Journal articles: 'Silver chloride'

1

Gambardella, Mario, Santad Kongpricha, James J. Pitts, and Albert W. Jache. "Disproportionation of chlorine in hydrogen fluoride and related media." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 67, no. 11 (November 1, 1989): 1828–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v89-283.

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Chlorine can be made to disproportionate to chlorine monofluoride and chloride, taking advantage of Le Chatelier's principle in several different ways. It will disproportionate to form insoluble silver chloride and chlorine monofluoride when silver fluoride is present. It will disproportionate in a melt of alkali metal fluorides to form alkali metal chlorides and chlorine monofluoride. The alkali metal chlorides will react with hydrogen fluoride to regenerate the metal fluorides and hydrogen chloride. Chlorine will also disproportionate in hydrogen fluoride containing antimony pentafluoride to yield antimony pentafluoride adducts of chlorine monofluoride and of hydrogen chloride. These adducts are readily decomposed to yield the disproportionation products and the original antimony pentafluoride. Keywords: hydrogen fluoride, disproportionation, chlorine, waterlike, solvent system.

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Volkovich, Vladimir A., Alexander B. Ivanov, Dariya Bessonova, and Dmitry S. Maltsev. "(Digital Presentation) Silver Electrode Potentials in NaCl–KCl–Cscl Eutectic Melts." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 55 (October 9, 2022): 2131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-02552131mtgabs.

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Molten salts have a number of potential applications including metals’ electrowinning and electrorefining, pyrochemical spent nuclear fuels’ reprocessing. Considerable efforts were devoted over decades to investigation of various electrochemical processes in molten salts, especially in fused chlorides. Silver chloride electrode is one of convenient types of reference electrodes often employed in potentiometry measurements. This electrode has several advantages (especially compactness) compare to the standard chlorine reference electrode, potential of which in chloride melts is taken as zero. Surprisingly little attention was paid so far to the systematic study (covering the effect of temperature and concentration) of silver electrode potentials in molten chlorides, with majority of the works dating back to 1950-s and 60-s. Molten LiCl–KCl eutectic was, on obvious reasons, the best studied, and several other melts (NaCl, NaCl–KCl, LiCl–KCl–CsCl, NaCl–CsCl) were also looked at. The present study was directed at the systematic study of silver electrochemistry in fused alkali chlorides and determining silver electrode potentials. Here we present the results of the experiments performed in the melts based on the ternary NaCl–KCl–CsCl (30–24.5–45.5 mol. %) eutectic mixture at 823–1073 K. Electrode potentials of silver were determined using the electromotive force measurements method and the following galvanic cell: Ag|(NaCl–KCl–CsCl)+AgCl||(NaCl–KC1–CsCl)|Cl2 (C) Concentration of silver in the electrolyte varied from 0.1 to 5 wt. %. Silver electrode quickly equilibrated with the electrolyte and the potential remained stable over long time, Figure. Experimentally obtained electrode potentials were then used to calculate silver formal standard electrode potentials. Figure. An example of silver electrode potential evolution over time in (NaCl–KCl–CsCl)–AgCl (5 wt. %) melt at 823 K. 2Cl–/Cl2 reference electrode. Figure 1

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Kitaeva, D. Kh, A. G. Buyanovskaya, O. A. Levinskaya, and S. L. Dzvonkovski. "Determination of low chlorine content in organic compounds and polymers using an «Expert-006» coulometer." Industrial laboratory. Diagnostics of materials 84, no. 7 (August 8, 2018): 16–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.26896/1028-6861-2018-84-7-16-20.

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A method of visual mercurimetric titration of chloride ions is widely used in elemental microanalysis for determination of chlorine content in organic substances after their combustion in an oxygen-filled flask. However, when chlorine content is less than 0.5%, the mercurimetric method fails to provide essential accuracy, and a more sensitive method of chlorine coulometric titration by electrogenerated silver ions appeared favorable. We consider a possibility of determining the microgram content of chloride-ions in solutions using a digital coulometric analyzer («Expert-006» produced by «Econics-Expert» (Moscow)) supplemented with an electrolytic cell with silver electrodes. The coulometer was tested in different operation modes to select the optimal electrochemical parameters of ion chloride titration and develop a technique for coulometric determination of chloride ions which in combination with the preliminary burning of the analyzed substances in an oxygen-filled flask provides determination of the residual chlorine in organic matrices at a level of 0.1 – 0.5%. The proposed technique was used to determine the residual chlorine in a number of polymers. The relative error did not exceed 5% at chlorine concentrations of 0.16 – 0.28%.

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Mostovshchikov, Andrei V., Alexander P. Ilyin, and Nadezhda S. Barabash. "Influence of Ultra-Violet Radiation on Sublimation Energy of Silver Chloride (AgCl)." Key Engineering Materials 685 (February 2016): 735–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.685.735.

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Influence of silver chloride synthesis conditions on its heat of sublimation after ultra-violet irradiation was explored. It was determined that silver chloride synthesized in excess of silver ions after irradiation was characterized by heat of sublimation about 6813 J/g, which meant that the original value increased in ~ 1.8 times. At the same time silver chloride synthesized in excess of chloride ions was characterized by decrease in value of heat of sublimation by ~ 2 times. Growth of heat of sublimation of silver chloride with excess of silver ions is connected with energy expenditure on sublimation due to decrease in proportion of surface which is not covered with silver. Reduction of heat of sublimation of silver chloride with excess of chloride ions is explained by absence of silver solid surface film and catalytic effect of silver klasters formed during the process of irradiation.

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Tate, Eldon W., and James H. Johnston. "Photocatalytic silver/silver chloride polymer nanocomposites." Nanomaterials and Energy 3, no. 6 (November 2014): 222–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/nme.14.00023.

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Марасанов, Д. В., Е. М. Сгибнев, and Н. В. Никоноров. "Влияние хлоридов на спектральные свойства серебряных ионообменных слоев фото-термо-рефрактивного стекла." Оптика и спектроскопия 130, no. 7 (2022): 1113. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/os.2022.07.52729.3286-22.

