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1
K N, Suhas. "Cocoon Care : Transformative Monitoring For Sericulture." INTERANTIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 08, no. 05 (May 14, 2024): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.55041/ijsrem33908.
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Sericulture is the process of cultivating silkworms and extracting silk from them. The caterpillars of the domestic silk moth (also called „Bombyx Mori‟) are the most commonly used silkworm species in sericulture. Other types of silkworms (such as Eri, Muga, and Tasar) are also cultivated for the production of „wild silks‟. Silk is known as the queen of textiles due to its softness, durability, and luster. Furthermore, the silk fibers provide characteristics that are superior toany other type of fiber (e.g., water absorbency, heat resistance, dyeing efficiency, and luster). This textile is obtained from cocoons spun by larvae known as silkworm (Bombyx mori), which were discovered in China between 2600 and 2700 BC. The process of silk production is known as sericulture, beginning with the rearing of the silkworm1
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Djabar, Murni, and Nurnaningsih Utiarahman. "KELAYAKAN USAHA BUDIDAYA ULAT SUTERA (BOMBIX MORI L.) BERDASARKAN ASPEK NON FINANSIAL KABUPATEN BOALEMO." Jurnal Penelitian Kehutanan BONITA 1, no. 2 (February 8, 2020): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.55285/bonita.v1i2.310.
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The purpose of this study was to determine the feasibility of the business based on non-financial aspects of silkworm cultivation. The results of this study were with high demand and with a guarantee of the cocoon market, silkworm cultivation business conducted in the Tangga Barito village, the working area of of KPHP Unit V Boalemo worthy of doing. Cocoon selling prices of Rp. 40,000 is a standard price that is appropriate for quality b (medium) cocoons. To increase the added value of mulberry cultivation, it can endeavor to manufacture mulberry tea which is used as an antioxidant drink or to process silkworm waste into organic fertilizer. For technical and technology aspects starting from the business location, the location of caterpillar maintenance in general is close to the residence so as to facilitate maintenance and supervision. Silkworm cultivation is prepared starting from the building of silkworms to how to control pests and diseases that attack silkworms. The organization in question consists of informing matters relating to the cultivation of silkworms, directing, coordinating the development of mulberry and silkworm maintenance demonstration plots. From these results the silkworm business is feasible to run.Keywords: Aspect of non financial, Boalemo, Business feasibility, silkworms
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Boboyev, Yusuf, Chorshanbi Bekkamov, Salomat Nurmanova, and Nigora Aminbayeva. "Impact of change in air temperature on the biological parameters of larvae and productivity of silkworm cocoons." BIO Web of Conferences 65 (2023): 01020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20236501020.
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Especially, the construction of special silkworm rooms near the mulberry yards, which are organized for harvesting mulberry silkworms several times a year, gives positive results. “…construction of special facilities for silkworm breeding, increasing the planting of mulberry seedlings on the edges of the farm, intensively continuing the activities aimed at ensuring the employment of the population due to the effective use of existing opportunities” are defined as urgent tasks. For this purpose, it is necessary to ensure that the area of rooms and special silkworm rooms selected for silkworm rearing by the silkworm rearing units of the homesteaders and farms involved in silkworm rearing is adequate, and when the silkworms pass from age to age, they should be thinned out, fertilized, and provided with sufficient quality feed. Summing up on the basis of the analyzed data, it is worth noting that during the period of silkworm rearing, full feeding of larvae during their youth, moderate air temperature in the silkworm room, smooth development of silkworms without becoming large and small, and vitality by ensuring that the biological indicators of the mulberry silkworm are high and the activity of the silk-secreting glands is increased, the productivity and yield characteristics of the cultivated silkworm cocoons are achieved.
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Matsumoto, Yasuhiko, Hanako Fukano, Naoki Hasegawa, Yoshihiko Hoshino, and Takashi Sugita. "Quantitative evaluation of Mycobacterium abscessus clinical isolate virulence using a silkworm infection model." PLOS ONE 17, no. 12 (December 20, 2022): e0278773. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0278773.
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Mycobacterium abscessus causes chronic skin infections, lung diseases, and systemic or disseminated infections. Here we investigated whether the virulence of M. abscessus clinical isolates could be evaluated by calculating the median lethal dose (LD50) in a silkworm infection model. M. abscessus subsp. abscessus cells were injected into the silkworm hemolymph. When reared at 37˚C, the silkworms died within 2 days post-infection with M. abscessus subsp. abscessus. Viable cell numbers of M. abscessus increased in the hemolymph of silkworms injected with M. abscessus. Silkworms were not killed by injections with heat-killed M. abscessus cells. The administration of clarithromycin, an antibacterial drug used to treat the infection in humans, prolonged the survival time of silkworms injected with M. abscessus. The LD50 values of 7 clinical isolates in the silkworm infection model were differed by up to 9-fold. The Mb-17 isolate, which was identified as a virulent strain in the silkworm infection model, induced more detachment of human THP-1-derived macrophages during infection than the Mb-10 isolate. These findings suggest that the silkworm M. abscessus infection model can be used to quantitatively evaluate the virulence of M. abscessus clinical isolates in a short time period.
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Gadad, H., A. Bhagat, A. H. Naqvi, and S. Kutala. "Host instar susceptibility and stage specific predatory potential of stink bug Eocanthecona furcellata on tasar silkworm Antheraea mylitta." Journal of Environmental Biology 43, no. 5 (September 7, 2022): 702–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.22438/jeb/43/5/mrn-4015.
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Aim: The study was conducted to find out the susceptible stage of tasar silkworm larvae to predation by stink bug and stage dependent feeding potential of stink bug over different instars of tasar silkworm. Methodology: Susceptibility of silkworms was studied by recording the daily larval mortality of all silkworm stages (1st to 5th instar) due to predation by E. furcellata. Stage specific predatory potential was estimated by recording the number of larvae required to complete each developmental stages (2-5th Nymphal instars and adult male and female). Results: Experimental results revealed that 1st and 2nd instar silkworms were most susceptible towards the attack of both nymphal and adult stages of stink bug whereas 3rd instar silkworms were moderately susceptible, however, third instar onwards susceptibility of tasar silkworm towards E. furcellata was negligible. Further stage specific cumulative predatory potential revealed that adult females of predatory bug were significantly more damaging to first instar silkworms (F= 125.20; df=5, 24; P= ≤ 0.0001) as compared to other stages by recording more larval consumption. Observations were also made on the second instar silkworms and it was observed that female adults were again superior over other stages of predatory stink bug (F= 135.30; df=5, 24; P= ≤ 0.0001). Similar trend of feeding potential was also recorded on 3rd instar silkworms; however, the rate of feeding was comparatively lesser than the first and second instar silkworms. Interpretation: Early instar silkworms were less defensive to predators attack, and were highly vulnerable to stink bug, however, as silkworm reached third instar, larvae started depending themselves by rapid head/thoracic movement to ward off the stink bugs. Significant difference in the feeding potential between different developmental stages was observed and adults being superior in feeding indicates their higher nutritional requirements as they need to be fit for reproductive performance to continue their progeny. Key words: Eocanthecona furcellata, Larval susceptibility, Predatory potential, Tasar silkworm
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Sharmila, Banu G., and R. Latha. "Extraction and quantification of 1-Deoxynojirimycin in Silkworm during metamorphosis and moulting stages." Research Journal of Biotechnology 18, no. 1 (December 15, 2022): 15–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.25303/1801rjbt15021.
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The contents of 1-deoxynojirimycin (1-DNJ) in the silkworm, Bombyx mori, were examined using reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography at various developmental stages. Mulberry leaves and silkworms naturally contain 1-deoxynojirimycin (DNJ). Although the contents of DNJ and its actions in mulberry leaves have been studied for decades, the content of DNJ in silkworms and its use have received less attention. DNJ was extracted and quantified in a variety of silkworms including Tasar silkworms, Muga silkworms, Eri silkworms and Mulberry silkworms. Group VI silkworms are more active than the others. Then, for male and female larvae of silkworm species, the variation in DNJ contents was examined. Silkworm larvae's 1-DNJ concentration varies greatly depending on their developmental stage. Male larvae (133.25 ± 11.45 mg/100g) and female larvae (129.65 ± 10.25 mg/100g) are substantially higher in both male and female mulberry silkworms. The larvae of the 3rd and the 5th day were used to calculate the DNJ. Male larvae had a higher 1-DNJ accumulation efficiency than females and there was also a significant difference between silkworm strains. The current findings demonstrate that 1-DNJ tissue distribution is substantially increased in the blood, intestinal juice and the alimentary canal while none was found in the silk gland. Furthermore, 1-DNJ was not detected in silkworms fed with an artificial diet devoid of mulberry leaf powder. This shows that silkworms get 1-DNJ from mulberry leaves; they could not make it on their own. During the larval stage, the storage and excretion of 1-DNJ fluctuate. 1-DNJ was not found in newly hatched larvae and it was primarily accumulated during the early and middle stages of each instar, before being expelled at later stages. Furthermore, 1-DNJ can be extracted from larval excrement, making it ideal for the development of 1-DNJ-related goods.
