. Our explanation is more logically appealing and more consistent with contemporary evidence. The restrictive coinage laws of the period produced chronic shortages, and our empirical analysis provides clear evidence of these shortages. A shortage of coins valued at a half-day's wage and less, raised transactions costs, produced hardship and spawned protest.
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Duyrat, Frédérique. "Money in Southern Transeuphratene during the Fourth Century B.C.E." Phoenix 76, no. 1 (2022): 228–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/phx.2022.a914296.
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Abstract: The southern Levant provides two main bodies of documents to examine the use of silver money during the fourth century b.c.e.: ca 1,100 Idumaean ostraca reveal the activities of a rural region and a collection of Aramaic papyri found in the caves of Wadi Daliyeh and the Ketef Jericho ridge in the vicinity of Jericho render witness to more urban behaviours. They deliver contrasting views on the use of silver money—weighed silver or coins—that can be interpreted in light of what we know of the history of the region in the context of the wider Achaemenid imperial space. Abstract: Le Levant Sud a livré deux ensembles documentaires permettant de mieux comprendre l'usage de la monnaie d'argent au ive siècle: environ 1100 ostraca iduméens dévoilent les activités d'une région rurale tandis qu'un ensemble de papyri trouvés dans les grottes du Wadi Daliyeh et à Ketef Jéricho, dans la région de Jéricho, témoignent de pratiques plus citadines. Ils livrent une vision contrastée de l'usage de la monnaie d'argent — pesée ou sous forme de numéraire — qui peut être interprétée à la lumière de ce que nous savons de l'histoire de la région dans le cadre plus general de l'espace impérial achéménide.
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Malik, Rahman, Achmad Hidir, Nurainun Silalahi, and Salsabila Aulia Rahmi. "Manusia Silver dan Seni Jalanan: Manifestasi Ruang Kebebasan Bagi Masyarakat di Perkotaan." Jurnal Intervensi Sosial 2, no. 2 (December 31, 2023): 10–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/intervensisosial.v2i2.14317.
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Abstract The complexity of life and problems in urban areas have given birth to many phenomena of urban society, including the presence of silver men. However, as economic conditions deteriorate, especially due to the Covid-19 pandemic, many people have the initiative to adopt the “silver man style” as an opportunity to earn their personal money. Therefore, this research aims to examine how silver people express art as a form of their freedom space living in urban society. This research is a descriptive qualitative research method. The subjects of this research are silver men who are present in the area Dr.Mansur Street, Medan City. Primary data sources in this study were generated through observations and interviews with silver men. Meanwhile, secondary data was generated by digging up information about silver men in Medan City through book documentation, journals, and internet websites. The technique of data analysis is by conducting an interactive model of data analysis form Miles & Huberman. The results of this study show that urban public space is a place of freedom for silver men in Medan City to show their existence of expression of freedom to the general public. Forms of expression and existence of silver humas in Medan City include silver humans, very free to perform pantonymous forms of attraction and style like robots. Then, silver mens can easily collect money from the results of their labour by performing silver men attractions withput any social structure or environment that suppresses them to express and show their existence in the space of freedom or urban public space. Keyword: Silver men, Urban, Public space, Freedom of space, Street performance
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von Glahn, Richard. "Monies of Account and Monetary Transition in China, Twelfth to Fourteenth Centuries." Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 53, no. 3 (2010): 463–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156852010x506047.
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AbstractBetween the twelfth and the fourteenth centuries China’s monetary system shifted from a multiple currency system including paper notes, bronze coin, and uncoined silver to a unified paper currency system established by the Mongol Yuan dynasty. Consequently, China’s longstanding bronze coin standard was replaced by a new money of account denominated in silver. However, silver largely disappeared as a medium of exchange under Yuan rule. Instead, silver units of account were used to denominate paper currency. The monetary policies of the Mongol Yuan state established a silver unit of account that remained the monetary standard throughout China’s late imperial era.
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Glahn, Richard Von. "Myth and Reality of China's Seventeenth-Century Monetary Crisis." Journal of Economic History 56, no. 2 (June 1996): 429–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050700016508.