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The effect of chlorine on the spectral properties of silver nanoparticles in the ion-exchanged layers of photo-thermo-refractive glass was studied. It was shown that silver nanoparticles were precipitated only in the UV-irradiated region of the ion-exchanged chlorine-free photo-thermo-refractive glass and refractive index of the irradiated and non-irradiated was the same. It was founded that UV irradiation and subsequent thermal treatment resulted in a growth of NaF nanocrystals on AgCl/NaCl shells formed on the silver nanoparticles in the irradiated ion-exchanged chloride photo-thermo-refractive glass. The refractive index contrast of the irradiated and non-irradiated areas of photo-thermo-refractive glass with chlorine was achieved Δn=-3•10-3. Results of the study demonstrate that it is possible to record the amplitude gratings in the ion-exchanged layers of chlorine-free photo-thermo-refractive glass, and to record the amplitude-phase gratings in the ion-exchanged layers of chloride photo-thermo-refractive glass.

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Gottwald, Helmut, and Konrad G. Weil. "Properties of Cold Condensed Metal Chlorideand of Cocondensed Metal/Metal Chloride Films II. Raman Spectra." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 43, no. 5 (May 1, 1988): 481–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-1988-0513.

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We report on Raman spectroscopic investigations with cold condensed films of silver chloride, thallium chloride, and sodium chloride in the absence and in the presence of cocondensed metal. With films of 1000 nm -2000 nm thickness, Raman signals only can be seen if small silver particles are present. These are either cocondensed particles or they are formed by photolysis of silver chloride. At low temperatures, noncrystalline films can absorb light from the exciting laser, while at room temperature also crystalline silver chloride can be photolyzed by the argon ion laser.The signals are interpreted as surface enhanced Raman transitions of a chloride - silver vibration. No indications for the presence of silver chloride or thallium chloride molecules can be found from the spectra.

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Shapovalov, V. V., S. A. Artamonov, N. V. Eldashev, A. Yu Kutin, N. A. Nerozin, D. A. Podsoblyaev, M. D. Samsonov, N. R. Togaeva, and S. V. Tkachev. "Deposition of Iodine-125 on Silver Supports of Microsources for Prostate Cancer Brachytherapy." Radiochemistry 64, no. 5 (October 2022): 641–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1066362222050083.

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Abstract A method of iodine-125 deposition on a surface of microsource silver supports for brachytherapy of prostate cancer was reported, which includes preparing the support surface by sequentially treating them with nitric acid and thiourea solutions, followed by chlorination of the support surface with a chlorinating agent to form silver chloride on the support surface, and substitution of chlorine atoms for 125I atoms by placing supports containin silver chloride on the surface in a solution with 125I ions to create a 125I layer on the support surface. The method described allows fixing 125I on supports with a low activity distribution on each activity-carrying support.

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Singh, Rekha, Woohang Kim, and James A. Smith. "Effect of Chloride Ions on the Point-of-Use Drinking Water Disinfection Performance of Porous Ceramic Media Embedded with Metallic Silver and Copper." Water 12, no. 6 (June 6, 2020): 1625. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12061625.

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This study quantifies the effects of chloride ions on silver and copper release from porous ceramic cubes embedded with silver and copper and its effect on E. coli disinfection in drinking water. Log-reduction of E. coli by silver ions decreased after 4 h of contact time as the chloride ion concentration increased from 0 to 250 mg/L but, it was not changed by copper ions under the same conditions. For silver addition by silver-ceramic cubes, log reductions of E. coli decreased sharply from 7.2 to 1.6 after 12 h as the chloride concentration increased from 0 to 250 mg/L. For the silver-ceramic cube experiments, chloride ion also reduced the total silver concentration in solution. After 24 h, total silver concentrations in solution decreased from 61 µg/L to 20 µg/L for corresponding chloride ion concentrations. According to the MINTEQ equilibrium model analysis, the decrease in disinfection ability with silver embedded ceramic cubes could be the result of precipitation of silver ions as silver chloride. This suggests that AgCl was precipitating within the pore space of the ceramic. These results indicate that, although ionic silver is a highly effective disinfectant for E. coli, the presence of chloride ions can significantly reduce disinfection efficacy. For copper-ceramic cubes, log reductions of E. coli by copper embedded cubes increased from 1.2 to 1.5 when chloride ion concentration increased from 0 to 250 mg/L. Total copper concentrations in solution increased from 4 µg/L to 14 µg/L for corresponding chloride ion concentrations. These results point towards the synergistic effect of chloride ions on copper oxidation as an increased concentration of chloride enhances copper release.

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Rajbhandari, Armila, Krishna Manandhar, and Raja Ram Pradhananga. "Preparation of halide sensors by means of co-precipitation of silver sulphide and silver halide." Journal of Nepal Chemical Society 30 (December 19, 2013): 168–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jncs.v30i0.9390.

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Halide sensors have been prepared in the laboratory by means of co-precipitation of silver sulphide and silver halide and is used for the determination of iodide, bromide and chlorides ions. The iodide sensors show a Nernstian response in the concentration range of 10-1 to 10-6M iodide ions, bromide sensors show a linear response in the concentration range of 10-1 to 10-5M bromide ions while chloride sensors show linear response upto the concentration range of 10-4M chloride ions. The response time of all the electrodes, is < 1minute. The iodide sensors were found to be selective towards iodide ions in the presence of Cl- and Br- ions while bromide and chloride sensors interferred by iodide ions as indicated by selectivity coefficient values of 3.98 and 48.9 respectively. These sensors have been successfully applied for potentiometric titrations.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jncs.v30i0.9390Journal of Nepal Chemical Society Vol. 30, 2012 Page: 168-173 Uploaded date: 12/20/2013

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Calzaferri, Gion, Dominik Brühwiler, Stephan Glaus, David Schürch, Antonio Currao, and Claudia Leiggener. "Quantum-Sized Silver, Silver Chloride and Silver Sulfide Clusters." Journal of Imaging Science and Technology 45, no. 4 (July 1, 2001): 331–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2352/j.imagingsci.technol.2001.45.4.art00004.

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12

Cranny, A. W. J., and J. K. Atkinson. "Thick film silver-silver chloride reference electrodes." Measurement Science and Technology 9, no. 9 (September 1, 1998): 1557–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/9/9/027.

