Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Siliciures – Teneur en nickel'
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Esposito, Laura. "Mise en oeuvre de procédés innovants pour l'optimisation de contacts TiSi pour les technologies imageurs avancées." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2021. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/210319_ESPOSITO_505pj561fjb969hmp55qmrno_TH.pdf.
Full textIn image sensor devices, Ti silicides are used to establish contacts between transistors and copper interconnects. A new problematic emerges with the co-integration of Ti-based and Ni-based silicided contacts: the titanium silicide (C54-TiSi2) needs to be formed at a lower temperature than the conventional formation temperature (800°C). In order to reduce the temperature of silicide formation, the influence of nanosecond laser annealing on Ti silicide contact formation has been investigated in this PhD work. To do so, consecutive deposition of Ti and TiN films with thicknesses below 10 nm were carried out after a specific surface treatment. Annealing by UV nanosecond laser (UV-NLA) at different energy densities, different numbers of shots and followed by rapid thermal annealing (RTA) for various temperatures were performed. The different samples were characterized by several methods including: four-point probe measurements, X-ray diffraction, and transmission electron microscopy. The main results obtained with the use of UV-NLA are the following: it enables the formation of an amorphous phase in the solid state and the formation of the metastable C40-TiSi2 phase becomes possible by melting the first nanometers of the substrate. By combining multiple laser shots and a subsequent RTA, the formation of the C54-TiSi2 phase at low temperature of 650 °C has been demonstrated. Studies carried out on doped and/or polycrystalline substrates, as well as on wafers with nanometric patterns indicate that, in the current state, the integration of UV- NLA into the industrial process is more complex than expected. Prospects for promoting the integration of UV-NLA are also discussed
Nemouchi, Fabrice. "Réactivité de films nanométriques de nickel sur substrats silicium-germanium." Aix-Marseille 3, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005AIX30052.
Full textWe present a study on the reactivity between thin films of nickel with several substrates : silicon, germanium and silicon-germanium. The formation sequence, the formation kinetic and the stability of silicides, germanides, and germano-silicides have been studied by "in situ" measurements and real time using XRD, DSC and four points probes resistance. We developed, in particularly, an original method to measure the heat flow during thin films on substrate reactions by DSC measurements. We observed different behavior of silicides versus gremanides. Indeed, silicides have overall a sequential growth with nevertheless some transient phases (Ni31Si12 and Ni3Si2) that appear and disappear rapidly. In contrary of silicides, germinides display a simultaneous growth of Ni5Ge3 and NiGe. In both systems, we realised original measurement of interfacial reaction rates of Ni rich phases (Ni2Si and Ni5Ge3) by simulating the kinetics by a linear-parabolic law (diffusion and interfacial reaction control). The formation of germano-silicides is sequential as silicides one. We observed that the Si rich phase (NiSi2) does not appear in presence of germanium. Moreover, during the Ni(Si1-xGex) formation, Ge is rejected from this phase. It could be explained by the thermodynamic equilibrium between Ni(Si1-xGex) and Si1-xGex with different concentration of germanium in both phases. This study provides new elements for the understanding of the fundamental phenomena needed for metallization of nanoelectronic devices
Blum, Ivan. "Diffusion et redistribution des dopants et du platine dans les siliciures de nickel sur silicium." Aix-Marseille 3, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010AIX30061.
Full textThe objective of this study is to quantify the diffusion and solubility of As, B and Pt in Ni silicides in order to gain a better understanding of their redistribution during silicidation. Therefore, these elements were implanted in o-Ni2Si and NiSi thin films and their diffusion and solubility were studied using secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) and atom probe tomography (APT). Diffusion coefficients could be measured by comparing SIMS measurements and two dimensional diffusion simulations. APT analyses allowed to observe the precipitation of B above its solubility limit in NiSi. Then, B and Pt redistribution during silicidation were characterized by SIMS and APT. The previous data concerning their diffusion and solubility in the two silicides were used together to interpret these results. In addition, B redistribution was compared to redistribution simulations using a simple model
Owen, Thomas. "Etude de la nucleation du diamant sur substrats de silicium et de siliciures de nickel." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000STR13141.
Full textMassoura, Stamatia. "Spéciation et phytodisponibilité du nickel dans les sols." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004INPL009N.
Full textThis thesis relates to the study of parameters which influence the dynamic of nickel and its radionuclide 63 Ni in soils. At the Saille time, the study of the chemical and biological characteriza- tion of these elements availability in the soils is done. The available pool of Ni and 63 Ni (chemical estimation) was measured by chemical and isotopic methods and soil incubations; by evaluating the interest and limits of each roethod. The factors which influence the mobility of metal in soils were thus determined. With through this study, we showed that the bio- and phyto-availability of Ni depend on the soil mineralogy, on the soil weathering, on the type of metal associations with the mineraIs, and on the quantitative presence of these mineraIs. The transfer of Ni and 63 N i from the soil to the plant depends on the metal availability in the soil and on the roots behaviour to the soil offe1, in relation to the strategies of hyperaccumulation, accumulation or exclusion of N z. Plants are able to modify the metal availability in soils by influencing the sorption processes of Ni from the solid phase to the soil solution. They are also able to change the speciation of Ni in solu- tion however the majority form of Ni in the soil solution was N i2+. Hyperaccumulators regulate Ni and 63 N i concentration in soil solution and their migration to the ground water. If the physico-chemical properties of soils, the pollutant availability and the choice of the hyperaccumulators are taken into account, the se plants are able to decrease and control durably the ecotoxicological effects of trace elements and radionuclides contamination in soils
Lipoff, Clarisse. "Caractérisation moléculaire du locus nik codant pour le système de transport du nickel à haute affinité chez Escherichia coli : Sous-titre." Lyon, INSA, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993ISAL0060.
Full textNickel is requires for anaerobic activity of three metalloprotein hydrogenase of Escherichia coli. Characterisation on nik mutants impaired in hydrogenase activity, Which could be further restored by an express og nickel, led ti the suggestion that the nik locus is involved in nickel transport into cell. Our result confirm the hypothesis. The in vivo expressed nik locus encodes five polypeptide Nik A, B, C,D, E from 59 to 25,5 kDa. The operonic organization of locus nik is suggested by phenotypic analysis of plasmid and chromosomal Tn5 insertion, and confirmed by sequencing of the entire nik locus. The consensus for the general anaerobic regulatory protein FNR and a putative binding site for a regulatory protein were found in the nik regulatory sequence. Computer comparison analysis of nik protein sequence revealed strong homologies with the oligo-peptide periplasmic transport systemprotei. The function of locus nik was clearly demonstrated by the absence of high affinity nickel mutants in the presence of magnesium ; Transport assays and resistance to nickel of cor A mutants impaired in the non specific magnesium transport, indicate that three uptake pathways for nickel are present in E. Coli
Cacho, Florian. "Etude de simulation de la siliciurisatiion du nickel : application dans les technologies MOS." Paris, ENMP, 2005. https://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00159435.
Full textRivero, Christian. "Contraintes mécaniques induites par les procédés de la microélectronique : développement des contraintes lors des réactions Co-Si et Ni-Si." Aix-Marseille 3, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005AIX30001.
Full textThis study is aimed at a better understanding of stresses and their evolution under thermal loading in microelectronics devices. In the neighborhood of geometrical singularities very high local stresses appear and may lead to defects, which may decrease device lifetime. We have also investigated stress build up which occurs during metal-silicon reaction. Indeed metal silicides, which are used as contacts, are grown via metal-silicon solid state reaction. Joined X-ray diffraction and curvature measurements have been performed in situ during the reaction of thin Co and Ni films with Si. We show that the sign of the stress is well explained by the specific volume changes at the reacting interfaces. Stress development during the formation of Co silicides follows qualitatively the behavior predicted by Zhang and d'Heurle. On the other hand the behavior of Ni silicides appears more complex. We show that the transient appearance of Ni3Si2 plays an important role in stress development. The evolution of stresses in Ni2Si or Ni3Si2 does not follow the predictions of the Zhang and d'Heurle model. A new model is clearly needed and will have to take into account our experimental results
Bichon, Marie. "Evaluation et optimisation de la durée de vie d'électrodes élaborées en voie aqueuse pour des batteries de nouvelle génération." Thesis, Nantes, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019NANT4051.
