Journal articles: 'Silicon alternatives'

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Krishna, Mukund. "Silicon Alternatives to the Ubiquitous MLCC." IEEE Power Electronics Magazine 9, no. 3 (September 2022): 72–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mpel.2022.3194305.

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Bogue, Robert. "Non-silicon MEMS – the hard and soft alternatives." Sensor Review 36, no. 3 (June 20, 2016): 225–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sr-03-2016-0057.

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Purpose This paper aims to provide details of MEMS (micro-electromechanical system) sensors produced from materials other than silicon. Design/methodology/approach Following a short introduction, this first considers reasons for using alternatives to silicon. It then discusses MEMS sensor products and research involving sapphire, quartz, silicon carbide and aluminium nitride. It then considers polymer and paper MEMS sensor developments and concludes with a brief discussion. Findings MEMS sensors based on the “hard” materials are well-suited to very-high-temperature- and precision-sensing applications. Some have been commercialised and there is a strong, on-going body of research. Polymer MEMS sensors are attracting great interest from the research community and have the potential to yield devices for both physical and molecular sensing that are inexpensive and simple to fabricate. The prospects for paper MEMS remain unclear but the technology may ultimately find uses in ultra-low-cost sensing of low-magnitude mechanical variables. Originality/value This provides a technical insight into the increasingly important role played by MEMS sensors fabricated from materials other than silicon.

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Tucker, Reginald, and Terry Jester. "Extolling the many virtues of solar silicon alternatives." Renewable Energy Focus 15, no. 1 (January 2014): 36–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1755-0084(14)70022-5.

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Chen, Lijun, Xin Zhang, Cuifeng Zhang, Zhongbin Bao, and Tingting Xu. "Synthesis and characterisation of fluorine-silicon acrylate latex emulsified by novel green surfactants." Pigment & Resin Technology 47, no. 3 (May 8, 2018): 255–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/prt-03-2017-0025.

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Purpose Motivated by the globally increasing concern over environmental protection, the interest of a large part of the scientific community focuses on the development of green surfactants aiming to replace traditional toxic surfactants-based alternatives. The purpose of this paper is to prepare acrylate copolymer latex modified with fluorine and silicone monomer, which is emulsified with the green surfactants of sodium rosinate and alkyl polyglycoside (APG). Design/methodology/approach A series of acrylic copolymer latexes containing fluorine–silicon have been prepared by semi-continuous seed emulsion polymerisation of mixed monomers of methyl methacrylate (MMA), butyl acrylate (BA), hexafluorobutylmethacrylate (HFMA) and vinyltriethoxysilane (VTES) and emulsified by green mixed surfactants of sodium rosinate and APG. Findings The optimum recipe of preparing the emulsion is as follows: the amount of emulsifiers is 6 per cent and the mass ratio of sodium rosinate to APG is 1:3. The amount of initiator is 0.4 per cent, and the amounts of the silicon monomer and fluorine monomer are 5 and 7 per cent, respectively. In comparison with the acrylate latex prepared without fluorine monomer and silicon monomer, the thermal stability and the water resistance of the film of the resultant latex clearly improved. Practical implications The acrylic copolymer latexes containing fluorine–silicon emulsified with green surfactants can be used in the coatings, adhesives, finishing agents and so on. Originality/value The acrylic copolymer latexes containing fluorine–silicon have been prepared by semi-continuous seed emulsion polymerisation. The green mixed surfactants of sodium rosinate and APG have been used as the emulsifiers to replace traditional toxic surfactants-based alternatives.

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George, A. G., J. P. Krusius, and R. F. Granitz. "Packaging alternatives to large silicon chips: tiled silicon on MCM and PWB substrates." IEEE Transactions on Components, Packaging, and Manufacturing Technology: Part B 19, no. 4 (1996): 699–708. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/96.544360.

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Rieger, M. M., J. C. Flake, and P. A. Kohl. "Alternatives to Hydrogen Fluoride for Photoelectrochemical Etching of Silicon." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 146, no. 12 (December 1, 1999): 4485–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.1392662.

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Yao, Nannan, Jinzhao Huang, Ke Fu, Xiaolong Deng, Meng Ding, and Xijin Xu. "Rare earth ion doped phosphors for dye-sensitized solar cells applications." RSC Advances 6, no. 21 (2016): 17546–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra27033b.

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Ahmadi, Roya, and Eysa Farajpour. "Effect of Temperature on thermodynamic parameters and chemical properties at adsorption process nitrite on the Graphene Nano surface, density functional theory method." Ciência e Natura 37 (December 21, 2015): 05. http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/2179460x20821.

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The project is comparing four types of calculation derived graphene. That two of these derivatives of graphene carbon nitrite connection created the difference is only in the state of Para and meta carbons connectivity state. But other derivatives first silicon-carbon alternatives in the meta and para position, then nitrite is added to the silicon. To evaluate the effect of silicon element to absorb energy and other thermodynamic parameters in the derivatives compared with them.

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Li, Deyang, Hans Ågren, and Guanying Chen. "Near infrared harvesting dye-sensitized solar cells enabled by rare-earth upconversion materials." Dalton Transactions 47, no. 26 (2018): 8526–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7dt04461e.

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Stein, Ryan M., Z. S. Barcikowski, S. J. Pookpanratana, J. M. Pomeroy, and M. D. Stewart. "Alternatives to aluminum gates for silicon quantum devices: Defects and strain." Journal of Applied Physics 130, no. 11 (September 21, 2021): 115102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0061369.

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Suzuki, K., K. Najafi, and K. D. Wise. "Process alternatives and scaling limits for high-density silicon tactile imagers." Sensors and Actuators A: Physical 23, no. 1-3 (April 1990): 915–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0924-4247(90)87059-r.

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Kaushik, V. S. "Microstructure of pores in N+-silicon layers." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 45 (August 1987): 252–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100126160.

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Oxidized porous silicon has drawn considerable interest as one of the alternatives for implementing silicon-on-insulator technology. Buried porous layers can be formed by utilizing the preferential pore formation in highly doped silicon during anodic etching in hydrofluoric acid. This porous silicon layer (PSL) can be subsequently oxidized rapidly at low temperatures to yield a device-quality silicon island layer, which is dielectrically isolated from the substrate. Although pores can be formed in both n-type and p-type silicon, the latter has received more attention. This paper presents the results of cross-sectional TEM (XTEM) observations of the microstructure of pores in n+ silicon.Samples used in this study were n- /n+/n- doped silicon (001) wafers which had been anodically etched in a hydrofluoric acid solution to form the PSL in the n+ layer via trenches etched through the n- surface layer.

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Kim, Ji Eun, Won Tae Kang, Van Tu Vu, Young Rae Kim, Yong Seon Shin, Ilmin Lee, Ui Yeon Won, et al. "Ideal PN photodiode using doping controlled WSe2–MoSe2 lateral heterostructure." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 9, no. 10 (2021): 3504–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0tc05625a.