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The impact of China's demand for silver on global trade in specie and monetary metals during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries remains poorly understood. Conventional wisdom postulates that seventeenth-century China became so dependent on foreign silver to sustain domestic economic growth that a sharp fall in silver imports in the 1640s led to the fall of the Ming dynasty in 1644. This hypothesis rests on dubious theoretical and empirical grounds. The demand for silver in China was determined by long-term changes in indigenous demand for money rather than short-term fluctuations in the flow of silver imports.
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Hasan, Asyari, Syifa Mashita, Sheryl Audinata, Alika Firdiya Haya, and Raihan Amrulloh. "The Concept of Money in an Islamic Perspective." EKSYAR : Jurnal Ekonomi Syari'ah & Bisnis Islam 10, no. 2 (August 26, 2023): 194–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.54956/eksyar.v10i2.438.
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This study aims to comprehensively understand the concept of money within the framework of Islamic principles. To achieve this goal, the authors of the articles employ methods that revolve around conducting a thorough examination of the available literature. The data have been obtained from a combination of primary and secondary sources. The study results show that money refers to any openly disclosed and used medium used by leading financial institutions to exchange, measure and store value. In addition, it is important to note that religious teachings do not explicitly mandate the use of gold and silver as a form of currency. However, the academic literature shows that this monetary form exhibits increased stability and a higher level of resistance to inflation when compared to other forms. In accordance with Islamic economic theory, money has three basic functions: first, as a medium of exchange; second, as a mechanism for determining interest rates or valuation; and third, as a means of obtaining loans, provided that they are backed by gold and silver.
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Oberauer, Norbert. "Money in Classical Islam: Legal Theory and Economic Practice." Islamic Law and Society 25, no. 4 (October 19, 2018): 427–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685195-00254a03.
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AbstractThe present study examines the conception of money in classical Islamic law, specifically the relationship between scholarly discourses on money and actual economic practice. I shall argue that the theoretical concept of money was to some extent a fiction. Muslim jurists conceived of money in terms of a three-tier currency system that involved gold dinars, silver dirhams and copper fulūs. The market was much more complex. A wide range of coins of various metallic content, weight and value circulated. In the first part of the study I describe the complexity of Islamic money markets. In the second part, I investigate how scholars reacted to the gap between theory and practice and posit some tentative conclusions about the relationship between Islamic law and practice.
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Niehans, Jürg. "A Reassessment of Scholastic Monetary Theory." Journal of the History of Economic Thought 15, no. 2 (1993): 229–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s105383720000095x.
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During the sixteenth century, successive waves of gold and silver reached Spain from America and then rolled across Europe to the North and East. Contemporaries made two observations. First, the inflow of bullion was associated with inflation. Second, a given amount of money in a country with relatively low prices tended to exchange for a larger amount of money in a country with relatively high prices. The scholastic doctors in Salamanca who interpreted these observations are traditionally credited with two modern insights, namely the quantity theory of money, and the principle of purchasing-power parity.
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Rosi Patrisia, Patrisia Cuesdeyeni, Alifiah Nurachmana, Paul Diman, and Misnawati Misnawati. "Analisis Semiotika Terhadap Prosesi Ngamuan Gunung Perak Pada Upacara Pernikahan Adat Dayak Maanyan Di Kabupaten Barito Timur." PROSIDING SEMINAR NASIONAL PENDIDIKAN, BAHASA, SASTRA, SENI, DAN BUDAYA 2, no. 1 (April 30, 2023): 171–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.55606/mateandrau.v2i1.228.
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This study aims to describe and analyze the symbolic forms, both connotative and denotative meanings contained in the Ngamuan Gunung Perak ceremony at the Dayak Maanyan traditional wedding using semiotic studies.
The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative. The source of the data in this study was secondary data from video shows of Maanyan Dayak traditional wedding documentation. The instrument in this study is a documentation guide. Documentation guidelines are carried out by analyzing symbolic forms. The data analysis technique used in this study uses the semiotic study of Roland Barthes' theory of two-stage signification (Two orders of signification).
