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1
Mohebbi, M. "Refractive index sensing of gases based on a one-dimensional photonic crystal nanocavity." Journal of Sensors and Sensor Systems 4, no. 1 (June 4, 2015): 209–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/jsss-4-209-2015.
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Abstract. Silicon photonic crystal sensors have become very attractive for various optical sensing applications. Using silicon as a material platform provides the ability to fabricate sensors with other photonic devices on a single chip. In this paper, a new optical sensor based on optical resonance in a one-dimensional silicon photonic crystal with an air defect is theoretically studied for refractive index sensing in the infrared wavelength region. The air defect introduces a cavity into the photonic crystal, making it suitable for probing the properties of a gas found within the cavity. This photonic crystal nanocavity is designed to oscillate at a single mode with a high quality factor, allowing for refractive index sensing of gases with a high sensitivity. A method is presented to maximize the sensitivity of the sensor and to obtain a very narrow bandwidth cavity mode for good sensor resolution. We change the thickness of the air layers linearly in the photonic crystals on both sides of the nanocavity and show that a sensitivity of 1200 nm RIU−1 can be achieved. We present a detailed analysis of the sensor and variations of the layer thicknesses, the cavity length, and the number of periodic layers in the photonic crystal are investigated. This optical sensor has a much simpler design and higher sensitivity compared to other photonic crystal sensors reported previously.
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Puumala, Lauren S., Samantha M. Grist, Jennifer M. Morales, Justin R. Bickford, Lukas Chrostowski, Sudip Shekhar, and Karen C. Cheung. "Biofunctionalization of Multiplexed Silicon Photonic Biosensors." Biosensors 13, no. 1 (December 29, 2022): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios13010053.
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Silicon photonic (SiP) sensors offer a promising platform for robust and low-cost decentralized diagnostics due to their high scalability, low limit of detection, and ability to integrate multiple sensors for multiplexed analyte detection. Their CMOS-compatible fabrication enables chip-scale miniaturization, high scalability, and low-cost mass production. Sensitive, specific detection with silicon photonic sensors is afforded through biofunctionalization of the sensor surface; consequently, this functionalization chemistry is inextricably linked to sensor performance. In this review, we first highlight the biofunctionalization needs for SiP biosensors, including sensitivity, specificity, cost, shelf-stability, and replicability and establish a set of performance criteria. We then benchmark biofunctionalization strategies for SiP biosensors against these criteria, organizing the review around three key aspects: bioreceptor selection, immobilization strategies, and patterning techniques. First, we evaluate bioreceptors, including antibodies, aptamers, nucleic acid probes, molecularly imprinted polymers, peptides, glycans, and lectins. We then compare adsorption, bioaffinity, and covalent chemistries for immobilizing bioreceptors on SiP surfaces. Finally, we compare biopatterning techniques for spatially controlling and multiplexing the biofunctionalization of SiP sensors, including microcontact printing, pin- and pipette-based spotting, microfluidic patterning in channels, inkjet printing, and microfluidic probes.
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Sidorov A. I. and Vidimina Yu. O. "Temperature sensor on base of pne-dimensional photonic crystal with defect." Optics and Spectroscopy 130, no. 9 (2022): 1185. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/eos.2022.09.54840.3355-22.
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The results of computer simulation of optical properties of one-dimensional (1D) photonic crystal with defect, based on semiconductor-dielectric layers are presented. As semiconductor silicon and germanium were used. The influence of temperature on spectral position of defect transmission band was studied. It was shown that for photonic crystal based on silicon temperature sensitivity is 0.07 nm/K and 2.6 dB/K. For photonic crystal based on germanium --- 0.37 nm/K and 7.8 dB/K. This makes such photonic crystals promising for use in temperature sensors as sensitive element. Keywords: temperature sensor, photonic crystal, photonic bandgap, transfer matrix.
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Dhavamani, Vigneshwar, Srijani Chakraborty, S. Ramya, and Somesh Nandi. "Design and Simulation of Waveguide Bragg Grating based Temperature Sensor in COMSOL." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2161, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 012047. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2161/1/012047.
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Abstract With the advancements in the domain of photonics and optical sensors, Fibre Bragg Grating (FBG) sensors, owing to their increased advantages, have been researched widely and have proved to be useful in sensing applications. Moreover, the advent of Photonic Integrated Circuits (PICs) demands the incorporation of optical sensing in waveguides, which can be integrated on silicon photonic chips. In this paper, the design of a sub-micron range Waveguide Bragg Grating (WBG) based temperature sensor with high peak reflectivity and thermal sensitivity is proposed. The flexibility of COMSOL Multiphysics software is explored to simulate the sensor and the results are verified with the analytical values calculated using MATLAB. The simulation is carried out for the proposed design having 16000 gratings and a corresponding peak reflectivity of 0.953 is obtained. A thermal sensitivity of 80 pm/K is achieved, which is approximately eight times better than that of FBG based sensor.
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Kazanskiy, Nikolay L., Svetlana N. Khonina, and Muhammad A. Butt. "Advancement in Silicon Integrated Photonics Technologies for Sensing Applications in Near-Infrared and Mid-Infrared Region: A Review." Photonics 9, no. 5 (May 11, 2022): 331. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics9050331.
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Exploration and implementation of silicon (Si) photonics has surged in recent years since both photonic component performance and photonic integration complexity have considerably improved. It supports a wide range of datacom and telecom applications, as well as sensors, including light detection and ranging, gyroscopes, biosensors, and spectrometers. The advantages of low-loss Si WGs with compact size and excellent uniformity, resulting from the high quality and maturity of the Si complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) environment, are major drivers for using Si in photonics. Moreover, it has a high refractive index and a reasonably large mid-infrared (MIR) transparency window, up to roughly 7 μm wavelength, making it beneficial as a passive mid-IR optical material. Several gases and compounds with high absorption properties in the MIR spectral region are of prodigious curiosity for industrial, medicinal, and environmental applications. In comparison to current bulky systems, the implementation of Si photonics devices in this wavelength range might allow inexpensive and small optical sensing devices with greater sensitivity (S), power usage, and mobility. In this review, recent advances in Si integrated photonic sensors working in both near-infrared (NIR) and MIR wavelength ranges are discussed. We believe that this paper will be valuable for the scientific community working on Si photonic sensing devices.
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Densmore, A., D. X. Xu, S. Janz, P. Waldron, J. Lapointe, T. Mischki, G. Lopinski, A. Delâge, J. H. Schmid, and P. Cheben. "Sensitive Label-Free Biomolecular Detection Using Thin Silicon Waveguides." Advances in Optical Technologies 2008 (June 16, 2008): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2008/725967.
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We review our work developing optical waveguide-based evanescent field sensors for the label-free, specific detection of biological molecules. Using high-index-contrast silicon photonic wire waveguides of submicrometer dimension, we demonstrate ultracompact and highly sensitive molecular sensors compatible with commercial spotting apparatus and microfluidic-based analyte delivery systems. We show that silicon photonic wire waveguides support optical modes with strong evanescent field at the waveguide surface, leading to strong interaction with surface bound molecules for sensitive response. Furthermore, we present new sensor geometries benefiting from the very small bend radii achievable with these high-index-contrast waveguides to extend the sensing path length, while maintaining compact size. We experimentally demonstrate the sensor performance by monitoring the adsorption of protein molecules on the waveguide surface and by tracking small refractive index changes of bulk solutions.
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NAGATSUMA, TADAO, KATSUYUKI MACHIDA, HIROMU ISHII, NABIL SAHRI, MITSURU SHINAGAWA, HAKARU KYURAGI, and JUNZO YAMADA. "INNOVATIVE INTEGRATION BASED ON SILICON-CORE TECHNOLOGIES FOR SENSOR AND COMMUNICATIONS APPLICATIONS." International Journal of High Speed Electronics and Systems 10, no. 01 (March 2000): 205–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129156400000258.
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This paper describes an innovative system integration scheme wherein heterogeneous materials and devices, including photonic devices as well as electronics, are organically integrated on silicon-core circuitry to achieve better performance, higher functionality and lower cost. First, some general integration technology trends in semiconductor electronics are described. Then, after a discussion of new heterogeneous integration schemes based on silicon-core technologies, recent attempts and applications are shown such as low power LSIs, sensors and micromachine switches on silicon and milimeter-wave photonics.
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Kumar, Abhishek, Manoj Gupta, Prakash Pitchappa, Yi Ji Tan, Nan Wang, and Ranjan Singh. "Topological sensor on a silicon chip." Applied Physics Letters 121, no. 1 (July 4, 2022): 011101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0097129.
