Relevant bibliographies by topics / Silk merchants of Lyon

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Academic literature on the topic 'Silk merchants of Lyon'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 25 May 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Silk merchants of Lyon"

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KHALEEL, Zahraa Hameed. "THE EFFECT OF FOREIGN FRANCHISES ON AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITY IN BELAD AL-SHAM(1838 - 1914)." RIMAK International Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 04, no. 05 (September 1, 2022): 302–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.47832/2717-8293.19.18.

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The foreign franchises were - in the beginning - grants granted to foreigners by the strong Sultan as a sign of his generosity, and they continued, in fact, during the rule of the Sultan who granted them only, and their aim was to strengthen economic ties. These franchises can be renewed or canceled whenever a new ruler ascends the throne, by entering into long negotiations, and the Sublime Porte has the right to add or delete clauses specific to the state on which these franchises are presented to. The Ottoman state began granting franchises since the era of its founder Othman (128-1324 AD) when it entered into relations with its neighbors at that time, and commercial franchises were the first form of peaceful relations for the Ottoman state because its relations with the Europeans revolved around a narrow range, and that the number of foreigners in the Ottoman Empire was not large, and because the Ottomans were powerful in the beginning, there were no forces that forced them to remove them except for the free will of the grantor, as indicated by one of the historians, including: “These franchises were at the time, in principle granted, by the Sultans without prior discussions, and voluntarily granted rights and privileges to the subjects of foreign countries that had both trade and friendship relations with the Ottoman Empire. The franchises were granted unilaterally and voluntarily by the Sultan, so foreign countries followed the policy of renewal until 1740, when Sultan Mahmud I (1730-1754), permanently renewed the French franchises. All treaties concluded between the Ottoman Empire and foreign countries included a general article that stated: “Every country benefits from the franchises that will be given by treaty to other countries, in addition to the privileges it obtained by its treaties with the Sublime Porte .” The Treaty of Balta Liman , concluded on August 16, 1838, with Britain, abolished the protection system for national products, by limiting the ability of the Ottoman Empire to impose new taxes, and opened the markets of the Ottoman Empire to foreign merchants, and allowed them freedom of import and trade, which led To the imbalance in the trade balance, after determining the percentage of the customs tariff, which amounted to (3%) of the value of the goods, and this condition is not subject to reciprocity. It also included the condition that the customs tariff cannot be modified without the consent of Britain. The importance of the Balta Liman Treaty was that it not only confirmed the previous privileges, but also abolished the Ottoman monopolies. This was represented in the sixth clause of the treaty, which stipulated: “The Turkish government agrees to the measures stipulated in the treaty, which include all the Ottoman Empire, in the European part of Turkey, as well as in the Asian part, Egypt and all the possessions of the Sublime Porte in Africa, and they are applied to all subjects of the regions The Ottoman Empire, whatever their status, and the Turkish government agrees that no foreign country will refuse its trade under this treaty. Foreign traders took advantage of the lack of customs duties imposed on their imported goods, which was at a rate of (3%), as well as exempting them from the fees imposed on their imported goods within the same country. %), which led to the control of foreign traders over foreign trade, which in turn was reflected in the export of agricultural products on the one hand, which led to an increase in the production of some agricultural crops for the purpose of export at the expense of other crops, and this policy resulted in specialization in agriculture, so the cultivation of some crops was limited In certain areas, depending on the presence of branches of foreign companies, which do not depend on the suitability of the land for cultivation, the cultivation of mulberry trees has spread in Syria, for the purpose of raising silkworms to produce silk that is exported to the factories of Lyon and Marseille in France. The production of raw silk in Syria reached between 1880 -1914), two and a half million kilograms in 1880, increased to (6.1) million kilograms in 1914.
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Ali, Venus. "The MOST IMPORTANT STRATEGIC WAYS AFFECTING The ABBASID STATE'S TRADE With OTHER COUNTRIES ) SILK ROAD As A MODEL)." Islamic Sciences Journal 10, no. 5 (March 17, 2023): 259–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/jis.19.10.5.11.