Full textIncreasing the energy density of Liion batteries while reducing their manufacturing costs is a milestone towards widespread application of electric vehicles. In this regard, high capacity materials have been developed, among them lithium nickel manganese cobaltlayered oxide (NMC), as their energy densitycan be increased with higher nickel content. Aqueous processing of these materials can contribute to cost reduction, by using water as a solvent instead of standard, toxic Nmethylpyrrolidone (NMP), whose use requires pricey installation to recover the vapors upon drying of the electrode. This study aims at developing aqueous formulations of NMC532 cathodes (50% nickel, 30% manganese and 20% cobalt), and assess their electrochemical performance. As layered oxides are sensitive towards water, surface modification of the material upon immersion in aqueous slurries was investigated through various characterizations. Several routes were proposed to develop water-based cathodes with electrochemical performance comparable to NMP-based electrodes. In particular, corrosion of the aluminum current collector occurring in aqueous processing owing to the alkalinity of the NMC slurry is avoided through the addition of phosphoric acid which buffers the slurry pH, or by using a carbon-coated collector. The ageing behavior of such aqueous processed electrodes was then investigated through post mortem analyses after long-term cycling in Li-ion cells
Vallée, Karine. "Le nickel dans les eaux alimentaires : application à des champs captants du bassin Artois-Picardie." Lille 1, 1999. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/1999/50376-1999-385.pdf.
Full textGlénat, Philippe. "Démétallisation biologique de résidus pétroliers lourds." Lyon 1, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990LYO10052.
Full textChahine, Nafez. "Caractérisation du vieillissementdes arcs orthodontiques Nickel-TitaneAnalyse par Thermographie Infrarouge." Thesis, Reims, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020REIMS005.
Full textThe conventional nickel-titanium alloy or NiTi is an equiatomic alloy formed ofapproximately 50% nickel and 50% titanium. It has special characteristics such assuperelasticity, superplasticity and is a shape memory alloy.The subject of this work concerns the study of the aging and corrosion of NiTi orthodonticwires retrieved after treatment. It is based on the study of the different characteristics ofthese orthodontic wires before and after use. We include and compare the arches of 3different manufacturers: American Orthodontics, Ortho Classic and AZ Dent.The clinical part of this study was carried out in Saudi Arabia in the F.R.B Clinic Centeron orthodontic wires removed from patients after a 4 to 6 weeks’ post-consent period forpatients to participate in the study.Our research is based on different tests:- Hardness,- Roughness- SEM observations (scanning electron microscope)- Microprobe analysis,- TEM observations (transmission electron microscope),- Thermographic analysis- Corrosion resistance tests.155 arches after use have been studied and compared to new arches.In the first part, we analyze the behavior of these orthodontic arches NiTi vis-à-viscorrosion. We began by studying samples by SEM. The complex impedance analysisallows us to show the presence of multiple layers of oxides (nickel oxide, titanium andalumina) which we confirm in microanalytical electron microscopy (TEM).In the second part, we set up an original nondestructive method of characterization ofNiTi orthodontic wires allowing the detection of defects by infrared thermography.Finally, in the third and last part, statistical analysis by ANOVA on the hardness,roughness and infrared thermography tests allows us to look for correlations between theanalyzes carried out and the different parameters related to the patients (man, woman,teenagers, adults, etc ...) and conclude on the behavior of these bows used clinically.The comparison of the arches between them shows differences in behavior andresistance over time. At SEM, used wires become rougher, with many streaks and theappearance of porosities. We confirmed in the corrosion behavior tests that thedeteriorated areas of the used arches correspond to zones of corrosions. Microprobe and6SEM analysis enabled the detection of nickel oxide and titanium oxide particles on thesurface of the arches used. This confirmed the corrosion tests.In conclusion, we can say that orthodontic arches NiTi deteriorate significantly after 4-6weeks in the mouth. Not all arches have the same behavior and the clinicalconsequences of these impairments have yet to be evaluated. Improving the behaviorof these devices in the mouth is a necessity
Belliardo, Catherine. "Etude comparée de la cytogénotoxicité du cadmium, du nickel et de l'aluminium sur le fibroblaste cutané humain." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0225/document.
Full textMetals are ubiquitous chemical elements naturally present in our environment and used in many field, like aerospace, cosmetology or pharmaceutical industries. Many works show that metals are involved in diverse diseases. However, the way these studies are led, make the comparison of their effects and mechanism of action delicate. In this context, this work studies the cyto-genotoxicity of cadmium, nickel and aluminum on a single cellular model: normal human dermal fibroblasts. Cytotoxicity is first evaluated by the cell bioenergetics study thanks to microcalorimetry technics, and then the effect on cell viability is measured by conventional colorimetric techniques. Genotoxicity is evaluated by specific technics which are comet and micronuclei assays. Furthermore, thermodynamic properties of the interaction between metals and DNA are determined tanks to microcalorimetry measures. Results show that cadmium cytotoxicity is higher than nickel, itself higher than aluminum. Cadmium and nickel are the only ones genotoxic, they mostly induce aneugenic effects. They present an electrostatic anti-cooperative interaction with DNA phosphate groups. If, at pH 7, aluminum does not induce genotoxicity, his interaction is comparable to cadmium and nickel at acidic pH. This unusual result, related to pH value, highlights the importance of the speciation determination when metal effects are studied, as well in vitro as in vivo
Lefèvre, Émilie. "Étude de la minéralisation de la nappe de la craie sous pressions naturelles et anthropiques : application à la présence de l'azote, du soufre et du nickel dans les eaux souterraines." Lille 1, 2006. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/RESTREINT/Th_Num/2006/50376_2006_17.pdf.
Full textHUNTER, DONALD. "Etude de la localisation du positron dans des alliages de nickel et de cuivre a faible teneur en metal de transition." Paris, ENSAM, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993ENAM0007.
Full textPianelli, Katia. "Recherche des déterminants moléculaires de la tolérance aux métaux lourds dans la plante hyperaccumulatrice Thlaspi caerulescens : Analyse du rôle de la nicotianamine dans la tolérance au nickel." Montpellier 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004MON20203.
Full textDelabrouille, Frédéric Viguier Bernard Andrieu Eric. "Caractérisation par MET de fissures de corrosion sous contrainte d'alliages à base de nickel influence de la teneur en chrome et de la chimie du milieu /." Toulouse : INP Toulouse, 2005. http://ethesis.inp-toulouse.fr/archive/00000209.
Full textBenkaddour, Abdelkhalek. "Proprietes des defauts d'irradiation dans des alliages austenitiques fer-chrome-nickel et des alliages ferritiques fer-chrome : influence de la teneur en chrome." Paris 6, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA066144.
Full textBenkaddour, Abdelkhalek. "Propriétés des défauts d'irradiation dans des alliages austénitiques fer-chrome-nickel et des alliages ferritiques fer-chrome influence de la teneur en chrome /." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37602846c.
Full textMahloul, Noureddine. "Influence des impuretés soufre et phosphore sur les propriétés des alliages fer-nickel-carbone : conséquences vis-à-vis des mécanismes de fragilisation par l'hydrogène." Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996ECAP0443.
Full textBorivent, Delphine. "Autostructuration par interdiffusion réactive de la phase Ni3Si3 en volume et couche mince." Aix-Marseille 3, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008AIX30017.
