Academic literature on the topic 'Silver (Money)'
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Journal articles on the topic "Silver (Money)"
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Zahara, Fatimah. "The Analysis of Maqashid Syariah on the Use of Fiat Money and Dinar Dirham." Budapest International Research and Critics Institute (BIRCI-Journal): Humanities and Social Sciences 3, no. 2 (May 8, 2020): 1216–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.33258/birci.v3i2.964.
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Money as a medium of exchange, has at least two forms, namely fiat money and dinar dirham. This paper discusses the use of fiat money and the use of gold and silver as a currency with its advantages and disadvantages. Furthermore, this article also compares the use of fiat money and dinar dirhams as currency. This paper answers the question of whether gold and silver are the only metals accepted as the currency in the economic system, while other currencies are not. The results of this study indicate that, although the hadith is more likely to state that gold and silver as money, it is not limited to gold and silver. By law, 'Illah of thamaniyyah' which is not restricted to gold and silver but money in general, is supported by Ibn Taymiyah's opinion. In addition to that, the principle of ibahah where in muamalah everything is allowed, as long as it is not prohibited by the texts (Al-Quran and Sunnah). Maqashid Al-Shariah allows other forms other than gold and silver to be used as currency, if the conditions are demanding so. Metals other than gold and silver are accepted, as long as it can facilitate sharia activities such as paying zakat and rejecting usury.
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Candrakusuma, Muslich, and Arif Santoso. "Tinjauan Komprehensif Konsep Uang Taqiyuddin An-Nabhani." Musyarakah: Journal of Sharia Economic (MJSE) 1, no. 1 (April 23, 2021): 20–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.24269/mjse.v1i1.3852.
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Money is one of the pillars of the economy. Money facilitates the process of exchanging commodities and services. Every process of production and distribution must use money. Money has the main function as a medium of exchange, and is derived from other functions such as standard of value, store of value, unit of account. According to Taqiyuddin an-Nabhani, Islam has determined a fixed and standard unit of money in a distinctive form, namely gold and silver. Taqiyuddin normatively proves that money in Islam is gold and silver, or the monetary standard is gold and silver. Historically, it has been proven in history that the gold system is the longest-used currency in human history, and its application is always relevant under any circumstances. Meanwhile, politically, Taqiyuddin argued that the switch to the paper money system was a hoax for the purpose of imperialization.
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Sifat, Imtiaz Mohammad, and Azhar Mohammad. "DESIGNING FITRAH MONEY: A MAQASIDIC DISCOURSE." Journal of Islamic Monetary Economics and Finance 3, no. 2 (March 28, 2018): 388–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.21098/jimf.v3i2.896.
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Academic efforts in concocting a plausible alternative to fiat regime often staggers given inherent constrictions of Islamic jurisprudence and economic technicalities. Despite passionate advocacy of Muslim scholars, the campaign for gold dinar and silver dirham runs into allegations of being simplistic, anachronistic, regressive, unnecessary, and sub-optimal. Shunning the popular Maqasidic and historical approaches in debunking these claims, this paper highlights the need for a return to basics, the default factory settings as designed by God, and trowels a fitrah approach in evaluating gold and silver. As such, we proffer an open-minded approach in formulating an Islamically congruent currency and decry obstinate fixation with gold and silver, which hardly serve the best interests of ummah.
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Park, Na Young. "Where Will the ‘Silver Money’ Go?" European Financial Management 23, no. 3 (September 23, 2016): 459–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/eufm.12099.
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Powell, Marvin. "Money in Mesopotamia." Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 39, no. 3 (1996): 224–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568520962601225.
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AbstractAlthough contemporary preconceptions about what money is or is not sometimes evoke doubt about the existence of money in ancient Mesopotamia, it seems clear that it did exist. Money was substance oriented, and coins, when they finally appear are weighed like any other valuable metal. The most common money substances were barley as cheap money and silver as the more expensive, but other substances were also used. As to the forms or shapes in which money circulated, a number of words in the ancient languages can be identified that probably refer to these forms, but their specific appearance remains, in most cases, unknown.
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Mahdi, Waruno. "Confirmation of an Etymology: xSalaka 'Money Silver'." Oceanic Linguistics 35, no. 1 (June 1996): 142. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3623035.
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McCants, Anne E. C. "Money for Everyone." Journal of Interdisciplinary History 54, no. 4 (2024): 497–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jinh_a_02008.
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Abstract Money, a ubiquitous yet enigmatic concept, defies clear definition despite its long historical use. Naismith’s Making Money in the Early Middle Ages reveals the complexity of early medieval monetary systems, identifying three important developments in their history (the decline of Roman imperial money, the shift from gold currency in favor of silver, and the gradual rise in coin usage over the long Middle Ages). In exploring money’s symbolic and practical characteristics, the book illustrates money’s impact on social relations and hierarchies, opening the door for the human questions that carry implications for justice. By integrating distinct methodologies, the author presents a nuanced understanding of money’s significance in shaping medieval societies, offering an exemplary model for interdisciplinary scholarship.
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Nursyakdiah, Nursyakdiah, and Achmad Hidir. "SILVER MAN'S ACTION IN PEKANBARU CITY." JURNAL ILMIAH GLOBAL EDUCATION 3, no. 2 (December 7, 2022): 136–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.55681/jige.v3i2.341.