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Wu, Meiyu, Jinghua Ruan, Xiaogang Ye, Shuo Zhao, Xiaoli Tang, Xiaoxiao Wang, Huiping Li, and Boxiong Zhong. "P25 Gene Knockout Contributes to Human Epidermal Growth Factor Production in Transgenic Silkworms." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 5 (March 8, 2021): 2709. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22052709.
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Transgenic silkworm expression systems have been applied for producing various recombinant proteins. Knocking out or downregulating an endogenous silk protein is considered a viable strategy for improving the ability of transgenic expression systems to produce exogenous proteins. Here, we report the expression of human epidermal growth factor (hEGF) in a P25 gene knockout silkworm. The hEGF gene regulated by the P25 gene promoter was integrated into a silkworm’s genome. Five transgenic positive silkworm lineages were generated with different insertion sites on silkworm chromosomes and the ability to synthesize and secrete proteins into cocoons. Then, a cross-strategy was used to produce transgenic silkworms with a P25 gene knockout background. The results of the protein analysis showed that the loss of an endogenous P25 protein can increase the hEGF production to about 2.2-fold more than normal silkworms. Compared to those of transgenic silkworms with wild type (non-knockout) background, the morphology and secondary structure of cocoon silks were barely changed in transgenic silkworms with a P25 gene knockout background, indicating their similar physical properties of cocoon silks. In conclusion, P25 gene knockout silkworms may become an efficient bioreactor for the production of exogenous proteins and a promising tool for producing various protein-containing silk biomaterials.
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D, Stephenraj, Vignesh M, Sivanesh H, and Azhagu Raj R. "Improvement of Silkworm (Bombyx mori L.) Growth and Cocoon Quality Using Nickel Sulfate Supplementation." UTTAR PRADESH JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY 45, no. 11 (May 11, 2024): 182–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.56557/upjoz/2024/v45i114084.
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The silkworm belongs to the order Lepidoptera and the family Bombycidae (Bombyx mori L.). The silkworm industry plays a crucial role in providing employment opportunities in India. This study investigated the effects of nickel sulfate supplementation on the growth and cocoon quality of silkworm (Bombyx mori L.). The experiment was conducted at a silkworm-rearing center in Palayamkottai, India, from December 2022 to January 2023. Silkworms were fed Victory-1 (V1) mulberry leaves soaked in different nickel sulfate solutions (100 ppm, 300 ppm, and 500 ppm). Larval weight, duration, cocoon weight, shell weight, shell ratio, and pupal weight were measured for 10 healthy silkworms with good quality cocoons selected from each treatment group. Compared to the control group, supplementation with 500-ppm nickel sulfate solution significantly improved silkworm growth performance (weight) and economic traits (cocoon weight and quality). GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
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Rahmawati, Nur, Nur Habibah Muthahiroh Adzra, and Mona Fairuz Ramli. "Analysis of Silkworm Farming Business in Partnership with CV Kupu Sutera Pasuruan East Java." E3S Web of Conferences 444 (2023): 02062. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202344402062.
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Silkworms are insects or moths that spawn high-quality thread. In general, this insect is beneficial in the production of silk fabrics. This fabric has tremendous economic worth; thus, many people are interested in cultivating silkworms. This research aimed to determine the costs, production, revenue, profits, and feasibility (RC ratio) of silkworm farming in Pasuruan, East Java. Descriptive analysis was employed in this study. The study was conducted in a community of silkworm farmers in Pasuruan in partnership with CV Kupu Sutera. A total of 72 people were considered as respondents. The findings revealed that: 1) silkworm farming production factors included eggs, labor, cage and equipment depreciation, and transportation fuel. 2) A business analysis was performed per silkworm production cycle, with a cost of IDR 37,646, dry cocoon output of 1.79 kg, wet cocoon production of 0.229 kg, revenue of IDR 453,225, and silkworm profit of 449,579. 3) The R/C on the silkworm farming business was 12.03. This rate indicated that for every IDR 1.00 spent cost, the silkworm farmer earns IDR 12.03 in revenue. Silkworm farming was thus feasible in Pasuruan, East Java.
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Hamamoto, Hiroshi, Kenji Kurokawa, Chikara Kaito, Koushirou Kamura, Iony Manitra Razanajatovo, Hiroyuki Kusuhara, Tomofumi Santa, and Kazuhisa Sekimizu. "Quantitative Evaluation of the Therapeutic Effects of Antibiotics Using Silkworms Infected with Human Pathogenic Microorganisms." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 48, no. 3 (March 2004): 774–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.48.3.774-779.2004.
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ABSTRACT The injection of bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia) or true fungi (Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis) that are pathogenic to humans into the silkworm hemolymph leads to death of the larvae within 2 days. Antibiotics used for clinical purposes have therapeutic effects on silkworms infected with these pathogens. The 50% effective doses obtained by injection into the silkworm hemolymph are consistent with those reported for mice. Injection of vancomycin and kanamycin into the silkworm hemolymph was effective, but oral administration was not. Chloramphenicol, which is effective by oral administration, appeared in the silkworm hemolymph soon after injection into the midgut, whereas vancomycin did not. Isolated midgut membranes were impermeable to vancomycin. Thus, the ineffectiveness of oral administration of vancomycin to silkworms is due to a lack of intestinal absorption.
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Jiang, Liang, Yumei Wang, Huizhen Guo, Qiang Sun, Enyu Xie, Haoyu Liuli, Qing Li, and Qingyou Xia. "Toxicological evaluation of transgenic silkworms." Toxicology Research 9, no. 6 (December 2020): 845–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/toxres/tfaa089.
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Abstract Safety of transgenic silkworms must be evaluated before their commercial application. We assessed subacute toxicity using a 28-day feeding study in rats. Eighty rats were evenly allocated into four groups, with each group containing 10 male and 10 female rats. Rats of three groups were fed dried transgenic silkworm H19.9A pupae with overexpressed endogenous Bmhsp19.9, transgenic silkworm A4SOR pupae with overexpressed exogenous SOR, or normal silkworm pupae at a dose of 3.0 g/kg/day, respectively. The fourth group served as a normal feeding control. The body weight, feed consumption, hematology response variables, serum biochemical parameters, organ weights, gross necropsy, and histopathologic of animals were evaluated. No mortality, adverse effects, or major differences in the evaluated parameters were observed in the groups fed transgenic pupae in comparison with the control, suggesting that transgenic silkworms are toxicologically equivalent to normal silkworms and are safe for consumption in rats.
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Berman, T. S., T. A. Glasser, and M. Inbar. "Goats adjust their feeding behaviour to avoid the ingestion of different insect species." Canadian Journal of Zoology 97, no. 9 (September 2019): 805–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2019-0010.
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Ungulates feed on plants that are often inhabited by insects. Goats (Capra hircus Linnaeus, 1758) can efficiently avoid the ingestion of setae-covered noxious, caterpillars while feeding, but it is unknown how they respond to non-toxic insects. We filmed and analysed the behavioural responses of goats to smooth, innocuous silkworms (Bombyx mori (Linnaeus, 1758)) while feeding. The goats successfully sorted the silkworms apart from the food despite their tendency to cling to the leaves. Although the goats exhibited behaviours similar to those displayed with noxious caterpillars, the frequency of the behaviours doubled and a new behaviour appeared. The goats detected silkworms using tactile stimulation, obtained by repeatedly touching the leaves with their muzzles. This behaviour enabled them to pick silkworm-free leaves (leaving 73% of silkworms behind). If the goats picked up leaves with a silkworm, then they shook it off. When shaking was unsuccessful, they employed a new behaviour, filtering, in which they physically blocked the silkworm with their lips while consuming the leaves. Silkworms that entered the mouths of goats (rare) were spat out. These findings demonstrate that ungulates are capable of adjusting their feeding behaviour to accurately detect and avoid the ingestion of different insect species.
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Mirhosseini, S. Z., M. Ghanipoor, A. Seidavi, M. Mavvajpour, and A. Bizhannia. "Effect of rearing season on heritability of cocoon traits in silkworm." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2009 (April 2009): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200029033.
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Silkworms are agricultural insects producing silk fibres. Because of economic importance of sericulture, breeding programs are performed in order to improve bio-economic traits of lines (production and resistance traits) and also developing new lines containing interesting characteristics. Silkworms in Iran are reared twice a year, in spring and autumn. Spring is the natural rearing period of silkworms because of good environmental conditions. In autumn the quantity and quality of the cocoon produced by silkworm lines decreases due to increasing mortality and access to mulberry leaves with low nutritive quality. This decrease in performance will be lower in the lines which are genetically resistant to severe environmental conditions. Therefore, it is necessary to breed and develop new silkworm lines suitable for such a situation. It is obvious that silkworm lines having lower performance but higher resistance can be introduced for autumn season rearing. Appropriate breeding programs have to be defined and conducted for the autumn rearing lines. Thus, we have to estimate genetic parameters of autumn and spring lines separately when reared in each season. The present study was undertaken to identify heritability of important traits in the spring and autumn seasons for 6 silkworm lines.