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13

Shuman, Larry M., Michelle M. Wander, and Ray B. Pitts. "An Inexpensive Silver‐Silver Chloride Reference Electrode." Agronomy Journal 88, no. 2 (March 1996): 246–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/agronj1996.00021962008800020021x.

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14

Ortega-Arizmendi, Aldo I., Eugenia Aldeco-Pérez, and Erick Cuevas-Yañez. "Alkyne-Azide Cycloaddition Catalyzed by Silver Chloride and “Abnormal” SilverN-Heterocyclic Carbene Complex." Scientific World Journal 2013 (2013): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/186537.

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A library of 1,2,3-triazoles was synthesized from diverse alkynes and azides using catalytic amounts of silver chloride instead of copper compounds. In addition, a novel “abnormal” silverN-heterocyclic carbene complex was tested as catalyst in this process. The results suggest that the reaction requires only 0.5% of silver complex, affording 1,2,3-triazoles in good yields.

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Gottwald, Helmut, Thomas Lieser, Konrad G. Weil, and Alarieh Weiss. "Properties of Cold Condensed Silver Chloride and of Cocondensed Silver/Silver Chloride Films. I. UV-VIS-Spectra." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 40, no. 7 (July 1, 1985): 677–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-1985-0704.

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When vapor of silver chloride is condensed with rates below 1 nm · min-1 onto a substrate at T= 10 K, a non-crystalline film grows. Typical of this film is the absence of the exciton absorption at 240 nm and the presence of a broad absorption extending to wavelengths > 300 nm. When the film is tempered for a few minutes at T > 170 K, it shows the typical UV-VIS-spectrum of crystalline AgCl. When silver is cocondensed with silver chloride, additional absorption around 300 nm can be observed. This situation is stable up to temperatures of T ≦ 200 K. Then silver chloride crystallizes and silver is precipitated, leading to Mie scattering at wavelengths around 500 nm.Concondensation of silver stabilizes the non-crystalline state with respect to deposition temperature and deposition rate. Also the transition temperature non-crystalline/crystalline is increased.

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Strėlkutė, Asta, and Jolita Bradulienė. "CHLORIDE CONCENTRATION IN THE SOIL POLLUTED WITH BISHOPHIT USED IN WINTER AND ITS EFFECT ON HERBACEOUS PLANTS / CHLORIDŲ KONCENTRACIJA DIRVOŽEMYJE, UŽTERŠTAME ŽIEMOS METU NAUDOJAMU BIŠOFITU, IR POVEIKIS ŽOLINIAMS AUGALAMS." Mokslas – Lietuvos ateitis 6, no. 4 (October 24, 2014): 386–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/mla.2014.53.

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For road maintenance in winter, various chemical reagents, considering their physical and chemical properties, are chosen taking into account economic indicators. After a long winter season, large amounts of chemical reagents are used. During the winter season, dusting chlorides, first of all, fall on the roadway and a part of those reach roadsides where directly pollute the soil of the buffer zone and affect vegetation during the growing season. Chloride content in soil reduces the absorption of nutrients, which hinders the development of plants. It also has an effect on the metabolism of soil organisms, and therefore the loss of soil fertility. Due to high chloride content, land becomes unsuitable for plant growth. Studies used different concentrations (9 ml, 12 ml and 46 ml) of bishophit. Chloride concentration in soil extract has been determined applying the volumetric method and employing silver nitrate titration. It has been determined that the amount of chloride in the soil contaminated with 9 ml makes 89.21 mg/kg, 12 ml – 94, 25 mg/kg and 164.32 mg/kg. Kelių priežiūrai žiemą naudojami įvairūs cheminiai reagentai, kurie parenkami atsižvelgiant į ekonominius rodiklius, svarbios yra jų fizinės bei cheminės savybės. Esant ilgam ir snieguotam žiemos sezonui, naudojami dideli kiekiai cheminių reagentų, kurie, atšilus orams, pasklinda aplinkoje ir daro neigiamą įtaką. Žiemą barstomi chloridai pirmiausia patenka ant važiuojamosios kelio dalies, dalis chloridų patenka ant kelkraščių, kur tiesiogiai teršia pakelėse esantį apsauginės zonos dirvožemį bei vegetacijos periodo augaliją. Chloridų kaupimasis dirvožemyje – viena svarbiausių ekosistemoms kylančių fiziologinių grėsmių. Chloridų kiekis dirvožemyje sumažina maistingųjų medžiagų pasisavinimą ir tai trukdo vystytis augalams. Taip pat tai turi poveikį dirvožemio organizmų medžiagų apykaitai, ir dėl to mažėja dirvožemio derlingumas. Dėl didelio chloridų kiekio žemė tampa netinkama augalams augti. Tyrimams naudojama skirtingų koncentracijų (9 ml, 12 ml, 46 ml) bišofitas. Chloridų koncentracija dirvožemio ekstrakte nustatoma tūriniu metodu, titruoti naudojant sidabro nitratą. Nustatyta, kad chloridų kiekis 9 ml užterštame dirvožemyje yra 8,388 mg/kg, 12 ml – 10,197 mg/kg, 28,19 mg/kg.

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Pabst, Oliver, Abbas Anwar, Adam Andrzej Nieweglowski, Christian Rolid Lindland, Habibur Rahman, Håvard Siljedal, Henning Thorkildsen, et al. "The non-linear electrical properties of silver/silver chloride electrodes in sodium chloride solution." Journal of Electrical Bioimpedance 10, no. 1 (December 31, 2019): 113–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/joeb-2019-0017.