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As the tight contact interface of the lateral PN junction enables high responsivity, specific detectivity, and fast response speed, atomic-scale two-dimensional (2D) lateral PN heterostructures are emerging as viable alternatives to silicon-based photodiodes.

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de Lima Monteiro, D. W., F. P. Honorato, R. F. de Oliveira Costa, and L. P. Salles. "Surface Texturing with Hemispherical Cavities to Improve Efficiency in Silicon Solar Cells." International Journal of Photoenergy 2012 (2012): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/743608.

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Improvement of solar-cell efficiency at a minimum possible cost addition is constantly sought, and this is often achieved at incremental percentage steps. Among a number of alternatives, antireflective coatings and surface texturing are the most prominent. This paper presents an alternative texturing method of crystalline silicon in an attempt to improve the efficiency of photon transmission through the surface and collection in the bulk. The method relies on anisotropic etching of bulk silicon and requires only a single oxide mask and two etching steps with a KOH or TMAH aqueous solution. The surface texture consists of smooth hemispherical cavities, which do not demand a lithographic mask or intricate technology processes to obtain the hemispherical cavities. This method can be applied to increase the profile area of the originally flat frontal surface exposed to light and consequently increase the effective width of the depletion region. The latter implies a higher probability of photon collection, contributing to the improvement of the conversion efficiency of the device. The textured nontilted silicon solar-cell transmittance under small solar incidence angles at dawn and sunset is improved compared to a flat surface, increasing the photocurrent.

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Kelly, Mike. "3D Packages with TSV Silicon Interposers." Additional Conferences (Device Packaging, HiTEC, HiTEN, and CICMT) 2011, DPC (January 1, 2011): 000754–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/2011dpc-tp11.

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This paper presents the development status overview for large die assembly of 3D packages with TSV bearing silicon interposers and logic devices at Amkor Technology. Combining discrete silicon devices and their attendant functionality onto a silicon interposer has garnered a great deal of interest in the high performance community, driven by considerations such chip to chip bandwidth, lower latency and even lower power. Interposers with silicon fab back-end routing density and new ultra fine pitch copper pillar joining techniques promises to offer a timely performance stepping stone for high performance devices, who in some cases are now finding that the incremental performance benefit from advancing transistor performance alone is less that gratifying. The design motivations and tradeoffs for taking this bold step are reviewed and their influence on assembly technologies. Assembly process and supply chain alternatives to achieve this offering are reviewed and discussed. Technical process development challenges along the way are briefed, as well as the materials selection criteria and reliability testing results.

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Coutino-Gonzalez, Eduardo, Mario Ávila-Gutiérrez, Arnold Hernández-Palomares, Lilian I. Olvera, Francisco J. Rodríguez-Valadez, and Fabricio Espejel-Ayala. "Biodiesel Production Using Lithium Metasilicate Synthesized from Non-Conventional Sources." Materials 15, no. 19 (September 29, 2022): 6753. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15196753.

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A facile and versatile process to produce lithium metasilicate (Li2SiO3) from non-conventional silicon sources (two different sand sources from the central area of México) was developed. The synthesis protocol based on a solid-state reaction followed by a hydrothermal treatment resulted in highly pure lithium metasilicate, as corroborated by XRD, SEM-EDS, and XPS analysis. Furthermore, lithium metasilicate was used as a heterogeneous catalyst for biodiesel production from soybean oil, where conversion yields were compared according to the silicon source used (based on chemical purity, stability, and yield efficiency). The best performing metasilicate material displayed a maximum of 95.5% of biodiesel conversion under the following conditions: 180 min, 60 °C, 5% catalyst (wt./wt., catalyst-to-oil), and 18:1 (methanol:oil). This contribution opens up alternatives for the production of lithium metasilicate using non-conventional precursors and its use as an alternative catalyst in biodiesel production, displaying better chemical stability against humidity than conventional heterogeneous catalysts.

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Duan, Jialong, Huihui Zhang, Qunwei Tang, Benlin He, and Liangmin Yu. "Recent advances in critical materials for quantum dot-sensitized solar cells: a review." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 3, no. 34 (2015): 17497–510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ta03280f.

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Quantum dot-sensitized solar cells (QDSCs) present promising cost-effective alternatives to conventional silicon solar cells due to their distinctive properties such as simplicity in fabrication, possibility to realize light absorption in wide solar spectrum regions, and theoretical conversion efficiency up to 44%.

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Spencer, James E. "The Silicon Lattice Accelerator." International Journal of Modern Physics A 18, no. 16 (June 30, 2003): 2903–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x03016367.

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Previously, the generalized luminosity ℒ was defined and calculated for all incident channels based on an NLC e+ e- design. Alternatives were then considered to improve the differing beam-beam effects in the e- e-, eγ and γγ channels. One example was tensor beams composed of bunchlets nijk implemented with a laser-driven, silicon accelerator based on micromachining techniques. Problems were considered and expressions given for radiative broadening due to bunchlet manipulation near the final focus to optimize luminosity via charge enhancement, neutralization or bunch shaping. Because the results were promising, we explore fully integrated structures that include sources, optics (for both light and particles) and acceleration in a common format - an accelerator-on-chip. Acceptable materials (and wavelengths) must allow velocity synchronism between many laser and electron pulses with optimal efficiency in high radiation environments. There are obvious control and cost advantages that accrue from using silicon structures if radiation effects can be made acceptable and the structures fabricated. Tests related to deep etching, fabrication and radiation effects on candidate amorphous and crystalline materials show Si (λL > 1.2μ m ) and fused SiO 2(λL > 0.3μ m ) to be ideal materials.

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Qin, Wei-Guang, Jin Wang, Wen-Jie Ji, Wen-Jing Zhao, Cong Chen, Ding Lan, and Yu-Ren Wang. "Spreading dynamics of liquid-liquid driving." Acta Physica Sinica 71, no. 6 (2022): 064701. http://dx.doi.org/10.7498/aps.71.20211682.