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P, Mangammal, and Sri Devi G. "Influence of Artificial Diet on Larvae of Eri Silkworm, Samia cynthia ricini Boisduval." Madras Agricultural Journal 99, JUNE (2012): 390–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.29321/maj.10.100095.
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An Artificial Diet composed of castor leaf powder (11.5 g), parched soybean powder (1.0 g), sucrose (1.0 g), agar-agar (1.5 g), inhibitor solution (5 ml) and water (20 ml) was evaluated against eri silkworm larvae. Castor fed eri silkworms were maintained as control for comparison. Larval weight was significantly maximum in eri silkworms fed with artificial diet upto first instar which was followed by feeding of eri silkworms on artificial diet upto second instar + castor leaves from upto fifth instar and feeding of eri silkworm on artificial diet upto third instar + castor during remaining instars. Whereas, the larval mortality was minimum in eri silkworms reared on artificial diet upto first instar followed by artificial diet upto second and third instars + castor during remaining instars, whereas, they were higher in eri silkworms fed on artificial diet upto fourth and fifth instars + castor during remaining instars.
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Song, Wenting, Yixuan Fan, Feifei Zhu, Rehab Hosny Taha, and Keping Chen. "The Expression of UGT46A1 Gene and Its Effect on Silkworm Feeding." Processes 9, no. 8 (August 23, 2021): 1473. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9081473.
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The silkworm, Bombyx mori, uses a complex olfactory system to determine whether the food is edible. As an odor degrading enzyme, UDP-glycosyltransferase (UGT) participates in the degradation of odor molecules in the olfactory system of the silkworm. By sequencing the whole genome of the silkworm NB and using comparative genomics methods, we found that UGT46A1 is unique in species that eat mulberry leaves. Bioinformatics shows that its function may be related to the feeding habits of the silkworm. In this study, it was found through quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) that UGT46A1 was highly expressed in the heads of silkworms, which was consistent with the conjecture that UGT46A1 was involved in silkworm olfactory recognition. RNA interference (RNAi) was used to knock down the expression of UGT46A1. By observing the silkworm’s tendency toward mulberry leaves and food selectivity, it was found that the silkworms that successfully knocked down the UGT46A1 gene altered their feeding habits and that their ability to find food was weakened, but they could eat more leaves of plants other than mulberry leaves. This evidence indicates that UGT46A1 may affect the silkworm’s feeding by influencing the olfactory system of the silkworm.
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Khotimah, Khusnul, Helmizuryani Helmizuryani, Meika Puspita Sari, Elva Dwi Harmilia, Suyatno Suyatno, and Rosmiah Rosmiah. "Use of Tofu Waste as Food for Silver Worms (Tubifex sp)." Altifani Journal: International Journal of Community Engagement 3, no. 2 (July 25, 2023): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.32502/altifani.v3i2.6185.
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Silkworms (Tubifex sp) are a natural feed with high nutritional content and are needed by fish, especially in the fry phase to support fish growth. Therefore, knowledge of natural food cultivation is needed to support the success of fish farming. Silkworm cultivation requires media with high organic content. Tofu pulp waste is one of the media that can be utilized for silkworm cultivation. The purpose of this activity is to increase community skills in silkworm cultivation by utilizing tofu pulp waste as a cultivation medium to provide natural feed for cultured fish carried out by the Bumdes fish farming group of Serdang Menang village, SP. Padang OKI. Padang OKI. The method is carried out by conducting counseling and mentoring in making silkworm cultivation sites and how to cultivate silkworms. Community Service activities regarding the production of silkworm cultivation with a system of utilizing organic waste have been well understood by the community. It is hoped that the community in Serdang Menang Village, SP. Padang Kab.OKI can apply it in fish farming activities.
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Ito, Katsuhiko, Kangayam M. Ponnuvel, and Keiko Kadono-Okuda. "Host Response against Virus Infection in an Insect: Bidensovirus Infection Effect on Silkworm (Bombyx mori)." Antioxidants 10, no. 4 (March 27, 2021): 522. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox10040522.
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Silk cocoons obtained from silkworms are the primary source of commercial silk, making the silkworm an economically important insect. However, the silk industry suffers significant losses due to various virus infections. Bombyx mori bidensovirus (BmBDV) is one of the pathogens that cause flacherie disease in silkworms. Most silkworm strains die after BmBDV infection. However, certain silkworm strains show resistance to the virus, which is determined by a single recessive gene, nsd-2. The +nsd-2 gene (allele of nsd-2; the susceptibility gene) encodes a putative amino acid transporter expressed only in the insect’s midgut, where BmBDV can infect, suggesting that this membrane protein may function as a receptor for BmBDV. Interestingly, the expression analysis revealed no changes in the +nsd-2 gene expression levels in virus-uninfected silkworms, whereas the gene expression drastically decreased in the virus-infected silkworm. This condition indicates that the host factor’s expression, the putative virus receptor, is affected by BmBDV infection. It has recently been reported that the expression levels of some host genes encoding cuticle, antioxidant, and immune response-related proteins were significantly regulated by BmBDV infection. In this review, we discuss the host response against virus infection based on our knowledge and long-term research experience in this field.
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Shen, Guanwang, Die Liu, Haoran Xu, Jinxin Wu, Luyu Hou, Chunyan Yang, Qingyou Xia, and Ping Lin. "A Study on the Effect of Energy on the Development of Silkworm Embryos Using an Estrogen-Related Receptor." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 19 (September 23, 2023): 14485. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms241914485.
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Energy metabolism is a fundamental process in all organisms. During silkworm (Bombyx mori) embryonic development, there is a high demand for energy due to continuous cell proliferation and differentiation. Estrogen-related receptors (ERRs) are transcriptional regulatory factors that play crucial roles in mammalian energy storage and expenditure. Although most insects have one ERR gene, it also participates in the regulation of energy metabolism, including carbohydrate metabolism in Drosophila, Aphid, and Silkworm. However, no study has reported the direct impact of energy metabolism on embryonic development in silkworms. In this study, we used transgenic technology to increase silkworm (B. mori; Bm) BmERR expression during embryonic development and explored the impact of energy on embryonic development. We found no significant change in the quality of silkworm eggs compared to that of wild-type silkworms. However, there was an increase in the consumption of vitellin, a major nutrient in embryos. This resulted in a decrease in glucose content and a significant increase in ATP content. These findings provide evidence that the acceleration of energy metabolism promotes embryonic development and enhances the motility of hatched silkworms. In addition, these results provide a novel perspective on the relationship between energy metabolism and embryonic development in other insects.
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Syeda Fakrunnisa Begum and G. Savithri. "Dynamics of Nutritional Indices in Fifth Instar Silkworm Bombyx Mori L. Parasitized with Beauveria Bassiana." Journal of Advanced Zoology 44, no. 4 (November 14, 2023): 281–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/jaz.v44i4.1696.
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Silkworm Bombyx mori is a small economically significant insect. Due to domestication for centuries, silkworms have become very gentle and subtle to the environmental conditions and micro-pathological agents which affect its metabolism, the food intake, dietary utilization, dietary efficiency, morpho-nutritional parameters such as olfactory organs and gene expression in the silkworm. Hence, the present research was focused to comprehend the dynamic changes in the nutritional parameters amalgamating the effects of infection of Beauveria bassiana in 5th instar silkworm compared to untreated silkworms. For the current investigation, the popular silkworm race bivoltine double hybrid (CSR2 X CSR27) X (CSR6 X CSR 26) was chosen. Various nutritional parameters such as ingestion of mulberry leaf, digestion, excretion, approximate digestibility, consumption index and reference ratio were estimated based on the dry weight of mulberry. The results indicated that food consumption, digestion of food ingested and excreta decreased in Beauveria bassiana parasitized silkworms. No significant variation was noticed in approximate digestibility and reference ratio from the first day to the fifth day of the instar, but on the sixth day, a significant drop in these two parameters was noticed compared to unparasitized worms. The consumption index was recorded higher in the experimental batch.
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Bu, Chunlan, Rui Zheng, Gaiqun Huang, Jianmei Wu, Gang Liu, Marion L. Donald, Tingfa Dong, and Xiao Xu. "The differences in cocoon and silk qualities among sex-related mulberry and silkworm feeding groups." PLOS ONE 17, no. 6 (June 30, 2022): e0270021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0270021.