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Silver Man is a social phenomenon which is currently being used as a job by some individuals who do not have a job. The purpose of this study was to find out: 1) The rationality of the actions of silver people in Pekanbaru City. 2) The joys and sorrows experienced by the silver man. This study applies a qualitative research method. The theory used is Talcott Parsons Action theory. The number of informants in this study were 4 people. The informant is a silver man. The results of this study are the rationality of the actions shown by the silver man on the main road, the purpose of which is to earn money and fulfill basic needs. Next are the joys and sorrows experienced by silver humans when they act on the streets. The likes that are generally felt are benefactors who give large amounts of money. The sorrows experienced by silver people varied, ranging from being kicked out during an action to never getting any income at all within one day of acting as a silver person.
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Tartory, Hussain. "The cause of ribā in gold and silver and its influence on trading." Hebron University Research Journal (HURJ): B- (Humanities) 15, no. 2 (December 31, 2020): 144–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.60138/15220206.
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Ribā (usury) is absolutely prohibited in Islam. The Hadiṯ enumerated six commodities on which ribā applies (ribawī commodities): gold, silver, wheat, barley, dates, and salt. The scholars of the four schools of Islamic Jurisprudence agreed, however, that ribā applies also to other commodities that share the cause with the six commodities enumerated in the Hadiṯ. This paper investigates (a) the cause of ribā in gold and silver and (b) the consequence of adopting the ṯamaniyah (the intrinsic value of a commodity) cause on selling gold for gold with excess if manufacturing or workmanship of the two varies. This research concludes that the cause of ribā al-nasīʾah (usury in credit transactions) in gold and silver is the ṯamaniyah, i.e., the gold and silver being commodities with intrinsic value, and that the cause of ribā al-faḍl (excess in the exchange of the same commodity) in gold and silver is the ṯamaniyah and the homogeneity of the commodity traded (i.e., gold for gold or silver for silver). It is obligatory that gold is traded in equal weights even if raw or money gold is exchanged for gold jewelry or vice versa. This does not cause hardship on people, however, because trading nowadays is done using fiat money (each currency of which is considered a different sort) and, therefore, people can buy and sell gold for any price of fiat money agreed upon, provided that the price is paid immediately and on the spot.
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Suhendri Irandi. "The Transaction of Damaged Cash Exchange in the Perspective of Islamic Economic Law (Case Study in Medan City)." Britain International of Humanities and Social Sciences (BIoHS) Journal 3, no. 1 (February 11, 2021): 93–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.33258/biohs.v3i1.377.
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From the discussion of damaged cash exchange transactions carried out by corrupted money collectors in the city of Medan, the author can draw several conclusions, as follows: Currency transactions that are unfit for circulation that occur in the city of Medan are closely related to the concept of the sharf contract in the perspective of Islamic economic law. This is, if we look at it from the object being transacted, namely currency, even though the money is money which is not fit for circulation. In this transaction, the terms and conditions in the sharf contract concept must be fulfilled in it. The application of Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 7 of 2011 concerning Money Changes in the community has been running, but is still not optimal. This is because there are still many people who do not know or do not understand how to exchange their damaged cash. Most people feel that the damaged cash they have is no longer sold to be spent. In fact, based on the Regulation of Members of the Board of Governors Number 19/13 / PDADG / 2017 concerning Rupiah Currency Exchange, it explains the procedure for exchanging money that is not fit for circulation. In the perspective of Islamic economic law, the practice of changing corrupted money by the corrupt money-seeking community is divided into three opinions. One opinion says, it is legally forbidden'. This opinion argues that the laws that apply to paper money also apply to gold and silver. There are two requirements in the sale and purchase of gold with gold or silver and silver, namely: the same weights and cash in one agreement. Meanwhile, the second opinion is allowed even though there is a difference in the nominal value. Another case is the third opinion which first sees the public's attitude towards money unfit for circulation.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Silver (Money)"
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Gonçalves, João Filipe do Quental Cabral Soares. "How money relates to value? an empirical examination on gold, silver and bitcoin." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/22625.
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Mestrado Bolonha em Economia Monetária e FinanceiraThe present work offers a review on two divergent schools of thought regarding the subject of money and highlights why understanding it is important to grasp the workings and nature of the concept of money. We adopt a spontaneous order perspective on social institutions, considering money as one. Such framework allows for the construction of axioms from which we formulate our problem allowing us to ask how old forms of money such as Gold and Silver hold up in today’s world regarding their hedging properties. Moreover, we also do so for Bitcoin since we consider it an appropriate asset due to its specific characteristics and its (at the time of writing) more than 10-year life span. We resort to the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) methodology in order to study our three assets in the context of the US dollar and the US Economy for two different time periods. We analyse price dynamics from 1980 to 2020 for gold and silver resorting to annual data. Regarding bitcoin we employ quarterly data from 2009 to 2020). We conclude that the theories that explain what money is, how it comes to be so and how certain types of “money assets” may serve both as an Indirect hedge against inflation in the two interpretations of the word and as a “stock of value” have merits that might deserve further investigation.