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The Silk Road gained a good reputation and unprecedented fame, as a result of the goods known for its name, which was not only attracted the attention of merchants and travelers, but was the focus of attention of the caliphs, kings and kingdoms through which the convoys of multinational merchants were passing as it was not only a route for silk merchants, but was The Silk Road also played an important role in scientific and economic exchanges. Therefore, the Silk Road is not merely a geography, not a history, not merely an identity. This identity is united by difference, convergence and contrast. Coexistence and peace
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Bottin, Jacques, and Isabelle Vérité. "Les Salviati de Lyon et le commerce du pastel languedocien, 1519-1549." Annales du Midi : revue archéologique, historique et philologique de la France méridionale 132, no. 309 (2020): 197–222. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/anami.2020.9027.

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We know much of the banking activity that Italian companies conducted on behalf of major woad merchants, but far less of their business practices. It can be closely looked at from the rich commercial documentation from the Salviati of Lyon, although they were not leading players. Twenty transactions conducted from 1519 to 1549 allow us to understand how they carried on their business, from decision making to finalisation of payments. The fact that they were selling woad in London, Antwerp, Venice, Valence and Florence highlights the functionality of the Salviati’s European network, based on their agencies and relationships with a small core of reliable partners. On the other side, the growing involvement of local woad merchants in their business reflects the strengthening of this network at the regional level. This increased the autonomy of the payment system, centered in Lyon, from the pastel circuit.
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Liu, Chuning. "Sogdian Traders Along the Silk Road: Causes for Their Commercial Success." Communications in Humanities Research 4, no. 1 (May 17, 2023): 26–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-7064/4/20220142.

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The Sogdian traders were arguably the most important traders along the Silk Road from the 4th century to the 8th century. Their sphere of influence expands across Eurasia, and their trading partners include China and the Roman Empire. This paper will argue that there are some distinct reasons behind their success as merchants who built a massive political-economic system along the Silk Road. In this paper, the research will base on the famous Sogdian Ancient Letters, other archeological findings, and secondary literature by historians like Di Cosmo and De la Vaissire and investigate the causes of Sogdian merchants success in building a transcontinental commerce system. Furthermore, this paper will specifically explain how Sogdian merchants rose to prominence in cities such as Dunhuang and Turpan and gained commercial success in China, one of its greatest trading partners.
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Bubenok, O. "The Alanian merchants on the Great Silk Way." World of the Orient 2013, no. 1 (March 30, 2013): 99–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/orientw2013.01.099.

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Marsden, Magnus. "Actually existing silk roads." Journal of Eurasian Studies 8, no. 1 (January 2017): 22–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.euras.2016.11.006.

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This article explores the relevance of the concept of Silk Road for understanding the patterns of trade and exchange between China, Eurasia and the Middle East. It is based on ethnographic fieldwork in the city of Yiwu, in China's Zhejiang Province. Yiwu is a node in the global distribution of Chinese ‘small commodities’ and home to merchants and traders from across Asia and beyond. The article explores the role played by traders from Afghanistan in connecting the city of Yiwu to markets and trading posts in the world beyond. It seeks to bring attention to the diverse types of networks involved in such forms of trade, as well as their emergence and development over the past thirty years.
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N.T., Nurulla Khodjaeva. "“Dancing” Merchants beyond the Empires On The Silk Road." MGIMO Review of International Relations 1, no. 52 (January 1, 2017): 119–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2017-1-52-119-139.

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DALE, STEPHEN FREDERIC, and Thomas K. Park. "INA BAGHDIANTZ MCCABE, The Shah's Silk for Europe's Silver: The Eurasian Trade of the Julfa Armenians in Safavid Iran and India (1530–1750), Armenian Texts and Studies 15 (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania 1999). Pp. 436." International Journal of Middle East Studies 33, no. 2 (May 2001): 291–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743801212069.