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Abstract An electrical measurement is non-linear when it is affected by the applied stimulus, i.e. when the measured phenomenon changes with amplitude. If pinched hysteresis loops can be observed in the voltage current representation, the underlying tissue can be classified as a memristor. Several biological memristors have been published, like human skin and apples. However, changes in the polarization impedance of electrodes may also cause pinched hysteresis loops. The question whether the reported biological memristors are real or whether the results just reflect changes in the polarization impedance arises. If the impedance of the measured object is close to or smaller than the polarization impedance of the used electrodes, the latter may dominate the measurement. In this study, we investigated the non-linear electrical properties of silver/silver chloride electrodes in a sodium chloride solution that has a similar concentration as human sweat and compared these to results from human skin. First of all, we found that silver/silver chloride electrodes in sodium chloride solution can be classified as memristors. However, the currents obtained from the sodium chloride solution are much higher than the currents recorded from human skin and there is a qualitative difference in the pinched hysteresis loops in both cases. We can conclude that the non-linear electrical measurements with silver/silver chloride on human skin are actually dominated by the skin and we can confirm that the human skin memristor really exists.

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Paulkumar, Kanniah, Shanmugam Rajeshkumar, Gnanadhas Gnanajobitha, Mahendran Vanaja, Chelladurai Malarkodi, and Gurusamy Annadurai. "Biosynthesis of Silver Chloride Nanoparticles Using Bacillus subtilis MTCC 3053 and Assessment of Its Antifungal Activity." ISRN Nanomaterials 2013 (November 17, 2013): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/317963.

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The present investigation reported the synthesis of silver chloride nanoparticles using Bacillus subtilis. The adsorption of colloidal silver chloride nanoparticles showed an intense peak at the wavelength of 400 nm after 20 hrs of biomass incubation. The size of the silver nanoparticles ranges from 20 to 60 nm which was obtained from transmission electron microscope (TEM). The X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern confirmed the crystalline nature of the nanoparticles. The bright circular spots of selected diffraction area (SAED) pattern also confirmed the good crystalline nature of the silver chloride nanoparticles with high magnification of TEM images. The presence of nitrate reductase enzyme in the cellular membrane of B. subtilis was confirmed by sodium dodecyl (SDS) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and it was found that the molecular weight is 37 kDa. The possible functional groups of the reductase enzyme in B. subtilis were identified by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Finally, antifungal activity of silver chloride nanoparticle was examined against Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger, and Aspergillus flavus. We conclude that the synthesis of silver chloride nanoparticles using microorganisms is more economical and simple. The antifungal property of silver chloride nanoparticles will play a beneficial role in biomedical nanotechnology.

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Tamašauskaitė-Tamašiūnaitė, Loreta, Aldona Jagminienė, Ina Stankevičienė, Karolis Ratautas, Gediminas Račiukaitis, and Eugenijus Norkus. "Enhancing Effect of Chloride Ions on the Autocatalytic Process of Ag(I) Reduction by Co(II) Complexes." Materials 13, no. 20 (October 14, 2020): 4556. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13204556.

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In this work, the possibilities of increasing the rate of electroless silver plating without a rise in the concentration of reactants or elevation of temperature were studied. The effect of halide additive, namely chloride ions, on the rate of electroless silver deposition was investigated, using conventional chemical kinetics and electrochemical techniques. It was found that the deposition rate of electroless silver increased 2–3 times in the presence of 10–20 mM of chlorides, preserving sufficient stability of the solution.

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Zhao, Jun-Ren, Fei-Yi Hung, and Che-Wei Hsu. "Metallographic Mechanism of Embrittlement of 15 μm Ultrafine Quaternary Silver Alloy Bonding Wire in Chloride Ions Environment." Materials 16, no. 3 (January 25, 2023): 1066. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16031066.

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Chloride ions contained in the sealing compound currently used in the electronic packaging industry not only interact with intermetallic compounds but also have a serious impact on silver alloy wires. A 15 μm ultrafine quaternary silver-palladium-gold-platinum alloy wire was used in this study. The wire and its bonding were immersed in a 60 °C saturated sodium chloride solution (chlorination experiment), and the strength and elongation before and after chlorination were measured. Finally, the fracture surface and cross-section characteristics were observed using a scanning electron microscope and focused ion microscope. The results revealed that chloride ions invade the wire along the grain boundary, and chlorides have been generated inside the cracks to weaken the strength and elongation of the wire. In addition, chloride ions invade the interface of the wire bonding to erode the aluminum substrate after immersing it for enough long time, causing galvanic corrosion, which in turn causes the bonding joint to separate from the aluminum substrate.

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Rajbandari, A., K. Manandhar, and RR Pradhananga. "A study on the surface deterioration of home made halide sensors." BIBECHANA 9 (December 5, 2012): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/bibechana.v9i0.7143.

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Home made halide sensors based on silver sulphide-silver halide have been prepared and successfully employed for the determination of iodide, bromide and chlorides ions in solutions. These ion sensors showed a Nernstian response in the concentration range of 10-1 to 10-7 M for iodide ions, 10-6 M for bromide ions, and 10-5 M for chloride ions. The response time of these sensors was < 1 min. We have found that the iodide ion sensor can selectively detect iodide ions in presence of chloride and bromide ions. However, sensing performance of the bromide and chloride sensors are largely interfered by the presence of iodide ions. Surface study showed that surface deterioration of membrane was caused by the solutions containing interfering ions and its regular use, particularly in dilute solutions. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/bibechana.v9i0.7143 BIBECHANA 9 (2013) 1-6

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von Dollen, James, Sofia Oliva, Sarah Max, and Jennifer Esbenshade. "Recovery of Silver Nitrate from Silver Chloride Waste." Journal of Chemical Education 95, no. 4 (February 15, 2018): 682–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jchemed.7b00713.

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Köser, Jan, Maria Engelke, Martin Hoppe, André Nogowski, Juliane Filser, and Jorg Thöming. "Predictability of silver nanoparticle speciation and toxicity in ecotoxicological media." Environmental Science: Nano 4, no. 7 (2017): 1470–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7en00026j.

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Loza, Kateryna, and Matthias Epple. "Silver nanoparticles in complex media: an easy procedure to discriminate between metallic silver nanoparticles, reprecipitated silver chloride, and dissolved silver species." RSC Advances 8, no. 43 (2018): 24386–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ra04500c.

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Hsueh, Hui Chung, Zue Chin Chang, Chang Ching You, and C. B. Lin. "A Novel Method to Fabricate Silver Chloride Films." Applied Mechanics and Materials 117-119 (October 2011): 652–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.117-119.652.