Full textThis thesis presents a study of the reactive interdiffusion in the system nickel-silicon, which stresses the self-organization of the Ni3Si2 phase in volume and thin layer. Since the Ni silicides seem to be currently most promising for the applications in micro-electronics to carry out the contacts and the interconnections, it is indeed important to understand the origin of growth morphologies, especially when this one is not done in layer. The needle like growth of the Ni3Si2 phase in massive samples was mainly characterized by optical microscopy and X-ray microtomography. We showed that it is controlled by the diffusion of nickel in the Ni3Si2 phase and that the morphology of the needles is due to significant diffusion anisotropy, much faster according to the c direction. The concentric ring like self-organization of the Ni3Si2 phase in thin layer was analyzed by a coupling of experimental techniques. By X-ray diffraction in situ, in real-time, we could highlight the sequential formation of several nickel silicides (Ni31Si12, Ni2Si, NiSi) as well as the particular scenario which Ni3Si2 follows. The identification of the phases by microdiffraction, X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy led us to consider a mechanism of the well-source type growth for Ni3Si2 in our experiments. In this approach, the growth of the rings like microstructures is limited by the silicon supply by diffusion. When this supply is insufficient, the monotonous growth of the circular shapes for the Ni3Si2 phase, in particular characterized by optical microscopy, becomes unstable against small growth perturbation. This generates an oscillation of the propagation velocity of the reactive interdiffusion front, and the formation of rings
Lalmi, Boubekeur. "Formation de siliciures par réaction à l'état solide de films ultraminces de silicium sur des substrats métalliques (Si/Cu(001), Si/Ni(111)) - Etude structurale et cinétique." Aix-Marseille 3, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009AIX30007.
Full textThis work concerns the study of the first stages ofsilicides formation by solid state reaction between an ultra thins silicon deposits and a metallic single-crystal substrates (Cu (001), Ni (111)). Both model systems chosen (Si/Ni, Si/Cu) are characterized by a huge tendency to the order, an important solubility of silicon in the metal and a very strong tendency to the superficial segregation of Si. Our approach consists in depositing a two kinds of ultra thins silicon films (~ 1 monolayer or 5 monolayers), and then realizing experiments dissolution (diffusion at solid state). Through the dissolution kinetics monitored using various sensitive surface techniques (AES, LEED, PES and STM,) we determined, in the first time, the structural and kinetic properties of the 2D compounds which form during the dissolution of one monolayer and, on the other hand, we succeed to put in evidence the sequential formation of two 3D compounds in the case of the dissolution of ticks silicon deposits (~5MC)
Olier, Patrick. "Alliages à mémoire de forme de base TiNi : influence du mode de fabrication, de la teneur en oxygène et de l'ajout de zirconium ou d'hafnium sur les caractéristiques métallurgiques et les propriétés thermomécaniques /." Gif-sur-Yvette : Direction de l'information scientifique et technique, CEA Saclay, 1996. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb35851337w.
Full textDelabrouille, Frédéric. "Caractérisation par MET de fissures de corrosion sous contrainte d'alliages à base de nickel : influence de la teneur en chrome et de la chimie du milieu." Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2004. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/7400/1/delabrouille1.pdf.
Full textChardot, Vanessa. "Réponse de Brassicacées hyperaccumulatrices à la disponibilité du nickel des sols ultramafiques." Thesis, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007INPL045N/document.
Full textMetal hyperaccumulator plants developed specific mechanisms to extract available metals from the soil and consequently accumulate them in aerial parts. The agronomic use of these plants for the decontamination of metal polluted soils is under study worlwide. This work was undertaken to better elucidate the chemical and physiological mechanisms that influence Ni accumulation by hyperaccumulators in response of Ni availability in soils. To answer these questions we undertook two approaches. Firstly, a site study to determine the natural functioning of the ultramafic soil-Ni hyperaccumulators system. Secondly, a lab-scale set of experiments that were designed to study the weathering of three ultramafic Ni-minerals (chrysotile, smectite, goethite) in the rhizosphere of three Ni-hyperaccumulating species naturally growing on European serpentine soils (Leptoplax emarginata, Alyssum murale et Thlaspi caerulescens). Results showed that, in ultramafic soils, phytoavailable Ni derives from the weathering of primary nickeliferous ferromagnesian silicates. Hyperaccumulators show a different behaviour depending of Ni availability in the environment of the culture. In environments showing high available Ni, hyperaccumulators accumulate Ni proportionally to Ni availability. In this way, they can significantly reduce the initially available fraction of Ni but do not seem to enhance the weathering of unavailable Ni forms. Contrarily, in environments with extremely low Ni availability, hyperaccumulators may strongly enhance the dissolution of nickeliferous silicate minerals and so favour Ni solubilisation. If so, hyperaccumulators absorb the majority of Ni solubilised. These results are of considerable interest for the elaboration of a crop model designed for the optimisation of the phytoextraction concept and high scale application
Martias, Chloé. "Dynamique de la matière organique dissoute colorée et fluorescente en zone lagonaire tropicale dans le Pacifique Sud (Nouvelle Calédonie) : influences climatiques et anthropogéniques." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0133.
Full textNew Caledonia (South-West Pacific) is a tropical area under strong environmental pressure (climate change and local anthropogenic forcing). The aim of this thesis was to gain a better understanding of the colored (CDOM) and fluorescent (FDOM) dissolved organic matter dynamic in the New Caledonia Lagoon where strong ultramafic erosion pressure is associated with trace metals (i.e., nickel, manganese and cobalt). 3D spectrofluorimetry was used to characterize the CDOM/FDOM. The West and East coasts were sampled during one year and a half in a context of El Niño (2015-2016), interrupted by strong rainy events (storms) and during CALIOPE 3 cruise (East coast). A parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) of EEMF led to the identification of 5 fluorophores: marine humic-like, 2 tyrosine-like and tryptophan-like peaks (T2 peak) from the biological balance between phytoplankton and bacterioplankton and a terrestrial humic-like from rivers draining caledonian coast. The CDOM signal at 350 and 442 nm had a strong dependency on river inputs accentuated during storms and revealed photodegraded CDOM. The FDOM signal in the East showed a seasonal cycle (wet/dry season) contrary to the West coast depending on sporadic rainy events. Data acquired during the CALIOPE 3 were coupled with trace metal concentrations, biogeochemical parameters, and plankton communities. Some fluorophores displayed a preferential association with nickel and cobalt. The complexation capacities of these fluorophores toward trace metals were revealed by a quenching experiment that allowed to derive complexation constants
Stephan, Baptiste. "Etude cinétique et microstructurale de la transformation ordre-désordre dans les alliages Ni2Cr à faible teneur en fer." Thesis, Lille 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LIL1R004/document.
Full textChemical ordering in Ni-Cr alloys modifies their mechanical properties and is a potential issue for their use in pressurized water reactors. In this work, ordering kinetics have been determined by accelerated ageing on model alloys with low iron content. The Ni2Cr ordered phase appearance induces a hardness increase. Furthermore, thermoelectric power measurements have been revealed very sensitive to ordering. The iron content does not affect ordering kinetics at low temperatures (<450 °C), contrary to thermal treatments practiced on the alloys. Our results have been extrapolated to the industrial case, where the iron content is higher: ordering incubation time is estimated at 140 years at 325 °C. The nanometric size of ordered domains together with their small difference in chemical composition with the disordered matrix make their study difficult. We used advance characterizations with transmission electron microscopy to progress in their description. Thanks to the coupling of image analysis with orientation mappings, the surface proportion of ordered domains has been estimated on a control sample. Energy loss chemical maps reveal that the iron is partly segregated around ordered domains. This questions the state of order of the Ni2Cr phase, which is corroborated by quantitative microdiffractions achieved on ordered domains. At the atomic scale, analyzes show that iron substitutes preferentially for chromium in the ordered phase
Noël, Vincent. "Spéciation et dynamique du fer et du nickel dans les sédiments de mangrove situés en aval de massifs ultrabasiques (Nouvelle-Calédonie)." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066580.