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An ultrasensitive photonic sensor is vital for sensing matter with absolute specificity. High specificity terahertz photonic sensors are essential in many fields, including medical research, clinical diagnosis, security inspection, and probing molecular vibrations in all forms of matter. Widespread photonic sensing technology detects small frequency shifts due to the targeted specimen, thus requiring ultra-high quality ( Q) factor resonance. However, the existing terahertz waveguide resonating structures are prone to defects, possess limited Q-factor, and lack the feature of chip-scale CMOS integration. Here, inspired by the topologically protected edge state of light, we demonstrate a silicon valley photonic crystal based ultrasensitive, robust on-chip terahertz topological insulator sensor that consists of a topological waveguide critically coupled to a topological cavity with an ultra-high quality ( Q) factor of [Formula: see text]. Topologically protected cavity resonance exhibits strong resilience against disorder and multiple sharp bends. Leveraging on the extremely narrow linewidth (2.3 MHz) of topological cavity resonance, the terahertz sensor shows a record-high figure of merit of [Formula: see text]. In addition to the spectral shift, the intensity modulation of cavity resonance offers an additional sensor metric through active tuning of critical coupling in the waveguide-cavity system. We envision that the ultra-high Q photonic terahertz topological sensor could have chip-scale biomedical applications such as differentiation between normal and cancerous tissues by monitoring the water content.
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Gilewski, Marian. "The ripple-curry amplifier in photonic applications." Photonics Letters of Poland 14, no. 4 (December 31, 2022): 86–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4302/plp.v14i4.1187.
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This paper discusses the new design of a amplifier for the miniature MEMS-type spectrometer. The application problem of the new amplifier was the correct conditioning of the sensor's photoelectric pulses. The processed signal was a sequence of pulses that had variable both frequency and amplitude value. Thus, such a broadband amplifier should have the functionality of automatic gain control. This paper describes the concept of the new circuit, develops its detailed application, and then performs validation tests. Measurement results of the new circuit are discussed in the final section of the paper. Full Text: PDF ReferencesC. Ortolani, Flow Cytometry Today. Detectors and Electronics, (Springer 2022). pp. 97-119, CrossRef D. Maes, L. Reis, S. Poelman, E. Vissers, V. Avramovic, M. Zaknoune, G. Roelkens, S. Lemey, E. Peytavit, B. Kuyken, "High-Speed Photodiodes on Silicon Nitride with a Bandwidth beyond 100 GHz", Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics, Optica Publishing Group, (2022). CrossRef R. Das, Y. Xie, A.P. Knights, "All-Silicon Low Noise Photonic Frontend For LIDAR Applications", 2022 IEEE Photonics Conference (IPC), IEEE Xplore (2022). CrossRef FEMTO Messtechnik GmbH, Variable Gain Photoreceiver - Fast Optical Power Meter Series OE-200, DirectLink M. Nehir, C. Frank, S. Aßmann, E.P. Achterberg, "Improving Optical Measurements: Non-Linearity Compensation of Compact Charge-Coupled Device (CCD) Spectrometers", Sensors 19(12), 2833 (2019). CrossRef F. Thomas,; R. Petzold, C. Becker, U. Werban, "Application of Low-Cost MEMS Spectrometers for Forest Topsoil Properties Prediction", Sensors 21(11), 3927 (2021). CrossRef M. Muhiyudin, D. Hutson, D. Gibson, E. Waddell, S. Song, S. Ahmadzadeh, "Miniaturised Infrared Spectrophotometer for Low Power Consumption Multi-Gas Sensing", Sensors 20(14), 3843 (2020). CrossRef S. Maruyama, T Hizawa, K. Takahashi, K. Sawada, "Optical-Interferometry-Based CMOS-MEMS Sensor Transduced by Stress-Induced Nanomechanical Deflection", Sensors 18(1), 138 (2018). CrossRef S. Merlo, P. Poma, E. Crisà, D. Faralli, M. Soldo, "Testing of Piezo-Actuated Glass Micro-Membranes by Optical Low-Coherence Reflectometry", Sensors 17(3), 8 (2017). CrossRef M.S. Wei, F. Xing, B. Li, Z. You, "Investigation of Digital Sun Sensor Technology with an N-Shaped Slit Mask", Sensors 11(10), 9764 (2011). CrossRef Z. Yang, T. Albrow-Owen, W. Cai, T. Hasan, "Miniaturization of optical spectrometers", Science 371, 6528 (2021). CrossRef Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. Fingertip size, ultra-compact spectrometer head integrating MEMS and image sensor technologies. DirectLink Microchip Technology Inc, MCP6291/1R/2/3/4/5 1.0 mA 10 MHz Rail-to-Rail Op Amp, CrossRef Microchip Technology Inc. MCP6021/1R/2/3/4 Rail-to-Rail Input/Output 10 MHz Op Amps, CrossRef
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Christofi, Aristi, Georgia Margariti, Alexandros Salapatas, George Papageorgiou, Panagiotis Zervas, Pythagoras Karampiperis, Antonis Koukourikos, et al. "Determining the Nutrient Content of Hydroponically-Cultivated Microgreens with Immersible Silicon Photonic Sensors: A Preliminary Feasibility Study." Sensors 23, no. 13 (June 26, 2023): 5937. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23135937.
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Microgreens have gained attention for their exceptional culinary characteristics and high nutritional value. The present study focused on a novel approach for investigating the easy extraction of plant samples and the utilization of immersible silicon photonic sensors to determine, on the spot, the nutrient content of microgreens and their optimum time of harvest. For the first time, it was examined how these novel sensors can capture time-shifting spectra caused by the molecules’ dynamic adhesion onto the sensor surface. The experiment involved four types of microgreens (three types of basil and broccoli) grown in a do-it-yourself hydroponic installation. The sensors successfully distinguished between different plant types, showcasing their discriminative capabilities. To determine the optimum harvest time, this study compared the sensor data with results obtained through standard analytical methods. Specifically, the total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of two basil varieties were juxtaposed with the sensor data, and this study concluded that the ideal harvest time for basil microgreens was 14 days after planting. This finding highlights the potential of the immersible silicon photonic sensors for potentially replacing time-consuming analytical techniques. By concentrating on obtaining plant extracts, capturing time-shifting spectra, and assessing sensor reusability, this research paves the way for future advancements in urban farming.
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Pacholski, Claudia. "Photonic Crystal Sensors Based on Porous Silicon." Sensors 13, no. 4 (April 9, 2013): 4694–713. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s130404694.
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Chin, Lip Ket, Yuzhi Shi, and Ai-Qun Liu. "Optical Forces in Silicon Nanophotonics and Optomechanical Systems: Science and Applications." Advanced Devices & Instrumentation 2020 (October 26, 2020): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.34133/2020/1964015.
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Light-matter interactions have been explored for more than 40 years to achieve physical modulation of nanostructures or the manipulation of nanoparticle/biomolecule. Silicon photonics is a mature technology with standard fabrication techniques to fabricate micro- and nano-sized structures with a wide range of material properties (silicon oxides, silicon nitrides, p- and n-doping, etc.), high dielectric properties, high integration compatibility, and high biocompatibilities. Owing to these superior characteristics, silicon photonics is a promising approach to demonstrate optical force-based integrated devices and systems for practical applications. In this paper, we provide an overview of optical force in silicon nanophotonic and optomechanical systems and their latest technological development. First, we discuss various types of optical forces in light-matter interactions from particles or nanostructures. We then present particle manipulation in silicon nanophotonics and highlight its applications in biological and biomedical fields. Next, we discuss nanostructure mechanical modulation in silicon optomechanical devices, presenting their applications in photonic network, quantum physics, phonon manipulation, physical sensors, etc. Finally, we discuss the future perspective of optical force-based integrated silicon photonics.
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Сидоров, А. И., and Ю. О. Видимина. "Датчик температуры на основе одномерного фотонного кристалла с дефектом." Оптика и спектроскопия 130, no. 9 (2022): 1464. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/os.2022.09.53310.3355-22.
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The results of computer simulation of optical properties of one-dimensional (1D) photonic crystal with defect, based on semiconductor-dielectric layers are presented. As semiconductor silicon and germanium were used. The influence of temperature on spectral position of defect transmission band was studied. It was shown that for photonic crystal based on silicon temperature sensitivity is 0.07 nm/K and 2.6 dB/K. For photonic crystal based on germanium – 0.37 nm/K and 7.8 dB/K. This makes such photonic crystals promising for use in temperature sensors as sensitive element.