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Abstract: This investigation develops a novel method for fabricating silver chloride films by the heterogeneous precipitation of sodium chloride from aqueous solution and supersaturated solid-state silver nitrate out of aqueous solution. The morphology of the bottom surface of the silver chloride film thus obtained comprises numerous porous stick structures. The top surface comprises equiaxed grains, and columnar grains are observed in the cross-section.

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Sasai, Seiji, Toyoji Kaneko, Sanae Hasegawa, and Katsumi Tsukamoto. "Morphological alteration in two types of gill chloride cells in Japanese eels (Anguilla japonica) during catadromous migration." Canadian Journal of Zoology 76, no. 8 (August 1, 1998): 1480–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z98-072.

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Gill chloride cell morphology and Na+,K+-ATPase activity were examined in cultured Japanese eels (Anguilla japonica) acclimated to fresh water (FW) or seawater (SW), and in yellow and silver eels caught in wild stocks. Gill Na+,K+-ATPase activity was higher in SW-acclimated cultured eels than in FW eels. Chloride cells were detected in both filament and lamellar epithelia by immunocytochemical staining using anti-Na+,K+-ATPase serum. The filament chloride cells were more abundant and larger in SW eels than in FW eels, whereas there was no apparent difference in lamellar chloride cells. In wild-caught eels, gill Na+,K+-ATPase activity increased as they developed from yellow to silver eels. Filament chloride cells in silver eels were more active than those in yellow eels. In contrast, lamellar chloride cells, which were frequently observed in yellow eels, had decreased in number or disappeared in silver eels. These findings suggest that chloride cells in the filament are responsible for excretion of excess salt in hyperosmotic environments, and that lamellar chloride cells may play a significant role in hypoosmotic environments, presumably acting as sites of ion uptake. The excellent euryhalinity of the Japanese eel may be due, at least in part, to the presence of functionally different types of chloride cells. The activation of filament chloride cells in silver eels in FW, together with the increase in Na+,K+-ATPase activity, could be interpreted as a preadaptive response to forthcoming entry into SW.

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Gorbunova, Marina O., Igor E. Uflyand, Vladimir A. Zhinzhilo, Anastasiya O. Zarubina, Tatiana S. Kolesnikova, Maxim G. Spirin, and Gulzhian I. Dzhardimalieva. "Preparation of Reactive Indicator Papers Based on Silver-Containing Nanocomposites for the Analysis of Chloride Ions." Micromachines 14, no. 9 (August 28, 2023): 1682. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi14091682.

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In recent decades, metal-containing nanocomposites have attracted considerable attention from researchers. In this work, for the first time, a detailed analysis of the preparation of reactive indicator papers (RIPs) based on silver-containing nanocomposites derived from silver fumarate was carried out. Thermolysis products are silver-containing nanocomposites containing silver nanoparticles uniformly distributed in a stabilizing carbon matrix. The study of the optical properties of silver-containing nanocomposites made it possible to outline the prospects for their application in chemical analysis. RIPs were made by impregnating a cellulose carrier with synthesized silver fumarate-derived nanocomposites, which change their color when interacting with chlorine vapor. This made it possible to propose a method for the determination of chloride ions with preliminary oxidation to molecular chlorine, which is then separated from the solution by gas extraction. The subsequent detection of the active zone of RIPs using colorimetry makes it possible to identify mathematical dependences of color coordinates on the concentration of chloride ions. The red (R) color coordinate in the RGB (red-green-blue) system was chosen as the most sensitive and promising analytical signal. Calibration plots of exponential and linear form and their equations are presented. The limit of detection is 0.036 mg/L, the limits of quantification are 0.15–2.4 mg/L, and the time of a single determination is 25 min. The prospects of the developed technique have been successfully shown in the example of the analysis of the natural waters of the Don River, pharmaceuticals, and food products.

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Beard, Richard B., Mark DeLaurent, Kambiz Pourrezaei, and Sorin Adrian. "Stimulation, Recording Potential and Antimicrobial Medical Catheter Coatings." Metal-Based Drugs 1, no. 5-6 (January 1, 1994): 445–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/mbd.1994.445.

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Biocompatibility of electrodes for stimulation are difficult to maintain homeostasis. Noble metal stimulating electrodes which are normally biocompatible on keratinized tissue become very non-biocompatible when they are interfaced with nonkeratinized tissue in an area such as the oral cavity. Composite electrodes have been made biocompatible in the oral cavity even at current densities larger than 1 μA/mm2. Electrodes used in potential readings require that the anodic and cathodic polarization remain minimal. Silver-silver chloride electrodes are minimal. Silver-silver chloride electrodes are not always reversible. The range of pH, voltages and current densities when silver-silver chloride are not reversible are presented. Recently at Drexel University reliable silver coatings inside and outside of medical catheters have been fabricated to act as antimicrobial to a variety of bacteria. Noble and nonnoble metals have been combined in coatings with silver to enhance the antimicrobial action.

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29

Klyuev, V. G., Yu V. Gerasimenko, and N. I. Korobkina. "Relaxation of photoexcited silver chloride." Semiconductors 40, no. 1 (January 2006): 22–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1063782606010027.

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30

Wilson, D. J., A. A. Sokol, S. A. French, and C. R. A. Catlow. "Defect structures in silver chloride." Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 16, no. 27 (June 26, 2004): S2827—S2838. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0953-8984/16/27/016.

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Filatov, Evgeny, Pavel Smirnov, Dmitry Potemkin, Denis Pishchur, Natalya Kryuchkova, Pavel Plyusnin, and Sergey Korenev. "Formation of Catalytically Active Nanoparticles under Thermolysis of Silver Chloroplatinate(II) and Chloroplatinate(IV)." Molecules 27, no. 4 (February 9, 2022): 1173. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27041173.