The results of the research on the Ngamuan Gunung Perak procession that have been studied are sixteen symbolic forms of the existing denotative and connotative meanings. The symbolic forms are (1) the process of finding the complete silver mountain, (2) the process of finding and bringing the silver mountain to the bride and family, (3) the dance five times around the silver mountain by Wadian Bawo and Wadian Dadas, (4) Wadian calling the two the parents of the bride and groom, (5) lifting the silver mountain three times, (6) dancing nine times around the silver mountain by the bride and family, (7) Sangku, (8) Weah, (9) Pasike Tree, (10) Taringit , (11) Taringit's highest peak, (12) Silver money, (13) Banknotes, (14) Paper money at the end, (15) Junyung bowl, and (16) candles.
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Jundziłł, Juliusz. "Złoto i srebro jako pieniądz w łacińskiej literaturze patrystycznej okresu późnego cesarstwa rzymskiego." Vox Patrum 12 (August 23, 1987): 189–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.31743/vp.10544.
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Skaggs, Neil T. "The Methodological Roots of J. Laurence Laughlin's Anti-quantity Theory of Money and Prices." Journal of the History of Economic Thought 17, no. 1 (1995): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1053837200002261.
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From the 1880s until after the creation of the Federal Reserve System in 1913 the United States was a hotbed of monetary controversy. The secular price deflation that began in 1865 prompted a host of efforts to increase the money supply, in the belief that more money would check the decline of prices. The agitation for free coinage of silver that arose in the 1870s and carried into the 1880s and 1890s generated a maelstrom of arguments and counterarguments. Such theoretical support as the “cheap money advocates” provided was in the form of a crude application of the quantity theory of money. Not surprisingly, using the quantity theory in such a manner brought the theory itself under fire.
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Orehowskyi, Wadym. "TRADE AND MONEY CIRCULATION OF ANCIENT GREECE." BULLETIN OF CHERNIVTSI INSTITUTE OF TRADE AND ECONOMICS II, no. 90 (June 28, 2023): 8–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.34025/2310-8185-2023-2.90.01.
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The article is devoted to highlighting the main directions and features of trade and money circulation in Ancient Greece. In the introduction, the author notes that the Kingdom of Egypt and the state entities of Mesopotamia were the first centers of regional trade. A separate "branch" of the trade system of the Mediterranean was made up of numerous polises of Ancient Greece, which were essentially separate states. It was the sea spaces that played a major role in a Greek trade. The latter contributed to the formation, on the one hand, of a unique "Mediterranean world", and on the other - the Greeks became the creators of a universal civilization that had an extremely great influence on the formation of the future political, economic and cultural "face" of the world. Considering the main features of the economy of the inhabitants of Hellas, the author emphasizes that the main occupation of the Greeks was agriculture. The population was engaged in agriculture, sowing wheat and barley. But in the future, preference was given to viticulture, horticulture and olive growing. The further deepening of the division of labor is characteristic of craft manufacture. The main owner of the land was the polis (city-state), whose economic activity was based on the idea of autarky (self-sufficiency). Considering trade, the author of the article notes that the availability of convenient "access to the sea" of most of the polises contributed to the development of shipbuilding and navigation. The long coastal line facilitated cabotage transportation. Interpolis trade within the Aegean Sea was, to a large extent, under the control of the Athenian state. In addition, the Greeks conducted trade with other states of the Mediterranean world, and also sailed to the Black Sea. Grain remained the main import item during the existence of Greek civilization. It was mainly imported from: the Northern Black Sea region; the islands of Sicily, Cyprus and Euboea; Thrace and Egypt. Athens had to import wood as well as charcoal needed for silver ІСТОР ІЯ ЕКОНОМІКИ ТА ЕКОНОМІЧНОЇ ДУМКИ 10 Випуск IІ (90), 2023 smelting. Copper, gold, iron and tin were imported too. Among the export products, olive oil, marble, and painted vases prevailed. The most important Athenian resource was silver, which was exported in ingots or silver coins. Trade contributed to the development of money circulation and usury. The materials of the article can be useful for general and specialized courses on economic history, ancient history of international trade, for writing master's diploma, course theses.