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Luan, Enxiao, Hossam Shoman, Daniel Ratner, Karen Cheung, and Lukas Chrostowski. "Silicon Photonic Biosensors Using Label-Free Detection." Sensors 18, no. 10 (October 18, 2018): 3519. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18103519.
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Thanks to advanced semiconductor microfabrication technology, chip-scale integration and miniaturization of lab-on-a-chip components, silicon-based optical biosensors have made significant progress for the purpose of point-of-care diagnosis. In this review, we provide an overview of the state-of-the-art in evanescent field biosensing technologies including interferometer, microcavity, photonic crystal, and Bragg grating waveguide-based sensors. Their sensing mechanisms and sensor performances, as well as real biomarkers for label-free detection, are exhibited and compared. We also review the development of chip-level integration for lab-on-a-chip photonic sensing platforms, which consist of the optical sensing device, flow delivery system, optical input and readout equipment. At last, some advanced system-level complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) chip packaging examples are presented, indicating the commercialization potential for the low cost, high yield, portable biosensing platform leveraging CMOS processes.
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Ghasemi, Farshid, Maysamreza Chamanzar, Ali A. Eftekhar, and Ali Adibi. "An efficient technique for the reduction of wavelength noise in resonance-based integrated photonic sensors." Analyst 139, no. 22 (2014): 5901–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4an01292e.
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Ghoshal, S. K., and H. S. Tewari. "Photonic applications of Silicon nanostructures." Material Science Research India 7, no. 2 (February 8, 2010): 381–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/msri/070207.
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This presentation highlights of some scientific insights on the possibilities of photonic applications of silicon nanostructures (NSs) one of the most fertile research field in nano-crystallite physics that has innumerable possibilities of device applications. Nanostructured silicon is generic name used for porous Si (p-Si) as well as Si nanocrystals (NC-Si) having length scale of the order of few nanometer. The emission of a very bright photo-luminescence (PL) band and relatively weak electro-luminescence (EL) from low-dimensional silicon has opened up new avenue in recent years. It is important from a fundamental physics viewpoint because of the potential application of Si wires and dots in opto-electronics devices and information technology. Nanostructuring silicon is an effective way to turn silicon into a photonic material. It is observed that low-dimensional (one and two dimensions) silicon shows light amplification, photon confinement, photon trapping as well as non-linear optical effects. There is strong evidence of light localization and gas sensing properties of such NSs. Future nano-technology would replace electrical with optical interconnects that has appealing potentialities for higher-speed performance and immunity to signal cross talk. A varieties of applications includes LD, LED, solar cells, sensors, photonic band gap devices and Fibonacci quasi-crystals, to cite a few.
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Jang, Seunghyun, Jihoon Kim, Youngdae Koh, Young Chun Ko, Hee-Gweon Woo, and Honglae Sohn. "Multi-Encoded Rugate Porous Silicon as Nerve Agents Sensors." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 7, no. 11 (November 1, 2007): 4049–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2007.096.
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The nanostructured rugate porous silicons (PSi) containing multiple photonic band gaps have been generated by an electrochemical etching through applying a composite waveform summed three computer-generated pseudo-sinusoidal current waveforms. They exhibit three sharp photonic band gaps in the optical reflectivity spectrum, corresponding to the each of the sine components varied from 0.42, 0.36, and 0.30 Hz, with a spacing of 0.06 Hz between each sine component. The sensing experiments using multi-encoded rugate PSi for the detection of nerve agents such as triethyl phosphate (TEP), diethyl chlorophosphate (DCP), dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP), and diethyl ethylphosphonate (DEEP) have been achieved. Capillary condensation in the pores causes the reflectivity of rugate PSi to shift to longer wavelengths due to an increase in refractive indices of the porous medium.
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Zhang, Zeyu, Boqiang Shen, Minh A. Tran, Woonghee Lee, Kaustubh Asawa, Glenn Kim, Yang Shen, et al. "Photonic integration platform for rubidium sensors and beyond." Optica 10, no. 6 (June 9, 2023): 752. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/optica.494716.
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We have advanced the heterogeneous silicon nitride photonic platform, enabling operation at the 780 nm wavelength range for rubidium sensors and other applications while remaining operable at high temperatures up to 110∘C. This platform surpasses other existing technologies with the superior integration of a comprehensive set of active building-block devices to enable fully integrated high-performance systems-on-a-chip.
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Park, Bryan, Il Woong Jung, J. Provine, Antonio Gellineau, Joe Landry, Roger T. Howe, and Olav Solgaard. "Double-Layer Silicon Photonic Crystal Fiber-Tip Temperature Sensors." IEEE Photonics Technology Letters 26, no. 9 (May 1, 2014): 900–903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lpt.2014.2309345.
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Wu, Xuan, Catherine Jan, and Olav Solgaard. "Single-Crystal Silicon Photonic-Crystal Fiber-Tip Pressure Sensors." Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems 24, no. 4 (August 2015): 968–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jmems.2014.2360859.
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Lerma Arce, Cristina, Daan Witters, Robert Puers, Jeroen Lammertyn, and Peter Bienstman. "Silicon photonic sensors incorporated in a digital microfluidic system." Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 404, no. 10 (August 29, 2012): 2887–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00216-012-6319-6.
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Consani, Cristina, Thomas Söllradl, Christian Ranacher, Andreas Tortschanoff, Lukas Rauter, Gerald Pühringer, Thomas Grille, Peter Irsigler, and Bernhard Jakoby. "Sensitivity Comparison of Integrated Mid-Infrared Silicon-Based Photonic Detectors." Proceedings 2, no. 13 (November 30, 2018): 796. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2130796.
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Integrated silicon photonics in the mid-infrared is a promising platform for cheap and miniaturized chemical sensors, including gas and/or liquid sensors for environmental monitoring and the consumer electronics market. One major challenge in integrated photonics is the design of an integrated detector sensitive enough to detect minimal changes in light intensity resulting from, for example, the absorption by the analyte. Further complexity arises from the need to fabricate such detectors at a high throughput with high requirements on fabrication tolerances. Here we analyze and compare the sensitivity of three different chip-integrated detectors at a wavelength of 4.17 µm, namely a resistance temperature detector (RTD), a diode and a vertical-cavity enhanced resonant detector (VERD).
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Remis, Andres, Laura Monge-Bartolomé, Guilhem Boissier, Mounir Waguaf, Jean-Baptiste Rodriguez, Laurent Cerutti, and Eric Tournié. "Effect of dislocations on the performance of GaSb-based diode lasers grown on silicon." Journal of Applied Physics 133, no. 9 (March 7, 2023): 093103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0135606.
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Silicon photonics is a promising technology for the fabrication of dense photonic chips, thanks to the very mature silicon industry. The direct epitaxial growth of III–V lasers on silicon is one of the main challenges for the realization of compact and robust mid-infrared sensors based on photonic integrated circuits. The crystal defects arising from this heteroepitaxial growth affect the laser performance and, therefore, need to be mitigated but also studied to better understand their impact on the laser operation. Here, we studied the effect of threading dislocations on laser performance by comparing the series of GaSb-based diode lasers grown on native GaSb and Si substrates with different numbers of quantum wells ( nQW) in their active zones. As expected, the laser threshold currents are higher in the case of diode lasers on Si, and they rapidly vary with nQW. Still, the lowest threshold current densities are achieved with nQW = 1 for both substrates. With the help of a theoretical gain model, we attribute these results to the fact that dislocations create non-radiative recombination but do not introduce additional optical losses. This work allows a better understanding of the origin of performance degradation and the decision to be made regarding the heterostructure design.
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Leuermann, Jonas, Adrián Fernández-Gavela, Antonia Torres-Cubillo, Sergio Postigo, Alejandro Sánchez-Postigo, Laura M. Lechuga, Robert Halir, and Íñigo Molina-Fernández. "Optimizing the Limit of Detection of Waveguide-Based Interferometric Biosensor Devices." Sensors 19, no. 17 (August 23, 2019): 3671. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19173671.
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Waveguide-based photonic sensors provide a unique combination of high sensitivity, compact size and label-free, multiplexed operation. Interferometric configurations furthermore enable a simple, fixed-wavelength read-out making them particularly suitable for low-cost diagnostic and monitoring devices. Their limit of detection, i.e., the lowest analyte concentration that can be reliably observed, mainly depends on the sensors response to small refractive index changes, and the noise in the read-out system. While enhancements in the sensors response have been extensively studied, noise optimization has received much less attention. Here we show that order-of-magnitude enhancements in the limit of detection can be achieved through systematic noise reduction, and demonstrate a limit of detection of ∼ 10 - 8 RIU with a silicon nitride sensor operating at telecom wavelengths.