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
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Ögren, Anders. "Empirical studies in money, credit and banking : the Swedish credit market in transition under the silver and gold standards 1834-1913." Doctoral thesis, Handelshögskolan i Stockholm, EHFF - Stiftelsen för Ekonomisk-historisk och Företagshistorisk Forskning, 2003. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hhs:diva-1876.
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The empirical results reached in this thesis contradict the traditional theoretical view of money as being exogenously introduced into an economy as a medium of exchange intended to reduce the transactions costs associated with barter. Instead money was endogenously created in the form of credit. Thus, the long run neutrality of money also is called into question. The varying quality of different kinds of money reflects the demand for them. If legal tender was of higher quality than private promissary notes, it was because the former were in greater demand. Concisely put, the market determines the value, and therefore the quality, of various kinds of money. The principal problem addressed in this thesis is how, during the expansive nineteenth century, it was possible to satisfy the ever growing need for credit and means of payment without sacrificing the fixed exchange rate. Particular attention is paid to the private note issuing banks, the so called Enskilda banks, that dominated the Swedish banking system throughout the nineteenth century. In addition to their note issuing, the Enskilda banks were characterized by unlimited owner liability. An examination of the ongoing political process from a rational choice perspective, indicates that initially the concept of note issuing Enskilda banks enjoyed wide spread support. They were considered to be a reasonable response to the problem of establishing a commercial banking system in an illiquid economy. The distribution of political and economic power in favor of the Crown and the Nobility included their control over the issuance of bank charters. The monopolistic policy they followed in this regard, however, resulted in growing hostility towards these. As a result, starting in the middle 1860's, a more liberal attitude towards the establishment of banks began to prevail. By the end of the nineteenth century, various political interest were able to engineer the revocation of the Enskilda banks’ note issuing rights. The special characteristics of the Enskilda banks, the right to issue bank notes and the unlimited liability of their owners, have caused them to be perceived as outdated, at least once Joint Stock banks were introduced. In contrast to the Enskilda banks, these were unable to issue notes but instead provided their owners with limited liability. The thesis demonstrates that, given the initial illiquidity of the Swedish economy, the Enskilda banks actually were the more efficient alternative. Indeed, the note issuing privileges of the Enskilda banks became one of the principal factors behind the development of liquid domestic capital markets. An empirical study that includes the most basic constraints faced by the nineteenth century Swedish economy, the demands of the specie standard and the general shortages of reliable means of payment and of credit, reveals that the Enskilda bank system can not, strictly speaking, be considered an example of free banking. Instead of holding specie reserves, the Enskilda banks backed their notes with central bank (Riksbank) notes. This was not because the public preferred Enskilda bank to Riksbank notes. Rather it was the result of a monetary adverse selection process; Gresham’s Law. Previously utilized, lower quality, means of payment were replaced by Enskilda bank notes. By accepting some of the discount costs, the Enskilda banks made their notes circulate at par with Riksbank notes. Thus a domestic specie exchange system was created. The note issuance of the Enskilda banks paved the way for the deposit based commercial banking system that followed, and it was essential for the monetization of the economy that occurred during the late 1860's. The long run expansion of the money supply was unrelated to growth in Riksbank reserves, specie holdings or the monetary base. Other countries operating under the specie standard also experienced monetary growth, indicating that the specie standard actually was a system of credit. Money supply, as measured in terms of Riksbank and Enskilda bank notes held by the public, eventually reflected the level of output (GDP). VAR-tests indicated that annual changes in the level of Riksbank reserves preceded changes in the money supply which, in turn, preceded changes in the level of prices, thus supporting the price quantity theory. These results are summarized in a regression model that estimates domestic price movements as a function of current changes in international prices and GDP and of lagged changes in domestic prices and the money supply. The final chapter is an empirical analysis of the support provided to the Swedish banking system during the most severe financial crises of the nineteenth century. Maintaining the specie standard was over riding goal of the Riksbank. In times of crises, this concern prevented the Bank from supporting the banking system in accord with the classical lender of last resort recipe; to inject liquidity and briefly suspend convertibility. The thesis argues that in a transitional economy, such as that of nineteenth century Sweden, the fixed exchange rate makes it impossible in times of crisis to support the banks at all costs. Doing so might well convert a banking crisis into a currency crisis. Indeed, this is exactly what has happened in various countries on several occasions during the late twentieth century. Instead the appropriate procedure for acting as lender of last resort in a transitional economy is to initially support the banks, but only as long as central bank reserves are not exhausted. Should the seriousness of the crisis make this insufficient, the authorities should then proceed to import high powered money as a way of supplementing their reserves. The possibility that such action will be needed makes it particularly important that the country’s public finances be kept in good order.Diss. Stockholm : Handelshögskolan, 2003. Sammanfattning på engelska
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Ögren, Anders. "Empirical studies in money, credit and banking : the Swedish credit market in transition under the silver and gold standards 1834-1913 /." Stockholm : Institute for Research in Economic History (Institutet för ekonomisk historisk forskning vid Handelshögsk.) (EHF), 2003. http://web.hhs.se/efi/summary/616.htm.
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Dalinval, Stéphanie. "L'argent dans les Métamorphoses d'Apulée. Un fluide révélateur du monde ?" Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUL080.