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Surface tension gradient due to concentration difference and temperature difference induces liquid convection, known as Marangoni effect. The Marangoni effect has been extensively studied to understand its fundamental physics and its industrial applications. In this paper we study Marangoni effect of droplet in a three-phase liquid system. In this system, silicone oil is chosen as a driving liquid, and n-hexadecane is used as a driven liquid. A high-speed camera is used to capture the spreading process of n-hexadecane driven by silicon oil on the sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) solution. The experiment shows that n-hexadecane driven by silicone oil spreads from inside out, forming a ring structure. According to spreading dynamic behavior of internal boundary and external boundary of n-hexadecane ring, we study the spreading pattern of internal boundary and external boundary of n-hexadecane ring, and the influence of silicone oil volume on the spreading process. Analysis shows that the spreading law of internal silicone oil conforms to single droplet spreading at the liquid interface. In the initial spreading stage, the spreading of four-phase contact line (internal boundary) among silicone oil, air, n-hexadecane and water are dominated by gravity, The scale law of spreading distance R of four-phase contact line and t is in a range of <inline-formula><tex-math id="M5">\begin{document}$ R \sim {t}^{1/4} $\end{document}</tex-math><alternatives><graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="6-20211682_M5.jpg"/><graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="6-20211682_M5.png"/></alternatives></inline-formula>－ <inline-formula><tex-math id="M6">\begin{document}$ R \sim {t}^{1/2} $\end{document}</tex-math><alternatives><graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="6-20211682_M6.jpg"/><graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="6-20211682_M6.png"/></alternatives></inline-formula>. Owing to the gravity influence, the larger the volume of silicone oil, the faster the four-phase contact line spreads. The volume of silicone oil has no effect on the scaling law of the whole spreading process. The next spreading stage, the spreading of the contact line is dominated by the interfacial tension gradient. The scale law of spreading distance R and t conforms to <inline-formula><tex-math id="M7">\begin{document}$ R \sim {t}^{3/4} $\end{document}</tex-math><alternatives><graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="6-20211682_M7.jpg"/><graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="6-20211682_M7.png"/></alternatives></inline-formula>. Under silicone oil driven, the liquid thickness of n-hexadecane at the four-phase contact line (internal boundary) among air, silicone oil, N-hexadecane and water increases, thus changing the contact angle at three-phase contact line (external boundary) among air, n-hexadecane and water. The change of contact angle leads the interfacial tension gradient to produce. The interfacial tension gradient drives external boundary to spread. Because the spreading of the three-phase contact line is dominated by interfacial tension gradient, the scale law of spreading distance R of three-phase contact line and time t conforms to <inline-formula><tex-math id="M8">\begin{document}$ \sim {t}^{3/4} $\end{document}</tex-math><alternatives><graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="6-20211682_M8.jpg"/><graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="6-20211682_M8.png"/></alternatives></inline-formula>.

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Hebda, M., S. Gadek, and J. Kazior. "Influence of the mechanical alloying process on the sintering behaviour of astaloy CrM powder mixture with silicon carbide addition." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 57, no. 3 (October 1, 2012): 733–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10172-012-0080-x.

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Due to an excellent combination of toughness and strength, bainitic-austenitic dual phase steels with silicon addition have many applications in the industry. However, silicon has a high affinity to oxygen and, therefore, its introduction to the alloy is problematic during the classical sintering processes of mixing powders. Mechanical alloying (MA) offers one of the most attractive alternatives to the introduction of silicon to Astaloy CrM powders. The aim of the present study was to determine the influence of the MA process on changes in particle size distribution, work hardening and sintering behaviour of the investigated powder mixture - Astaloy CrM powder with the addition of 2 wt.% stearic acid and 2 wt.% silicon carbide alloyed under different conditions. The practical aspect of this study was to develop and apply a common and inexpensive method of die-pressing to compact a powder mixture prepared by the MA process.

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Tao, Li, Yaoqiang Zhou, and Jian-Bin Xu. "Phase-controlled epitaxial growth of MoTe₂: Approaching high-quality 2D materials for electronic devices with low contact resistance." Journal of Applied Physics 131, no. 11 (March 21, 2022): 110902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0073650.

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Because silicon transistors are approaching the limit of device miniaturization, 2D semiconductors show great promise in electronic devices as post-silicon alternatives. However, critical bottlenecks that impede applications remain in 2D material-based devices, such as the lack of scalable fabrication techniques of highly crystalline samples and the challenge of contact resistance. In this Perspective, we review the recently developed 2D MoTe2 as an excellent material in phase-controlled epitaxial growth and phase transition. The high flexibility in phase engineering of MoTe2 enables (1) wafer-scale fabrication of semiconducting MoTe2 single crystals and (2) intrinsically ideal contact geometry for high-performance electronic devices.

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Vidigal, R. N. E., Claudinei Rezende Calado, and I. P. Pinheiro. "Evaluation of Agents Abrasives Polishing Porcelain Employing Image Processing." Materials Science Forum 798-799 (June 2014): 564–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.798-799.564.

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The waste generated in the process of polishing of ceramic materials represents a challenge for the ceramic industries, because it is necessary conciliate environmental protection to expenses with disposal and proper packaging. The study of the reuse of this material in the production cycle becomes a necessary alternative to solve the industrial problem. The replacement of the abrasive agent is a viable option in order to avoid the presence of silicon carbide and the residue therefore enabling the direct incorporation of the residue in the porcelain production. If the atomized paste contains silicon carbide when the material is burned occurred the formation of porosity and cracks in the piece. This work aims to study new alternatives of abrasive agents and evaluate the efficiency of polishing generated by new tools. To evaluate the performance of the abrasive tests were conducted simulating the polishing step. The study is based on the computational processing of the image generated by optical micrographs. From this, it will be possible find the best abrasives for polishing ceramic material.

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DOLEV, NOAM, AVNER KORNFELD, and AVINOAM KOLODNY. "COMPARISON OF SIGMA–DELTA CONVERTER CIRCUIT ARCHITECTURES IN DIGITAL CMOS TECHNOLOGY." Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 14, no. 03 (June 2005): 515–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126605002507.

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Integration of analog-to-digital signal conversion circuits into digital submicron silicon chips is required for many applications. This is typically implemented by sigma–delta circuits, which can provide good resolution without requiring trimming of component values. This paper presents an analytical comparison of noise performance in four alternative sigma–delta circuit configurations which have been presented in the literature, consisting of discrete-time and continuous-time integration in voltage-mode and in current-mode. For high resolution, superiority of switched-capacitor circuits over the alternatives is shown, based on process technology considerations. Design guidelines are outlined for selecting oversampling rate and other key parameters, in order to obtain maximal data resolution.

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Chen, Tongren, Wengang Yan, Dong Yu, Siyuan Ma, Liang Ma, Qing Huang, and Ning Li. "Surface Modification of Micro-Silicon Anode for High-performance Lithium-Ion Batteries." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2563, no. 1 (August 1, 2023): 012017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2563/1/012017.