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Arnfinnsdottir, Nina Bjørk, Cole A. Chapman, Ryan C. Bailey, Astrid Aksnes, and Bjørn Torger Stokke. "Impact of Silanization Parameters and Antibody Immobilization Strategy on Binding Capacity of Photonic Ring Resonators." Sensors 20, no. 11 (June 2, 2020): 3163. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20113163.
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Ring resonator-based biosensors have found widespread application as the transducing principle in “lab-on-a-chip” platforms due to their sensitivity, small size and support for multiplexed sensing. Their sensitivity is, however, not inherently selective towards biomarkers, and surface functionalization of the sensors is key in transforming the sensitivity to be specific for a particular biomarker. There is currently no consensus on process parameters for optimized functionalization of these sensors. Moreover, the procedures are typically optimized on flat silicon oxide substrates as test systems prior to applying the procedure to the actual sensor. Here we present what is, to our knowledge, the first comparison of optimization of silanization on flat silicon oxide substrates to results of protein capture on sensors where all parameters of two conjugation protocols are tested on both platforms. The conjugation protocols differed in the chosen silanization solvents and protein immobilization strategy. The data show that selection of acetic acid as the solvent in the silanization step generally yields a higher protein binding capacity for C-reactive protein (CRP) onto anti-CRP functionalized ring resonator sensors than using ethanol as the solvent. Furthermore, using the BS3 linker resulted in more consistent protein binding capacity across the silanization parameters tested. Overall, the data indicate that selection of parameters in the silanization and immobilization protocols harbor potential for improved biosensor binding capacity and should therefore be included as an essential part of the biosensor development process.
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Butt, Muhammad Ali, and Nikolai Lvovich Kazansky. "SOI Suspended membrane waveguide at 3.39 µm for gas sensing application." Photonics Letters of Poland 12, no. 2 (July 1, 2020): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4302/plp.v12i2.1034.
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In this letter, we present a numerical study on the designing of silicon-on-insulator (SOI) suspended membrane waveguide (SMW). The waveguide geometry is optimized at 3.39 µm TE-polarized light which is the absorption line of methane gas by utilizing a 3D finite element method (FEM). The transmission loss (TL) and evanescent field ratio (EFR) of the waveguide are calculated for different geometric parameters such as the width of core, the height of core and period of the cladding. We found out that TL is directly related to EFR. Therefore, a waveguide geometry can be designed which can offer high EFR at the cost of high TL or low EFR with low TL, as desired. Based on the geometric parameters used in this paper, we have obtained a TL and EFR which lies in the range of 1.54 dB-3.37 dB and 0.26-0.505, respectively. Full Text: PDF ReferencesL. Vivien et al., "High speed silicon-based optoelectronic devices on 300mm platform", 2014 16th International conference on transparent optical networks (ICTON), Graz, 2014, pp. 1-4, CrossRef Y. Zou, S. Chakravarty, "Mid-infrared silicon photonic waveguides and devices [Invited]", Photonic Research, 6(4), 254-276 (2018). CrossRef J.S. Penades et al., "Suspended SOI waveguide with sub-wavelength grating cladding for mid-infrared", Optics letters, 39(19), 5661-5664 (2014). CrossRef T. Baehr-Jones, A. Spott, R. Ilic, A. Spott, B. Penkov, W. Asher, and M. Hochberg, "Silicon-on-sapphire integrated waveguides for the mid-infrared", Opt. Express, 18(12),12127-12135 (2010). CrossRef J. Mu, R. Soref, L. C. Kimerling, and J. Michel, "Silicon-on-nitride structures for mid-infrared gap-plasmon waveguiding", Appl. Phys. Lett., 104(3), 031115 (2014). CrossRef J.S. Penades et al., "Suspended silicon waveguides for long-wave infrared wavelengths", Optics letters, 43 (4), 795-798 (2018). CrossRef J.S. Penades et al., "Suspended silicon mid-infrared waveguide devices with subwavelength grating metamaterial cladding", Optics Express, 24, (20), 22908-22916 (2016). CrossRef M.A. Butt, S.N. Khonina, N.L. Kazanskiy, "Modelling of Rib channel waveguides based on silicon-on-sapphire at 4.67 μm wavelength for evanescent field gas absorption sensor", Optik, 168, 692-697 (2018). CrossRef S.N. Khonina, N.L. Kazanskiy, M.A. Butt, "Evanescent field ratio enhancement of a modified ridge waveguide structure for methane gas sensing application", IEEE Sensors Journal CrossRef M.A. Butt, S.A. Degtyarev, S.N. Khonina, N.L. Kazanskiy, "An evanescent field absorption gas sensor at mid-IR 3.39 μm wavelength", Journal of Modern Optics, 64(18), 1892-1897 (2017). CrossRef S. Zampolli et al., "Selectivity enhancement of metal oxide gas sensors using a micromachined gas chromatographic column", Sensors and Actuators B Chemical, 105 (2), 400-406 (2005). CrossRef N. Dossi, R. Toniolo, A. Pizzariello, E. Carrilho, E. Piccin, S. Battiston, G. Bontempelli, "An electrochemical gas sensor based on paper supported room temperature ionic liquids", Lab Chip, 12 (1), 153-158 (2011). CrossRef V. Avetisov, O. Bjoroey, J. Wang, P. Geiser, K. G. Paulsen, "Hydrogen Sensor Based on Tunable Diode Laser Absorption Spectroscopy", Sensors, 19 (23), 5313 (2019). CrossRef M.A. Butt, S.N. Khonina, N.L. Kazanskiy, "Silicon on silicon dioxide slot waveguide evanescent field gas absorption sensor", Journal of Modern Optics, 65(2), 174-178 (2018). CrossRef Nikolay Lvovich Kazanskiy, Svetlana Nikolaevna Khonina, Muhammad Ali Butt, "Subwavelength Grating Double Slot Waveguide Racetrack Ring Resonator for Refractive Index Sensing Application", Sensors, 20, 3416 (2020). CrossRef H. Tai, H. Tanaka, T. Yoshino, "Fiber-optic evanescent-wave methane-gas sensor using optical absorption for the 3.392-μm line of a He–Ne laser", Opt. Lett., 12, 437-439 (1987). CrossRef M.A. Butt, S.N. Khonina, N.L. Kazanskiy, "Hybrid plasmonic waveguide-assisted Metal–Insulator–Metal ring resonator for refractive index sensing", Journal of Modern Optics, 65(9), 1135-1140 (2018). CrossRef S.A. Degtyarev, M.A. Butt, S.N. Khonina, R.V. Skidanov, "Modelling of TiO2 based slot waveguides with high optical confinement in sharp bends", 2016 International Conference on Computing, Electronic and Electrical Engineering, ICE Cube, Quetta, 2016, 10-13 CrossRef
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Biswas, Priyanka, Chen Zhang, Yudong Chen, Zhonghe Liu, Seyedmohsen Vaziri, Weidong Zhou, and Yuze Sun. "A Portable Micro-Gas Chromatography with Integrated Photonic Crystal Slab Sensors on Chip." Biosensors 11, no. 9 (September 9, 2021): 326. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios11090326.
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The miniaturization of gas chromatography (GC) systems has made it possible to utilize the analytical technique in various on-site applications to rapidly analyze complex gas samples. Various types of miniaturized sensors have been developed for micro-gas chromatography (µGC). However, the integration of an appropriate detector in µGC systems still faces a significant challenge. We present a solution to the problem through integration of µGC with photonic crystal slab (PCS) sensors using transfer printing technology. This integration offers an opportunity to utilize the advantages of optical sensors, such as high sensitivity and rapid response time, and at the same time, compensate for the lack of detection specificity from which label-free optical sensors suffer. We transfer printed a 2D defect free PCS on a borofloat glass, bonded it to a silicon microfluidic gas cell or directly to a microfabricated GC column, and then coated it with a gas responsive polymer. Realtime spectral shift in Fano resonance of the PCS sensor was used to quantitatively detect analytes over a mass range of three orders. The integrated µGC–PCS system was used to demonstrate separation and detection of a complex mixture of 10 chemicals. Fast separation and detection (4 min) and a low detection limit (ng) was demonstrated.
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Griol, Amadeu, Sergio Peransi, Manuel Rodrigo, Juan Hurtado, Laurent Bellieres, Teodora Ivanova, David Zurita, et al. "Design and Development of Photonic Biosensors for Swine Viral Diseases Detection." Sensors 19, no. 18 (September 15, 2019): 3985. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19183985.