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It has long been recognized that Iranian silk constituted the principal source of foreign exchange of the Safavid state in the reign of Shah [ayn]Abbas I (1589–1629), and widely appreciated that Armenian merchants of New Julfa, Isfahan, played a critical role in marketing Iranian silk both within the country and abroad. It is all the more remarkable therefore to consider that Ina Baghdiantz McCabe has produced the first major study of the Iranian Armenian community's business organization, their relationship with the Safavid state, and the nature of their involvement in the production and marketing of Iranian silk. Based on Armenian, English, French, and Persian sources, this well-illustrated publication in the University of Pennsylvania's Armenian Texts and Studies series represents an ambitious work of political economy. In it, Baghdiantz McCabe argues forcefully that the Armenians' position reflected the implementation of systematic economic goals by Iranian monarchs; that Armenians during the reign of Shah [ayn]Abbas I became part of the political elite; that Armenian trade, far from being the work of itinerant peddlers, was directed by a highly organized, extremely wealthy commercial elite; and that Armenian merchants operating within the Safavid system were successful in excluding European companies from gaining significant influence in the Iranian silk trade.
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Pallini-Martin, Agnès. "Toulouse, Lyon, Florence : les réseaux florentins du pastel languedocien." Annales du Midi : revue archéologique, historique et philologique de la France méridionale 132, no. 309 (2020): 181–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/anami.2020.9026.

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The pastel of the Lauragais region represents an important stake for Florentine merchants and financiers at the turn of the 16th century. For them, who perfectly mastered accounting techniques and long-distance commercial circuits, the commercialization of the dye plant represented a profitable and relatively safe investment. Domenico and Francesco Naldini, Florentines established in Toulouse since the of the 15th century and associated with the Salviati company in Lyon, developed business for about twenty years. Their unpublished accounting documents shed on the pastel routes to Tuscany and allow us to question the functioning of between companies.
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Rybar, Lukas, and Artem A. Andreev. "The Russian-Iranian Silk Trade during the Reign of Shāh Ṣafī I (1629–1642)." Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 66, no. 3-4 (March 28, 2023): 394–421. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685209-12341598.

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Abstract This article is a case study of the Russian-Iranian silk trade, particularly during the period of the Safavid Shāh Ṣafī I (1629–1642). During his reign, substantial changes occurred in the state silk trade, which also affected the Russian-Iranian trade. This study mainly focuses on the amount of Iranian silk exported to Russia by royal merchants, the form the Russian-Iranian silk trade took and the mode of transport as well as the main trade routes. Our research is based on archival historical sources from the Russian state archives of ancient documents. The study thus aims to shine new facts on the Russian-Iranian trade relations in the early modern period.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Silk merchants of Lyon"

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Shi, Xiaoxuan. "L’industrie lyonnaise de la soie et la Chine : réalités et limites de l’expansion commerciale des soyeux lyonnais (milieu du XIXe siècle à 1914)." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023SORUL045.

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L'industrie de la soie a joué un rôle central dans les échanges commerciaux mondiaux au XIXe siècle. Lyon, capitale historique pour l’industrie de la soie en Europe, constituait aussi l’un des centres commerciaux les plus importants du continent, déjà à l’époque romaine, puis, à nouveau, à partir du XVIe siècle. Au XIXe siècle, Lyon était l'un des centres les plus importants de la soie au monde, en grande partie grâce à ses liens étroits avec la Chine, laquelle était le plus grand fournisseur de matières premières pour la soierie lyonnaise. En même temps, la Chine, où la technique de la fabrication de soie a été découverte sous la dynastie des Shang , est une destination indispensable pour les soyeux lyonnais. En effet, l'ouverture de la Chine au commerce étranger, après la Seconde Guerre de l'Opium, permit aux soyeux lyonnais de s'implanter et de réaliser des opérations de commerce de la soie en Chine. Depuis le XIXe siècle, ces commerces s’intensifient en profitant de l’établissement de concessions françaises en Chine et de la mise en place de la route maritime entre Marseille et Shanghai. Les soyeux lyonnais réussirent à conquérir le marché chinois et ils développaient une stratégie de partenariat avec les négociants locaux pour acquérir des soies grèges directement en Chine et les envoyaient à Lyon sans passer par Londres afin de concurrencer les Britanniques. Puis ce réseau lyonnais travailla avec le plus puissant acteur britannique, qui avait installé des filatures et des ateliers de tissage sur place. Cette stratégie leur permit de devenir des acteurs majeurs du commerce de la soie en Chine et de renforcer leur position sur le marché mondial
Silk industry played a central role in global commercial exchanges during the 19th century. Lyon, the historical capital of European silk industry, constitutes also one of the most important commercial centers of the continent, as early as in the roman period, again from the 16th century. In the 19th century, Lyon was renowned as one of the most important global silk business centers, mostly due to its close link to China, which was the biggest silk exporting country for the silk industry of Lyon. China, where the silk manufacturing techniques were invented during the Shang Dynasty, was an indispensable destination for silk manufacturers of Lyon. In fact, the opening of China to foreign trade, especially after the Second Opium War, which permits these silk manufacturers to establish and operate in the silk trade in China. To the mid-19th century, those silk trades were stepping up, with the establishment of the French concession in Shanghai as well as the opening of the direct maritime route between Marseille and Shanghai, Lyon’s silk entrepreneurs attempted, some of them by direct competition, others opting to work in partnership with well-established British trade houses in China, first to short-circuit the British monopoly and then to secure the silk supply by themselves. The efforts made by the silk entrepreneurs of Lyon made them predominant players in the global silk trad and contributed to the silk trade development between China and Europe during the 19th Century
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Miller, Owen. "The silk merchants of the Myonjujon : Guild and Government in late choson Korea." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.497535.