Full textMangrove forests are the dominant intertidal ecosystem of tropical coastlines. In New Caledonia, mangroves act as a buffer zone between Ni open-cast mines and a lagoon registered as a UNESCO World Heritage site. Across the intertidal zone, mangroves are composed of three main stands; with from the seaward side to the landward side: Rhizophora spp., Avicennia marina, salt-flat. This botanical gradient relies on the duration of tidal immersion, which imposes sedimentary gradients of water content, salinity, oxygenation, and organic content.The objective of this PhD thesis was to improve our understanding of the biogeochemistry of iron and nickel in mangrove sediments and to characterize the role of edaphic parameters on trace metals dynamic. Particular emphasis was focused on the mineralogical (bio)transformation of Fe and Ni bearing phases and on crystal chemistry. Both XANES and EXAFS data showed that Fe and Ni speciation strongly followed the redox boundaries marking the intertidal and depth zonations. Fe(III)-bearing goethite and phyllosilicates, herited from lateritic outcrops, were the major Fe and Ni hosts in the upper mangrove sediments. These mineral species were fully preserved at depth in the dry and oxic salt flat area. By contrast, beneath the vegetated Rhizophora and Avicennia stands, goethite rapidly disappeared with depth. In these anoxic horizons, sulfate reduction occurred, and pyrite and organic complexes became the dominant Ni-species. At the limit between oxic and anoxic layers, intense re-oxidation of aqueous Fe(II) and Fe-sulfides led to the formation of ferrihydrite, lepidocrocite and likely goethite. The relative proportion of the newly formed poorly ordered iron-oxyhydroxides was found to be higher in the Rhizophora mangrove stand. Moreover Ni incorporation in pyrite was less developed beneath Rhizophora stand. Such lateral evolution of Ni speciation may be related to reoxidation of Ni-bearing pyrites in the Rhizophora stand, which is subjected to periodic alternation of reducing and oxidizing events due to daily tidal fluctuations. The latter may be a major cause for continuous Fe reduction-oxidation cycles in the vegetated mangrove stands, and could significantly affect iron and nickel mass balances in mangroves. Indeed, Ni was found to be immobile in the salt flat, to accumulate beneath Avicennia and to be partially leached beneath Rhizophora. Eventually, Fe and Ni behavior in mangrove sediments currently oxidizing in response to isolation from the sea, was studied. In the layer of the oxidation front, really high concentrations of dissolved Ni were measured, while Ni concentrations in the solid phase were 4 times lower than in the pyritized horizon, and 2.5 times lower than in the upper sediment. These results suggest that mangrove sediment oxidation was a cause of Ni loss. This PhD thesis allows a better assesment of the mineralogical processes that lead to the fixation or the release of trace metals by mangroves, and is thus useful for the management of mangroves that are situated downstream lateritic watershed
Navarrete, Gutiérrez Dulce Montserrat. "Plant Metal Hyperaccumulation in Mexico : Agromining Perspectives." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LORR0187.
Full textAgromining technology involves the recovery of strategic metals from metalliferous soils through the cultivation of metal(loid) hyperaccumulator plants. The impetus of this research was to evaluate the potential of Mexican plant resources for the future development of agromining. The main objectives were then to identify and to study some metal hyperaccumulator plant species in Mexico, and to assess the agronomy of one promising “metal crop” for agromining. We first undertook field explorations in three nickel-rich ultramafic regions of central and southern Mexico. Despite the availability of soil and climatic conditions, no nickel (Ni) hyperaccumulation was found in any of these regions. A second strategy based on plant phylogeny as a prediction tool for metal hyperaccumulation was followed. In total, ten plant metal hyperaccumulator species were identified during this research (Rubiaceae and Violaceae) in Ni-enriched soils influenced by volcanic activity in Southeastern Mexico; most of them were priorly unknown. Our studies revealed two of the strongest hypernickelophores reported so far (>4%wt Ni) and two new Ni hyperaccumulator genera (Orthion and Mayanaea). Special focus was given to the hypernickelophore tree Blepharidium guatemalense. The phloem on leaves, roots, stems and petioles of this plant are the richest in Ni suggesting an unusual re-distribution mechanism via the phloem. Different agronomic practices were tested for this plant. Synthetic fertilization strongly increased nickel uptake without any change in plant growth or biomass, whereas organic fertilization enhanced plant shoot biomass with a negligible effect on foliar Ni concentrations. A 5-year-old stand which was subsequently harvested twice per year produced the maximum Ni yield tree⁻¹ yr⁻¹, with an estimated total nickel yield of 142 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹. Blepharidium guatemalense is a prime candidate for Ni agromining on the account of its valuable traits: extremely efficient Ni uptake, high biomass production, fast growth rate, and easy to reproduce
Littner, Arnaud. "Influence des métaux précieux sur les phénomènes d'oxydation/corrosion haute température : i) résistance à la corrosion par le verre fondu de MoSi2 dopé par Pt et Ru et ii) comportement à l'oxydation cyclique de revêtements d'aluminures de nickel modifié par Pt." Nancy 1, 2003. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/SCD_T_2003_0230_LITTNER.pdf.
Full textBecause of its excellent resistance against molten glass corrosion as well as its beneficial influence on cyclic oxidation performances of nickel aluminide coatings, platinum is of interest in the glass and aeronautic industries. The first part of this work deals with efforts to improve the molten glass resistance of MoSi2 by additions of platinum and ruthenium. This study led to the investigation of the Mo - Pt - Si and Mo - Ru - Si isothermal sections revealing the existance of eight new ternary silicides. Due to their low melting points, their unsatisfying mechanical behaviour and galvanic currents accelerating the silicon and molybdenum oxidation, these systems showed a limited potential for the production of new materials with high resistance to molten glass corrosion. Next, this study confirmed the effect of platinum improving the cyclic oxidation resistance of nickel aluminide coatings by decreasing the growth rate of Al2O3 and by promoting the formation of alumina on the γ'-Ni3Al compound. Finally, certain degradation mechanisms of nickel aluminide coatings have been described
Gascon, German. "Contribution à l'étude de la séparation/extraction et à l'identification des composés du nickel et du vanadium dans un brut pétrolier." Thesis, Pau, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PAUU3035.