Full textAbstract:
In this paper we introduce a field diagnostic device based on the combination of advanced bio-sensing and photonics technologies, to tackle emerging and endemic viruses causing swine epidemics, and consequently significant economic damage in farms. The device is based on the use of microring resonators fabricated in silicon nitride with CMOS compatible techniques. In the paper, the designed and fabricated photonic integrated circuit (PIC) sensors are presented and characterized, showing an optimized performance in terms of optical losses (30 dB per ring) and extinction ration for ring resonances (15 dB). Furthermore, the results of an experiment for porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) detection by using the developed biosensors are presented. Positive detection for different virus concentrations has been obtained. The device is currently under development in the framework of the EU Commission co-funded project SWINOSTICS.
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Mai, Trong Thi, Fu-Li Hsiao, Chengkuo Lee, Wenfeng Xiang, Chii-Chang Chen, and W. K. Choi. "Optimization and comparison of photonic crystal resonators for silicon microcantilever sensors." Sensors and Actuators A: Physical 165, no. 1 (January 2011): 16–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2010.01.006.
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Qasim, Mehdi, Jinan B. Al-Dabbagh, Ahmed N. Abdalla, M. M. Yusoff, and Gurumurthy Hegde. "Radial Basis Function Neural Network Model for Optimizing Thermal Annealing Process Operating Condition." Nano Hybrids 4 (May 2013): 21–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/nh.4.21.
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Optimum thermal annealing process operating condition for nanostructured porous silicon (nPSi) by using radial basis function neural network (RBFNN) was proposed. The nanostructured porous silicon (nPSi) layer samples prepared by electrochemical etching process (EC) of p-type silicon wafers under different operatingconditions, such as varyingetchingtime (Et), annealing temperature (AT), and annealing time (At). The electrical properties of nPSi show an enhancement with thermal treatment.Simulation result shows that the proposed model can be used in the experimental results in this operating condition with acceptable small error. This model can be used in nanotechnology based photonic devices and gas sensors.
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El Shamy, Raghi S., Mohamed A. Swillam, and Xun Li. "Optimization of Silicon Nitride Waveguide Platform for On-Chip Virus Detection." Sensors 22, no. 3 (February 2, 2022): 1152. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22031152.
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This work presents a rigorous and generic sensitivity analysis of silicon nitride on silicon dioxide strip waveguide for virus detection. In general, by functionalizing the waveguide surface with a specific antibodies layer, we make the optical sensor sensitive only to a particular virus. Unlike conventional virus detection methods such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR), integrated refractive index (RI) optical sensors offer cheap and mass-scale fabrication of compact devices for fast and straightforward detection with high sensitivity and selectivity. Our numerical analysis includes a wide range of wavelengths from visible to mid-infrared. We determined the strip waveguide’s single-mode dimensions and the optimum dimensions that maximize the sensitivity to the virus layer attached to its surface at each wavelength using finite difference eigenmode (FDE) solver. We also compared the strip waveguide with the widely used slot waveguide. Our theoretical study shows that silicon nitride strip waveguide working at lower wavelengths is the optimum choice for virus detection as it maximizes both the waveguide sensitivity (Swg) and the figure of merit (FOM) of the sensor. The optimized waveguides are well suited for a range of viruses with different sizes and refractive indices. Balanced Mach–Zehnder interferometer (MZI) sensors were designed using FDE solver and photonic circuit simulator at different wavelengths. The designed sensors show high FOM at λ = 450 nm ranging from 500 RIU−1 up to 1231 RIU−1 with LMZI = 500 µm. Different MZI configurations were also studied and compared. Finally, edge coupling from the fiber to the sensor was designed, showing insertion loss (IL) at λ = 450 nm of 4.1 dB for the design with FOM = 500 RIU−1. The obtained coupling efficiencies are higher than recently proposed fiber couplers.
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Kazanskiy, Nikolay L., Svetlana N. Khonina, and Muhammad A. Butt. "A Review of Photonic Sensors Based on Ring Resonator Structures: Three Widely Used Platforms and Implications of Sensing Applications." Micromachines 14, no. 5 (May 20, 2023): 1080. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi14051080.
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Optical ring resonators (RRs) are a novel sensing device that has recently been developed for several sensing applications. In this review, RR structures based on three widely explored platforms, namely silicon-on-insulator (SOI), polymers, and plasmonics, are reviewed. The adaptability of these platforms allows for compatibility with different fabrication processes and integration with other photonic components, providing flexibility in designing and implementing various photonic devices and systems. Optical RRs are typically small, making them suitable for integration into compact photonic circuits. Their compactness allows for high device density and integration with other optical components, enabling complex and multifunctional photonic systems. RR devices realized on the plasmonic platform are highly attractive, as they offer extremely high sensitivity and a small footprint. However, the biggest challenge to overcome is the high fabrication demand related to such nanoscale devices, which limits their commercialization.
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Puumala, Lauren S., Samantha M. Grist, Kithmin Wickremasinghe, Mohammed A. Al-Qadasi, Sheri Jahan Chowdhury, Yifei Liu, Matthew Mitchell, Lukas Chrostowski, Sudip Shekhar, and Karen C. Cheung. "An Optimization Framework for Silicon Photonic Evanescent-Field Biosensors Using Sub-Wavelength Gratings." Biosensors 12, no. 10 (October 8, 2022): 840. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios12100840.
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Silicon photonic (SiP) evanescent-field biosensors aim to combine the information-rich readouts offered by lab-scale diagnostics, at a significantly lower cost, and with the portability and rapid time to result offered by paper-based assays. While SiP biosensors fabricated with conventional strip waveguides can offer good sensitivity for label-free detection in some applications, there is still opportunity for improvement. Efforts have been made to design higher-sensitivity SiP sensors with alternative waveguide geometries, including sub-wavelength gratings (SWGs). However, SWG-based devices are fragile and prone to damage, limiting their suitability for scalable and portable sensing. Here, we investigate SiP microring resonator sensors designed with SWG waveguides that contain a “fishbone” and highlight the improved robustness offered by this design. We present a framework for optimizing fishbone-style SWG waveguide geometries based on numerical simulations, then experimentally measure the performance of ring resonator sensors fabricated with the optimized waveguides, targeting operation in the O-band and C-band. For the O-band and C-band devices, we report bulk sensitivities up to 349 nm/RIU and 438 nm/RIU, respectively, and intrinsic limits of detection as low as 5.1 × 10−4 RIU and 7.1 × 10−4 RIU, respectively. This performance is comparable to the state of the art in SWG-based sensors, positioning fishbone SWG resonators as an attractive, more robust, alternative to conventional SWG designs.
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Thara, R. Lakshmi, P. Aruna Priya, and Chittaranjan Nayak. "Enhanced Temperature Sensing Based on the Randomness in the Multilayered 1D Photonic Crystals." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2357, no. 1 (October 1, 2022): 012020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2357/1/012020.
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A high sensitive temperature sensor is proposed based on the random properties of the one dimensional photonic crystal (1DPC). The structure is designed with two layers consisting of silicon (Si) and silica (SiO2) materials. The transmission spectra of the photonic crystals are studied at different temperatures from 25°C to 100°C. Thermal characteristics of the proposed random structures are examined with the effect of thermal expansion and thermo-optic effect. As the temperature increases the transmission peak shifts towards the longer wavelength due to the thermal parameters of the dielectrics used. It is found that the temperature-sensitive transmission peak shift is significantly improved due to the insertion of the third material that constitutes the ternary photonic structure (Si/SiO2/TiO2)N. For the above multilayer structures, based on the dependence of the layer thickness and the number of materials used, the numerical results show a sensitivity of 0.052nm/°C. When the third dielectric material (TiO2) is replaced by the polymer material (PS), the wavelength of the transmittance peak shift can be enhanced to 0.087nm/°C. These properties are useful for the fabrication of handy temperature sensors.
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Zhang, Xiaosheng, Kyungmok Kwon, Johannes Henriksson, Jianheng Luo, and Ming C. Wu. "A large-scale microelectromechanical-systems-based silicon photonics LiDAR." Nature 603, no. 7900 (March 9, 2022): 253–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-04415-8.