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Abstract Advanced lithium-ion batteries are urgently needed in consumer electronic products, electric vehicles, and energy storage, while the traditional carbonaceous anode materials with relatively low specific capacity gradually become difficult to meet the practical requirements in the market. Silicon-based anodes are considered one of the most promising alternatives in LIBs with high specific energy due to their considerable theoretical specific capacities. However, the large volume variation and severe surface parasitic reactions still limit the practical application of silicon anode. In this work, to suppress the surface side reactions and great volume changes, the electrochemical inert Li3PO4 is proposed to be coated as the physical barrier between the silicon and electrolyte. The as-coated micro-silicon has been successfully prepared via a facile spray drying method with a low-temperature thermal treatment. Li3PO4 coating layer with high shear modules can not only passivate the surface but also enable to suppression of the severe volumetric expansion and shrinkage of the silicon particle, thus enhancing the initial columbic efficiency and structural integrity of the silicon materials during long-term cycling. The optimized silicon anode with the proper amount of Li3PO4 displays a superior initial columbic efficiency higher than 90% and a highly reversible capacity of 1394 mAh g-1 after charging and discharging 200 times. It is hoped this work should shed light on the modification of high-capacity anode materials.

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Busch, Brett W., Olivier Pluchery, Yves J. Chabal, David A. Muller, Robert L. Opila, J. Raynien Kwo, and Eric Garfunkel. "Materials Characterization of Alternative Gate Dielectrics." MRS Bulletin 27, no. 3 (March 2002): 206–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mrs2002.72.

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AbstractContinued scaling of microelectronic devices is demanding that alternatives to SiO2 as the gate dielectric be developed soon. This in turn has placed enormous pressure on the abilities of physical characterization techniques to address critical issues such as film and interface structure and composition, transport properties, and thermal or chemical stability. This article summarizes the strengths and capabilities of four techniques used for the materials characterization of alternative gate dielectrics: scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) in conjunction with electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS), medium-energy ion scattering (MEIS), infrared-absorption spectroscopy (IRAS), and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The complementary nature of these techniques has allowed for a detailed picture of the various properties of alternative gate dielectrics, and in particular of the dielectric/silicon interface. Critical issues and features of several important alternative gate dielectrics, ZrO2, AI2O3, Y2O3, and Gd2O3, are explored in light of the well-studied SiO2/Si system.

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Clay, NR, AJA Santini, and KP Sherman. "Use of a Silicon Tendon Model in an Orthopaedic Skills Course." Bulletin of the Royal College of Surgeons of England 95, no. 3 (March 1, 2013): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1308/147363513x13500508918331.

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The use of animal tendons for teaching suture techniques is well established on surgical courses. While providing an authentic simulation of human tendons, these may pose a number of potential problems including cultural issues, health risks and difficulties maintaining the quality of specimens throughout the course. These were evident at a recent Royal College of surgeons orthopaedic skills course in Dubai, with the use of porcine tendons clearly unacceptable to Moslem participants. After trials with alternatives, a silicon-based model was selected and found to be highly satisfactory.

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Zareef, F., A. Oblakowska-Mucha, and T. Szumlak. "Silicon detectors beyond LHC — RD50 status report." Journal of Instrumentation 17, no. 11 (November 1, 2022): C11004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/17/11/c11004.

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Abstract The last decade showed the leading role of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) experiments in particle physics. To fully exploit its physics potential, the significant increase of LHC luminosity is planned. At the High luminosity Phase-II Upgrade (HL-LHC), foreseen for 2027, a peak instantaneous luminosity of 5 × 1034 cm−2, with an integrated luminosity of 3000 fb−1 is expected. The experiments will be subjected to radiation levels up to 2 × 1016 neq/cm2 at the innermost layers of the detectors. Since more than a decade the RD50 collaboration has been conducting a significant R&D program across experimental boundaries to create silicon sensors with adequate radiation tolerance for HL-LHC trackers. HV-CMOS sensors, 3D detectors, and low gain avalanche detectors (LGADs) are important areas of detector research and development. We will discuss the current state of research and development in numerous silicon detector domains, with a focus on 3D and LGAD detectors. We will also discuss the alternatives for detector selection experiments outside of the LHC, using the FCC as an example.

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Saraswat, Krishna C. "(Invited) How Far Can We Push Conventional Silicon Technology and What are the Future Alternatives?" ECS Transactions 98, no. 5 (September 23, 2020): 69–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/09805.0069ecst.

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Saraswat, Krishna C. "(Invited) How Far Can We Push Conventional Silicon Technology and What are the Future Alternatives?" ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2020-02, no. 24 (November 23, 2020): 1710. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2020-02241710mtgabs.

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Shih, Yu-Chou, Yue Shao, Yeong-Her Lin, and Frank G. Shi. "Silver Paste with Nano-sized Glass Frits for Silicon Solar Cells." International Symposium on Microelectronics 2014, no. 1 (October 1, 2014): 000873–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/isom-thp45.

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Scientists are looking for alternatives to fossil fuels as energy source in order to reduce the environmental issues. Solar energy is one of the candidates that have attracted our attention. Monocrystalline and polycrystalline silicon materials are the most common ones for solar cell panels, and one of the key properties of silicon solar cells is the interfacial resistivity between the front silver electrodes and the n-type silicon emitters. The interfacial resistivity is hugely affected by the interfacial structure between silver electrodes and n-type silicon emitters, which plays a very substantial role for the electrical and mechanical properties of the fabricated silicon solar cells. Previous studies show that the residual glass frits layers at the Ag/Si interfaces after the firing process will dramatically increase the contact resistance and this phenomenon subsequently leads to degradation in the overall efficiency of the silicon solar cells. In this study, nano-sized glass frits were employed to improve the interfacial conductivity. Transfer length method (TLM) was applied to evaluate the electrical performance of samples made by different glass frits. Because of the excellent etching ability of nano-sized glass frits, the total amount of isolating compositions can be reduced and therefore there is less residual ceramic at the interfaces. For samples made with nano-sized glass frits, the specific contact resistivity was found to be only 40% of that of samples made with micro-sized glass frits after otherwise identical processing. Our results show that nano-sized glass frits can provide better energy efficiency, less processing time and lower manufacturing cost.

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Christian, Mildred S., and Robert M. Diener. "Soaps and Detergents: Alternatives to Animal Eye Irritation Tests." Journal of the American College of Toxicology 15, no. 1 (February 1996): 1–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10915819609008705.

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An extensive computer search was conducted, and a comprehensive overview of the current status of alternatives to animal eye irritation tests was obtained. A search of Medline and Toxline databases (1988 to present) was supplemented with references from sources regarding in vitro eye irritation. Particular attention was paid to soap and detergent products and related ingredients. Eighty-five references are included in the review; the in vitro assays are categorized, and their predictive values for assessing acute ocular irritation are evaluated and compared with the Draize rabbit eye irritation assay and with each other. The present review shows that the increased activity of scientists from academia, industry, and regulatory agencies has resulted in substantial progress in developing alternative in vitro procedures and that a number of large, interlaboratory evaluations and international workshops have assisted in the selection process. However, none of these methodologies has obtained acceptance for regulatory classification purposes. Conclusions drawn from this review include that (a) no single in vitro assay is considered capable of replacing the Draize eye irritation test; (b) the chorioallantoic membrane vascular assay (CAMVA) or the hen egg test-chorio-allantoic membrane test (HET-CAM), the chicken or bovine enucleated eye test, the neutral red and plasminogen activation assays for cytotoxicity, and the silicon microphysiometer appear to have the greatest potential as screening tools for eye irritation; and (c) choosing a specific assay or series of assays will depend on the type of agent tested and the impact of false-negative or false-positive results. New assays will continue to be developed and should be included in future evaluations, when sufficient data are available.