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The thermal behaviour of Ag2[PtCl4] and Ag2[PtCl6] complex salts in inert and reducing atmospheres has been studied. The thermolysis of compounds in a helium atmosphere is shown to occur in two stages. At the first stage, the complexes decompose in the temperature range of 350–500 °C with the formation of platinum and silver chloride and the release of chlorine gas. At the second stage, silver chloride is sublimated in the temperature range of 700–900 °C, while metallic platinum remains in the solid phase. In contrast to the thermolysis of Ag2[PtCl6], the thermal decomposition of Ag2[PtCl4] at 350 °C is accompanied by significant heat release, which is associated with disproportionation of the initial salt to Ag2[PtCl6], silver chloride, and platinum metal. It is confirmed by DSC measurements, DFT calculations of a suggested reaction, and XRD. The thermolysis of Ag2[PtCl4] and Ag2[PtCl6] compounds is shown to occur in a hydrogen atmosphere in two poorly separable steps. The compounds are decomposed within 170–350 °C, and silver and platinum are reduced to a metallic state, while a metastable single-phase solid solution of Ag0.67Pt0.33 is formed. The catalytic activity of the resulting nanoalloy Ag0.67Pt0.33 is studied in the reaction of CO total (TOX) and preferential (PROX) oxidation. Ag0.67Pt0.33 enhanced Pt nano-powder activity in CO TOX, but was not selective in CO PROX.

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32

Lee, Jin Seo, Sung Dong Lee, Gang Cui, Hyuk Jin Lee, Jae Ho Shin, Geun Sig Cha, and Hakhyun Nam. "Hydrophilic Polyurethane Coated Silver/Silver Chloride Electrode for the Determination of Chloride in Blood." Electroanalysis 11, no. 4 (April 1999): 260–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1521-4109(199904)11:4<260::aid-elan260>3.0.co;2-#.

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33

Cui, Yuli, Hong Zhu He, and Meilun Shi. "Anodic Removal of Chloride in Reinforced Concrete." Applied Mechanics and Materials 94-96 (September 2011): 627–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.94-96.627.

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A method of removal of chloride in reinforced concrete was proposed by anodic oxidation of silver in the pore solution with chloride content over 0.4% by weight. The result shows that after anodic oxidation of silver plate the polarisation resistance of rebar will increase to the range of safety. The silver plate can be applied repeatedly.

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34

Fehaid, Alaa, Sara T. Elazab, Mona G. Elhadidy, Eman Mohamad El Nashar, Asim Mohammed Abdalla, Khulood Mohammed Al-Khater, Mansour Abdallah Alghamdi, and Mahmoud M. Elalfy. "Zinc Chloride Ameliorates the Adverse Effects of Silver Nitrates Compared to Silver Nanoparticle in Post-Natal Model of Toxicity." Material Science Research India 19, no. 1 (May 10, 2022): 17–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/msri/190102.

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Silver nanoparticles have been shown to increase postnatal toxicity in breastfeeding female rats, with negative consequences for their offspring. We wanted to investigate more about the differences in toxicity between silver nitrates and silver nanoparticles, as well as the impact of zinc chloride treatment on the silver nitrates induced toxicity on female albino rats. For 21 days, breastfeeding female albino rats and their puppies were exposed to silver nitrates at dosages of 0, 50, and 100 mg/kg. The results demonstrated that silver nitrates were more hazardous than nano-silver, as evidenced by higher free radical release, increased MDA levels, and decreased antioxidant enzyme levels (SOD). In addition, the silver ions-treated group had higher levels of liver enzymes and creatinine. Zinc chloride treatment, in particular, had a protective impact and mitigated the negative effects of silver nitrates, as seen by the restoration of baseline levels of liver enzyme, creatinine, and antioxidant enzyme. In addition, zinc chloride therapies reduced the harmful effects of silver nitrates on liver and kidney tissues but not lung tissue.

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35

Yoon, Dalsung, Adam Baggett, Supathorn Phongikaroon, James A. King, and Ken Marsden. "Fundamental Data Acquisition toward Silver-Silver Chloride Reference Electrode." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 166, no. 6 (2019): E159—E164. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/2.0721906jes.

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36

Glaus, Stephan, Gion Calzaferri, and Roald Hoffmann. "Electronic Properties of the Silver–Silver Chloride Cluster Interface." Chemistry - A European Journal 8, no. 8 (April 15, 2002): 1785. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1521-3765(20020415)8:8<1785::aid-chem1785>3.0.co;2-x.

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37

Vidka Vassileva Divarova, Vidka Vassileva Divarova, and Denitsa Dimitrova Kiradzhiyska and Kiril Blazhev Gavazov Denitsa Dimitrova Kiradzhiyska and Kiril Blazhev Gavazov. "A Sensitive Spectrophotometric Determination of Silver (I) with Blue Tetrazolium Chloride." Journal of the chemical society of pakistan 45, no. 6 (2023): 501. http://dx.doi.org/10.52568/001394/jcsp/45.06.2023.

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Silver(I)-assisted reduction of Blue tetrazolium chloride (3,3′-(3,3′-dimethoxy[1,1′-biphenyl]-4,4′-diyl)-bis(2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium) dichloride, BTC) by semicarbazide hydrochloride (SCH) was investigated in water-chloroform medium. The obtained colored products can be used for the visual detection and sensitive liquid-liquid extraction–spectrophotometric determination of Ag(I). Under the optimum conditions the calibration curve (which can be best approximated by a third-order polynomial; R2=0.9990) has two linear segments. For Ag(I) concentrations up to 0.011 g/ml, the linear regression equation had an intercept that was statistically indistinguishable from zero. The limit of detection, limit of quantitation, and molar absorptivity coefficient at λmax=573 nm were 0.6 ng/ml, 2 ng/ml and 1.2and#215;106 l/(molcm), respectively. The regression equation of the second linear segment (0.021–0.028 g/ml) was A = 200γ – 3.5 (R2=0.9989), where γ is the concentration in μg/ml. The relative standard deviation at the 22 ng/ml level (n = 5) was 3.8 %. The effect of concomitant ions was studied, and the analysis of real samples tested the applicability of the developed procedure.

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38

Burmistrov, Vasily, Alexander Burmistrov, Galina Odegova, Alexey Pestryakov, Roberto Luna-Vázquez-Gómez, and Nina Bogdanchikova. "Hypothetical Mechanism of Skin Argyria." Coatings 12, no. 4 (April 15, 2022): 532. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings12040532.