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Sexual dimorphism is seen in many dioecious plant and animal species, which may influence their trophic interactions. The differences in trophic interactions derived from sexual dimorphism in plants may influence herbivorous performance and population dynamics. Both silkworm (Bombyx mori L.) and mulberry (Morus alba L.) usually exhibit sexual dimorphism. However, few studies have been conducted on the effect of sex-related silkworm and mulberry pairings on cocoon and silk qualities, which are crucial in sericulture. Here, we compared the differences in cocoon and silk qualities under four feeding combinations (FS-FL: female silkworm fed with leaves from female mulberry trees; MS-FL: male silkworm fed with leaves from female mulberry trees; FS-ML: female silkworm fed with leaves from male mulberry trees; MS-ML: male silkworm fed with leaves from male mulberry trees). The results showed that silkworms exhibited male-biased herbivory with more male mulberry leaves digested. The FS-ML group had higher silk weight and silk ratio of fresh cocoons than the FS-FL group, and the MS-ML group had lower coarse points than the MS-FL group. Compared with groups FS-ML and FS-FL, both MS-FL and MS-ML had smaller cocoons with longer silk lengths and a higher silk ratio of the fresh cocoons. In addition, the Entropy Weight-TOPSIS method showed the cocoon quality rank as FS-ML > FS-FL > MS-FL > MS-ML, whereas silk quality rank was MS-ML > FS-FL > FS-ML > MS-FL. These results indicate that the quality of cocoon and silk is related to the interaction of silkworm and mulberry at the sex level. Furthermore, female silkworms fed with female and male tree leaves have a higher total yield in cocoon production, while male silkworms fed with male tree leaves produced higher silk quality.
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Xu, Zhang, Gao, Wu, Qian, Li, and Xu. "Comparative Proteomic Analysis Reveals Immune Competence in Hemolymph of Bombyx mori Pupa Parasitized by Silkworm Maggot Exorista sorbillans." Insects 10, no. 11 (November 18, 2019): 413. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects10110413.
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The silkworm maggot, Exorista sorbillans, is a well-known larval endoparasitoid of the silkworm Bombyx mori that causes considerable damage to the silkworm cocoon crop. To gain insights into the response mechanism of the silkworm at the protein level, we applied a comparative proteomic approach to investigate proteomic differences in the hemolymph of the female silkworm pupae parasitized by E. sorbillans. In total, 50 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were successfully identified, of which 36 proteins were upregulated and 14 proteins were downregulated in response to parasitoid infection. These proteins are mainly involved in disease, energy metabolism, signaling pathways, and amino acid metabolism. Eight innate immune proteins were distinctly upregulated to resist maggot parasitism. Apoptosis-related proteins of cathepsin B and 14-3-3 zeta were significantly downregulated in E. sorbillans-parasitized silkworm pupae; their downregulation induces apoptosis. Quantitative PCR was used to further verify gene transcription of five DEPs, and the results are consistent at the transcriptional and proteomic levels. This was the first report on identification of possible proteins from the E. bombycis-parasitized silkworms at the late stage of parasitism, which contributes to furthering our understanding of the response mechanism of silkworms to parasitism and dipteran parasitoid biology.
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Anuduang, Artorn, Yuet Ying Loo, Somchai Jomduang, Seng Joe Lim, and Wan Aida Wan Mustapha. "Effect of Thermal Processing on Physico-Chemical and Antioxidant Properties in Mulberry Silkworm (Bombyx mori L.) Powder." Foods 9, no. 7 (July 3, 2020): 871. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods9070871.
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The mulberry silkworm (Bombyx mori L.) is a common edible insect in many countries. However, the impact of thermal processing, especially regarding Thai silkworm powder, is poorly known. We, therefore, determined the optimum time for treatment in hot water and subsequent drying temperatures in the production of silkworm powder. The silkworms exposed to 90 °C water for 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 min showed values of Total Phenolic Compounds (TPCs), 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging (DPPH) assay, 2,2′-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) assay, and Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) assay that were significantly (p < 0.05) higher at the 5 min exposure time compared with the other times. The reduction of microorganisms based on log CFU/g counts was ≥3 log CFU/g (99%) at the 5 min treatment. To determine the optimum drying temperature, the silkworms exposed to 90 °C water for 5 min were subjected to a hot-air dryer at 80, 100, 120, and 140 °C. The TPC value was the highest (p < 0.05) at 80 °C. The silkworm powder possessed significantly (p < 0.05) higher DPPH, ABTS radical scavenging ability, and ferric ion reducing capability (FRAP assay) at 80 °C compared with other drying temperatures. This study indicates that shorter exposure times to hot water and a low drying temperature preserve the antioxidant activities. High antioxidant activities (in addition to its known protein and fat content) suggest that silkworms and silkworm powder can make a valuable contribution to human health.
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Fatmawati, Fatmawati, Untung Bijaksana, Muhammad Hudan Almuhasibi, and Siti Qomariah. "PKM Budidaya Cacing Sutra (Tubifek Sp.) di Lahan Pekarangan Kelurahan Guntung Manggis Kecamatan Landasan Ulin Kota Banjarbaru." Jurnal Pengabdian ILUNG (Inovasi Lahan Basah Unggul) 2, no. 2 (November 8, 2022): 313. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/ilung.v2i2.6169.
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AbstractSilkworm (Tubifex sp). is a good natural food for ornamental fish. Silkworms contain about 57% protein and 13% fat. Silkworms are natural food for fish seeds that are highly nutritious. The problem is not knowing how to cultivate silkworms and the available land has not been utilized. The solutions offered are the use of yards for silkworm cultivation, methods of counseling activities and demonstration of silkworm cultivation, evaluation of knowledge and skills before and after the activity is carried out. The results of the evaluation were analyzed by means of a two-party t-test according to Sudjana (1992). The results of the analysis show that the average value of the knowledge and skill of the target audience for all questions asked before the activity and after the activity is carried out is significantly different. The average value of the knowledge level of the target audience for all questions asked before the activity was 7.3 and increased to 34.7 after the activity was carried out. Average value of the skill, the target audience for all questions asked before the activity was 7.1 and increased to 35.1 after the activity was carried out. The pilot activity has installed as many as two silkworm racks, so that partners can optimize their yards into productive land. Key word : silkworm; counselling; knowledge; skill
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Waizumi, Ryusei, Chikara Hirayama, Shuichiro Tomita, Tetsuya Iizuka, Seigo Kuwazaki, Akiya Jouraku, Takuya Tsubota, Kakeru Yokoi, Kimiko Yamamoto, and Hideki Sezutsu. "A major endogenous glycoside hydrolase mediating quercetin uptake in Bombyx mori." PLOS Genetics 20, no. 1 (January 17, 2024): e1011118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1011118.
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Quercetin is a common plant flavonoid which is involved in herbivore–plant interactions. Mulberry silkworms (domestic silkworm, Bombyx mori, and wild silkworm, Bombyx mandarina) take up quercetin from mulberry leaves and accumulate the metabolites in the cocoon, thereby improving its protective properties. Here we identified a glycoside hydrolase, named glycoside hydrolase family 1 group G 5 (GH1G5), which is expressed in the midgut and is involved in quercetin metabolism in the domestic silkworm. Our results suggest that this enzyme mediates quercetin uptake by deglycosylating the three primary quercetin glycosides present in mulberry leaf: rutin, quercetin-3-O-malonylglucoside, and quercetin-3-O-glucoside. Despite being located in an unstable genomic region that has undergone frequent structural changes in the evolution of Lepidoptera, GH1G5 has retained its hydrolytic activity, suggesting quercetin uptake has adaptive significance for mulberry silkworms. GH1G5 is also important in breeding: defective mutations which result in discoloration of the cocoon and increased silk yield are homozygously conserved in 27 of the 32 Japanese white-cocoon domestic silkworm strains and 12 of the 30 Chinese ones we investigated.
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Syamsunarno, Mas Bayu, and Mas Tri Djoko Sunarno. "Response of post-larva of snakehead (Channa striata) to feeding dried silkworm (Tubifex sp.) and artificial diet." Depik 11, no. 1 (March 5, 2022): 16–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.13170/depik.11.1.23103.
Full textAbstract:
Post-larval snakehead (Channa striata) can be fed on live silkworms (Tubifex sp.), artificial feed and a combination of both as a source of nutrients. The availability of live silkworms depends on the yield in nature. Meanwhile, dried silkworms are available in the market. Therefore, the study to evaluate feeding combinations of dried silkworms and artificial feed for the rearing of post-larvae snakehead was conducted from October to December 2020 in Serang District, Indonesia. The treatments were combinations of dried silkworm and artificial feed at a ratio of 100:0%, 75:25%, 50:50%, 25:75%, and 0:100%, respectively. After being adapted to experimental conditions, post-larvae of snakehead (0.40±0.02 g) were randomly stocked in 15 happas of 50x70x75 cm in dimension size each at a rate of 25 post-larvae and fed on tested diet according to the treatments at 5% of biomass a day, divided into three times for 40 days of experimental periods. The post-larvae of snakehead performed the best growth at the contribution of dried silkworm at 100 – 25%, the best feed conversion and protein efficiency ratio at 100 – 50% and 50%, respectively and the best survival at 50 – 0%. It could be suggested that feeding dried silkworm and artificial feed at a 50:50 ratio, respectively, during post-larvae snakehead rearing.Keywords:Channa striata Feeding combination Nutrient sourcesPost-larvae rearing
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Nakashima, Masahiro, Chikao Sugie, Zhen Wang, Takuhito Kondo, Yoshihiko Manabe, Taro Murai, and Yuta Shibamoto. "Biological Effects of Continuous Low-Dose-Rate Irradiation in Silkworms and Mice: Growth Promotion and Tumor Transplantability." Dose-Response 16, no. 4 (October 1, 2018): 155932581881175. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1559325818811753.