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Kang, Jun An, Swarnalee Dutta, and Yong Hoon Lee. "Biocontrol of bacterial seedling rot of rice plants using combination of Cytobacillus firmus JBRS159 and silicon." PLOS ONE 18, no. 8 (August 14, 2023): e0290049. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0290049.

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Burkholderia glumae causes bacterial panicle blight (BPB) and bacterial seedling rot (BSR) which are difficult to control in rice plants. Seed disinfection using microbes and eco-friendly materials is an efficient alternative practice for managing BPB and BSR. In this study, we applied Cytobacillus firmus JBRS159 (JBRS159) in combination with silicon dioxide (SiO2) nanoparticle or potassium silicate (K2SiO3) solution to control BSR. JBRS159, SiO2 nanoparticle, and K2SiO3 independently suppressed the BSR disease and promoted growths of rice and Arabidopsis. Population of B. glumae in the treated rice seeds was suppressed by the application of JBRS159 via competitions for nutrients and niches. The mixture of JBRS159 and each Si compound (SiO2 nanoparticle or K2SiO3) was complementary for disease-suppressing and growth-promoting activities of individual treatment. The results of this study indicate that mixture of JBRS159 with each Si compound can be harnessed for disease control and growth promotion as efficient alternatives to chemical pesticides and synthetic fertilizers. The efficacy of JBRS159 and Si compounds in the control of BSR and BPB in the field remains to be evaluated.

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Khakhar, Devang. "Investigation of Materials for Photovoltaic Devices and Solar Energy Harvesting." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, no. 6 (June 30, 2023): 4278–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.54404.

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Abstract: The purpose of this study article is to look at various materials utilised in PV devices and investigate their qualities and potential for efficient solar energy collecting. The research includes a thorough examination of many material types, including standard silicon-based solar cells and developing alternatives such as perovskites, organic polymers, and quantum dots. The study focuses on the materials' performance, efficiency, stability, and cost-effectiveness, providing insights into the advancements and issues related with materials for PV devices.

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Tayade, Vinod Pralhad, and Swapnil Laxman Lahudkar. "Implementation of 20 nm Graphene Channel Field Effect Transistors Using Silvaco TCAD Tool to Improve Short Channel Effects over Conventional MOSFETs." Advances in Technology Innovation 7, no. 1 (October 5, 2021): 18–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.46604/aiti.2021.8098.

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In recent years, demands for high speed and low power circuits have been raised. As conventional metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFETs) are unable to satisfy the demands due to short channel effects, the purpose of the study is to design an alternative of MOSFETs. Graphene FETs are one of the alternatives of MOSFETs due to the excellent properties of graphene material. In this work, a user-defined graphene material is defined, and a graphene channel FET is implemented using the Silvaco technology computer-aided design (TCAD) tool at 100 nm and scaled to 20 nm channel length. A silicon channel MOSFET is also implemented to compare the performance. The results show the improvement in subthreshold slope (SS) = 114 mV/dec, ION/IOFF ratio = 14379, and drain induced barrier lowering (DIBL) = 123 mV/V. It is concluded that graphene FETs are suitable candidates for low power applications.

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Liu, Hairui, Zuhong Zhang, Feng Yang, Jien Yang, Andrews Nirmala Grace, Junming Li, Sapana Tripathi, and Sagar M. Jain. "Dopants for Enhanced Performance of Tin-Based Perovskite Solar Cells—A Short Review." Coatings 11, no. 9 (August 30, 2021): 1045. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings11091045.

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Lead-based perovskite solar cells had reached a bottleneck and demonstrated significant power conversion efficiency (PCE) growth matching the performance of traditional polycrystalline silicon solar cells. Lead-containing perovskite solar cell technology is on the verge of commercialization and has huge potential to replace silicon solar cells, but despite the very promising future of these perovskite solar cells, the presence of water-soluble toxic lead content is a growing concern in the scientific community and a major bottleneck for their commercialization. The less toxic, tin-based perovskite solar cells are promising alternatives for lead-free perovskite solar cells. Like lead-based perovskite, the general chemical formula composition of tin-based perovskite is ASnX3, where A is a cation and X is an anion (halogen). It is evident that tin-based perovskites, being less-toxic with excellent photoelectric properties, show respectable performance. Recently, numerous studies reported on the fabrication of Sn-based perovskite solar cells. However, the stability of this novel lead-free alternative material remains a big concern. One of the many ways to stabilize these solar cells includes addition of dopants. In this context, this article summarizes the most important fabrication routes employing dopants that have shown excellent stability for tin-based perovskite photovoltaics and elaborates the prospects of lead-free, tin based stable perovskite photovoltaics.

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Fang, Chen, Haiqing Xiao, Tianyue Zheng, Hua Bai, and Gao Liu. "Organic Solvent Free Process to Fabricate High Performance Silicon/Graphite Composite Anode." Journal of Composites Science 5, no. 7 (July 17, 2021): 188. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcs5070188.

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Cycling stability is a key challenge for application of silicon (Si)-based composite anodes as the severe volume fluctuation of Si readily leads to fast capacity fading. The binder is a crucial component of the composite electrodes. Although only occupying a small amount of the total composite mass, the binder has major impact on the long-term electrochemical performance of Si-based anodes. In recent years, water-based binders including styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) have attracted wide research interest as eco-friendly and low-cost alternatives for the conventional poly(vinylidene difluoride) (PVDF) binder in Si anodes. In this study, Si-based composite anodes are fabricated by simple solid mixing of the active materials with subsequent addition of SBR and CMC binders. This approach bypasses the use of toxic and expansive organic solvents. The factors of binder, silicon, and graphite materials have been systematically investigated. It is found that the retained capacities of the anodes are more than 440 mAh/g after 400 cycles. These results indicate that organic solvent free process is a facile strategy for producing high performance silicon/graphite composite anodes.

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Shang, Ruoxu, Taner Zerrin, Bo Dong, Cengiz S. Ozkan, and Mihrimah Ozkan. "Sustainable and Low-Cost Lithium-Ion Batteries: Nonconventional Electrode Chemistries and State of Health Characterization." Technology & Innovation 21, no. 4 (December 1, 2020): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.21300/21.4.2020.10.