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Introduction. Argyria is an acquired skin condition that appears after the exposure or consumption of silver, leading to blue or grey coloration of the skin and mucosa. The aim of the present work was to draw researchers’ attention to two aspects of the argyria that until now have not received enough consideration. They are: (1) the process of delivering silver compound from the gastrointestinal tract to the skin and (2) the possibility for silver chloride to participate in this process along with the silver proteinates. Methodology. Illustrative experiments included the observation of color change (visual and using UV-Vis spectrometry) under different light exposure conditions of silver chloride sol in a sweat-simulating solution, in vials and under pig skin (in direct contact). Results and Discussion. A hypothetical mechanism based on a perspiration system for delivering the silver compounds from the gastrointestinal tract to the skin for argyria was proposed. It was also proposed not to completely exclude the partial participation of silver chloride along with the silver proteinates in this process.

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39

Vassilyeva, Olga Yu, Elena A. Buvaylo, Vladimir N. Kokozay, Andrii K. Melnyk, and Brian W. Skelton. "Crystal structure and characterization of a new copper(II) chloride dimer with methyl(pyridin-2-ylmethylidene)amine." Acta Crystallographica Section E Crystallographic Communications 76, no. 6 (May 5, 2020): 790–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2056989020005903.

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The new copper(II) complex, namely, di-μ-chlorido-bis{chlorido[methyl(pyridin-2-ylmethylidene)amine-κ2 N,N′]copper(II)}, [Cu2Cl4(C7H8N2)2], (I), with the ligand 2-pyridylmethyl-N-methylimine (L, a product of Schiff base condensation between methylamine and 2-pyridinecarbaldehyde) is built of discrete centrosymmetric dimers. The coordination about the CuII ion can be described as distorted square pyramidal. The base of the pyramid consists of two nitrogen atoms from the bidentate chelate L [Cu—N = 2.0241 (9), 2.0374 (8) Å] and two chlorine atoms [Cu—Cl = 2.2500 (3), 2.2835 (3) Å]. The apical position is occupied by another Cl atom with the apical bond being significantly elongated at 2.6112 (3) Å. The trans angles of the base are 155.16 (3) and 173.79 (2)°. The Cu...Cu separation in the dimer is 3.4346 (3) Å. In the crystal structure, the loosely packed dimers are arranged in stacks propagating along the a axis. The X-band polycrystalline 77 K EPR spectrum of (I) demonstrates a typical axial pattern characteristic of mononuclear CuII complexes. Compound (I) is redox active and shows a cyclic voltammetric response with E 1/2 = −0.037 V versus silver–silver chloride electrode (SSCE) assignable to the reduction peak of CuII/CuI in methanol as solvent.

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40

Dong, Jian-Jun, Yu-Xiao Zou, Xiao-Bao Zuo, and Liang Li. "Experiments on Chloride Binding and Its Release by Sulfates in Cementitious Materials." Materials 17, no. 14 (July 11, 2024): 3429. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma17143429.

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The aim of this study was to experimentally investigate the process of chloride binding and its sulfate-induced release in cementitious materials. The cementitious materials were replaced with hardened cement paste particles (HCPs) with water-to-cement ratios (w/c) of 0.35 and 0.45. A long-term immersion experiment of HCPs in 0.1 M sodium chloride solution was performed to investigate its chloride-binding capacity, and then it was immersed in sodium sulfate solutions with concentrations of 0.1 and 0.5 M to explore the release of chloride binding induced by sulfates. Silver nitrate titration and quantitative X-ray diffraction (QXRD) were used to measure the concentration of free chlorides in the solutions and the content of bound chlorides in HCPs, respectively. The results show that there is a higher chloride-binding capacity in HCPs with a w/c ratio of 0.45 compared to 0.35, and the content of chemically bound chlorides is associated with the formation and decomposition of Friedel’s and Kuzel’s salts in HCPs. The presence of sulfates can easily result in the release of bound chlorides in Friedel’s salt, but it cannot cause a complete release of bound chlorides in Kuzel’s salt. Physically bound chlorides are more easily released by sulfates than chemically bound chlorides, and a high w/c ratio or sulfate concentration can increase the release rate of bound chlorides in HCPs.

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41

Weingärtner, Werner, and Gerhard Maas. "Molecular and Crystal Structure of Chlorido[2-(N,N,N',N'- tetramethylamidinio)ethynido]silver." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 68, no. 5-6 (June 1, 2013): 687–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5560/znb.2013-3053.

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The solid-state structure of chlorido[2-(N,N,N',N'-tetramethylamidinio)ethynido]silver (3), obtained by C(sp)-metalation of N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-propiolamidinium chloride with silver(I) oxide, has been determined by X-ray diffraction analysis. A comparison of bond lengths in the propiolamidinium moiety with those of the two genuine propiolamidinium salts 4 and 5, as well as with data for the isolated N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-propiolamidinium cation obtained by quantum-chemical calculations, has been made. It can be concluded that complex 3 is better described as a (tetramethylamidinio) ethynyl than as a 3,3-bis(dimethylamino)allenylidene silver complex

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42

Jaya, S., T. Prasada Rao, and G. Prabhakara Rao. "Mono-and multilayer formation studies of silver chloride on silver electrodes from chloride-containing solutions." Journal of Applied Electrochemistry 17, no. 3 (May 1987): 635–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01084139.

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43

Ha, Hung, and Joe Payer. "The effect of silver chloride formation on the kinetics of silver dissolution in chloride solution." Electrochimica Acta 56, no. 7 (February 2011): 2781–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2010.12.050.

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44

Atkins, C. P., M. A. Carter, and J. D. Scantlebury. "Sources of error in using silver/silver chloride electrodes to monitor chloride activity in concrete." Cement and Concrete Research 31, no. 8 (August 2001): 1207–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0008-8846(01)00544-0.

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45

Shen, Y. Y., X. S. Zhao, F. J. Zhang, W. X. Ma, X. F. Wang, and X. Y. Du. "Existent state and removal rate of silver in lead-silver slag during the melt-vaporization process." Journal of Mining and Metallurgy, Section B: Metallurgy, no. 00 (2023): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jmmb230519030s.