Full textThis PhD work were mainly dedicated to the fractionation of crude oil and petroleum products in order to better caracterize metals compounds (mainly V and Ni) in these complex matrices. It was determined that V and Ni compounds present in the crude oils and residues are concentrated mainly in their more polar fractions, that is to say, resins and asphaltenes. Concerning sulfur compounds, it was found that they are concentrate in the resins and aromatics fractions. All these results were similar to reported in the literature.It was also found the content of V and Ni compounds that precipitate together with the asphaltenes depends linearly of solubility parameter of solvent used for the precipitation of asphaltenes, so, for solvents with solubility parameters close to 16 MPa0.5, the percentage of asphaltene soluble increases. So it can be concluded the true percentage of asphaltenes present in the crude oil is equal to the percentage of insoluble asphaltenes plus the percentage of soluble asphaltenes. For this type of asphaltenes, it was found that they have a molecular weight distribution very similar to insoluble asphaltenes, and not a lower molecular weight, as originally thought (Speight and Mitchell, 1973).With respect to the distribution of molecular weights for the V compounds present in the samples evaluated, at least three molecular weight distributions were identified. Those were identified as compounds with high molecular weight (HMW), medium molecular weight (MMW) and low molecular weight (LMW) following the nomenclature previously reported in the literature. (Desprez et al., 2014).On these distributions, we has found that compounds of V, Ni and S with HMW predominate in the asphaltenes, which is characteristic of nanoaggregate compounds. With respect to the compounds with MMW, these were observed in a greater proportion in maltenes. It should be noted the presence of compounds with HMW in all maltenes evaluated, which for the reasons discussed above, can be considered an unavoidable evidence of the presence of soluble asphaltenes.With respect to the separation/extraction methods developed, it was possible to separate the different distributions of molecular weights initially identified in maltenes and asphaltenes. In the case of maltenes, for the first time in the literature it was possible to extract the various compounds of V and Ni present in these according to their molecular weight. For the separation in maltenes, liquid-liquid extractions on maltene dissolved in heptane were developed. So, with ACN, it has been possible to extract LMW compounds, while extractions with DMF allowed extracting MMW compounds, staying in the remaining maltene mostly compounds with HMW.For the asphaltene extraction, 11 solvents were evaluated. The study of profile obtained to each extract and remanent, allowed to pose a separation scheme that enabled to get up to 4 different molecular weight distributions. These were obtained with ACN, Acetone and DMF used sequentially. It is important to mention it was found that the insoluble fraction gotten with DMF had the highest molecular weight, even in comparison with the HMW asphaltenes soluble in DMF.With respect to the influence of the concentration on the aggregated compounds, it was found that this does not influence on the presence of compounds with HMW. Nanogregate were found in a solution of asphaltenes diluted 40,000 times (25 mg / L).Regarding the characterization of the extracted fractions, only the fraction corresponding to low molecular weights was studied. Determination of the molecular weight distribution by mass spectrometry and comparison of the GPC ICP MS chromatogram with a porphyrin standards, suggests that these V and Ni compounds present in LMW fraction has a structures quite simple. A deeper characterization will be presented in later work
Se determinó que los compuestos de V y Ni presentes en los crudos y residuos evaluados se concentran principalmente en su fracciones más polares, es decir, resinas y asfaltenos. Con respecto a los compuestos de azufre, se encontró que los mismos se concentran en las resinas y aromáticos. Todos estos resultados fueron similares a lo reportado en la literatura. Igualmente se encontró que el contenido de compuestos de V y Ni que precipitan junto con los asfaltenos depende linealmente del parámetro de solubilidad del solvente usado para la precipitación de los asfaltenos, así para solventes con parámetros de solubilidad cercanos a 16 MPa0.5, el porcentaje de se asfalteno soluble incrementa, por lo que se puede concluir que el porcentaje verdadero de asfaltenos presente en el crudo es igual al porcentaje de asfaltenos insoluble más el porcentaje de asfaltenos solubles. Sobre este tipo de asfaltenos, se encontró que los mismos poseen una distribución de pesos moleculares muy similar a la de los asfaltenos insolubles, y no un peso molecular mucho menor, como se pensaba en un principio. Con respecto a la distribución de pesos moleculares para los compuestos de V presentes en las muestras evaluadas, se identificaron al menos tres grandes distribuciones de pesos moleculares. Las mismas se identificaron como compuestos con alto peso molecular o high molecular weight (HMW en inglés), medio peso molecular o medium molecular weight (MMW en inglés) y bajo peso molecular o low molecular weight (LMW por sus siglas en inglés) siguiendo la nomenclatura reportada previamente en la literatura. Sobre estas distribuciones, encontramos que en los asfaltenos predominan compuestos de V, Ni y S con HMW, el cual es característicos de compuestos agregados. Con respecto a los compuestos con MMW, estos fueron observados en mayor proporción en los maltenos. Es de hacer notar la presencia de compuestos con HMW en todos los maltenos evaluados, la cual por las razones antes expuestas, puede ser considerada una evidencia ineludible de la presencia de asfaltenos solubles. Con respecto a los métodos de separación desarrollados, fue posible la separación de las diferentes distribuciones de pesos moleculares inicialmente identificadas en los maltenos y asfaltenos. En el caso de los maltenos, por primera vez en la literatura fue posible separar los diversos compuestos de V y Ni en función de su peso molecular en HMW, MMW y LMW. La separación si hizo empleando extracciones líquido-líquido a maltenos disueltos en heptano con acetonitrilo para la extracción de compuestos con LMW, seguido de extracciones con dimetilformamida para la extracción de compuestos con MMW, quedando en el malteno remanente de la extracción, mayoritariamente compuestos con HMW. Para los asfaltenos, se evaluaron hasta 11 solventes en la extracción de compuestos de V y Ni. El perfil de los compuestos extraídos, permitió separar hasta 4 distribuciones de pesos moleculares diferentes con ACN, acetona y DMF usados secuencialmente. Con respecto a los compuestos con HMW, se encontró que la fracción insoluble con DMF presenta un mayor peso molecular que los asfaltenos con HMW solubles en estos. Con respecto a la influencia de la concentración en la determinación de compuestos con HMW la caracterización de los compuestos de V y Ni, los mismos fueron determinados aun en una solución de asfaltenos diluida 40.000 veces (25 mg/L). En lo referente a la caracterización de las fracciones separadas, solo fue estudiada inicialmente la fracción correspondiente a bajos pesos moleculares. En la misma, la determinación de la distribución de pesos moleculares por espectrometría de masa y la comparación en el cromatograma por GPC-ICP MS de estándares porfirínicos, sugiere que estos compuestos de V y Ni con LMW son metaloporfirinas simples presentes en el crudo con estructuras bastantes sencillas. Una caracterización más profunda será presentada en trabajo posteriores para esta y las demás fracciones
Mithieux, Jean-Denis. "Influence de la teneur en chrome et de la structure des alliages de nickel sur leur comportement en corrosion sous contrainte en milieu primaire des réacteurs à eau pressurisée." Grenoble INPG, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997INPG0146.
Full textNicolas, André. "Etude de l'Evolution Physico-Chimique du Substrat lors de l'Oxydation à Haute Température des Alliages Modèle Ni-Cr à Faible Teneur en Chrome et de l'Alliage Modèle Ni-16Cr-9Fe." Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Saint-Etienne, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00848591.
Full textRouxel, Baptiste. "Développement d’aciers austénitiques avancés résistant au gonflement sous irradiation." Thesis, Lille 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIL10187/document.
Full textIn the framework of studies about Sodium Fast Reactors (SFR) of generation IV, the CEA is developing new austenitic steel grades for the fuel cladding. These steels demonstrate very good mechanical properties but their use is limited because of the void swelling under irradiation. Beyond a high irradiation dose, cavities appear in the alloys and weaken the material. The reference material in France is a 15Cr/15Ni steel, named AIM1, stabilized with titanium. This study try to understand the role played by various chemical elements and microstructural parameters on the formation of the cavities under irradiation, and contribute to the development of a new grade AIM2 more resistant to swelling. In an analytical approach, model materials were elaborated with various chemical compositions and microstructures. Ten grades were casted with chemical variations in Ti, Nb, Ni and P. Four specific microstructures for each alloy highlighted the effect of dislocations, solutes or nano-precipitates on the void swelling. These materials were characterized using TEM and SANS, before irradiation with Fe2+ (2 MeV) ions in the order to simulate the damages caused by neutrons. Comparing the irradiated microstructures, it is demonstrated that the solutes have a dominating effect on the formation of cavities. Specifically titanium in solid solution reduces the swelling whereas niobium does not show this effect. Finally, a matrix enriched by 15% to 25% of nickel is still favorable to limit swelling in these advanced austenitic stainless steels
BOUDIN, STEPHANE, and G. LORANG. "Etude analytique et electrochimique des films de passivation formes en milieu borate a la surface d'alliages inoxydables a base de fer ou de nickel. Influence de la teneur en chrome." Paris 6, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA066325.
Full textDi, Capua Francesco. "Sulfur-based denitrification of organic-deficient, acidic, low temperature and nickel contaminated waters in fluidized-bed reactors." Thesis, Paris Est, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PESC1106.