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A previous study showed that continuous low-dose-rate irradiation promoted the growth of silkworm larvae. This study aimed to confirm that finding, determine the optimal dose rate for growth promotion, and compare low- and high-dose-rate irradiation in silkworms, while also investigating the effects of the radiation-emitting sheet on growth and tumor transplantability in mice. Silkworm eggs were placed on low-dose-emitting sheets with 4 different dose rates (γ-ray rate: 1.7 -22.4 μSv/hour) or on control sheets. The other groups of silkworm larvae received single whole-body X-irradiation (0.1-50 Gy), and subsequent body weight changes were monitored. Starting at 3 weeks old, Balb/c mice were bred on the same sheets, and body weight change was measured. Seven weeks later, the mice were used to investigate the transplantability of EMT6 tumor cells cultured in vitro. The silkworms bred on the 13.4- and 22.4-μSv/hour sheets became larger than the control. Single 50-Gy irradiation suppressed the growth of silkworms. An increase in the time to EMT6 tumor development was observed in low-dose-rate-irradiated mice. This study confirmed growth promotion of silkworms by continuous low-dose radiation and demonstrated growth suppression at a high dose rate. Growth promotion was not observed in mice; further studies using higher dose-rate sheets may be warranted.
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G. Swathiga, G. Swathiga, S. Manimegalai S. Manimegalai, and E. Arasakumar E. Arasakumar. "Growth Attributes of Eco Races of Eri Silkworm, Philosamia Ricini Donovan in the Western Zone Conditions of Tamil Nadu." Current Agriculture Research Journal 10, no. 3 (January 5, 2023): 312–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/carj.10.3.14.
Full textAbstract:
One of the most economic exploitation, widely cultivated, and financially viable non-mulberry silkworms is the eri silkworm (Philosamia ricini). The feeds that eri silkworms consume have a significant impact on their yield and silk production. A study was conducted to assess the growth characteristics of the eco races of the eri silkworm in the circumstances of western region of Tamil Nadu. The Central Muga and Eri Research Institute in Jorhat, Assam provided the eco races of eri silkworm. Three replications of the Completely Randomized Design (CRD) were used to set up the treatments. By feeding worms with castor leaves in the cellular rearing method, the growth characteristics of eco races of eri silkworm, specifically the larval parameter and cocoon parameter, were examined. Among the eco races of eri silkworm in comparison with standard F1 hybrid, the eco race Jonai recorded the maximum growth attributes such as larval weight (7.09 g), cocoon weight (3.93 g), shell weight (0.66 g), shell ratio, ERR (16.78 %) which was on par with F1 hybrid followed by Khanapara and Titabar. The least was observed in Barpathar and Adogiri. This study reveals that among ten eco races of eri silkworm, the eco race Jonai recorded performed well in western zone condition of Tamil Nadu and it can be commercially reared in alternative to Commercial F1 breed.
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Rudramuni, Kiran, Shiv Kumar, Bharath K. Neelaboina, Mir N. Ahmad, and Sukhen R. Chowdhury. "Atypical voltinism in mulberry silkworm Bombyx mori L., 1758 (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae) races Barapat and Barapolu." Entomological Communications 3 (January 4, 2021): ec03001. http://dx.doi.org/10.37486/2675-1305.ec03001.
Full textAbstract:
The mulberry silkworm, Bombyx mori L., 1758 (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae) is classified as univoltine, bivoltine, and polyvoltine based on the annual brood frequency. Voltinism in B. mori is characterized by the occurrence of embryonic diapause (facultative and obligatory diapause). Univoltine silkworms suited to cold and temperate regions lay diapausing eggs and polyvoltine silkworms suited to tropical regions lay non-diapausing eggs. In contrast, the occurrence of diapause in bivoltine silkworms is influenced by the environment. In addition to the difference in the occurrence of embryonic diapause, larval duration, and cocoon characters show distinct variations. In the present correspondence, we are presenting an interesting observation from two silkworm races Barapath and Barapolu originating from the North-East region of India that display divergence in voltinism. The unique characteristic features of univoltine, bivoltine, and polyvoltine observed in the races are discussed explaining the occurrence.
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Yakubov, A., E. Larkina, U. Akilov, and K. Salikhova. "ABOUT THE POSSIBILITY OF USING SOME VARIETIES OF MULBERRY WHEN FEEDING ZONED BREEDS OF SILKWORM." Journal of Science and Innovative Development 5, no. 5 (September 21, 2022): 33–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.36522/2181-9637-2022-5-5.
Full textAbstract:
Sericulture has been and remains one of the most important branches of agriculture in Uzbekistan, with centuries-old traditions and proven technologies for keeping silkworms. However, global climate changes across the planet and the shift in the development of the national economy trigger the need for search of new methods of the silkworm reproduction and other sources of feed. Repeated attempts to transfer the silkworm to artificial food or other plant species have not proven succesfully. In our research, we have explored a possibility of using non-fodder caterpillars, namely decorative mulberry varieties, for feeding. The findings gained indicate the validity of the weeping mulberry varieties use in the breeding of silkworms in the case of an early start of feeding. Early vegetation of mulberry trees in urban conditions, a large leaf blade and a large green mass of weeping mulberry, make it good for feeding young silkworm caterpillars.
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Liu, Yujia, Dongbin Chen, Xiaoqian Zhang, Shuqing Chen, Dehong Yang, Linmeng Tang, Xu Yang, et al. "Construction of Baculovirus-Inducible CRISPR/Cas9 Antiviral System Targeting BmNPV in Bombyx mori." Viruses 14, no. 1 (December 30, 2021): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v14010059.
Full textAbstract:
The silkworm Bombyx mori is an economically important insect. The sericulture industry is seriously affected by pathogen infections. Of these pathogens, Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) causes approximately 80% of the total economic losses due to pathogen infections. We previously constructed a BmNPV-specific CRISPR/Cas9 silkworm line with significantly enhanced resistance to BmNPV. In order to optimize the resistance properties and minimize its impact on economic traits, we constructed an inducible CRISPR/Cas9 system for use in transgenic silkworms. We used the 39k promoter, which is induced by viral infection, to express Cas9 and the U6 promoter to express four small guide RNA targeting the genes encoding BmNPV late expression factors 1 and 3 (lef-1 and lef-3, respectively), which are essential for viral DNA replication. The system was rapidly activated when the silkworm was infected and showed considerably higher resistance to BmNPV infection than the wild-type silkworm. The inducible system significantly reduced the development effects due to the constitutive expression of Cas9. No obvious differences in developmental processes or economically important characteristics were observed between the resulting transgenic silkworms and wild-type silkworms. Adoption of this accurate and highly efficient inducible CRISPR/Cas9 system targeting BmNPV DNA replication will result in enhanced antivirus measures during sericulture, and our work also provides insights into the broader application of the CRISPR/Cas9 system in the control of infectious diseases and insect pests.
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Matsumoto, Yasuhiko, Yuki Tateyama, and Takashi Sugita. "Evaluation of Antibacterial Drugs Using Silkworms Infected by Cutibacterium acnes." Insects 12, no. 7 (July 8, 2021): 619. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12070619.
Full textAbstract:
Cutibacterium acnes is a causative agent of inflammatory skin diseases and systemic infections. Systemic infections caused by C. acnes are difficult to treat, and the development of a systemic infection model for C. acnes would be useful for elucidating the mechanisms of infection and searching for therapeutic agents. In this study, we established a silkworm infection model as a new experimental system to evaluate the interaction between C. acnes and the host, and the efficacy of antibacterial drugs. Silkworms infected with C. acnes died when reared at 37 °C. The dose of injected bacterial cells required to kill half of the silkworms (LD50) was determined under rearing conditions at 37 °C. The viable cell number of C. acnes was increased in the hemolymph and fat body of the infected silkworms. Silkworms injected with autoclaved C. acnes cells did not die during the study period. The survival time of silkworms injected with C. acnes was prolonged by the injection of antibacterial drugs such as tetracycline and clindamycin. These findings suggest that the silkworm C. acnes infection model can be used to evaluate host toxicity caused by C. acnes and the in vivo efficacy of antimicrobial drugs.