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La thèse « l’argent dans les Métamorphoses d’Apulée » est le fruit d’une accumulation de recherches. Apulée nous a paru de suite comme un auteur représentant plus d’une énigme entre sa vie et ses œuvres. Au lieu de faire le point sur les seuls sujets présents dans l’œuvre, nous avons choisi de nous concentrer sur les objets. L’argent nous est apparu comme un objet récurrent sous bien des formes. Nous avons dressé un relevé aussi complet que possible. Il nous a paru essentiel de rechercher l’origine étymologique de chacun. L’idée était de faire apparaître le sens du mot en lui-même et son utilisation en contexte. Quelle vision de l’argent et de la société pouvions-nous en tirer ? Utiliser un terme est effectuer un choix qu’un Romain de l’époque d’Apulée pouvait comprendre. C’était renvoyer à des concepts, à des positionnements, des réflexions qui faisaient sens à l’époque de l’œuvre. A alors surgi la question de l’époque et de la société d’Apulée. Dans quelle mesure l’univers économique et social du IIème siècle ap. J.-C. dépeint fictivement dans les Métamorphoses rejoignait-il la réalité de cette époque ? Restait pourtant un domaine bien difficile à manipuler : celui de la religion. Le domaine religieux n’apparaît pas seulement dans le livre XI. Entre les références à la magie, les cultes locaux, le recours à des pratiques magiques, les religions de Rome et de Grèce, les religions orientales… Dans quelle mesure cette thématique entre-t-elle en relation avec l’argent ? Finalement, l’argent semble participer à la construction de sens d’interprétation différents. C’est un des symboles qui permet des lectures renouvelées des MétamorphosesThe thesis "Money in Apuleius’ Metamorphoses" is the result of an accumulation of research. Apuleius appeared to us immediately as an author representing more than one enigma between his life and his works. Instead of taking stock of the only subjects present in the work, we chose to focus on objects. Money has appeared to us as a recurring object in many forms. We have made a record as complete as possible. It seemed essential to us to seek the etymological origin of each one. The idea was to bring out the meaning of the word itself and its use in context. What vision of money and society could we draw from it? To use a term is to make a choice that a Roman of the time of Apuleius could understand. It was referring to concepts, positions, reflections that made sense at the time of the work. Then arose the question of the time and society of Apuleius. To what extent the economic and social world of the 2nd century AD J. - C. depicts fictitiously in the Metamorphoses it joined the reality of this time? However, there was one area that was difficult to manipulate: that of religion. The religious domain does not appear only in the book XI. Between the references to the magic, the local cults, the recourse to magic practices, the religions of Rome and Greece, the Eastern religions ... To what extent does this theme have any relationship with money? Finally, money seems to participate in the construction of different interpretations. It is one of the symbols that allow renewed readings of the Metamorphoses
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Зайцев, Олександр Васильович, Александр Васильевич Зайцев, Oleksandr Vasylovych Zaitsev, and І. О. Радіонова. "Особливості вільних грошей." Thesis, Сумський державний університет, 2009. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/61304.
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У тезах студентського повідомлення розглядається теорія "вільних грошей" німецького дослідника Сільвіо Гезелла.В тезисах студенческого доклада рассматривается теория «свободных денег» немецкого исследователя Сильвио Гезелла.
In the thesis of the student's report, the theory of "free money" by the German researcher Silvio Gesell is considered.
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"The circulation of foreign silver coins in southern coastal provinces of China, 1790-1890." 2006. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5896464.
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Gong Yibing.Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2006.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 109-121).
Abstracts in English and Chinese.
Introduction --- p.1
Chapter Chapter I. --- Basic Monetary Terms --- p.9
Basic Functions of Money --- p.10
China´ةs Bimetallism --- p.16
The Terminology --- p.19
Chapter Chapter II. --- The Influx of Foreign Silver Coins into China --- p.22
Chapter Chapter III. --- The Circulation of Foreign Silver Coins --- p.39
The Spread of Foreign Silver Coins in China --- p.39
Case Study I: Fujian --- p.46
Case Study II: Guangdong --- p.65
Case Study III: Jiangsu and Zhejiang --- p.82
Conclusion --- p.101
Bibliography --- p.108
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Gonzalez, Monge Alvaro. "The Socioecology, and the Effects of Human Activity on It, of the Annamese Silvered Langur (Trachypithecus margarita) in Northeastern Cambodia." Phd thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/110524.
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The Annamese silvered langur (Trachypithecus margarita) is a
colobine species
recently recognized as a separate species and considered
Endangered by the IUCN. It
lives in Indochina, east of the Mekong River. There are some
studies on its morphology,
distribution and diet. Information on the species’ ranging,
social behavior and
organization, habitat use and reproduction is scarce. The effects
of human disturbance on
langurs are unknown, a reason for concern given the current
biodiversity crisis in the
region. Information on the habitats where the species is found in
the wild is scarce, with
some sources conflicting. I aim to expand our current knowledge
on the socioecology of
T. margarita and the effects of human activities on it.
Research was done at Veun Sai Siem Pang Conservation Area,
Ratanakiri
Province, Cambodia, from April 2013 until May 2014. An
unhabituated group was
followed for five days every week. Group size was estimated and
their geographical
position was marked every 30 minutes until the end of the day or
the group was lost.