Full textAutotrophic denitrification driven by reduced sulfur compounds is a promising and cost-effective biological nitrogen removal process, recommended for the treatment of organic-deficient waters, e.g. groundwater and several industrial wastewaters. Autotrophic denitrifiers utilize inorganic compounds as sources of energy and carbon. The lack of organics eliminates the need of post-treatments to remove excess organic carbon and limits the formation of harmful organic byproducts (e.g. trihalomethanes, THM), resulting in a clean and safe treatment also for drinking water. Wastewaters from mining and metal-finishing industry commonly feature low pH and temperatures as well as high heavy metal concentrations. Nitrogen removal from these waters is a technical challenge, since denitrifying bacteria usually thrives at circumneutral pH and ambient temperatures (20-30°C).The aim of this study was to develop a robust and efficient sulfur-based denitrification bioreactor process able to tolerate acidic pH, psychrophilic temperatures (< 20°C) and high nickel concentrations. The process was preliminary optimized in batch bioassays investigating the influence of sulfur source, i.e. thiosulfate (S2O32-) and biogenic and chemically synthesized elemental sulfur (S0), S0 particle size (powder and lentils), denitrifying culture (pure and mixed cultures of Thiobacillus) and temperature (6-30°C) on denitrification kinetics. The use of S2O32- and a pure culture of Thiobacillus denitrificans resulted in the highest denitrification rates. Biogenic S0 was tested for the first time as electron donor for autotrophic denitrification, showing 1.7-fold faster NO3- removal than that achieved with chemically synthesized S0 powder. The rates of thiosulfate-driven denitrification exponentially increased with temperature, being modeled according to the Arrhenius equation with an apparent activation energy Ea of 76.6 kJ/mol and a temperature coefficient Q10 of 3.0.Fluidized-bed reactors (FBRs) were used to investigate continuous thiosulfate-driven denitrification under decreasing feed pH (5.25-7.00) and temperatures (3-20°C). Denitrification efficiencies > 99% were observed at feed and effluent pH as low as 5.75 and 5.30, respectively. At lower feed pH values, the denitrification activity rapidly decreased due to an inorganic carbon deficiency. The addition of a carbonation unit providing CO2 as supplemental carbon source to the FBR biofilm allowed complete denitrification even at a pH of 4.75. In the same FBR, high-rate (up to 3.3 kg N-NO3-/m3 d) thiosulfate-driven denitrification was maintained at temperatures as low as 3°C. The impact of two Ni compounds, i.e. NiEDTA2- and NiCl2, on sulfur-based denitrification was investigated in a parallel FBR at 20 (±2)°C and feed Ni concentrations in the range of 5-200 mg Ni/L. Preliminary batch bioassays were carried out to assess Ni and free EDTA toxicity on sulfur-based denitrification. In batch bioassays, 25-100 mg Ni/L of NiCl2 inhibited NO3- removal by 7-16%, whereas no inhibition was observed with NiEDTA2-. Free EDTA inhibited sulfur-based denitrification at concentrations exceeding 100 mg/L. Both Ni compounds showed no detrimental effects on sulfur-based denitrification in FBR at the tested concentrations. Nickel mass balance, solid-phase characterization and thermodynamic modeling revealed that nickel precipitates were mostly washed out with the effluent, due to the slow Ni precipitation kinetics and high upflow velocities in the FBR. Nickel phosphate, sulfide and oxide were indicated as the main nickel precipitates and were mostly amorphous.FBRs were shown to be powerful and robust biofilm systems for nitrogen removal under acidic pH, psychrophilic temperatures and high nickel concentrations. The results of this study are of great interest for the treatment of NO3- contaminated ground and mining waters in cold regions (e.g. Canadian and Scandinavian regions) as well as acidic and heavy-metal-laden wastewaters
Zhang, Xin. "Procédé hydrométallurgique pour la valorisation du nickel contenu dans les plantes hyperaccumulatrices." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LORR0172/document.
Full textSome plants, known as hyperaccumulators, are able to develop on metal containing soils and to accumulate these metals at high concentrations in shoots. Biomass incineration leads to ash containing 10 to 25 wt % nickels, greater than in some mineral ores. This work follows a research that has been carried out by the team for several years, which has resulted in a patent on the hydrometallurgical production of the double salt ammonium and nickel hexahydrate (ANSH) from the biomass of Alyssum murale. It aims at improving the synthesis method of this salt in order to upscale it at the pilot scale and explore new methods leading to new products. The manuscript begins with a bibliographic review on phytomining from hyperaccumulators to metal recycling processes, essentially focused on nickel. Then ca 15 hyperaccumulator plants (genus Alyssum, Leptoplax and Bornmuellera) collected in Greece or Albania have been compared, in the objective of phytomining. Nickel concentrations were measured in the plant organs and in the ashes after combustion. The three types of plants are of great interest for the technology, they contain 1 to 3 wt % of nickel and the ashes 15 to 20%. The hydrometallurgical process of ANSH production was investigated step by step to optimize each step to produce a salt of high purity, to decrease materials and energy consumption and to minimize effluent and waste production. The process was thus improved. Eventually, new ideas have been tested for new processes and nickel products. The obtained results and the current dynamics prove the interest of phytomining and announce its imminent development
Guilpain, Mathilde. "Procédés innovants pour la valorisation du nickel directement extrait de plantes hyperaccumulatrices." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LORR0179/document.
Full textAgromining is a chain allowing the recovery of metals dispersed in soils or other matrices, using hyperaccumulator plants (HA). The first step is to grow these plants to achieve high yields of metals and the second to produce metal compounds of interest from the plant biomass. Agromining has mainly been developed to value nickel (Ni). Until now, biomass was burnt to concentrate the metal and remove organic matter. The challenge of this research is to design processes for Ni recovery by direct extraction from biomass, without burning the plant. It will allow a better understanding of the processes involved in the extraction of Ni from dry biomass using a solvent and the determination of the the speciation in the solution. Then, appropriate separation operations will be implemented to isolate the Ni in an interesting form for subsequent applications.Water leaching experiments, run at 20 ° C with two contrasted HAs, demonstrated that up to 80% of Ni could be transferred from the plant tissues to the solution. Ni is accompanied by major ions and organic compounds. The analysis of these compounds and the modeling of the chemical equilibria in solution showed that more than 95% of Ni was complexed by organic ligands, carboxylic acids (Ni carriers in the plant) as well as stronger complexing agents. From these results, separation processes were selected: selective precipitation and adsorption on complexing resin. They made it possible to recover respectively 75 and more than 95% of the nickel in sulphide or carboxylic compound forms. In contrast, purification with decanoate did not isolate the Ni.Thus, this work has made it possible to better understand the extraction of Ni directly from plants, the speciation of Ni in a multicomponent solution in the presence of organic ligands, and to valorize nickel by ways previously unexplored with this type of material
Pouschat, Priscilla. "Transfert du manganèse et du nickel depuis des sols latéritiques vers des plantes accumulatrices le long d’une toposéquence de massif minier de Nouvelle-Calédonie : localisation, spéciation & mécanismes." Aix-Marseille 3, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009AIX30042.
Full textNew Caledonian ferritic soils (more than 50 % of iron) are naturally rich in metals (chromium, nickel, cobalt, manganese) and deficient in nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium). Nevertheless, New Caledonia is recognized as a hot spot of vegetal biodiversity, and is a natural laboratory for studying adaptation strategies of plants to metalliferous soils, and more particularly the (hyper)accumulation phenomenon of metals by plants. Understanding those mechanisms is notably needed to develop revegetalization techniques of ecosystems after mining exploration or phytoremediation of polluted sites for instance. Thus, to better understand soil-plant relationships, speciation and localization of manganese and nickel in all vegetal organs of different species and in soils were studied. In spite of a different speciation in soil, both nickel and manganese are under similar divalent organometallic complexes in plants, from roots to leaves, mainly in tissues with less active metabolism
Herrera, Aude. "Adaptation génétique et fonctionnelle des communautés bactériennes dans les sols extrêmes de Nouvelle-Calédonie." Lyon 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006LYO10086.