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Бакалець, Олексій. "Moldavian coins on the Podillia market in the second half of the 14th - 15th centuries (based on treasure sources)." Scientific Papers of the Vinnytsia Mykhailo Kotsyiubynskyi State Pedagogical University Series History, no. 25 (June 16, 2017): 174–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.31652/2411-2143-2017-25-174-180.
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The author of the article analyzes the composition of Podillia coin treasures of the fourteenth - fifteenth centuries, in which Moldovan silver money is found, gives an analogy of the external design and and metrology of the coins of the Moldavian and Podolian principalities of the 80-90s of the fourteenth century, reveals the role of the role of Moldavian coins in the Podillya money market, their place in international transit trade in the studied period.
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Abdillah, Muhammad Tsani. "Hadis tentang Uang: Analisis Syarah terhadap Nilai Uang dalam Perspektif Ekonomi Islam." Jurnal Penelitian Ilmu Ushuluddin 2, no. 1 (January 22, 2022): 129–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.15575/jpiu.12823.
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This study aims to discuss the understanding of hadith about the value of money in the perspective of Islamic economics. This research applies a qualitative type through literature study using thematic, takhrij, and syarah hadith methods as well as descriptive analysis. The discussion of this research includes an overview of money, thematic hadiths regarding money, and an understanding of the hadith about the value of money from an Islamic economic perspective in the contemporary era. This study concludes that the money used by Muslims at the time of the Prophet was Persian silver dirhams and Roman gold dinars, traditions about money are known to be maqbul traditions and can be used as evidence, and the understanding of hadiths about the value of money is closely related to buying and selling and selling. an effective prohibition of usury for controlling inflation so that people's purchasing power is maintained and economic stability is created, in this case Islamic economics which emphasizes increasing people's welfare is recognized in this contemporary era dealing with money politics with the ideology of capitalism.
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Feldman, Germán David. "Money, Prices and the Silver Industry during the Price Revolution." Review of Political Economy 26, no. 4 (October 2, 2014): 557–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09538259.2014.969545.
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Krichene, Noureddine, and Hassan Belkacem Ghassan. "The pre‐eminence of gold and silver as Shariah money." Thunderbird International Business Review 61, no. 5 (March 20, 2019): 821–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/tie.22040.
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Muttaqien, Meiki, Udin Saripudin, and Deden Gandana Madjakusumah. "Konsep Moneter Al-Ghazali: Sejarah dan Fungsi Uang." SERAMBI: Jurnal Ekonomi Manajemen dan Bisnis Islam 2, no. 2 (June 18, 2020): 83–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.36407/serambi.v2i2.157.
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Purpose- The purpose of this article is to provide an explanation and reasoning on the monetary concept written by Al-Ghazali in his book Ihya ‘Ulum al-Din.
Methods- The literature review method is carried out to obtain relevant information regarding al-Ghazali's monetary concept.
Finding - According to Al-Ghazali, money only functions as an intermediary to other goods and as a medium of exchange of goods. Money is not a commodity and therefore cannot be traded at a certain price. The money will make a good contribution if a country can make money as it functions. God created gold and silver to make it easy for humans to make fair transactions. The function of money according to al-Ghazali is appropriate to be a basic guide or guideline in Islamic economics.
Implications- This article can provide benefits both theoretically and in practice regarding the concept of money in central civilization and its suitability with the present.
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Huletski, Dzmitry. "The emergence of fur money in medieval Russia." KOINON: The International Journal of Classical Numismatic Studies 3 (January 1, 2020): 82–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.32028/k.v3i.1134.
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Written sources of Ancient Rus’ record the developed monetary system of Pre-Mongol Rus’, consisting of a clearly defined circle of ‘denominations’. At first, it’s grivna (гривна), nogata (ногата), kuna (куна), and veksha (векша). In documents of northern origin, rezana is also present. In the 12th century, when, according to the scholars, the development of commodity-money relations in Kievan Rus’ reached its highest peak, various types of grivnas — ‘of silver’, ‘of kunas’, ‘of sables’, and even ‘of dranitsy’ (драницы) (torn and worn skins) appeared.
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STASZCZAK, DARIUSZ ELIGIUSZ. "Global instability of currencies: reasons and perspectives according to the state-corporation hegemonic stability theory." Revista de Economia Política 35, no. 1 (March 2015): 175–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0101-31572015v35n01a10.