Canopy layer and forest type were noted every time an individual
was seen. When eating,
plant part and species were identified to species level. Eight
botanical transects of 5x200
meters were set up, classified by forest type and anthropic
disturbance. Plants with a DBH
of 12 cm or over were identified to species level. Biodiversity
and Evenness indices were
calculated for the habitat and each transect and compared. Langur
visits to a mineral lick
were recorded using camera traps. Group size, sex and age classes
were counted, and
morphological characters analysed for individual variability.
Chainsaw numbers, length
of logging in hours and distance from logging spots to the group
were calculated daily.
Mixed evergreen forest is more heterogeneous than mixed deciduous
forest and
presents more canopy layers and smaller stems. Logging tracks
affect habitat structure
but not diversity, while intensive logging strongly affects
structure and diversity.
Vertebrate populations at VSSPCA are resilient to small scale
logging.
T. margarita at VSSPCA are morphologically uniform. Group size is
at least 61
individuals and the social organization is multi-male
multi-female. Langurs associate
with other sympatric species of primates at the site, especially
M. leonina and P. nemaeus.
Langurs fed mainly on seeds, (69% of their diet), but also ate
other fruit parts; leaf
consumption was low. Focus on plant parts, food species and
families varied between
ix
seasons. Dipterocarps were highly consumed, but Willughbeia and
oak trees were highly
selected.
Home range size reached 256 ha, being larger in the dry season
than in the rainy
season, likely because of different food availability. The high
canopy was most frequently
used, although juveniles used the mid canopy more frequently.
Langurs preferred mixed
deciduous forest during the rainy season but avoided it during
the dry season, probably
for a lack of canopy to hide and feed. Langurs were strongly
affected by logging, moving
higher in the canopy as intensity increased, and abandoned areas
of their home range
where it was most destructive. While T. margarita tolerates human
disturbance, loggers
target key tree groups and law enforcement must be maintained.
Books on the topic "Silver (Money)"
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World silver and monetary history in the 16th and 17th centuries. Aldershot, U.K: Variorum, 1996.
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Sandrock, John E. Copper cash and silver taels: The money of Manchu China. Baltimore, MD (1001 N. Calvert St., Baltimore 21202): Gateway Press, 1995.
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William, Brown. The money question in the United States. [Montréal: Lovell Print. and Pub. Co., 1993.
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Scaruffi, Gasparo. L' alitinonfo. [S.l: s.n.], 1985.
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Faenus: Studien zu Zinsproblemen zur Zeit des Prinzipats. Stuttgart: Steiner, 2001.
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Mrozek, Stanisław. Faenus: Studien zu Zinsproblemen zur Zeit des Prinzipats. Stuttgart: Steiner, 2001.
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Tang Song shi dai jin yin zhi yan jiu: Yi jin yin zhi huo bi ji neng wei zhong xin. Beijing Shi: Zhonghua shu ju, 2006.
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Vorel, Petr. Stříbro v evropském peněžním oběhu 16.-17. století, 1472-1717. V Praze: Rybka, 2009.
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Guinea, Bank of Papua New. Papua New Guinea silver jubilee currency exhibition: Information pamphlet. [Papua New Guinea: Bank of Papua New Guinea, 2000.
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James, Graham-Campbell, and Williams Gareth, eds. Silver economy in the Viking age. Walnut Creek, Calif: Left Coast Press, 2007.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Silver (Money)"
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Price, Bonamy. "The Money Market and Gold." In The History of Gold and Silver Vol 3, 191–216. London: Routledge, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003549291-8.
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Khan, Geoffrey. "6. Coinage." In Semitic Languages and Cultures, 185–92. Cambridge, UK: Open Book Publishers, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.11647/obp.0391.06.
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This chapter describes the various coins and units of money that are mentioned in the documents. The standard unit of currency is the gold dīnār and various fractions of it. The documents also allude to silver dirhams. When interpreting references to monetary amounts in the documents, one must be aware that in some cases the terms used may have been referring to money of account rather than physical coins, i.e., a notional standard rather than medium of exchange. There is evidence from the corpus of a debasement of the silver content of dirhams in the late Fatimid period.
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Pieper, Renate. "Re-presenting Silver in Early Modern Europe." In Mining, Money and Markets in the Early Modern Atlantic, 63–84. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23894-0_4.
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Irigoin, Alejandra. "Rise and Demise of the Global Silver Standard." In Handbook of the History of Money and Currency, 383–410. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0596-2_13.
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Irigoin, Alejandra. "Rise and Demise of the Global Silver Standard." In Handbook of the History of Money and Currency, 1–28. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-0622-7_13-1.
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Irigoin, Alejandra. "Rise and Demise of the Global Silver Standard." In Handbook of the History of Money and Currency, 1–28. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-0622-7_13-2.
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Irigoin, Alejandra. "Respondentia: The alternative contract for global trade finance in the Early Modern period." In Datini Studies in Economic History, 519–44. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/979-12-215-0347-0.30.
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By specifying the specie on which returns were to be repaid respondentia was an efficient instrument to carry trade in which silver was «essential» for the continuation of commerce. As silver was imported as specie, where a multiplicity of means of payments existed and silver was the preferred money, it performed as foreign currency. Without common standards for foreign coins created issues for trade, the pricing of specie, and exchange rates. Eighteenth century Europeans alternatively used respondentia or bills depending on the monetary context, casting a doubt on the inherent efficiency of a cashless means of payment. Bills of exchange did not circulate outside Europe where cash had a premium. As the intermediary Europe developed means to regulate the price of foreign coins and exchange rates. Elsewhere respondentia had an advantage over bills; it allowed to hedge against uncertainty and propitiated arbitrage profits.