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With the advancements in portable electronics and electric vehicle (EV) applications, the demand for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) with high energy densities is ever increasing. Battery-powered transportation is being adopted more frequently due to its potential to enable a more sustainable society by reducing vehicle emissions from fossil fuels. There has been exponential growth in the need for high-capacity LIBs in all types of EVs, including hybrid and full electric automobiles, e-bikes, and drones, as well as electric tools, cell phones, tablets, and, more recently, house storage; this growth significantly increases the consumption of source material commodities, especially cobalt. Despite its drop in price in the last couple of years due to increased mining, cobalt remains expensive, and its price increase has gained momentum again compared to other electrode materials due to higher demand. Moreover, its toxicity and difficult mining practices could result in many problems, including excessive carbon dioxide and nitrogen dioxide emission along with a possible much higher demand in the long term. This provides a strong motivation to explore alternatives to battery source materials. In this article, we present a selection of our important works on LIBs, with a focus on alternative electrode chemistries by using abundant and sustainable material sources. As alternatives to traditional graphite-based anodes, we demonstrate the successful use of both silicon electrodes derived from beach sand and waste glass and carbon electrodes derived from portobello mushroom and waste plastic precursors. In addition, we demonstrate stable cycling of batteries with nonconventional electrode chemistries, such as lithium-sulfur with TiO2-coated sulfur electrodes and sulfur-silicon full cell batteries with integrated lithium sources. Batteries prepared by sustainable methods not only perform better than conventional ones but also result in reduced costs. Since accurate determination of battery state of health is another important challenge, we further present our electrochemical impedance spectroscopy-based analysis of LIBs, which could potentially be utilized in safety evaluations of current and next-generation LIBs.

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Li, Xing, Yongshun Bai, Mingshan Wang, Guoliang Wang, Yan Ma, Yun Huang, and Jianming Zheng. "Dual Carbonaceous Materials Synergetic Protection Silicon as a High-Performance Free-Standing Anode for Lithium-Ion Battery." Nanomaterials 9, no. 4 (April 23, 2019): 650. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano9040650.

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Silicon is the one of the most promising anode material alternatives for next-generation lithium-ion batteries. However, the low electronic conductivity, unstable formation of solid electrolyte interphase, and the extremely high volume expansion (up to 300%) which results in pulverization of Si and rapid fading of its capacity have been identified as primary reasons for hindering its application. In this work, we put forward to introduce dual carbonaceous materials synergetic protection to overcome the drawbacks of the silicon anode. The silicon nanoparticle was coated by pyrolysed carbon, and meanwhile anchored on the surface of reduced graphene oxide, to form a self-standing film composite (C@Si/rGO). The C@Si/rGO film electrode displays high flexibility and an ordered porous structure, which could not only buffer the Si nanoparticle expansion during lithiation/delithiation processes, but also provides the channels for fast electron transfer and lithium ion transport. Therefore, the self-standing C@Si/rGO film electrode shows a high reversible capacity of 1002 mAh g−1 over 100 cycles and exhibits much better rate capability, validating it as a promising anode for constructing high performance lithium-ion batteries.

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Nasution, Sarah Purnama. "PENGGUNAAN BAHAN SILIKON SEBAGAI ALTERNATIF PENGGANTI SEDOTAN PLASTIK." Jurnal Seni dan Reka Rancang: Jurnal Ilmiah Magister Desain 2, no. 1 (August 24, 2021): 119–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.25105/jsrr.v2i1.10104.

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AbstractUse of Silicon Materials as an Alternative to Replacing Plastic Straws. Continuous development hasresulted in many changes in the pattern of people’s living needs, especially in the use of natural resources.This results in reduced natural resources and damage to natural sustainability. One example is the useof plastic straws in the lives of Indonesian people. The use of plastic straws is increasing with increasingconsumption patterns of the Indonesian people. However, these problems can be minimized by the useof environmentally friendly raw materials. Materials that can be an alternative to the problem are theuse of silicon instead of plastic straws. Silicon is a harmless chemical that is synthetic polymer rubberwhich is chemically formed through a series of oxygen-oxygen, which can be used for several times. Thisscientific paper aims to analyze the use of plastic straws in everyday life that have an impact on theenvironment. analyze the impact of alternative use of straws made of silicon so that it can help reducethe use of plastic, and formulate recommendations for making bottled bottles, and ready to eat places ofsilicon.Keywords: chemicals, environmentally friendly plastics, plastic straws, silicon AbstrakPenggunaan Bahan Silikon Sebagai Alternatif Pengganti Sedotan Plastik. Perkembanganzaman yang terus menerus mengakibatkan banyaknya perubahan pada pola kebutuhan hidupmasyarakat terutama pada penggunaan sumber daya alam. Hal tersebut mengakibatkanberkurangnya sumber daya alam dan terjadinya kerusakan pada kelestarian alam. Adapunsalah satu contohnya yaitu penggunaan sedotan plastik dalam kehidupan masyarakatIndonesia. Penggunaan sedotan plastik semakin meningkat dengan bertambahnya polakonsumsi masyarakat Indonesia. Namun permasalahan tersebut dapat diminilisasi denganpenggunaan bahan baku ramah lingkungan. Bahan yang dapat menjadi alternatif darimasalah tersebut yaitu penggunaan silikon sebagai pengganti sedotan plastik. Silikonmerupakan bahan kimia yang tidak berbahaya yaitu karet polimer sintetis yang secara strukturkimianya terbentuk melalui rangkaian silicone-oxygen, dapat digunakan untuk beberapa kalipenggunaan. Makalah ilmiah ini memiliki tujuan yaitu menganalisis penggunaan sedotanplastik dalam kehidupan sehari-hari yang berdampak terhadap lingkungan. menganalisisdampak dari alternatif penggunaan sedotan yang terbuat dari silikon sehingga dapatmembantu pengurangan penggunaan plastik, dan menyusun rekomendasi pembuatan botolkemasan, dan tempat makan siap saji dari bahan silikon.Kata kunci: bahan kimia, plastik, ramah lingkungan, sedotan plastik, silikon.

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Mathur, Saket Chand, Soheil Rashidi, and Wei Wei. "Investigating Tungsten Sulfide as a Counter Electrode Material in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells." Nanomaterials 12, no. 16 (August 12, 2022): 2761. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12162761.

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With the recent interest in renewable energy sources, dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) have received a great deal of attention as a cheaper and more sustainable alternative to silicon-based solar cells. In a DSSC, the counter electrode performs the catalytic reduction of the electrolyte and electron collection. To perform this function adequately, platinum is the preferred material currently. To reduce the dependence of the DSSC on such an expensive material, alternatives such as activated carbon (AC) and two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides, and more specifically, tungsten sulfide (WS2), were considered. AC has shown great potential as a material for counter electrodes, whereas WS2 has unique physiochemical properties which warrant its exploration as an energy material. In this article, we synthesized and evaluated the performance of DSSCs with AC, WS2, and AC/WS2 composite counter electrodes. It was demonstrated that the performance of the WS2/AC composite counter electrode with a 1:2 ratio of WS2 to AC shows the highest performance with an efficiency of 6.25%.