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Fambayun, R. A., R. Agustarini, and L. Andadari. "Cultivation and Breeding Techniques for Increase Silk Productivity in Indonesia." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 995, no. 1 (April 1, 2022): 012055. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/995/1/012055.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Silk is one of the textile products derived from plant fibres and is a sericulture product. Sericulture activities have a positive impact on the economy and society, as well as environmental sustainability. The many benefits of sericulture have made the Ministry of Environment and Forestry define silk as one of the potential non-timber forest products to be developed. However, there are many obstacles in developing sericulture, especially upstream (moriculture and silkworm rearing), namely low productivity. Forestry Research and Development Center is one of the stakeholders in silk development. This paper reviews the activities carried out by FRDC related to natural silk, both the development of mulberry and silkworms. The three activities carried out include research on cultivation techniques, conservation and breeding of mulberry plants and silkworms. Increased productivity is obtained by crossing or hybridization to get superior seeds. The superior products produced are Suli 01 mulberry seeds, PS 01 silkworm hybrids, and sericulture development techniques with high productivity. The Suli 01 mulberry hybrid had 30% more leaf production than conventional mulberry (M. cathayana), and the PS 01 silkworm hybrid increased cocoon production per box by 40% compared to the commonly used C301 silkworm.
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Kim, Yeon Jin, Seong Wan Kim, Kee Young Kim, Chang Seok Ki, and In Chul Um. "Structural Characteristics and Properties of Cocoon and Regenerated Silk Fibroin from Different Silkworm Strains." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 5 (March 4, 2023): 4965. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24054965.
Full textAbstract:
Silk has attracted the attention of researchers as a biomedical and cosmetic material because of its good biocompatibility and cytocompatibility. Silk is produced from the cocoons of silkworms, which have various strains. In this study, silkworm cocoons and silk fibroins (SFs) were obtained from ten silkworm strains, and their structural characteristics and properties were examined. The morphological structure of the cocoons depended on the silkworm strains. The degumming ratio of silk ranged from 22.8% to 28% depending on the silkworm strains. The highest and lowest solution viscosities of SF were shown by 9671 and 9153, respectively, showing a 12-fold difference. The silkworm strains of 9671, KJ5, and I-NOVI showed a two-fold higher work of ruptures for the regenerated SF film than 181 and 2203, indicating that the silkworm strains considerably influence the mechanical properties of the regenerated SF film. Regardless of the silkworm strain, all silkworm cocoons showed good cell viability, making them suitable candidates for advanced functional biomaterials.
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Zhang, Xuejie, Xinxin Zhu, Yuqian Zhang, Zhicheng Wu, Shoujin Fan, and Luoyan Zhang. "Comparative Transcriptome Analysis Identifies Key Defense Genes and Mechanisms in Mulberry (Morus alba) Leaves against Silkworms (Bombyx mori)." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 21 (November 4, 2022): 13519. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms232113519.
Full textAbstract:
As a consequence of long-term coevolution and natural selection, the leaves of mulberry (Morus alba) trees have become the best food source for silkworms (Bombyx mori). Nevertheless, the molecular and genomic basis of defense response remains largely unexplored. In the present study, we assessed changes in the transcriptome changes of mulberry in response to silkworm larval feeding at 0, 3, and 6 h. A total of 4709 (up = 2971, down = 1738) and 3009 (up = 1868, down = 1141) unigenes were identified after 3 and 6 h of silkworm infestation, respectively. MapMan enrichment analysis results show structural traits such as leaf surface wax, cell wall thickness and lignification form the first physical barrier to feeding by the silkworms. Cluster analysis revealed six unique temporal patterns of transcriptome changes. We predicted that mulberry promoted rapid changes in signaling and other regulatory processes to deal with mechanical damage, photosynthesis impairment, and other injury caused by herbivores within 3–6 h. LRR-RK coding genes (THE1, FER) was predicted participated in perception of cell wall perturbation in mulberry responding to silkworm feeding. Ca2+ signal sensors (CMLs), ROS (OST1, SOS3), RBOHD/F, CDPKs, and ABA were part of the regulatory network after silkworm feeding. Jasmonic acid (JA) signal transduction was predicted to act in silkworm feeding response, 10 JA signaling genes (such as OPR3, JAR1, and JAZ1) and 21 JA synthesis genes (such as LOX2, AOS, and ACX1) were upregulated after silkworm feeding for 3 h. Besides, genes of “alpha-Linolenic acid metabolism” and “phenylpropanoid biosynthesis” were activated in 3 h to reprogram secondary metabolism. Collectively, these findings provided valuable insights into silkworm herbivory-induced regulatory and metabolic processes in mulberry, which might help improve the coevolution of silkworm and mulberry.
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Duque-Torres, Alejandra, Carlos Rodriguez-Pabon, Juan Ruiz-Rosero, Giselle Zambrano-Gonzalez, Martha Almanza-Pinzon, Oscar Mauricio Caicedo Rendon, and Gustavo Ramirez-Gonzalez. "A new environmental monitoring system for silkworm incubators." F1000Research 7 (February 28, 2018): 248. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.13633.1.
Full textAbstract:
Silk is known as the queen of textiles due to its softness, durability, and luster. This textile is obtained from cocoons spun by larvae known as the silkworm. The combined effect of both temperature and humidity, determines the satisfactory growth of the silkworms and the production of good quality cocoons. For that rea- son, we propose a new prototype for silkworm incubators that monitors environmental conditions, created with Raspberry Pi due to its capabilities, features, and low cost. The prototype monitors the temperature, humidity, and luminosity in a silkworm incubator. The monitoring data are collected and saved on file hosting service, Google Drive, for subsequent analysis. Preliminary tests were gathered using the silkworm incubator of University of Cauca, Colombia.
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Sugiarto, Kharis, Risty Jayanti Yuniar, Amalia Rizqi Utami, M. Syaffana T.H., and Dui Satrya .W. "PEMBUATAN SARANA PEMBUDIDAYAAN CACING SUTRA DI PONDOK PESANTREN JAMIA’TUL ISLAMIYAH SEBAGAI PAKAN BIBIT LELE." SELAPARANG: Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat Berkemajuan 6, no. 4 (December 17, 2022): 2996. http://dx.doi.org/10.31764/jpmb.v6i4.11229.
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ABSTRAKPesantren Jami'atul Islamiyah yang berlokasi di Jl. Sultan Hasanudin, Kariangau, Kec. Balikpapan Barat, Kota Balikpapan, Kalimantan Timur. Pondok Pesantren Jami'atul Islamiyah membutuhkan metode penggantian pakan pelet untuk budidaya ikan lele agar dapat menekan pengeluaran biaya. Dengan berdasar permasalahan tersebut yang dialami oleh pihak mitra. Kegiatan pengabdian kepada masyarakat dilakukan untuk memberikan solusi dan menyelesaikan permasalahan yang dihadapi mitra. Usulan solusi yang diberikan adalah membuat prototype budidaya ulat sutera di Pondok Pesantren Jami'atul Islamiyah. Pemilihan ulat sutera sebagai solusi penganti pakan, karena ulat sutera merupakan salah satu makanan bergizi bagi ikan lele. Ulat sutera mudah dibudidayakan, karena ulat sutera membutuhkan sangat sedikit oksigen untuk berkembang. Metode yang digunakan adalah: sosialisasi dan observasi, pembuatan fasilitas ulat sutera, pelatihan dan monitoring. Luaran dari kegiatan ini berupa prototype media budidaya ulat sutera yang diberikan kepada mitra binaan. Kata kunci: pakan ikan; jami'atul islamiyah; cacing sutra. ABSTRACTJami'atul Islamiyah Islamic Boarding School which is located on Jl. Sultan Hasanudin, Kariangau, Kec. West Balikpapan, Balikpapan City, East Kalimantan. Jami'atul Islamiyah Islamic Boarding School requires replacement of pellet feed for catfish cultivation in order to reduce costs. On the basis of these problems experienced by the partners. Community service activities are carried out to provide solutions and resolve problems faced by partners. The proposed solution is to make a prototype of silkworm cultivation at the Jami'atul Islamiyah Islamic Boarding School. The selection of silkworms as a feed replacement solution, because silkworms are one of the nutritious foods for catfish. Silkworms are easy to cultivate, because silkworms require very little oxygen to thrive. The methods used are: socialization and observation, making silkworm facilities, training and monitoring. The output of this activity is in the form of prototype media for silkworm cultivation given to fostered partners. Keywords: feeding on catfish; jami'atul islamiyah; silkworms.
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Agustina, Dewi, and Retno Cahya Mukti. "The Influence of Feeding Combination Silkworm (Tubifex sp.) with Commercial Feed on Growth Performance of Catfish (Clarias sp.)." Acta Aquatica: Aquatic Sciences Journal 8, no. 2 (August 6, 2021): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.29103/aa.v8i2.4776.