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Denzel, Markus. "Exchange Rates and Silver Prices at European Fairs, Sixteenth to Eighteenth Centuries." In Mining, Money and Markets in the Early Modern Atlantic, 349–62. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23894-0_14.
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Stangl, Werner. "A Matter of Scales: Understanding Spatial Patterns of Colonial Spanish America’s Silver Mining in the Digital Age." In Mining, Money and Markets in the Early Modern Atlantic, 87–126. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23894-0_5.
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Calderón Fernández, Andrés, Rafael Dobado González, and Alfredo Garcia-Hiernaux. "Interest Rates and Silver Production: Credit in Mexico City Between Market and Spirituality (1770–1779 and 1819–1828)." In Mining, Money and Markets in the Early Modern Atlantic, 313–47. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23894-0_13.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Silver (Money)"
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Godazgar, Vahid, and Leila Haddadi. "The mechanisms of the bullion markets and the return of gold (and silver) as money." In 2013 7th International Conference on e-Commerce in Developing Countries: With Focus on e-Security. IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ecdc.2013.6556735.
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Cəfərov, Mayis. "Coin Treasure from XIII-XIV Centuries Found in South Eastern Region of Azerbaijan." In International Symposium Sheikh Zahid Gilani in the 800th Year of His Birth. Namiq Musalı, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.59402/ees01201811.
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Coin treasures belonging to the Jalair State found in the South Eastern region having been investigated in this article were drawn into scientific circulation. Treasure of 17 silver coins found in the village Mahmudavar in Masalli are referred to the second Jalairi ruler Sheikh Uveys. Chronological borders of Mahmudavar treasures are related to 760-762. In that period Azerbaijan was entirely included to the Jalairlar State. The territory of the state surrounds Iraqi-Arab, Iraqi-Ajam, Georgia and Armenia provinces. Coins in the treasure found in the village Sutamurdov in Lankaran are minted in the name of Sultan Huseiyn, the ruler of Jalairi. The investigated treasure found in Lankaran is the first treasure that belongs to the Jalairlar State. The investigation of the both treasures plays the role of source in the learning of money economy and commodity-money relations of the Jalairlar State. Keywords: Numismatics, Treasure, Coin, Mint, Segment, Imitation, Nominal, Obverse, Reverse.
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Virsaladze, Naira, and Malvina Kipiani. "Modern Trends of Human Capital Formation." In Human Capital, Institutions, Economic Growth. Kutaisi University, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.52244/c.2023.11.28.
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Human capital has undergone significant qualitative changes along with the development of society. Today, high-quality human capital is the most important and sought-after resource for economic growth and development. Knowledge, education, health care, quality of life and the role of leading specialists became the basis of sustainable development of the country. Since gaining independence and transitioning to a new economic system, the higher education system of our country is in the process of continuous reforms. It still needs significant changes to come closer to an internationally recognized grading system. It is most important for the country that young people receive education in accordance with international standards. In order to study the experience of advanced countries, students of higher educational institutions are sent to different countries of the world through exchange programs, which bring great experience to young people. Professional education is also of special importance for the development of human capital. It gives an opportunity to young people and people of any age to acquire a profession that will allow them to be quickly employed, get a job and contribute to the economic development of the country. The Covid-19 pandemic has brought to the fore an important workforce issue such as the shortage of skilled workers. The Georgian labor market cannot respond quickly and adequately to the professions and specialties in demand. There has not yet been a "reset" of teaching to prepare a skilled workforce with modern skills and habits. Higher education, vocational schools and their real employers still work separately. Unfortunately, the goals and objectives of both parties are often missed. Increasing the minimum score for admission to higher education programs through entrance exams is a serious consideration. The issue is directly related to the use of qualitative indicators of human capital. A specialist equipped with average knowledge finds it difficult to establish himself or cannot work in the profession. This is a serious problem and requires a timely review. It is known that the more money spent on higher education, the better the results in the national economy. An educated workforce yields better results. Keeping high-quality human capital and anchoring it in place requires no less care even after receiving proper education. Such specialists go abroad because of low pay. This process is called "intelligence drain", which is a very familiar process for Georgia. In terms of maximizing the use of human capital, in recent years, inclusive education has especially advanced. It has a double load. It can be said that the moral side is much more for this category of people, but from a pure economic point of view and from the interests of the country, it is no less important issue. Together with inclusive education, today a great role is assigned to the use of accumulated knowledge and experience of older people, professionalism. It is this category of people who create the "silver economy" .Their role is quite serious and important for the full-fledged economic development of the demographically aging society. Against the background of the development of modern technologies and the achievements of science, for the economic growth and development of the country, a completely new importance is assigned to the continuous development of human capital every day, both quantitatively and qualitatively. In accordance with the challenges of news, it is necessary to establish and consistently establish new and demand-related trends. Article in Georgian.