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Corfdir, P., O. Gougeon, S. Sonderegger, and J. D. Ganière. "Quantitative Cathodoluminescence Opens New Areas of Investigation in Semiconductor Research and Production." Microscopy Today 21, no. 1 (December 21, 2012): 34–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1551929512000983.

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The increasing demand for new opto-electronics devices such as solar cells, laser diodes (LD), and high-brightness light-emitting diodes (HBLED), combined with the economic necessity to achieve lower energy consumption levels and higher device yields, is motivating researchers to develop new materials. The semiconductor industry is actively looking for alternatives to silicon, for example, to address new niche market applications in power devices. Constant efforts employed to reduce production costs are leading manufacturers to grow GaN on silicon substrate, creating new technical challenges, especially regarding the control of defect density on wafer. For all these reasons many studies are being initiated to improve understanding of the fundamental physical properties and behavior of compound semiconductor materials used in quantum wells, quantum dots and nanowire-like structures. Cathodoluminescence (CL) is a spectroscopy method that can generate reliable, quantitative, and stable data for research as well as prepare a basis for quality control during production.

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Onder, M. Samil, and Kasif Teker. "Direct Transfer Manufacturing of Flexible Silicon Carbide Nanowire-Network Prototype Device." Nano Hybrids and Composites 37 (August 31, 2022): 49–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-d0o9il.

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Flexible and transparent devices are expected to meet increasing consumer demands for upgrades in wearable devices, smart electronic and photonic applications. In this work, nano-manufacturing of a flexible and powerless silicon carbide nanowire network ultraviolet photodetector (SiCNW-network UVPD) prototype was investigated by a very cost-effective direct transfer method. Indeed, the powerless device exhibited a photo-to-dark current ratio (PDCR) of 15 with a responsivity of 5.92 mA/W at 254 nm wavelength exposure. The reliability and durability of the device was evaluated by bending tests. In fact, the PDCR of the device was still very good even after seventy-five bending cycles (~ 96 % of the rest state). In brief, our flexible, powerless SiCNW-network UVPD device with cost-effectiveness, good performance, and durability can provide feasible alternatives for new generation wearable optoelectronic products.

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Gotenbruck, Michaela, Danilo C. Curtolo, Semiramis Friedrich, and Bernd Friedrich. "The Effectiveness of Cooled-Finger and Vacuum Distillation Processes in View of the Removal of Fe, Si and Zn from Aluminium." Metals 12, no. 12 (November 25, 2022): 2027. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met12122027.

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The increasing demand for ultra-high purity aluminum for technological applications has led to the improvement of refining methods in recent decades. To achieve ultra-purity levels (>5N), the common industrial way is to firstly purify aluminum from 2N8 up to 4N8 via three-layer electrolysis, followed by fractional crystallization (usually zone melting). Since both of these methods are very cost- and time-intensive, this paper aims at providing other alternatives of purification. For this purpose, here, the purification of some selected impurities through cooled-finger fractional crystallization method and vacuum distillation have been the focus of this investigation. Both processes are more environmentally friendly than three-layer electrolysis and require less time than zone melting. In this paper, both methods were explored for the aluminum purification. Moreover, the effect of process parameters on the purification efficiency of iron, zinc, and silicon has been investigated. At the end, the effectiveness of the two processes was compared and advantages and disadvantages were summarized. The results showed that the cooling finger process effectively removed iron and silicon impurities, but the removal efficiency of zinc was low. The vacuum distillation process successfully removes zinc in the first stage of distillation. Iron and silicon removal requires additional distillation stages to achieve lower impurity levels.

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Laith A. Qadir Ahmed, Asst.Prof. Q J FRAYYEH, and Asst.Prof. Osama Abd Al Ameer. "Geopolymer as a Green Concrete Alternative to Portland Cement Concrete: Article review." Jornual of AL-Farabi for Engineering Sciences 1, no. 1 (June 1, 2022): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.59746/jfes.v1i1.16.

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Concrete is the second most product in the world, this leads to Portland cement being the largest product on a global scale. The production of Portland cement process causes the emission of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, contributing increased pollution and exacerbating the problem of global warming. In order to contribute the reducing of greenhouse gases emission to atmosphere and to encourage the use of environmentally friendly alternatives, geopolymer-cement has been traded as an alternative to Portland cement. Geopolymer-cement is produced from industrial residues rich in silicon and aluminium. Geopolymer-cement preserving the environment in two ways, first reducing the contribution to greenhouse gas emissions and secondly benefiting from industrial waste and preserving landfills. In this paper, the fresh properties, mechanical properties and performance of geopolymer concrete were reviewed from published research by some authors. Reviewing these properties of geopolymer as an alternative to Portland cement concrete. The bottom line of this paper is that geopolymer are similar in properties or even better in some of them than Portland cement concrete, and that geopolymer represents a promising possibility and an excellent choice in the future.

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UPPARI VIJAYA LAKSHMI and K PRASAD BABU. "DESIGN OF LOW POWER HIGH SPEED CNTFET ADDER SUBTRACTOR." international journal of engineering technology and management sciences 6, no. 6 (November 28, 2022): 699–707. http://dx.doi.org/10.46647/ijetms.2022.v06i06.114.

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Multi-valued logic design itself is not sufficient to achieve the performance improvement in digital system design in nanotechnology. The need to replace silicon devices with some more efficient new devices are required so as to meet the power improvements in the nanoscale region. Among various devices explored, CNTFET is the most promising alternative to replace conventional MOS transistors. These nano devices have the benefits of low power consumption due to reduced leakage component, ballistic transport operation even at low supply voltages makes them suitable for high frequency and low voltage applications. MVL circuitry has soared in popularity because the threshold voltage of the CNFET device is somewhat adjustable by the diameter of carbon nanotubes. CNFET is used for high performance, high stability and low-power circuit designs as an alternative material to silicon in recent years. Carbon Nanotube Filed-Effect Transistor (CNFET) is one of the promising alternatives to the MOS transistors. The geometry- dependent threshold voltage is one of the CNFET characteristics, which is used in the proposed design. In this paper, we present a novel high speed Adder-subtractor cell using CNFETs based on XOR gates and multiplexer. Proposed design uses fourteen transistors, ten for full adder and four to modify the cell for subtraction. Simulation results show significant improvement in terms of delay and area saving with respectively compared to the latest design. Simulations were carried out using HSPICE based on CNFET model with optimized design parameters. All designs are simulated at 32nm CNFET with HSPICE. The simulation results show that on average, speed enhancement and area saving of 48% and 11% can be achieved with optimized parameters design over default values of these parameters. The cumulative benefits of the novel adder-subtractor design based CNFET result in an PDP reduction by a factor of 41%.