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This study aims to determine the growth of catfish (Clarias sp.) Seeds by giving a combination of silkworms (Tubifex sp.) and commercial feed. This research was conducted in August - October 2020 in the fish farming group of PT ASABRI, West Ilir II Palembang, South Sumatera. The treatments used in this study were 100% silkworm (control) feeding and a combination of feed treatment consisting of 75% commercial feed and 25% silkworms. Parameters include absolute weight growth, absolute length growth, feed efficiency, survival, and water quality. The results obtained from this study indicate that combination feeding (P1) obtained better results than the control (P0) with absolute weight growth data of 8.38 g, absolute length 7.39 cm, feed efficiency 56.38% and survival 87.50%.Keywords: catfish, commercial feed, combination, growth silkworm
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Qian, Heying, Gang Li, Guodong Zhao, Mingzhu Liu, and Anying Xu. "Metabolic Characterisation of the Midgut of Bombyx mori Varieties after BmNPV Infection Using GC-MS-Based Metabolite Profiling." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 13 (July 1, 2020): 4707. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21134707.
Full textAbstract:
Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) is a silkworm disease that is especially harmful to cocoon production and seriously restricts sericultural development. Our laboratory successfully cultivated a new highly BmNPV-resistant silkworm variety, Huakang 2; however, its mechanism of BmNPV resistance remains unclear. To understand its resistance mechanism, we conducted a metabolomic and transcriptomic study of the midgut of silkworm varieties, Baiyu N and Baiyu after BmNPV infection. We identified 451 differential metabolites, which were mostly comprised of small molecules, such as saccharides, acids, amines, alcohols, and glycosides. We found that the primary differences in disease resistance between the silkworm varieties are metabolic-pathways, tryptophan metabolism, oxidative phosphorylation, ABC-transporters, beta-alanine metabolism, and phenylalanine metabolism. Combined analysis with transcriptomic data suggested that tryptophan metabolism and oxidative phosphorylation are closely related to the silkworms’ BmNPV resistance. We hypothesize that the roles of the two metabolic pathways in the BmNPV resistance mechanism might be the following: Oxidative phosphorylation generates a large amount of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in response to BmNPV infection to provide silkworms the energy required for establishing BmNPV resistance. Tryptophan metabolism then activates the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) through the exogenous virus BmNPV, which activates the silkworm’s immune system to defeat BmNPV infections.
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Chen, Wenkai, Yangsheng Zhong, Gangrong Fu, Wenxuan Lai, Ziwen Pan, Yulian Yang, Fangyan Chen, and Huichao Yan. "Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of Luminescent Carbonaceous Nanoparticles as Silkworm Feed for Fabricating Fluorescent Silkworm Silk." Coatings 13, no. 1 (December 24, 2022): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings13010031.
Full textAbstract:
In biomedical engineering, optics, and photonics, fluorescent silkworm silk has many potential applications, but its complex preparation process and the environmental pollution of corresponding chemical dyeing methods hinder its development. Herein, we provide a green and effective method for fabricating fluorescent silkworm silk with enhanced mechanical properties. Citric acid and urea were selected as raw materials for synthesizing carbon dots (CDs), which were applied as additives of silkworm feed to produce fluorescent silkworm silks by microwave-assisted methods. The results showed that a diet of mulberry leaf with 0.5 wt% CDs was safe for silkworms and did not affect silk yield. CDs rapidly entered silkworms and accumulated in their blood and silk glands. After feeding for 90 min, the silk gland fluorescence appeared prominent. Compared with ordinary silk, the highest elongation at break of the CD-modified silk was 22.24%, and the breaking strength was 28.07 MPa, which were increases of 5.05 and 22.84%, respectively. The CD-modified silk displayed intrinsic blue fluorescence when exposed to a 405 nm laser, exhibited no cytotoxic effect on L929 cells and had excellent cell adhesion. The strategy proposed in this work is not only environmentally friendly but can also produce high-quality fluorescent silk on a large scale.
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Xin, Lei, Yazhen Chen, Wantao Rong, Yingcan Qin, Xiaodong Li, and Delong Guan. "Gut Microbiota Analysis in Silkworms (Bombyx mori) Provides Insights into Identifying Key Bacterials for Inclusion in Artificial Diet Formulations." Animals 14, no. 9 (April 23, 2024): 1261. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani14091261.
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The gut microbiome significantly influences the health and productivity of silkworms (Bombyx mori), the cornerstone of sericulture. With the increasing use of cost-effective artificial diets in sericulture, it is crucial to understand how these diets impact the silkworm gut microbiomes. Here we employed 16S rRNA sequencing to delineate the impact of three distinct dietary regimens on the silkworm gut microbiomes: exclusive mulberry leaf diet (SY), exclusive artificial feed diet (SL), and a sequential transition from artificial feed to mulberry leaves (ZS). Our results unveiled stark differences in microbial diversity across the groups, with the ZS group displaying an intermediary complexity. LefSe and random forest analyses identified Methylobacteriaceae, Microbacterium, and Rhodococcus as significantly enriched in the ZS group, suggesting their potential to facilitate silkworms’ adaptation to dietary transitions. Functional profiling revealed differential pathway regulation, indicating a metabolic reconfiguration in response to dietary modulations. Notably, the enrichment of Lactobacillus and Weissella in both the SL and ZS groups highlights their potential as probiotics in artificial diets. Our findings provide insights into the diet adaptation mechanisms of silkworm gut microbiota, paving the way for harnessing the intestinal bacteria to enhance silkworm health and silk production through targeted microbial interventions in sericulture practices.
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Sun, Xiaoning, Qian Yuan, Beibei Du, Xinye Jin, Xiyun Huang, Qiuying Li, Yueqiao Zhong, Zhonghua Pan, Shiqing Xu, and Yanghu Sima. "Relationship between Changes in Intestinal Microorganisms and Effect of High Temperature on the Growth and Development of Bombyx mori Larvae." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 18 (September 7, 2022): 10289. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms231810289.
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Temperature is an important environmental factor affecting the growth and development of silkworm (Bombyx mori). To analyze the effect of intestinal microbes on silkworm in response to a high-temperature environment, this study used a combination of high throughput sequencing and biochemical assays to detect silkworm intestinal microbes treated with high temperature for 72 h. The results show that high temperature affects the intestinal microbes of silkworm and that there are sex differences, specifically, females were more sensitive. The changes in the metabolism and transport ability of silkworm intestinal tissues under high temperature are related to the intestinal microbes. High temperatures may affect the intestinal microbes of silkworms, regulating the activity of related digestive enzymes and substance transport in the intestine, thereby affecting the silkworm’s digestion and absorption of nutrients, and ultimately affecting growth and development.
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Huang, Wenwen, Shengjie Ling, Chunmei Li, Fiorenzo G. Omenetto, and David L. Kaplan. "Silkworm silk-based materials and devices generated using bio-nanotechnology." Chemical Society Reviews 47, no. 17 (2018): 6486–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8cs00187a.
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Silks are natural fibrous protein polymers that are spun by silkworms and spiders. This tutorial review summarizes and highlights recent advances in the use of silkworm silk-based materials in bio-nanotechnology.
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Tulu, Dereje, Melkam Aleme, Gezahegn Mengistu, Ararsa Bogale, Kedir Shifa, and Esayas Mendesil. "Evaluation of Castor (Ricinus communis L.) Genotypes and Their Feeding Values on Rearing Performance of Eri Silkworm (Samia cynthia ricini Boisduval) (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) in Southwest Ethiopia." Psyche: A Journal of Entomology 2022 (October 3, 2022): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/1556776.
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The quality of feed plays an important role in the growth and development of silkworms and eventually in the economic traits of cocoons. This study was conducted to evaluate ten castors (Ricinus communis L.) genotypes and their feeding values on the rearing performance of Eri Silkworm (Samia cynthia ricini Boisduval) (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) at Tepi, southwest Ethiopia. A total of ten castor genotypes were evaluated in a randomized complete block design (RCBD), and the suitability of castor genotypes as feed for a mixed strain of Eri-silkworm was also evaluated in a completely randomized design (CRD) under laboratory conditions. A hundred worms were used in each replication. Castor genotypes showed significant differences in fresh leaf yield. Among the castor genotypes tested, genotype 219645 recorded 439 g of ten fresh leaf yields. Results of Eri-silkworm rearing performance depict that a shorter larval period (22 days), a higher effective rate of rearing (94.54%), and a shorter life cycle (58 days) were observed in Eri-silkworm fed on leaves of the 200390 genotype, while a higher larval weight (6.16 g) was recorded in the Abaro genotype. However, higher cocoon weight (3.26 g), pupal weight (2.46 g), shell weight (0.45 g), and silk ratio (13.80%) were found in Eri-silkworms fed on leaves of genotype 219645. Hence, based on silkworm rearing performance, genotype 219645 showed relatively superior results and is recommended for future development work. Further studies should continue giving more emphasis to the multilocation study of genotype 219645 to understand its performance in the diverse growing environment.
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Zhao, Shuo, Xiaogang Ye, Meiyu Wu, Jinghua Ruan, Xiaoxiao Wang, Xiaoli Tang, and Boxiong Zhong. "Recombinant Silk Proteins with Additional Polyalanine Have Excellent Mechanical Properties." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 4 (February 3, 2021): 1513. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22041513.