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This paper analyses reasons of the instability of the world monetary system. The author considers this problem from historical and contemporary perspectives. According to presented point of view banknotes and electronic money which replaced gold and silver coins in popular circulation are the most important reason of the instability. There are also proven positive and negative consequences of money instability. Reforms of the world monetary system need agreement within the global collective hegemony of state-powers and transnational corporations.
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Luther Cottrell, Terrance. "Lose the silver bullets." Bottom Line 27, no. 3 (November 4, 2014): 89–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bl-06-2014-0019.
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Purpose – The purpose of this article is to reveal and dissuade the facilitation, fostering and support of silver bullet employee situations in libraries. Design/methodology/approach – The concept of a “silver bullet” employee is first explained, and then brought into the context of library management in a variety of settings. Steps are given to counteract this phenomenon through strategic cross-training and knowledge management initiatives. Findings – Silver bullet employees can be common, but they are not unavoidable aspects of institutional development. Realizing when and how a staff member is becoming too specialized can serve to save time and money down the road when this type of employee moves on. Originality/value – Silver bullet employees are not discussed enough in library literature or at professional conferences. Not planning for employee departure, especially for the departure of highly skilled, talented and specialized employees incurs unnecessary stress and cost to an organization’s leadership personnel.
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Razzaq, Abdur, and Madnia Saeed. "http://habibiaislamicus.com/index.php/hirj/article/view/140." Habibia Islamicus 4, no. 2 (December 15, 2020): 87–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.47720/hi.2020.0402u07.
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Money has always been used for transactions in human societies. And it has been used in different ways in different times, such as gold, silver, dirhams and dinars. The concept of money has become very wide due to the wide scope of development of the times. In modern times, modern economic and commercial development has given rise to various forms of money. And in the modern economic system, the currency has taken the form of a tool of trade. The biggest problem is interest and the system of interest. This article discusses the reality of currency and the historical and legal aspects of digital currency.
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Chikalipah, Sydney. "The pyrrhic victory of FinTech and its implications for achieving the Sustainable Development Goals: evidence from fieldwork in rural Zambia." World Journal of Science, Technology and Sustainable Development 17, no. 4 (October 5, 2020): 329–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/wjstsd-06-2020-0058.
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PurposeThis study investigates the possible effect of mobile money services, which forms part of FinTech, in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).Design/methodology/approachThis study uses field data from the Chongwe district of Zambia. The data were collected in 2019.FindingsThe findings strongly suggest that (1) the factors that hinder access to credit and savings by the poor do not simply recede following the adoption of mobile money services and (2) that mobile money is not a silver bullet of ending financial exclusion but merely a tool which contributes to other financial inclusion strategies.Practical implicationsThis study argues that mobile money is winning the battle but losing the war – implying that the service is mainly used to transfer funds (OTC transactions) among users.Originality/valueThis is the first study to have been conducted in Zambia to assess the possible contributing effect of FinTech (mobile money) on SDGs.
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F. Gentle, Paul. "Were tobacco warehouse receipts an economic form of money during part of the Colonial period in Virginia?" Public and Municipal Finance 7, no. 3 (December 21, 2018): 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/pmf.07(3).2018.04.
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This article examines the special use of tobacco warehouse receipts as a store of value, medium of exchange and unit of account in Virginia during part of the British Colonial period. These receipts met the three criteria necessary for them to be a type of money. When confidence in a system of currency with coins is present, this more conventional form of money takes precedence. A respected economic form of currency with coins has all three elements of money: medium of exchange, store of value and unit of account. Tobacco warehouse receipts were used as a form of money in Colonial Virginia. They were used since there was insufficient gold or silver for the commerce in British Colonial Virginia at that time. Also, the concept of store of value is examined in detail.
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Harrasser, Karin. "Toxic Money. Economic Globalization and its (Edible) Currencies." Zeitschrift für Medien- und Kulturforschung 9, no. 1 (2018): 157–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.28937/1000108101.