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Syed, Tajamul Hussain, and Wei Wei. "Technoeconomic Analysis of Dye Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSCs) with WS2/Carbon Composite as Counter Electrode Material." Inorganics 10, no. 11 (October 29, 2022): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/inorganics10110191.

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Exploration of clean and renewable energy materials is necessary due to the coming energy crisis and environmental problems. Solar energy is one of the favorable energy sources because of the continuous energy reservoir and its affluence. Silicon-based solar devices are expensive due to their complicated production process, which limits this technology for urban and other commercial applications. Among the third generation of solar cells, Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSCs) have attracted widespread attention as potential cost-effective alternatives to silicon-based solar cells. In this paper, the commercializing potential of the DSSCs is investigated. A module is introduced where the materials, equipment, and distribution of direct manufacturing costs are calculated. The manufacturing costs and the Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) of these DSSCs for a system lifetime of 25 years were determined to be USD 22.40 per m2 and USD 0.0438 per kWh and the module price of this technology is USD 0.18 per W and the total installed system cost is USD 0.88 per W in Kansas which suggest that this PV technology could challenge other leading PV technologies.

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Lu, Man-Ning, Chin-Yu Chang, Tzu-Chien Wei, and Jeng-Yu Lin. "Recent Development of Graphene-Based Cathode Materials for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells." Journal of Nanomaterials 2016 (2016): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/4742724.

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Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) have attracted extensive attention for serving as potential low-cost alternatives to silicon-based solar cells. As a vital role of a typical DSSC, the counter electrode (CE) is generally employed to collect electrons via the external circuit and speed up the reduction reaction ofI3-toI-in the redox electrolyte. The noble Pt is usually deposited on a conductive glass substrate as CE material due to its excellent electrical conductivity, electrocatalytic activity, and electrochemical stability. To achieve cost-efficient DSSCs, reasonable efforts have been made to explore Pt-free alternatives. Recently, the graphene-based CEs have been intensively investigated to replace the high-cost noble Pt CE. In this paper, we provided an overview of studies on the electrochemical and photovoltaic characteristics of graphene-based CEs, including graphene, graphene/Pt, graphene/carbon materials, graphene/conducting polymers, and graphene/inorganic compounds. We also summarize the design and advantages of each graphene-based material and provide the possible directions for designing new graphene-based catalysts in future research for high-performance and low-cost DSSCs.

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Vagliasindi, Federico G. A., and Susan R. Poulsom. "Waste Generation and Management in the Semiconductor Industry: A Case Study." Water Science and Technology 29, no. 9 (May 1, 1994): 331–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0501.

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The production of semiconductors is an extremely complex process involving the deposit of several layers on silicon wafers, patterning the layers through photolithography and adding dopants to alter the conductivity. The process generates gaseous, liquid and solid waste streams consisting of many diverse and toxic components including toxic organics, variable pH, fluoride and arsenic. This paper presents the results of a study which investigated the manufacturing processes of semiconductors, including: generated pollutants, applicable regulations in the USA, waste minimization practices, and waste treatment and disposal alternatives. As part of this investigation, a case study was conducted on the waste generation and management of a semiconductor facility located in the USA.

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Pérez-San Martín, Andrés, Karina Uribe, Jacobo Hernández-Montelongo, Nelson Naveas, Miguel Manso-Silván, Patricio Oyarzún, Víctor Díaz-García, Braulio Contreras, and Gonzalo Recio-Sánchez. "Antibacterial Activity and Kinetic Release of Laureliopsis philippiana (Looser) Essential Oil from Nanostructured Porous Silicon with Surface-Functionalization Alternatives." Applied Sciences 12, no. 16 (August 19, 2022): 8258. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12168258.

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In this work, the antibacterial activity of Laureliopsis philippiana (Looser) essential oil was studied, and its kinetic release performance using different surface-functionalized nanostructured porous silicon (nPSi) was analyzed. Experimental results showed the high inhibitory effect of Laureliopsis philippiana essential oil against Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae. In addition, the essential oil was successfully loaded into different kinds of functionalized nPSi. FTIR measurements indicated the formation of stable complexes in the nPSi functionalization process. Specifically, chemical oxidized nPSi (nPSi-Ox), 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane functionalized nPSi (nPSi-APTS), undecylenic acid-functionalized nPSi (nPSi-UAc), chitosan (nPSi-Chi) and β-cyclodextrin (nPSi-βCD) polymer functionalization on nPSi were studied. nPSi-Ox, nPSi-APTS, and nPSi-UAc were covalent functionalization, and nPSi-Chi and nPSi-βCD were obtained by electrostatic attachment. The kinetic study demonstrated a controlled release of up to 4 h for all the samples following a quasi-Fickian diffusion mechanism. Moreover, the use of functionalized nPSi-APTS and nPSi-UAc structures allows a more controlled kinetic release of Laureliopsis philippiana essential oil in comparison to the rest of the functionalization, increasing its availability and exposure to the environment.

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Alvarez Herrera, Javier Giovanni, Linda Paola Pinzón Gómez, and Javier Enrique Vélez. "Growth and Production of rice (oryza sativa l.) under different fertilization plans with Silicon." Ingeniería e Investigación 37, no. 1 (January 1, 2017): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/ing.investig.v37n1.59344.

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The application of fertilizers to rice crops constitutes a large percentage of productions costs, which in recent years have increased; therefore, it is necessary to implement alternatives that optimize the application and improve profitability. It was evaluated the effect of different doses and application times of a fertilizer with silicon on a rice crop, Fedearroz 50 variety. The experimental design was completely randomized with a 2 x 5 factorial arrangement. The first factor was dose (20 and 40 kg ha-1) and the second factor was combination of period and application dose (100% preplant, 50% preplant + 50% first fertilization, 100% first fertilization, 50% preplant +50% second fertilization, 100% second fertilization) for a total of 10 treatments that were applied in 2 locations (Ibagué and El Guamo). We found that the preplant fertilizer applications increased the production of root biomass throughout the crop cycle and that the biomass of the stems and leaves had a similar behavior with the two doses of silicon. The tillering in Ibagué presented a value of 520 clusters m-2, 127% higher than in El Guamo, which had a value of 229 clusters m-2, a highly significant difference. Throughout the period, height showed a behavior model double logistic sigmoid; the height of the rice plants was higher in El Guamo. In the two localities, Ibagué and El Guamo, the most appropriate fertilizer dose of silicon was 20 kg ha-1 in the second fertilization.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Silicon alternatives'

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