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Абрамзон, М. Г., А. Н. Ворошилов, and О. М. Ворошилова. "COINS IN PHANAGORIAN FUNERARY TRADITION." In Hypanis. Труды отдела классической археологии ИА РАН. Crossref, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.25681/iaras.2022.978-5-94375-381-7.21-45.
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В статье анализируются нумизматические материалы из раскопок некрополя Фанагории в 1975–2021 гг. Интерпретация этих находок лежит в дискурсе неоднократно рассматриваемой проблемы о назначении монет в могилах античной эпохи. Впервые публикуемые здесь монетные находки из некрополя этого одного из крупнейших центров Северного Причерноморья безусловно представляют важный источник для изучения денежного обращения региона и особенностей местного погребального обряда. С другой стороны, монеты являются важным хронологическим индикатором как для датировки захоронений, так и для периодизации истории фанагорийского некрополя в целом. Считалось, что традиция класть деньги в могилу в качестве «обола Харона» появилась у греков в середине/конце 5 в. до н. э. Эту датировку подтверждали и материалы боспорских некрополей (Пантикапей и Волна 1). Однако некрополь Фанагории дал пантикапейский диобол 480–460 гг. до н. э., который является на данный момент самой ранней монетой, использованной в погребальной практике Боспора. Всего 128 монет найдено некрополе Фанагории за рассматриваемый период (не считая клада из 3695 позднебоспорских статеров, не связанного с ритуалом). Из них 8 – серебряные: 5 боспорских монет 5–1 вв. до н. э., денарий Траяна, 2 статера Рескупорида V. Все остальные монеты медные. Из 95 автономных монет, 66 отчеканены в Пан тикапее (включая кошелек с 7 монетами 3 в. до н. э.), Фанагории – 26, Ольвии – 1, Ами се – 1. Боспорским царям принадлежат 30 монет, от Полемона I до Фофорса, монеты которого являются позднейшими из боспорских. Кроме двух монет Митридата III и Котиса I с отверстиями, а также двух пробитых монет Феодосия I, использованных в качестве подвесок среди бус, все остальные монеты являются «оболами Харона», представляя важное свидетельство как местного погребального обряда, так и денежного обращения античного Боспора. Процесс исследования монет в погребальном контексте Фанагории позволяет аккумулировать информацию для правильной интерпретации данных о местном (и общегреческом) погребальном обряде. Информация, полученная при изучении монет из этого некрополя, может быть включена в пополняемую базу данных по нумизматическим материалам из других некрополей Боспора и юго-западного Крыма. Однако полная интерпретация погребальных ритуалов Фанагории, где монеты, по-видимому, играют важную роль, зависит от точности полевых наблюдений. The present article analyses numismatic materials from the excavations of the Phanagorian necropolis in 1975–2021. These finds are repeatedly discussed in light of the purpose of coins in ancient graves. Published for the first time, the coin finds from the necropolis of one of the largest centres of the Northern Black Sea region are, without doubt, an important source for studying the monetary circulation in the region and the traits of its funeral rites. Coins are also an important chronological indicator for both the dating of burials and for the historical periodization of the Phanagorian necropolis altogether. It was understood that the tradition of putting money in graves as “Charon’s obol” appeared in the Greek World during the second half of the fifth century BC. Such dating was also confirmed by archaeological finds from the Bosporan necropoleis (Panticapaeum and Volna 1). The Phanagorian necropolis, however, yielded a Panticapaean diobol dating to 480–460 BC, currently the earliest coin used in the burial practice in the Bosporos. A total of 128 coins were found at the Phanagorian necropolis during the aforementioned excavation period (excluding the hoard of 3,695 Late Bosporan staters, which are not associated with ritual practice). Eight of them are silver coins: five Bosporan coins dating to the 5th–1th centuries BC, a denarius of Trajan, two staters of Reskuporides V. The rest are copper coins. Of the 95 autonomous coins, 66 were minted in Panticapaeum (including a purse with seven coins dating to the third century BC), 26 – in Phanagoria, one in Olbia and one in Amis. Thirty coins are associated with Bosporan kings, from Polemon I to Thothorses, whose coins are dated the latest out of Bosporan coins. Except for the two perforated coins of Mithridates III and Cotys I, as well as two, also perforated, coins of Theodosius I, which were used as pendants, all other coins are “Charon’s obols”, which provides important evidence of both the local funerary rites and the monetary circulation of the ancient Bosporos. The study of coins in Phanagorian funerary context allows to accumulate information necessary for a correct interpretation of data on the local (and common Greek) funeral rites. Information obtained during the study of coins from the Phanagorian necropolis can be included in the continuously renewed numismatic “database” from other necropoleis of the Bosporos and southwestern Crimea. However, a complete interpretation of Phanagorian funerary rites, in which coins seem to play an important role, depends on the accuracy of field observations.
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Berlato, Larissa, Francisco Gomez Castro, Giselle Schmidt Alves Díaz Merino, and Eugenio Eugenio Andrés Díaz Merino. "Análise textual do conteúdo em websites e redes sociais com uma abordagem sistêmica para a Gestão Estratégica de Design na criação de nomes de marcas: um estudo de caso." In Systems & Design 2017. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/sd2017.2017.6652.