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AbstractThree-dimensional (3D) imaging sensors allow machines to perceive, map and interact with the surrounding world1. The size of light detection and ranging (LiDAR) devices is often limited by mechanical scanners. Focal plane array-based 3D sensors are promising candidates for solid-state LiDARs because they allow electronic scanning without mechanical moving parts. However, their resolutions have been limited to 512 pixels or smaller2. In this paper, we report on a 16,384-pixel LiDAR with a wide field of view (FoV, 70° × 70°), a fine addressing resolution (0.6° × 0.6°), a narrow beam divergence (0.050° × 0.049°) and a random-access beam addressing with sub-MHz operation speed. The 128 × 128-element focal plane switch array (FPSA) of grating antennas and microelectromechanical systems (MEMS)-actuated optical switches are monolithically integrated on a 10 × 11-mm2 silicon photonic chip, where a 128 × 96 subarray is wire bonded and tested in experiments. 3D imaging with a distance resolution of 1.7 cm is achieved with frequency-modulated continuous-wave (FMCW) ranging in monostatic configuration. The FPSA can be mass-produced in complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) foundries, which will allow ubiquitous 3D sensors for use in autonomous cars, drones, robots and smartphones.
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Wehrspohn, Ralf B., Stefan Schweizer, Torsten Geppert, and Armin Lambrecht. "Deep Trench Etching in Macroporous Silicon - Application to Photonic Crystal Gas Sensors." ECS Transactions 16, no. 3 (December 18, 2019): 61–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.2982542.
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Sweetman, Martin J., and Nicolas H. Voelcker. "Chemically patterned porous silicon photonic crystals towards internally referenced organic vapour sensors." RSC Advances 2, no. 11 (2012): 4620. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c2ra20232h.
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Mahesh, Pulimi, Chittaranjan Nayak, and Damodar Panigrahy. "Impact of truncation on absorption spectra in graphene-based random photonic crystal." Emerging Materials Research 12, no. 2 (June 1, 2023): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/jemmr.22.00087.
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The present study investigates the influence of randomness on getting multi-mode broadband and narrowband absorption of graphene-embedded photonic structures. In the first proposed photonic configuration, with the change in randomness parameter, it is possible to get single, multi-mode broadband absorption up to 0.8. This value was further enhanced up to 0.99 by varying the Fermi-level to −0.9 eV. The position of absorption peaks can be tuned by varying thickness of the silicon carbide layer. Further, an investigation is carried out on the influence of adding a defective periodic PC to the first photonic configuration, which provided a multi-mode narrowband absorption with a value up to 0.99 and the strength and location of absorption peaks can be altered to the desired value by changing the graphene’s Fermi level and thickness of the silicon carbide layer. Finally, the authors also survey the influence of magnetic field B on the absorption behaviour of LCP and RCP waves. The results indicate that the FWHM of absorption peaks expanded with applying a positive magnetic field for LCP waves, whereas it shrinks for RCP waves. It has applications in the design of tunable broadband, narrowband absorbers, and sensors.
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Butt, Muhammad Ali, and Ryszard Piramidowicz. "Standard slot waveguide and double hybrid plasmonic waveguide configurations for enhanced evanescent field absorption methane gas sensing." Photonics Letters of Poland 14, no. 1 (March 31, 2022): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4302/plp.v14i1.1121.
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Herein, a numerical study on standard slot waveguide and double hybrid plasmonic waveguide based on a silicon-on-insulator platform is presented. The geometric parameters of both the waveguides are optimized for the operational wavelength of 3.39 μm (absorption line of methane gas) to obtain the maximum evanescent field ratio (EFR). By utilizing Lambert-Beer’s law, the gas sensing capability of both the waveguides is determined. It is found out that both the waveguides of length 100 μm offer high EFR resulting in the 3dB decay of the propagating mode power for the methane gas concentration of 20-22 % in the chamber. The study provides the foundation for the practical realization of compact and highly sensitive gas sensors. Full Text: PDF ReferencesJ.Y. Yo, Y.S. Kwon, J.W. Lee, J.S. Park, B.H. Rho, W. II. Choi. "Acute Respiratory Distress Due to Methane Inhalation", Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases 74, 120-123 (2013). CrossRef M. A. Butt, S. A. Degtyarev, S. N. Khonina and N. L. Kazanskiy. "An evanescent field absorption gas sensor at mid-IR 3.39 μm wavelength", Journal of Modern Optics 64, 1892-1897 (2017). CrossRef M. A. Butt, S. N. Khonina and N. L. Kazanskiy. "Modelling of Rib channel waveguides based on silicon-on-sapphire at 4.67 μm wavelength for evanescent field gas absorption sensor", Optik 168, 692-697, (2018). CrossRef M. A. Butt, S. N. Khonina and S. N. Kazanskiy. "Silicon on silicon dioxide slot waveguide evanescent field gas absorption sensor", Journal of Modern Optics 65, 174-178, (2017). CrossRef S. N. Khonina, N. L. Kazanskiy and M. A. Butt. "Evanescent Field Ratio Enhancement of a Modified Ridge Waveguide Structure for Methane Gas Sensing Application", IEEE Sensors Journal 20, 8469-8476 (2020). CrossRef M.Vlk, A. Datta, S. Alberti, H.D. Yallew, V. Mittal, G. S. Murugan, J. Jagerska. "Extraordinary evanescent field confinement waveguide sensor for mid-infrared trace gas spectroscopy", Light: Science & Applications 10, 26 (2021). CrossRef M.A. Butt, S.N. Khonina, N.L. Kazankiy. "Enhancement of evanescent field ratio in a silicon strip waveguide by incorporating a thin metal film", Laser Physics 29, 076202 (2019). CrossRef M. A. Butt, N. L. Kazanskiy and S. N. Khonina, "Highly integrated plasmonic sensor design for the simultaneous detection of multiple analytes", Current Applied Physics 20, 1274-1280 (2020). CrossRef T. Milde, M. Hoppe, H. Tatenguem, C. Assmann, W. Schade, J. Sacher. "Comparison of the spectral excitation behavior of methane according to InP, GaSb, IC, and QC lasers as excitation source by sensor applications", Applied Optics 58, C84 (2019). CrossRef N. L. Kazanskiy, S.N. Khonina, M.A. Butt. "Polarization-Insensitive Hybrid Plasmonic Waveguide Design for Evanescent Field Absorption Gas Sensor", Photonic Sensors 11, 279-290 (2021). CrossRef D. Popa, F. Udrea. "Towards Integrated Mid-Infrared Gas Sensors", Sensors 19, 2076 (2019). CrossRef S-W. Kang, K. Sasaki, H. Minamitani. "Sensitivity analysis of a thin-film optical waveguide biochemical sensor using evanescent field absorption", Applied Optics 32, 3544-3549 (1993). CrossRef
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Moś, Joanna Ewa, Karol Antoni Stasiewicz, and Leszek Roman Jaroszewicz. "Liquid crystal cell with a tapered optical fiber as an active element to optical applications." Photonics Letters of Poland 11, no. 1 (April 3, 2019): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4302/plp.v11i1.879.