Full textNoël, Vincent. "Spéciation et dynamique du fer et du nickel dans les sédiments de mangrove situés en aval de massifs ultrabasiques (Nouvelle-Calédonie)." Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066580/document.
Full textMangrove forests are the dominant intertidal ecosystem of tropical coastlines. In New Caledonia, mangroves act as a buffer zone between Ni open-cast mines and a lagoon registered as a UNESCO World Heritage site. Across the intertidal zone, mangroves are composed of three main stands; with from the seaward side to the landward side: Rhizophora spp., Avicennia marina, salt-flat. This botanical gradient relies on the duration of tidal immersion, which imposes sedimentary gradients of water content, salinity, oxygenation, and organic content.The objective of this PhD thesis was to improve our understanding of the biogeochemistry of iron and nickel in mangrove sediments and to characterize the role of edaphic parameters on trace metals dynamic. Particular emphasis was focused on the mineralogical (bio)transformation of Fe and Ni bearing phases and on crystal chemistry. Both XANES and EXAFS data showed that Fe and Ni speciation strongly followed the redox boundaries marking the intertidal and depth zonations. Fe(III)-bearing goethite and phyllosilicates, herited from lateritic outcrops, were the major Fe and Ni hosts in the upper mangrove sediments. These mineral species were fully preserved at depth in the dry and oxic salt flat area. By contrast, beneath the vegetated Rhizophora and Avicennia stands, goethite rapidly disappeared with depth. In these anoxic horizons, sulfate reduction occurred, and pyrite and organic complexes became the dominant Ni-species. At the limit between oxic and anoxic layers, intense re-oxidation of aqueous Fe(II) and Fe-sulfides led to the formation of ferrihydrite, lepidocrocite and likely goethite. The relative proportion of the newly formed poorly ordered iron-oxyhydroxides was found to be higher in the Rhizophora mangrove stand. Moreover Ni incorporation in pyrite was less developed beneath Rhizophora stand. Such lateral evolution of Ni speciation may be related to reoxidation of Ni-bearing pyrites in the Rhizophora stand, which is subjected to periodic alternation of reducing and oxidizing events due to daily tidal fluctuations. The latter may be a major cause for continuous Fe reduction-oxidation cycles in the vegetated mangrove stands, and could significantly affect iron and nickel mass balances in mangroves. Indeed, Ni was found to be immobile in the salt flat, to accumulate beneath Avicennia and to be partially leached beneath Rhizophora. Eventually, Fe and Ni behavior in mangrove sediments currently oxidizing in response to isolation from the sea, was studied. In the layer of the oxidation front, really high concentrations of dissolved Ni were measured, while Ni concentrations in the solid phase were 4 times lower than in the pyritized horizon, and 2.5 times lower than in the upper sediment. These results suggest that mangrove sediment oxidation was a cause of Ni loss. This PhD thesis allows a better assesment of the mineralogical processes that lead to the fixation or the release of trace metals by mangroves, and is thus useful for the management of mangroves that are situated downstream lateritic watershed
Perrier, Christophe. "Synthèse, caractérisation des propriétés magnétiques et de transport, étude cristallographique et spectroscopie Raman de nouveaux phospho-siliciures de métaux de transition MSixPy (M=Fe, Co, Ni, Ru, Rh, Pd, Os, Ir, Pt)." Grenoble INPG, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995INPG0186.
Full textLuo, Ting. "Study of the mechanisms of silicide formation by isotope diffusion and atom probe tomography." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0413.
Full textWith the downscaling of microelectronic devices, NiSi has been widely used in complementary-metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) transistors as contact on source, drain and gate. However, NiSi suffers from degradation upon annealing at high temperatures. Adding alloying elements is an effective method to increase the stability of nickel monosilicide but the formation sequence of Ni silicides is substantially modified. Therefore, the studies of the phase formation sequence and the stability of monosilicide are of great importance.The solid-state reactions between Ni films alloyed with W and/or Pt and Si substrates were studied mainly by in-situ X-ray diffraction (XRD) and atom probe tomography (APT) using combinatorial analysis of co-deposited gradient films. The phase sequence was monitored by in-situ XRD and APT was used to examine the silicides and reveal the redistribution of alloying elements. The content of alloying elements (W and Pt) has a large impact on the phase sequence of Ni silicides and the kinetics of phase formation. The basic agglomeration mechanism of NiSi thin films was studied. A 15nm pure Ni film was deposited on a Si substrate enriched with isotope multilayers. APT analyses were performed on the sample of Ni/Si (isotope) after an annealing at 600°C. By observing the distribution of Si isotopes (30Si, 29Si and 28Si), whether they maintain a multilayer structure or are mixed together, a mechanism of the agglomeration of NiSi was proposed. This was possible because of the unique capability of APT to observe isotopes in 3D at the atomic scale and it allows a better understanding and to control of the agglomeration of poly-crystalline compound thin films
Li, Tong. "Etude de catalyseurs à base de carbure de molybdène pour le reformage à sec du méthane et la synthèse Fischer-Tropsch." Thesis, Lille 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIL10213/document.
Full textMolybdenum carbide catalysts have been studied in dry methane reforming (DMR) and in Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS). For the DMR reaction, For the DMR, different contents of Ni promoted Mo2C/Al2O3 catalysts were investigated. The results indicated nickel increased the activity and stability of Mo2C/Al2O3 catalysts. The addition of nickel promoted the re-carburization of Mo species from oxycarbide to carbides species and led to the rapid increase of activity during reaction. The different preparation methods also had a significant influence on the nickel promoted Mo2C/Al2O3 catalysts. For FTS, different supports and different promoters have been investigated for the Mo2C based catalysts. The results suggested that alumina supported catalyst exhibited higher light olefins selectivity. Increasing the potassium contents lead to a decreased in t CO hydrogenation activities and also inhibited the water gas shift reaction. However, it obviously increased the olefins selectivity and carbon chain growth properties. At last, DMR under pressure and FTS in the presence of CH4 or CO2 were investigated. The results showed that an increase in pressure led to high carbon deposition over the catalyst surface and the addition of CH4 and CO2 in the syngas decreased the CO hydrogenation activity and affect the products distribution
Martias, Chloé. "Dynamique de la matière organique dissoute colorée et fluorescente en zone lagonaire tropicale dans le Pacifique Sud (Nouvelle Calédonie) : influences climatiques et anthropogéniques." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0133/document.
Full textNew Caledonia (South-West Pacific) is a tropical area under strong environmental pressure (climate change and local anthropogenic forcing). The aim of this thesis was to gain a better understanding of the colored (CDOM) and fluorescent (FDOM) dissolved organic matter dynamic in the New Caledonia Lagoon where strong ultramafic erosion pressure is associated with trace metals (i.e., nickel, manganese and cobalt). 3D spectrofluorimetry was used to characterize the CDOM/FDOM. The West and East coasts were sampled during one year and a half in a context of El Niño (2015-2016), interrupted by strong rainy events (storms) and during CALIOPE 3 cruise (East coast). A parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) of EEMF led to the identification of 5 fluorophores: marine humic-like, 2 tyrosine-like and tryptophan-like peaks (T2 peak) from the biological balance between phytoplankton and bacterioplankton and a terrestrial humic-like from rivers draining caledonian coast. The CDOM signal at 350 and 442 nm had a strong dependency on river inputs accentuated during storms and revealed photodegraded CDOM. The FDOM signal in the East showed a seasonal cycle (wet/dry season) contrary to the West coast depending on sporadic rainy events. Data acquired during the CALIOPE 3 were coupled with trace metal concentrations, biogeochemical parameters, and plankton communities. Some fluorophores displayed a preferential association with nickel and cobalt. The complexation capacities of these fluorophores toward trace metals were revealed by a quenching experiment that allowed to derive complexation constants
Folcher, Nicolas. "Contrôles géodynamiques et climatiques du système fluvio-lacustre de Nouvelle-Calédonie, conséquences sur les gisements de nickel latériques." Thesis, Nouvelle Calédonie, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016NCAL0004/document.