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Florianópolis possuí 15 centros universitários, cerca de 600 empresas de tecnologia e é considerada o quarto destino internacional de eventos no Brasil (ICCA). O interesse em inovação na cidade durante o mês de outubro é observável pelo elevado número de eventos que acontecem, podendo ser agrupados em três dimensões: tecnologia, ambiental e social. Embora sejam dimensões diferentes, todas procuram a reflexão, o aprendizado e o planejamento organizado ligado à inovação. Entretanto, esses eventos são organizados e comunicados individualmente, criando situações de concorrência direta entre eles. Em alguns casos, essa concorrência gera problemas na sustentabilidade financeira, por falta de participantes, ou apenas repetição dos participantes, por falta de visibilidade. Essa situação enfraquece a experiência do visitante e gera uma visão da cidade bem menos diversa em alternativas de conhecimento. Florianópolis possuí potencial de cidade criativa, a qual promove a revitalização cultural, a atração de indivíduos criativos, o estímulo da participação social e apoio financeiro às indústrias culturais e áreas afins. Esse conceito está baseado na economia criativa, que se assenta sobre a relação entre a criatividade, o simbólico e a economia (HOWKINS, 2002). O desenvolvimento das atividades de lazer e de uma imagem local, assim como salientar as características culturais e experienciais do lugar, resulta em especial interesse na gestão estratégica comunicacional da cidade. O objetivo desse artigo é o levantamento das características e atributos para a criação de um nome e valores de marca que considere todos os agentes envolvidos nos eventos de inovação em Florianópolis. A perspectiva da pesquisa foi baseada na teoria fundamentada com uma abordagem sistêmica, e na sua classificação: aplicada por sua natureza, qualitativa pela forma de abordagem, exploratória por seus objetivos e um estudo de casos pelos procedimentos técnicos. Os objetos pesquisados foram os websites e as redes sociais dos eventos do estudo. Os métodos de análise foram: análises webométricas, para medir o fator de impacto não world wide web dos websites de estudo; análise textual do conteúdo por meio de nuvens de palavras e um análise de redes (ARS) dos sites de redes sociais dos websites de estudo. O tipo de amostra do foi intencional: por intensidade e conveniência (FRAGOSO, RECUERO, AMARAL, 2011). Os resultados obtidos propõem uma série de características, valores e atributos para a criação do nome da marca baseado no conceito de inovação desenvolvido na cidade de Florianópolis e organizados nas dimensões: social, ambiental e tecnológico mapeadas no início da pesquisa.Palavras-chave: Abordagem Sistêmica, Naming, Gestão de Design, Cidades Criativas, Design sistêmico. Referências AAKER, D. Construindo marcas fortes. Porto Alegre: Bookman, 2007. ANDRADE, A. L. et al. Pensamento sistêmico: caderno de campo: o desafio das mudanças sustentada nas organizações e na sociedade. Porto Alegre: Bookman, 2006. BERRY, L.L. Big ideas in Service Marketing. Journal of Services Marketing, 1(1), 5-9, 1987. BERTALANFFY, L. Von. Teoria geral dos sistemas. 3.ed. Petrópolis: Vozes, 2008. BEST, K. Fundamentos de Gestão do Design. Porto Alegre: Bookman, 2012. Tradução: André de Godoy Vieira. CARDOSO, R. Design para um mundo complexo. São Paulo: Cosac Naify, 2013. FEDERAÇÃO DAS INDÚSTRIAS DO RIO DE JANEIRO (FIRJAN). Mapeamento da Indústria Criativa no Brasil. [2014]. Disponível em: <http://www. rjan.org.br/economiacriativa/pages/default.aspx>. Acesso em: 4 jun. 2015. FLORIDA, R. A Ascensão da Classe Criativa – e seu papel na transformação do trabalho, do lazer, da comunidade do cotidiano. Porto Alegre: L&PM Editores, 2011. FRAGOSO, S.; RECUERO, R. e AMARAL, A. Métodos de pesquisa para internet. Porto Alegre: Sulina, 239 p., 2011. HOWKINS, J. The creative Economy – how people make money from ideas. Londres: Penguin Books, 2007. KOTLER, P; ARMSTRONG, G. Princípios de Marketing. Tradução: Vera Whately, revisão técnica: Roberto Meireles Pinheiro. 7.ed. Rio de janeiro: LTC, 1999. Landry, C. The Creative City. London: Earthscan/Comedia, 2001. MARTINS, R. F. de F. e MERINO, E. A. D. Gestão de Design como Estratégia Organizacional. 2a. ed. Londrina: EDUEL, 2011. MOZOTA, B. B. de. Gestão do design: usando o design para construir valor de marca e inovação corporativa. Porto Alegre: Bookman, 2011. ONU, UNCTAD. Creative economy report 2013 special edition. UN, 2013. SILVA, Carina Scandolara da. Abordagem sistêmica com foco na gestão de design sustentável: o caso Nuovo Design. Florianópolis, 2012. 147 p. Dissertação (Mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Comunicação e Expressão. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Design e Expressão Gráfica Disponível em: <http://www.tede.ufsc.br/teses/PGDE0037-D.pdf> UNCTAD. The Creative Economy Report, 2010.WHEELER, A. Design de identidade da marca: Guia essencial para toda a equipe de Gestão de marcas. 3. ed. Porto Alegre: Bookman. 319 p, 2012.