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The work describes the technology of a liquid crystal cell with a tapered optical fiber as an element providing light. The tapered optical fiber with the total optical loss of 0.22 ± 0.07 dB, the taper waist diameter of 15.5 ± 0.5 μm, and the elongation of 20.4 ± 0.3 mm has been used. The experimental results are presented for a liquid crystal cell filled with a mixture 1550* for parallel orientation of LC molecules to the cross section of the taper waist. Measurement results show the influence of the electrical field with voltage in the range of 0-200 V, without, as well as with different modulation for spectral characteristics. The sinusoidal and square signal shapes are used with a 1-10 Hz frequency range. Full Text: PDF ReferencesZ. Liu, H. Y. Tam, L. Htein, M. L.Vincent Tse, C. Lu, "Microstructured Optical Fiber Sensors", J. Lightwave Technol. 35, 16 (2017). CrossRef T. R. Wolinski, K. Szaniawska, S. Ertman1, P. Lesiak, A. W. Domański, R. Dabrowski, E. Nowinowski-Kruszelnicki, J. Wojcik "Influence of temperature and electrical fields on propagation properties of photonic liquid-crystal fibres", Meas. Sci. Technol. 17, 5 (2006). CrossRef K. Nielsen, D. Noordegraaf, T. Sørensen, A. Bjarklev,T. Hansen, "Selective filling of photonic crystal fibres", J. Opt. A: Pure Appl. Opt. 7, 8 (2005). CrossRef A. A. Rifat, G. A. Mahdiraji, D. M. Chow, Y, Gang Shee, R. Ahmed, F. Rafiq, M Adikan, "Photonic Crystal Fiber-Based Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensor with Selective Analyte Channels and Graphene-Silver Deposited Core", Sensors 15, 5 (2015) CrossRef Y. Huang, Z.Tian, L.P. Sun, D. Sun, J.Li, Y.Ran, B.-O. Guan "High-sensitivity DNA biosensor based on optical fiber taper interferometer coated with conjugated polymer tentacle", Opt. Express 23, 21 (2015). CrossRef X. Wang, O. S. Wolfbeis, "The 2016 Annual Review Issue", Anal. Chem., 88, 1 (2016). CrossRef Ye Tian, W. Wang, N. Wu, X. Zou, X.Wang, "Tapered Optical Fiber Sensor for Label-Free Detection of Biomolecules", Sensors 11, 4 (2011). CrossRef O. Katsunari, Fundamentals of Optical Waveguides, (London, Academic Press, (2006). DirectLink A. K. Sharma, J. Rajan, B.D. Gupta, "Fiber-Optic Sensors Based on Surface Plasmon Resonance: A Comprehensive Review", IEEE Sensors Journal 7, 8 (2007). CrossRef C. Caucheteur, T. Guo, J. Albert, "Review of plasmonic fiber optic biochemical sensors: improving the limit of detection", Anal. Bioanal.Chem. 407, 14 (2015). CrossRef S. F. Silva L. Coelho, O. Frazão, J. L. Santos, F. X.r Malcata, "A Review of Palladium-Based Fiber-Optic Sensors for Molecular Hydrogen Detection", IEEE SENSORS JOURNAL 12, 1 (2012). CrossRef H. Waechter, J. Litman, A. H. Cheung, J. A. Barnes, H.P. Loock, "Chemical Sensing Using Fiber Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy", Sensors 10, 3 (2010). CrossRef S. Zhu, F. Pang, S. Huang, F.Zou, Y.Dong, T.Wang, "High sensitivity refractive index sensor based on adiabatic tapered optical fiber deposited with nanofilm by ALD", Opt. Express 23, 11 (2015). CrossRef L. Zhang, J. Lou, L. Tong, "Micro/nanofiber optical sensors", Photonics sensor 1, 1 (2011). CrossRef L.Tong, J. Lou, E. Mazur, "Single-mode guiding properties of subwavelength-diameter silica and silicon wire waveguides", Opt. Express 11, 6 (2004). CrossRef H. Moyyed, I. T. Leite, L. Coelho, J. L. Santos, D. Viegas, "Analysis of phase interrogated SPR fiber optic sensors with bimetallic layers", IEEE Sensors Journal 14, 10 (2014). CrossRef A. González-Cano, M. Cruz Navarette, Ó. Esteban, N. Diaz Herrera , "Plasmonic sensors based on doubly-deposited tapered optical fibers", Sensors 14, 3 (2014). CrossRef K. A. Stasiewicz, J.E. Moś, "Threshold temperature optical fibre sensors", Opt. Fiber Technol. 32, (2016). CrossRef L. Zhang, F. Gu, J. Lou, X. Yin, L. Tong, "Fast detection of humidity with a subwavelength-diameter fiber taper coated with gelatin film", Opt. Express 16, 17 (2008). CrossRef S.Zhu, F.Pang, S. Huang, F. Zou, Q. Guo, J. Wen, T. Wang, "High Sensitivity Refractometer Based on TiO2-Coated Adiabatic Tapered Optical Fiber via ALD Technology", Sensors 16, 8 (2016). CrossRef G.Brambilla, "Optical fibre nanowires and microwires: a review", J. Optics 12, 4 (2010) CrossRef M. Ahmad, L.L. Hench, "Effect of taper geometries and launch angle on evanescent wave penetration depth in optical fibers", Biosens. Bioelectron. 20, 7 (2005). CrossRef L.M. Blinov, Electrooptic Effects in Liquid Crystal Materials (New York, Springftianer, 1994). CrossRef L. Scolari, T.T. Alkeskjold, A. Bjarklev, "Tunable Gaussian filter based on tapered liquid crystal photonic bandgap fibre", Electron. Lett. 42, 22 (2006). CrossRef J. Moś, M. Florek, K. Garbat, K.A. Stasiewicz, N. Bennis, L.R. Jaroszewicz, "In-Line Tunable Nematic Liquid Crystal Fiber Optic Device", J. of Lightwave Technol. 36, 4 (2017). CrossRef J. Moś, K A Stasiewicz, K Garbat, P Morawiak, W Piecek, L R Jaroszewicz, "Tapered fiber liquid crystal hybrid broad band device", Phys. Scripta. 93, 12 (2018). CrossRef Ch. Veilleux, J. Lapierre, J. Bures, "Liquid-crystal-clad tapered fibers", Opt. Lett. 11, 11 (1986). CrossRef R. Dąbrowski, K. Garbat, S. Urban, T.R. Woliński, J. Dziaduszek, T. Ogrodnik, A,Siarkowska, "Low-birefringence liquid crystal mixtures for photonic liquid crystal fibres application", Liq. Cryst. 44, (2017). CrossRef S. Lacroix, R. J. Black, Ch. Veilleux, J. Lapierre, "Tapered single-mode fibers: external refractive-index dependence", Appl. Opt., 25, 15 (1986). CrossRef J.F. Henninot, D. Louvergneaux , N.Tabiryan, M. Warenghem, "Controlled Leakage of a Tapered Optical Fiber with Liquid Crystal Cladding", Mol. Cryst.and Liq.Cryst., 282, 1(1996). CrossRef
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Eisermann, René, Stephan Krenek, Georg Winzer, and Steffen Rudtsch. "Photonic contact thermometry using silicon ring resonators and tuneable laser-based spectroscopy." tm - Technisches Messen 88, no. 10 (September 4, 2021): 640–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/teme-2021-0054.
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Abstract Photonic sensors offer the possibility of purely optical measurement in contact thermometry. In this work, silicon-based ring resonators were used for this purpose. These can be manufactured with a high degree of reproducibility and uniformity due to the established semiconductor manufacturing process. For the precise characterisation of these photonic sensors, a measurement setup was developed which allows laser-based spectroscopy around 1550 nm and stable temperature control from 5 °C to 95 °C. This was characterised in detail and the resulting uncertainty influences of both the measuring set-up and the data processing were quantified. The determined temperature stability at 20 °C is better than 0.51 mK for the typical acquisition time of 10 s for a 100 nm spectrum. For a measurement of >24 h at 30 °C a standard deviation of 2.6 mK could be achieved. A hydrogen cyanide reference gas cell was used for traceable in-situ correction of the wavelength. The determined correction function has a typical uncertainty of 0.6 pm. The resonance peaks of the ring resonators showed a high optical quality of 157 000 in the average with a filter depth of up to 20 dB in the wavelength range from 1525 nm to 1565 nm. When comparing different methods for the determination of the central wavelength of the resonance peaks, an uncertainty of 0.3 pm could be identified. A temperature-dependent shift of the resonance peaks of approx. 72 pm/K was determined. This temperature sensitivity leads together with the analysed uncertainty contributions to a repeatability of better than 10 mK in the analysed temperature range from 10 °C to 90 °C.
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Marin, Yisbel E., Tiziano Nannipieri, Claudio J. Oton, and Fabrizio Di Pasquale. "Integrated FBG Sensors Interrogation Using Active Phase Demodulation on a Silicon Photonic Platform." Journal of Lightwave Technology 35, no. 16 (August 15, 2017): 3374–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jlt.2016.2598395.
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Liu, Zhonghe, Yudong Chen, Xiaochen Ge, and Weidong Zhou. "Photonic crystal nanobeam cavities with lateral fins." Nanophotonics 10, no. 15 (September 29, 2021): 3889–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2021-0361.
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Abstract We present the design, fabrication, and characterization of suspended arrays of small volume, high quality factor (Q) silicon nitride photonic crystal nanobeam (PCNB) cavities with lateral nanorod fin structures. By controlling the alignment position of the fins with respect to the air holes, the resonance wavelength and Q-factor of the PCNB cavities can be tuned to realize the desired performance. Measured tunable range of 2 × 104 and 10 nm is achieved for Q-factor and resonance wavelength, respectively, with the highest Q-factor measured at 2.5 × 104. Incorporating such nanorod fins into the nanobeam cavity is demonstrated to provide improved mechanical support, thermal transport, and channels of lateral carrier injection for the suspended PCNB. The proposed PCNB cavities with lateral fins are advantageous for energy efficient, ultra-compact lasers, modulators, filters, and sensors.
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Chung, Haejun, Junjeong Park, and Svetlana V. Boriskina. "Inverse-designed waveguide-based biosensor for high-sensitivity, single-frequency detection of biomolecules." Nanophotonics 11, no. 7 (March 1, 2022): 1427–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2022-0012.