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In this paper, Ag containing in lead-silver slag was recovered during the melt-vaporization process, the existent state of Ag in soot was analyzed, the influence of reaction temperature, the carbon ratio, and reaction time on the removal rate of silver was explored, and process conditions were optimized by using the response surface methodology. Silver chloride, silver metal, silver sulfide, silver oxide, and silver sulfate are the main silver phases in the lead-silver slag, among which silver chloride and silver sulfide are major phases. The silver oxide (Ag2O) and silver chloride (AgCl) in the lead-silver slag volatilize into soot, the silver sulfide (Ag2S) is oxidized by oxygen to form silver sulfate (Ag2SO4), and elemental silver volatilizes with Pb and Zn to form alloys. The silver in the final exists as Ag, AgCl, Ag2O and Ag2SO4 in the soot. The removal rate of silver increases gradually with increasing reaction temperature and tends to remain stable at 1300?C. With a gradual increase in the carbon ratio, the removal rate of silver first increases and then decreases, and the highest value is 80.12 wt% when the carbon ratio is 16.30 wt%. With increasing holding time, the removal rate of silver increases gradually and then stabilizes about 79.97 wt% even at the holding time of 150 min. The optimum process conditions for silver removal are a reaction temperature of 1340?C, a carbon ratio of 16.10 wt%, and a holding time of 165 min, and the average removal rate of silver under these conditions is 80.42 wt%. The research in this paper lays a theoretical foundation for the removal and utilization of silver from lead and silver residue.

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46

Stanojevic, Dusan, Milos Rajkovic, Dragan Toskovic, and Milana Tomic. "Lead and silver extraction from waste cake from hydrometallurgical zinc production." Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 73, no. 5 (2008): 585–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc0805585s.

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This paper presents the experimental results of the extraction of lead and silver from a lead-silver waste cake obtained in the process of hydrometallurgical zinc production. While controlling the pH value, the lead-silver cake was leached at a temperature close to boiling point in different concentrations of aqueous calcium chloride solutions. The experiments were performed applying different ratios between the mass of cake and the volume of the leaching agent under different durations of the process. It was concluded that at the optimal process parameters (pH 2.0-2.5; CaCl2 concentration, 3.6 mol dm-3; temperature, 95?C; solid/liquid ratio, 1:5), the leaching efficiency of lead and silver could reach the approximate value of 94 %. Applying the same optimal process parameters, the method was applied to the leaching of a lead-silver cake in a magnesium chloride solution, but with significantly lower efficiencies. The results show that leaching of lead and silver in a calcium chloride solution could be a prospective method for increasing the recovery of lead and silver during hydrometallurgical zinc production.

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47

Guo, Huiyuan, Chuanxin Ma, Lauren Thistle, My Huynh, Chenghao Yu, Daniel Clasby, Benny Chefetz, et al. "Transformation of Ag ions into Ag nanoparticle-loaded AgCl microcubes in the plant root zone." Environmental Science: Nano 6, no. 4 (2019): 1099–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9en00088g.

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48

Fujimoto, Keisuke, Hideki Yorimitsu, and Atsuhiro Osuka. "Dimeric 1:2 adduct of β,β′-bis(diphenylphosphino)porphyrin with silver(I) chloride." Journal of Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines 19, no. 01-03 (January 2015): 171–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1088424615500078.

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A 2,18-bis(diphenylphosphino)porphyrin ligand undergoes complexation with silver(I) chloride to afford a stable phosphine-silver complex. X-ray crystallographic analysis of the complex revealed a dimeric structure of a 1:2 adduct of the diphosphine and silver(I) chloride, where each phosphorus atom coordinates a silver atom. The four AgCl units construct a distorted cubic cluster with small metallophilic interaction. Variable temperature 31 P NMR study exhibited a slow ligand exchange process between 107 Ag and 109 Ag at high temperature.

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49

Patykowski, Jacek, Jeremi Kołodziejek, and Mateusz Wala. "Biochemical and growth responses of silver maple (Acer saccharinumL.) to sodium chloride and calcium chloride." PeerJ 6 (December 21, 2018): e5958. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5958.

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The present research investigated the response of silver maple (Acer saccharinumL.) to salt treatment. The short- and long-term effects of NaCl and CaCl2treatments on plant fitness characteristics (growth parameters, leaf chlorophyll content) and biochemical stress-coping mechanisms (proline accumulation as well as enzymatic activities) were examined. We found that the silver maple response to salt stress strictly depended on salt type and dose—calcium chloride was less toxic than sodium chloride, but high concentrations of both salts negatively influenced plant growth. The accumulation of proline, slight changes in the activity of superoxide dismutase and marked changes in catalase and peroxidase activities in the roots and leaves indicated complexity of the plant response. It was also shown that after one year, enzymatic parameters were restabilized, which indicates plant recovery, but the reduced mass of seedlings suggests that one year is not enough to cope with the prolonged cyclic salt stress, both resulting from NaCl and CaCl2application. Therefore, seedlings of silver maple should be considered as moderately susceptible to salinity. Hence, it is recommended to use silver maple on non-de-iced urban areas, while planting on often de-iced roads should be avoided.

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Ha, H. M., and J. H. Payer. "Corrosion of Silver-Cored Co-20Cr-35Ni-10Mo Composite for Networked Neuroprosthetic System." Corrosion 67, no. 4 (April 1, 2011): 046002–1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5006/1.3580566.

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Abstract Corrosion behavior of a silver-cored composite wire with Co-based alloy Co-20Cr-35Ni-10Mo outer tube and a silver core in vitro conditions was investigated. The electrochemical effect of the component materials on the overall corrosion behavior of the composite wire was elucidated. The formation of silver chloride corrosion product on the corroding silver core limited ionic transport therefore restricted further dissolution at the silver metal surface. Galvanic action between a Co-20Cr-35Ni-10Mo cathode and a silver anode was examined. Dissolution rate of the silver core in a composite wire obtained from immersion tests in a physiological solution of 9 g/L NaCl at 37°C was approximately 22 μm/y, i.e., 0.28 μg/y silver dissolved for a 37-μm-diameter silver core. Nearly all of the silver dissolved precipitate as silver chloride, i.e., approximately 0.37 μg/y.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Silver chloride'

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