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This paper explores the structures of exogenous protein molecules that can effectively improve the mechanical properties of silkworm silk. Several transgenic vectors fused with the silkworm fibroin light chain and type 3 repeats in different multiples of the ampullate dragline silk protein 1 (MaSp1) from black widow spider with different lengths of the polyalanine motifs were constructed for this study. Transgenic silkworms were successfully obtained by piggyBac-mediated microinjection. Molecular detection showed that foreign proteins were successfully secreted and contained within the cocoon shells. According to the prediction of PONDR® VSL2 and PONDR® VL-XT, the type 3 repeats and the polyalanine motif of the MaSp1 protein were amorphous. The results of FTIR analysis showed that the content of β-sheets in the silk of transgenic silkworms engineered with transgenic vectors with additional polyalanine was significantly higher than that of wild-type silkworm silk. Additionally, silk with a higher β-sheet content had better fracture strength and Young’s modulus. The mechanical properties of silk with longer chains of exogenous proteins were improved. In general, our results provide theoretical guidance and technical support for the large-scale production of excellent bionic silk.
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Zhao, Erhu, Xiaolan Jiang, and Hongjuan Cui. "Bombyx mori Dihydroorotate Dehydrogenase: Knockdown Inhibits Cell Growth and Proliferation via Inducing Cell Cycle Arrest." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 19, no. 9 (August 30, 2018): 2581. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms19092581.
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Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH), in the de novo pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway, is the fourth enzyme of pyrimidine synthesis and is used to oxidize dihydroorotate and hence to orotat. We cloned and characterized here the dhod of silkworms, Bombyx mori. The full-length cDNA sequence of dhod is 1339 bp, including an open reading frame (ORF) of 1173 bp that encoded a 390 amino acid protein. And two domains were involved in the Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase amino acid sequence of silkworms, Bombyx mori (BmDHODH), namely a DHO_dh domain and a transmembrane domain in N-termina. The silkworm dhod is expressed throughout development and in nine tissues. Moreover, knockdown of the silkworm dhod gene reduced cell growth and proliferation through G2/M phase cell cycle arrest. Similarly, DHODH inhibitor (leflunomide) also reduced cell growth and proliferation, with a significant decrease of cyclin B and cdk2. DHODH is the fourth enzyme of pyrimidine synthesis, so we also found that leflunomide can inhibit, at least in part, the endomitotic DNA replication in silk glands cells. These findings demonstrate that downregulation of BmDHODH inhibits cell growth and proliferation in silkworm cells, and the endomitotic DNA replication in silk gland cells.
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Makwana, Pooja, Kamidi Rahul, Katsuhiko Ito, and Bindu Subhadra. "Diversity of Antimicrobial Peptides in Silkworm." Life 13, no. 5 (May 11, 2023): 1161. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life13051161.
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Antimicrobial resistance is a phenomenon that the present-day world is witnessing that poses a serious threat to global health. The decline in the development of novel therapeutics over the last couple of decades has exacerbated the situation further. In this scenario, the pursuit of new alternative therapeutics to commonly used antibiotics has gained predominance amongst researchers across the world. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) from natural sources have drawn significant interest in the recent years as promising pharmacological substitutes over the conventional antibiotics. The most notable advantage of AMPs is that microorganisms cannot develop resistance to them. Insects represent one of the potential sources of AMPs, which are synthesized as part of an innate immune defence against invading pathogens. AMPs from different insects have been extensively studied, and silkworm is one of them. Diverse classes of AMPs (including attacins, cecropins, defensins, enbocins, gloverins, lebocins and moricins) were identified from silkworm that exhibit antimicrobial property against bacteria, fungi and viruses, indicating their potential therapeutic benefits. This review briefs about the immune responses of silkworm to invading pathogens, the isolation of AMPs from silkworms, AMPs reported in silkworms and their activity against various microorganisms.
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Febrianti, L., L. Sulmartiwi, and N. N. Dewi. "Application of combination feed of fish viscera silage and fermented rice bran on biomass and population of silk worms (Tubifex tubifex)." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1273, no. 1 (December 1, 2023): 012042. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1273/1/012042.
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Abstract Silkworms are an alternative feed to grow and develop for fish seeds. Silkworms have the advantage of being high in nutrients. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of using fish offal silage combination feed on silkworm biomass and population as well as the optimal concentration of fish offal silage and fermented rice bran to increase silkworm biomass and population. The method used in this study was experimental using a completely randomized design (CRD), namely P0: paddy mud, P1: paddy mud + combined feed (75% fish offal silage and 25% fermented rice bran), P2: paddy mud + combined feed (50% fish offal silage and 50% fermented rice bran), and P3: paddy mud + combined feed (25% fish offal silage and 75% fermented rice bran). Data analysis used Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and continued with Duncan’s test. The results showed that silkworm cultivation using a combination feed (25% fish offal silage and 75% fermented rice bran) produced the highest absolute biomass and absolute population of 22 grams and 7,147 individuals, significantly different from absolute and absolute biomass. produced from cultivation in paddy field mud with control treatment.
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Li, Juan, Chunbing Chen, and Xingfu Zha. "Midgut and Head Transcriptomic Analysis of Silkworms Reveals the Physiological Effects of Artificial Diets." Insects 13, no. 3 (March 15, 2022): 291. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects13030291.
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Silkworms, a model lepidopteran insect, have a very simple diet. Artificial diets as an alternative nutrient source for silkworms are gradually being developed. To understand the effects of various nutrients on the growth and development of silkworms, we studied the transcriptomic differences in the midgut and head tissues of male and female silkworms fed either fresh mulberry leaves or artificial diets. In the artificial diet group, compared with the control group (fed mulberry leaves), 923 and 619 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified from the midgut, and 2969 and 3427 DEGs were identified from the head, in female and male silkworms. According to our analysis, the DEGs were mainly involved in the digestion and absorption of nutrients and silkworm innate immunity. These experimental results provide insights into the effects of different foods, such as artificial diets or fresh mulberry leaves, on silkworms.
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Maimoona Kanwal, Waqar Younus, and Mubashar Hussain. "An Insight into Genomics of Mulberry Silkworm." Scientific Inquiry and Review 3, no. 2 (June 5, 2019): 08–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.32350/sir.32.02.
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The purpose of this article is to review the genetic basis of mulberry silkworm to understand the mystery of silk production and the silkworm’s role as a model organism. Data regarding mulberry silkworm’s genetic diversity, genetic bases of silk production, gene mapping and chromosomal properties was reviewed. Findings illustrated that genetic variability exists among mulberry silkworms of different geographical regions. Hence, it acts as an indicator of the genetic bases of silk production since it is higher in males, although sex is primarily determined by females. Studies have revealed that chromosomes in mulberry silkworm are holocentric and gene mapping provides an insight into the accurate location of silk genes on chromosomes. It is concluded that the genetic study of silkworm is useful due to its commercial and economic significance and it is the crucial need of sericulture industry to enhance its output by collecting information about superior silkworm breeds. Hence, further research should be carried out to explore the hidden facts about mulberry silkworm.
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Zhu, Kesen, Yanfei Chen, Lei Chen, and Hui Xiang. "Comparative Silk Transcriptomics Illuminates Distinctive Impact of Artificial Selection in Silkworm Modern Breeding." Insects 13, no. 12 (December 16, 2022): 1163. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects13121163.
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Early domestication and the following improvement are two important processes in the cocoon silk evolution of silkworms. In contrast to early domestication, understanding of the improvement process is still fuzzy. By systematically comparing the larval silk gland transcriptomes of the wild, early domestic, and improved silkworms, we highlighted a novel landscape of transcriptome in the silk glands of improved ones. We first clarified that silk cocoon protein genes were up-regulated in modern breeding but not in early domestication. Furthermore, we found that differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between improved and early domestic silkworms (2711), as well as between improved and wild silkworms (2264), were obviously more than those between the early domestic and wild silkworms (158), with 1671 DEGs specific in the improved silkworm (IS-DEGs). Hierarchical clustering of all the DEGs consistently indicated that improved silkworms were significantly diverged from the early domestic and wild silkworms, suggesting that modern breeding might cause prompt and drastic dynamic changes of gene expression in the silk gland. We further paid attention to these 1671 IS-DEGs and were surprised to find that down-regulated genes were enriched in basic organonitrogen compound biosynthesis, RNA biosynthesis, and ribosome biogenesis processes, which are generally universally expressed, whereas those up-regulated genes were enriched in organonitrogen compound catabolic processes and functions involving in the dynamic regulation of protein post-translation of modification. We finally highlighted one candidate improvement gene among these up-regulated IS-DEGs, i.e., GDAP2, which may play roles in silk behavior and the overall robustness of the improved silkworm. The findings strongly suggest that modern breeding may facilitate effective control of the basic consumption of nitrogen and a stronger switch of nitrogen resources from other tissues to the silk glands, for an efficient supply for silk production, and implies the importance of brain behavior and robustness in silk yield improvement of modern breeding.