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Abstract Integrated silicon photonic waveguide biosensors have shown great potential for detecting bio-molecules because they enable efficient device functionalization via a well-developed surface chemistry, as well as simple scalable manufacturing, which makes them particularly suitable for low-cost point-of-care diagnostic. The on-chip integrated biosensors can be broadly classified into two types: (i) high-quality factor resonator sensors and (ii) interferometric sensors relying on non-resonant optical elements such as e.g. integrated waveguides. The former type usually requires a broadband or a tunable light source as well as complicated signal post-processing to measure a shift of the resonance frequency, while the latter exhibits a relatively low sensitivity due to the lack of efficient light recycling and phase accumulation mechanism in low quality factor elements. Additionally, high quality factor resonant photonic structures can be very sensitive to the presence of other non-target molecules in the water solution, causing sensor vulnerability to any noise. In this work, we combine a computational “inverse design” technique and a recently introduced high-contrast probe cleavage detection (HCCD) technique to design and optimize waveguide-based biosensors that demonstrate high sensitivity to the target molecule while being less sensitive to noise. The proposed biosensors only require a single frequency (or narrow-band) source and an intensity detector, which greatly simplifies the detection system, making it suitable for point-of-care applications. The optimal integrated sensor design that we demonstrate shows 98.3% transmission for the positive (target detected, probes cleaved) state and 4.9% transmission for the negative (probes are still attached) state at 1550 nm wavelength. The signal intensity contrast (20.06-fold transmission increase) shown in this work is much greater than the shift of the resonance frequency (less than 1% wavelength shift) observed in conventional ring-resonator-based biosensors. The new design may pave the way for realizing a single-frequency highly sensitive and selective optical biosensor system with a small physical footprint and a simple optical readout on a silicon chip.
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Angelopoulou, Michailia, Sotirios Kakabakos, and Panagiota Petrou. "Label-Free Biosensors Based onto Monolithically Integrated onto Silicon Optical Transducers." Chemosensors 6, no. 4 (November 12, 2018): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors6040052.
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The article reviews the current status of label-free integrated optical biosensors focusing on the evolution over the years of their analytical performance. At first, a short introduction to the evanescent wave optics is provided followed by detailed description of the main categories of label-free optical biosensors, including sensors based on surface plasmon resonance (SPR), grating couplers, photonic crystals, ring resonators, and interferometric transducers. For each type of biosensor, the detection principle is first provided followed by description of the different transducer configurations so far developed and their performance as biosensors. Finally, a short discussion about the current limitations and future perspectives of integrated label-free optical biosensors is provided.
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Mehaney, Ahmed, Mazen M. Abadla, and Hussein A. Elsayed. "1D porous silicon photonic crystals comprising Tamm/Fano resonance as high performing optical sensors." Journal of Molecular Liquids 322 (January 2021): 114978. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2020.114978.
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Ruminski, Anne M., Giuseppe Barillaro, Charles Chaffin, and Michael J. Sailor. "Internally Referenced Remote Sensors for HF and Cl2 Using Reactive Porous Silicon Photonic Crystals." Advanced Functional Materials 21, no. 8 (March 11, 2011): 1511–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201002037.
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Struk, Przemysław. "Analysis of ridges and grooves shape in grating coupler for optimization of integrated optics sensor structures." Photonics Letters of Poland 14, no. 3 (September 30, 2022): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4302/plp.v14i3.1151.
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The paper presents a theoretical analysis of a sensor structure based on a planar waveguide and grating coupler designed to determine selected physical properties of blood – hemoglobin concentration and oxidation level. In particular analysis were focused on optimization of selected geometrical properties of grating coupler (shape of ridges and grooves) to obtain maximum efficiency of uncoupling of light from the sensor structure. The analysis were carried out for three type of ridges and grooves shape in grating coupler: rectangular, triangular and sinusoidal. Full Text: PDF ReferencesI. . Singh, A.Weston, A. Kundur, G. Dobie, Haematology Case Studies with Blood Cell Morphology and Pathophysiology; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, (2017). DirectLink P. Jarolim, M. Lahav, SC. Liu, J. Palek, "Effect of hemoglobin oxidation products on the stability of red cell membrane skeletons and the associations of skeletal proteins: correlation with a release of hemin", Blood 76, 10 (1990). CrossRef E. Beutler, J. Waalen, "The definition of anemia: what is the lower limit of normal of the blood hemoglobin concentration?", Blood 107, 5 (2006). CrossRef M. Kiroriwal, P. Singal M. Sharma, A. Singal, "Hemoglobin sensor based on external gold-coated photonic crystal fiber", Optics & Laser Technology 149, 107817 (2022). CrossRef A. A. Boiarski, J. R. Busch, B. S. Bhullar, R. W. Ridgway, V. E. Wood, "Integrated optic sensor with macro-flow cell", Proc. SPIE Integrated Optics and Microstructures 1793 (1993). CrossRef L. Cheng, S. Mao, Z. Li, Y. Han and H. Y. Fu, "Grating Couplers on Silicon Photonics: Design Principles, Emerging Trends and Practical Issues", Micromachines 11, 666 (2020). CrossRef P. Struk, "Design of an Integrated Optics Sensor Structure Based on Diamond Waveguide for Hemoglobin Property Detection", Materials 12, 175 (2019). CrossRef P. Struk, "Numerical analysis of integrated photonics structures for hemoglobin sensor application", Phot. Lett. Poland 12, 2 (2020). CrossRef P.V. Lambeck, "Integrated optical sensors for the chemical domain", Meas. Sci. Technol. 17, (2006). CrossRef W. Lukosz, "Integrated optical chemical and direct biochemical sensors", Sens. Actuators B Chem 29 (1995). CrossRef P. Struk, T. Pustelny, K. Gołaszewska,E. Kaminska, M.A. Borysiewicz, M. Ekielski, A. Piotrowska, "Hybrid photonics structures with grating and prism couplers based on ZnO waveguides", Opto-Electron. Rev. 21, (2013). CrossRef P. Struk, "Design of an integrated optics sensor structure for hemoglobin property detection", Proc. SPIE 11204, (2019). CrossRef OptiFDTD Technical Background and Tutorials - Finite Difference Time Domain Photonics Simulation Software, Optiwave Systems Inc. (2008). DirectLink K. Yee, "Cutoff Frequencies of Eccentric Waveguides", IEEE Transactions 14, 3 (1966). CrossRef
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Hoang, Thi Hong Cam, Thanh Binh Pham, Thuy Van Nguyen, Van Dai Pham, Huy Bui, Van Hoi Pham, Elena Duran, et al. "Hybrid Integrated Nanophotonic Silicon-based Structures." Communications in Physics 29, no. 4 (December 16, 2019): 481. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/0868-3166/29/4/13855.
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We report nanophotonic silicon-based devices for hybrid integration: 1D photonic crystal (PhC) on optical fiber, i. e. fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensing probe integrated in fiber laser structure for chemical sensors and slotted planar 2D PhC cavity combined with carbon nanotube (CNT) towards light nanosources. The experiments have been carried out by integrating 1D PhC on optical fiber in fiber laser structure. This structure possesses many advantages including high resolution for wavelength shift, high optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR) of about 50~dB, the small full width at half-maximum (FWHM) of about 0.014~nm therefore its accuracy is enhanced, as well as the precision and capability are achieved for remote sensing. Low nitrate concentration in water from 0 to 80 ppm has been used to demonstrate its sensing ability in the experiment. The proposed sensor can work with good repeatability, rapid response, and its sensitivity can be obtained of \(3.2\times 10^{ - 3}\) nm/ppm with the limit of detection (LOD) of 3~ppm. For 2D PhC cavity, enhancement of photoluminescence of CNT emission is observed. The semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes (s-SWNTs) solution was prepared by polymer-sorted method and coupled with the confined modes in silicon slotted PhC cavities. The enhancement ratio of 1.15 is obtained by comparing between the PL peaks at two confined modes of the cavity. The PL enhancement result of the integrated system shows the potential for the realization of on-chip nanoscale sources.
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Lenshin, Alexander S., Konstantin A. Barkov, Natalya G. Skopintseva, Boris L. Agapov, and Evelina P. Domashevskaya. "Влияние режимов электрохимического травления при одностадийном и двухстадийном формировании пористого кремния на степень окисления его поверхностных слоев в естественных условиях." Kondensirovannye sredy i mezhfaznye granitsy = Condensed Matter and Interphases 21, no. 4 (December 19, 2019): 534–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.17308/kcmf.2019.21/2364.
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В работе методами растровой электронной микроскопии и ультрамягкойрентгеновской эмиссионной спектроскопии были проведены исследования особенностейформирования многослойных структур пористого кремния и установлено влияние изменения плотности тока при электрохимическом травлении монокристаллических пластин кремния на фазовый состав поверхностных слоев сформированной пористой структуры.
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