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Miller, Lesley Ellis. "A study of designers in the Lyon silk industry 1712-1787." Thesis, University of Brighton, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.384723.

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Until recently, research on the silk industry in 18th century Lyon has centred round the organisation of the silk weaving guild and of business enterprise, the lives of a few well-known and well-documented individual silk designers who were fine artists in their own right, the stylistic development of silk design and the analysis of the weaves and techniques of production of surviving fabrics. No general survey or analysis of the social and economic function of designers and their role within the industry has been made since E. Leroudier's introductory article 'Les dessinateurs de la Soierie lyonnaise au XVIIIe sibcle', Revue d'Histoire de Lyon (1908, pp. 241-266). This thesis sets out to question Leroudier's presentation. It attempts to reconcile the different approaches mentioned above in order to clarify designers' place in lyonnais manufacturing and society and to establish a clearer idea of the distinctive features of design practice in Lyon. It, therefore, reassesses currently held views on the number and role of silk designers, and the influence and special characteristics of wellknown individuals. It starts from the premise that designers were not purely artists but were also involved in industry. This premise has dictated the use of sources hitherto largely neglected by art and textile historians: private documents such as marriage contracts, inventories and wills; trade and commercial papers; paper designs and fabrics; and finally the more familiar contemporary printed sources. The introductory chapters discuss the context for design in 18th century Lyon: the structure of manufacturing and business and the attention paid to art and design inside and outside manufacturing circles. The following chapters concentrate on the designers: firstly, their social background and status, indications of the status of their occupation; secondly, their training; thirdly, their work; and finally their career prospects. This research suggests that designers existed in substantial numbers in Lyon and enjoyed high status due to their crucial role as providers of designs for the high fashion brocaded silks for which Lyon was famed.
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Busse, Michele Conrady. "Got Silk?: Buying, Selling, and Advertising British Luxury Imports During the Stamp Act Crisis." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2007. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc3993/.

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Despite the amount of scholarship on the Stamp Act Crisis, no study has used advertisements as a main source. This study attempts to show that a valuable, objective source has been overlooked, through the quantitative analysis of 5,810 advertisements before, during and after the Stamp Act Crisis from five port cities: Boston, Charleston, Philadelphia, New York, and Portsmouth. The findings reveal the colonists' strong connection to imported British luxury goods, and a lack of interest in American-made goods, especially before and after the boycott. Advertisements also demonstrate that the decision of many merchants to place the needs and expectations of their community before their own personal gain offered a rare economic opportunity for others. The colonists' devotion to imports tested the strength of the boycott, especially among Boston merchants, who continued to advertise imported goods a good deal more than any other city. This lack of dedication to the boycott on the part of the Boston merchants shows disunity among the colonies, at a time when many argue was the first instance of colonial nationalism. Capitalism challenged and undermined a commitment to communal sentiments such as nationalism. Moreover, if Americans did share a sense of nationhood during the Stamp Act Crisis, it cannot be gauged by a rejection of "Englishness."
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Miralles, Martínez Pedro. "Seda, trabajo y sociedad en la Murcia del siglo XVII." Doctoral thesis, Universidad de Murcia, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/10767.