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The article discusses the dynamics of currencies, of media of exchange in a perspective of longue durée. It explores the concept of ›toxic media‹ and of an ›ecology of practices‹ by tracing discussions on cacao as money and as consumable since the 15th century. Furthermore, historically specifi c versions of general purpose money, such as the Spanish Silver-Peso and the U.S. dollar are compared with to self-restricting currencies: currencies that are more tightly knit into the »web of life« ( Jason Moore), into local economies and ecologies and into cultural systems. The article determines toxic effects of generalized media of exchange in the Capitalocene and discusses the interplay of situated money-regimes with generalized, globalized media of exchange
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Jaukovic, Gordana, and Nevenka Knezevic-Lukic. "Methods for identifying counterfeit money in the territory of the Principality/Kingdom of Serbia in the 19th century." Zbornik Matice srpske za drustvene nauke, no. 171 (2019): 341–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zmsdn1971341j.
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Counterfeiting is one of the oldest and most persistent criminal offences. Scientific and technological development has enabled the emergence of a more modern money manufacturing technology and improvement of money protection systems, though at the same time it broadened the possibilities for criminal offences, notably the production of counterfeits. In the mid-1860s, the money in circulation in the Principality/Kingdom of Serbia was of foreign origin, comprising 43 types of different metal coins and one type of paper money. Gold and silver money of European origin was deemed by the people to be better and ?purer? than Turkish money. In an effort to establish control over the technological process of manufacturing the national currency and at the same time prevent the counterfeiting of money of different types and origin, the Principality of Serbia appointed chemists Mihajlo Raskovic and later Sima Lozanic, as ?examiners of ores and false money?. Almost all counterfeit currencies appeared immediately in circulation in the territory of the Principality/Kingdom of Serbia. This paper presents the methods used in the process of identifying false/suspect money, methods used to determine the nominal value of money, the importance of introduction of those scientific methods in the criminal and legal sphere of the Principality/Kingdom of Serbia, which can be considered the beginning of the forensic chemistry in Serbia.
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Panagopoulou, Katerina. "Between Necessity and Extravagance: Silver as a commodity in the Hellenistic Period." Annual of the British School at Athens 102 (November 2007): 315–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s006824540002150x.
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The remarkably high numbers of silver items (traded goods and coins) found around the Mediterranean during the Hellenistic period, compared to the earlier periods, is inextricably bound with the increase in the amounts of silver extracted and with the wider recognition and acceptance of this metal in the Hellenistic world. Not least, the fact that silver, through its dual role as money and as a commercial commodity, binds use value with exchange value in Hellenistic societies, challenges one to explore the economic behaviour of this metal within the broader economic picture.The present article offers a multidisciplinary approach to the role of silver in Hellenistic economies along these lines. Through the study of literary, epigraphical and archaeological evidence, it embarks on a survey of the ways in which mining, the function of metal workshops, trade and population movements, wars regulated or influenced the spread of silver commodities around the Mediterranean. The construction of a theoretical model regarding the economic behaviour of silver enables us to identify broadly the mechanisms of (re)distribution of silver items in Hellenistic micro- and macroeconomics.
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Rafiqi, Yusep. "The Problem of Perpetuity in Cash Waqf." International Journal of Nusantara Islam 6, no. 1 (January 27, 2019): 10–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.15575/ijni.v6i1.1321.
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In Indonesia, cash waqf began to emerge in recent years in line with the passage of the act of the Republic of Indonesia no. 41 Year 2004 About Waqf. But, in the act, money that can be donated as waqf property is almost certainly based on its nominal value rather than the real value. This article discusses how nominal or real value is contained in the currency when it is used as a waqf. The research approaches in this paper is qualitative description method through content analysis. This research analyzing the contents of various complexities between the opinion of fuqaha about cash waqf and its relevance to the act and economic empowerment of the ummah. By considering real value contained in the currency, cash waqf can only be executed with gold and silver criteria, not paper money criteria due to fluctuations in value. Thus, it is necessary to establish standardization of real value to gold and silver in the cash waqf.
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Motomura, Akira. "The Best and Worst of Currencies: Seigniorage and Currency Policy in Spain, 1597–1650." Journal of Economic History 54, no. 1 (March 1994): 104–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050700014017.
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The Spanish Monarchy pursued a rational policy of price discrimination among its Castilian currencies while financing its early-seventeenth-century wars. Large-denomination gold and silver coins circulated internationally, forcing the Monarchy to act more competitively and not seek additional short-run revenue. In contrast, petty coinage was a local monopoly. The Monarchy raised seigniorage rates and issued large quantities, generating large revenues. The nominal petty money stock grew rapidly, then fluctuated. The real petty money stock grew, then varied little as petty currency depreciation dampened nominal changes.
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Zurndorfer, Harriet. "Another Look at China, Money, Silver, and the Seventeenth-Century Crisis." Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 42, no. 3 (1999): 396–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568520991208635.
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Saratian, Eko Tama Putra, Harefan Arief, Mochamad Soelton, Nico Alexander Vizano, and Mugiono Mugiono. "DINAR AND DIRHAM; SUSTAINABLE MONEY FOR SUSTAINABLE SOCIETY." ICCD 2, no. 1 (November 28, 2019): 517–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.33068/iccd.vol2.iss1.258.
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This is a community service related to the development of economic society through socialization on dinar and dirham as sustainable money. Money in sharia is precious metals such as gold and silver, or commodities such as wheat, barley, dates, and salt, which are the consumed commodities daily as food and have a shelf life. The failure of the current economic and monetary system is caused by the use of fiat money as a medium of exchange that deviates from the gold standard. Ironically, many ordinary people do not understand the real concept of money. In returning the standard of exchange, it is necessary to learn deeply about this subject. For this reason, there is a need for socialization to the wider community to open the way for the return of the dinar and dirham as a true medium of exchange. The results of the activity are expected to increase good understanding of the concept of money and the public can learn to do transaction using dinar and dirham in the future.
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Fabris, Nikola. "The History of Money in Montenegro." Journal of Central Banking Theory and Practice 4, no. 1 (January 1, 2015): 5–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jcbtp-2015-0001.
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Abstract The paper depicts the history of using money in Montenegro covering the period before the Christ until nowadays. Montenegro mostly used foreign currencies throughout its long history, these being Roman, Austro-Hungarian, Turkish, Venetian, and even the Napoleon (French gold coin) money. The first ideas for Montenegro’s own money came from the Bishop Petar Petrovic Njegoš in the 19th century. The first Montenegrin money, the Perper, was minted in 1906. The King Nikola`s Decree as of 11 April 1906 authorized the Ministry of Finance to mint the nickel and bronze coins. Silver and gold coins were minted later. The Perper disappeared from the scene with Montenegro’s joining the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, putting into circulation the Dinar, a currency of the newly established state. Montenegro, being a part of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, used the Dinar as its currency after World War II until 1999. Dual currency system consisting of the German Mark and the Dinar was introduced in late 1999, whereby the German Mark became the only legal tender in 2001. With the introduction of the Euro the German Mark was replaced and the Euro became the official means of payment.
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Istan, Muhammad. "Implementasi Investasi Emas: Kajian Teoritis dan Praktis Menurut Ekonomi Islam." Al-Intaj : Jurnal Ekonomi dan Perbankan Syariah 9, no. 1 (March 28, 2023): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.29300/aij.v9i1.8307.
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The purpose of this study is to describe the concept of gold investment by business people today. Next show the concepts and views of Islamic economics regarding gold investment. The research method used is a literature review, by collecting various relevant documents. The results of the study show that there are differences of opinion in investing in gold, some prohibit it and some allow it. Scholars banned the majority of fuqaha from the Hanafi, Maliki, Shafi'i, and Hambali schools. While scholars who allow it are Ibn Taymiyah, Ibn Qayyim, and contemporary scholars. The basis of the scholars who forbid it states that gold and silver are tsaman (price, means of payment, money), which cannot be exchanged in installments or installments, because this causes usury. Meanwhile, scholars who say may put forward the argument that gold and silver are goods (sil'ah) that are sold and bought like ordinary goods, and are no longer tsaman (price, means of payment, and money). Meanwhile, in terms of benefits, investing in gold is an investment that benefits investors in the long term.