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En esta tesis se analiza la sociedad de Murcia en el siglo XVII a través de los procesos de producción, manufactura, comercialización y detracción fiscal de la seda, con las finalidades de explicar la movilidad y la reproducción social de las elites surgidas del comercio sedero, así como indagar en las circunstancias que posibilitaron o no la formación de una grupo social burgués. La seda contribuyó a la caracterización de la sociedad murciana como una formación económica y social que tiene como principio fundamental la perpetuación y la reproducción social. Sin embargo, en esta estructura social existían algunas posibilidades de mejorar la condición que se ocupaba en la misma. Los actores sociales actúan para mejorar y garantizar su posición en la sociedad, ésta es más importante que la posesión de bienes materiales; no obstante, la riqueza y las relaciones sociales son imprescindibles para la lucha individual y familiar por el honor.
The essential thesis is to analyse the Murcian society in the seventeenth century through the process of production, manufacture, commercialization and fiscal taxation of the silk. In the same way it has the purpose of explaining the social mobility and social reproduction of the elite which arose out of the silk trade, and doing research in the circumstances which made possible or did not the formation of a social middle class group, the bourgeoisie. The silk contributed to the characterization of the society of the seventeenth century as an economical and social formation that has the perpetuation and the social reproduction as fundamental principle. The social protagonists acts in order to improve and guarantee their position in the society, this one is more important than the possession of goods; nevertheless, the wealth and the social relations are essential for the individual and family fight to get the honour.
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Books on the topic "Silk merchants of Lyon"

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Silk Road: Monks, warriors & merchants on the Silk Road. Hong Kong: Odyssey Books & Guides, 2012.

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2

Musée historique des tissus de Lyon. and Exposition universelle de 1889 en paris, eds. Lyon en 1889: Les soyeux a l'Exposition universelle de Paris . Lyon: Musée des tissus, 1990.

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Marielle, Martiniani-Reber, ed. Lyon, Musée historique des tissus: Soieries sassanides, coptes et byzantines : Ve-XIe siècles. Paris: Ministère de la culture et de la communication, Editions de la Réunion des musées nationaux, 1986.

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Tassinari, Bernard. La soie à Lyon: De la grande fabrique aux textiles du XXIe siècle. Lyon: Editions lyonnaises d'art et d'histoire, 2005.

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La soie à Lyon: De la grande fabrique aux textiles du XXIe siècle. Lyon: Editions lyonnaises d'art et d'histoire, 2012.

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Claude-Joseph Bonnet: Soierie et société à Lyon et en Bugey au XIXe siècle. Lyon: H. Pansu, 2003.

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1977-, Shi Yuhua, and Li Zhangcheng 1979-, eds. Zhejiang si chou ming shang ju zi: Nanxun si xiang. Beijing: Zhongguo she hui ke xue chu ban she, 2008.

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Bonnard, Daisy. Lyon innove: Inventions et brevets dans la soierie lyonnaise aux XVIIIe et XIXe siècles. Lyon: EMCC, 2009.

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Albert, Roguenant, Hours Henri, and Zeller Olivier, eds. Lyon, l'argent, le commerce et la soie. Lyon: Manufacture, 1986.

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Longvilliers, Camille de. Les routes de la soie: Lyon et la vallée du Rhône. Rennes: Éditions Ouest-France, 2013.

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Book chapters on the topic "Silk merchants of Lyon"

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Hancock, James F. "Silk route beginnings." In Spices, scents and silk: catalysts of world trade, 80–93. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789249743.0007.

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Abstract This chapter is comprised of eleven subsections that narrate the early stages of the silk trade in Central Asia. The subchapters include the Ancient Steppe routes, horses and the balance of power in Central Asia, the expansion of China, the Chinese struggle with Mighty Xiongnu, adventures of Zhang Qian, Han Chinese taking control of their borderlands, the silk route map, the engines of the silk routes, the merchants of the silk routes, cultural diffusion along the silk routes, and lastly, postscript - discovery of the Buddhist cave complexes.
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Fernández Chaves, Manuel F., and Rafael M. Pérez García. "Textiles Market in 16th-Century Seville: Business and Mercantile Groups." In Atti delle «Settimane di Studi» e altri Convegni, 317–38. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-6453-857-0.17.