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Istan, Muhammad. "Implementasi Investasi Emas: Kajian Teoritis dan Praktis Menurut Ekonomi Islam." Al-Intaj : Jurnal Ekonomi dan Perbankan Syariah 9, no. 1 (March 28, 2024): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.29300/aij.v9i1.2686.
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The purpose of this study is to describe the concept of gold investment by business people today. Next show the concepts and views of Islamic economics regarding gold investment. The research method used is a literature review, by collecting various relevant documents. The results of the study show that there are differences of opinion in investing in gold, some prohibit it and some allow it. Scholars banned the majority of fuqaha from the Hanafi, Maliki, Shafi'i, and Hambali schools. While scholars who allow it are Ibn Taymiyah, Ibn Qayyim, and contemporary scholars. The basis of the scholars who forbid it states that gold and silver are tsaman (price, means of payment, money), which cannot be exchanged in installments or installments, because this causes usury. Meanwhile, scholars who say may put forward the argument that gold and silver are goods (sil'ah) that are sold and bought like ordinary goods, and are no longer tsaman (price, means of payment, and money). Meanwhile, in terms of benefits, investing in gold is an investment that benefits investors in the long term.
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Zamzami, Mukhammad. "Konstruksi Sosial-Teologis Ritual Ijazah Asma' Artho (Uang Azimat) di Pondok Pesantren Fathul Ulum Kwagean Pare Kediri." ISLAMICA: Jurnal Studi Keislaman 12, no. 2 (March 5, 2018): 306–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.15642/islamica.2018.12.2.288-314.
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This article scrutinizes social and theological constructions of the practice of ijazah Asma Artho or Uang Azimat (money blessing tradition) in Fathul Ulum Islamic Boarding School. Asma Artho is not a practice of doubling money. It is only money blessed by kiai. There is a symbol contained in the post-blessing money, the kiai, through his team, writes the word Bāsiṭ, one of Asmā’ al-Ḥusnā, on the blessed money. Socially, the practice, which is routinely implemented every year, is not only sought by the santri, but also the general public and businessmen. If santri and the general public wishes the blessing of their rejection from this ritual process, then it is different from the perspective of the business community, where they believe this money (Asma Artho) has enough impact on the increase in the business’s current good. For them, the more blessed the money is, the more fortune it earns. In understanding the theological construct of this blessed money, the author examines the meaning of the Bāsiṭ, one of Asmā’ al-Ḥusnā, and the interpretation of this word in the Qur’an which is contained in the money and how to read the rajah. This bleesed money is based on the thought of Abū Ḥāmid al-Ghazālī, Abū Bakr Muḥammad Shatā al-Dimyātī, and Ma‘rūf al-Karkhī. Al-Karkhī said has even said that anyone who reads the mawlid upon the Prophet Muhammad on some silver or gold-plated dirhams and then mix the dirhams with other dirhams, these dirhams will then get a blessing.
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Lilly, Sharon, and T. Davis Sydnor. "Comparison of Branch Failure During Static Loading of Silver and Norway Maples." Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 21, no. 6 (November 1, 1995): 302–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.48044/jauf.1995.049.
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Trees in the urban setting can be a hazard to utility lines, structures, traffic flow and pedestrians. Identifying characteristics that make limbs prone to failure could help save money and lives. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of branch angle, form, and wood specific gravity on susceptibility to failure during static loading. Branches of silver (Acer saccharinum) and Norway (Acer platanoides) maple were mechanically broken. Forces causing failure were measured. No correlation was found between bending stress and branch angle or wood specific gravity. Silver and Norway maples were similar in susceptibility to failure.
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Sussman, Nathan. "The Late Medieval Bullion Famine Reconsidered." Journal of Economic History 58, no. 1 (March 1998): 126–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050700019914.
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The bullion famine, manifested in chronic balance-of-payments deficits with the East, is widely cited as the cause of the great depression of the Renaissance. Adapting the monetary approach to the balance-of-payments model to the medieval commodity money setting this article shows that western Europe could not suffer a balance-of-payments deficits and bullion shortage simultaneously. New data show that it is unlikely that France suffered a shortage of silver from 1360 to 1415. Minting volumes diverged between regions according to economic fortunes. Excess silver stocks were likely hoarded rather than exported.