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This work offers a new interpretation about the main groups implicated in the textile trade in Seville during the 16th century, proposing a new chronology concerning the substitution processes happened between them and the nature of the importance of those groups. This is specially clear in the longer endurance of the activity of castilian and mainly burgalese merchants in the importation of canvas, and also is remarkable the growing importance of the Castilian producction of clothes and silk (also in the Valencian case), covering an increasing share of the Peninsular and the American demand, existing cases of cooperation between those different groups.
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Chong, Alan. "Mercantile Harmony: The Ancient Silk Roads as Intercultural Meeting Points Amongst Monks, Pilgrims and Merchants." In Critical Reflections on China’s Belt & Road Initiative, 41–65. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2098-9_3.

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Troebst, Stefan. "Armenian Merchants in 17th Century North-Eastern Europe Bringing Raw Silk from Iran to Amsterdam." In Armenier im östlichen Europa, 246–51. Köln: Böhlau Verlag, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.7788/9783412212155.246.

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Perez-Garcia, Manuel. "Conclusions." In Palgrave Studies in Comparative Global History, 171–79. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-7865-6_5.

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Abstract The Spanish and Qing empires were connected through the agency of merchants, the trade networks they created, and the circulation of goods which fostered local demand. Trade routes, mainly the maritime economic arteries such as the Manila galleons, connected and integrated Western markets and polities, in this case the Spanish empire with the Middle Kingdom. The constant inflow of American silver into China and the outflow of highly prized Chinese goods (i.e. silk, tea, porcelain) into European and American markets were the main features for such market integration between the Bourbon (French) Spanish empire and the Qing (Manchu, non-Han) dynasty. This surpassed the realm of official institutions of both empires along with their concomitant weak state capacity.
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Guidi Bruscoli, Francesco. "‘Wherever they consider it more profitable, for cash, baratto or credit’. Florentine merchants and the export of silk cloth (15th-16th centuries)." In Datini Studies in Economic History, 219–35. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/979-12-215-0347-0.14.

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This article is centred on baratto, or market exchange, which consisted in making payments in kind even in the context of a monetised economy. Documentary evidence shows how frequently this type of commercial transaction was adopted in late-medieval long-distance trade, and which strategies led to its adoption. Far from being a feature of a ‘primitive’ economy, baratto in international trade implied a network of information, a knowledge of the demand and an ability to connect marketplaces, that only few possessed. Examples are taken mainly from account-books and correspondence of Italian (Florentine) merchants, who we able both to assess the monetary value of each merchandise and to know the market where it would be more profitable to sell it for cash or, again, through baratto.
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Poni, Carlo. "Fashion as flexible production: the strategies of the Lyons silk merchants in the eighteenth century." In World of Possibilities, 37–74. Cambridge University Press, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511563652.002.

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Scholl, Lars U., and Lars U. Scholl. "James Silk Buckingham: Sailor, Explorer and Maritime Reformer." In Merchants and Mariners. Liverpool University Press, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.5949/liverpool/9780968128886.003.0005.

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This chapter explores the career of James Silk Buckingham, who formed the Select Committee of shipwrecks and produced a report recommending significant interventions to prevent shipwreck and loss of life at sea. Williams argues that Buckingham’s actions influenced the state to improve safety conditions, and demonstrates that the majority of his proposals came into effect by mid-century. A list of examples is provided, including the formation of a mercantile marine board; codification of maritime law; better classification of ships; vetting of officers; welfare provisions for seamen; and establishing courts of enquiry for shipwrecks. An appendix provides a bibliography of Buckingham’s written works.
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"4. Silk Workers in Lyon, 1900–1921." In Forging Political Identity, 81–110. Berghahn Books, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9781845458256-008.

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"7. Silk Workers in Lyon, 1921–1935." In Forging Political Identity, 164–84. Berghahn Books, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9781845458256-011.

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