Full textThe Fluvio-lacustrine Formation located in the southern part of the 'Grande-Terre' is confined to small intramontaneous basins which possess a complex geometry. This formation with a maximal thickness of 70m has a distinctive feature which is that it reworks weathering products formed upon peridotites and gabbros (iron-rich laterites, kaolinitic clays).Unlike its name suggests, most of the sedimentary infill occurs in fluvial conditions and often starts with a very coarse torrential conglomerate. The only known occurrences of lacustrine sediments are restricted to actual lakes and dolines. Due to the lobbed shape of some basins and the numerous dolines developed upon the infill, these basins were previously interpreted as 'poljes' resulting from the coalescence of dolines (Trescases, 1975). However, the ante fluvio-lacustrine sediments topography revealed by drillings highlight old valley established by a hydrographic network similar to the actual network, controlled by straight faults. ln most basins (Pernod, Netcha, Plaine des Lacs, K04), sediments from the Fluvio-lacustrine Formation lay directly on in situ weathering formation, which means they have not been much eroded, unlike the north-western part of the island. The lack of well-defined outlets imply a partially endoreic evolution of these basins. Concerning the Rivière des Pirogues basin and the Yaté basin, sediments are limited to the north east by the uplifted block of Unia-Goro which played the role of a dam allowing the accumulation of sediments. Sediments from the Fluvio-lacustrine Formation are constrained by Koum-Yaté-Goro and Koum-Col de Plum fault zone and located at the vertical of a positive gravimetric anomaly. The later, interpreted as a thickening of the Peridotite Nappe could aIso result from a crustal thinning which caused an ascent of the mantle below. Topographic depression created by this process could have favour the accumulation and later preservation of sediments
Drouzy, Marion. "Etude de l'impact terrigène naturel et anthropique sur un système lagonaire tropical grâce à une approche de modélisation 3D hydro-sédimentaire liée à un réseau de mesures." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AIXM0455.
Full textThis thesis presents the adaptation of a hydrodynamic model to the lagoon of New Caledonia, potentially impacted by nickel activity. Hydrodynamic modeling is a tool for estimating and managing spatiotemporal risks for downstream areas. The MARS3D model has been implemented to study the dispersion of a dissolved material (tracer) from rivers. The tracking of this tracer, under the influence of different physical forcings, made it possible to apprehend the fate of dissolved pollutants potential from the mining industry. A residence time characteristic of hydrodynamics, calculated using the model and called the local e-Flushing time (eFTs), has been proposed to determine the zones with the longest residence times, and therefore the prediction of stagnant areas of possible pollutants in the water column, depending on wind and tidal conditions. This indicator is a predictive information tool, easily and quickly exploitable in an approach to estimate pollution risks. The last phase of the thesis work was the implementation of the coupling between the existing hydrodynamic module and the sedimentary module. An important test phase of the various parameterization options was necessary to reproduce the sedimentary characteristics measured in situ. Several pieces of information remain missing, which makes it difficult to use the module for forecasting purposes. However, the influence of terrigenous inputs on the entire modeled domain has been highlighted, raising the potential pollution risks via fixation of contaminants on deposited particles
Hamdani, Fethi. "Improvement of the corrosion and oxidation resistance of Ni-based alloys by optimizing the chromium content." Thesis, Lyon, INSA, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ISAL0012/document.
Full textThis fundamental study is focused on the understanding of the influence of the chemical composition of Ni-based alloys on their corrosion and oxidation mechanisms. This work is not dedicated for a particular application. It is well known for instance that Ni-based alloys are susceptible to intergranular stress corrosion cracking (IGSCC) in primary water. Thus, Alloy600 (Ni-16Cr-9Fe), used in steam generator (SG) tubing, was replaced by higher chromium content material Alloy690 (Ni-30Cr-9Fe). This later shows a better resistance to IGSCC which may be linked to the growth of more protective oxide layer as chromium content is increased to 30 wt.%. The main goal of this study is to investigate: i) the influence of chromium content, ii) impact of iron addition on the corrosion and oxidation resistance of Ni-based alloys in primary water and superheated steam at 700°C. Furthermore, analytical approach in acidic solution is conducted at room temperature. This allowed to establish a relationship between alloying elements and physical properties of the oxide layers. For this purpose, Ni-xCr (14 ≤ x≤ 30 wt.%), Ni-xCr-8Fe (x=14,22 and 30 wt.%) model alloys and industrial material Alloy600 have been studied. To characterize the oxide scales, conventional technics were used: SEM, STEM, EDX, Potentiodynamic, EIS, Chronoamperometry, Mott-Schottky. Furthermore, steam oxidation kinetics was evaluated by means of weight gain measurements. To uncouple the effect of surface cold-work and the chemical composition of the base metal, mirror and electro polishing were carried out. In primary water, critical chromium content (20 wt.%), which corresponds to the minimum amount of chromium required to the transition from non-protective to protective and compact Cr-oxide layer, is determined. However, the analytical approach, using electrochemical technics, at room temperature elucidated the existence of optimum chromium content (26 wt.%) in terms of corrosion resistance. In superheat steam, oxidation kinetics and oxide scale characteristics showed the existence of optimum chromium content (24 wt.%) in terms of oxidation resistance. The corrosion and oxidation resistance is degraded as chromium content was increased more than optimal amount. Iron addition (8 wt.%) had a detrimental effect on the protectivess of the resulting oxide scales. Finally, this study showed that optimizing of chromium content is more appropriate method for enhancing corrosion and oxidation resistance, that increasing chromium content to high level is not necessary beneficial to those parameters. This work provides a useful knowledge to design new alternative materials. For this purpose, more investigations should be conducted to test other parameters such as: weldability, fabricability, thermal conductivity,etc
Mollard, Maël. "Elaboration de systèmes barrière thermique par barbotine : comportement du nickel et de ses superalliages revêtus en oxydation cyclique à haute température." Phd thesis, Université de La Rochelle, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00839920.
Full textPasquet, Camille. "Evaluation de la biodisponibilité du nickel, cobalt et manganèse dans les poussières de sols ultramafiques et développement d'un outil de bioindication lichénique des poussières émises par les activités minières en Nouvelle Calédonie." Thesis, Nouvelle Calédonie, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016NCAL0008/document.
Full textBioavailability estimation of nickel, cobalt and manganese in dust from ultramafic soils likely to be mobilized by wind and~eve lopment of a bioindication tool using lichen for dust emitted by mining activities in New Caledonia New Caledonian altered ultramafic soils, particularly rich in Ni, Co, Mn and Cr, are extracted by opencast mines which generale dust rich in metals. The objective of th is work is to develop approaches for environmental risk assessment of dust emitted by opencast mines and nickel ore metallurgical plants. The assessmentof metals' bioavailable fraction from two dust granulometrie size fractions, one less than 100 IJm which is mobilizable by wind (F<1001Jm,) and another one able to penetrate the respiratory system (PM 1 0), has been determined by kinetic extraction with EDT A. The development of a new separation deviee based on particle transport subjected to a nitrogen flux in a horizontal tube has been necessary for PM1 0 segregation. Kinetic extractions le ad to the distinction of th ree metal pools: rapidly labile, less rapidly labile and non-bioavailable. Trace metal potentially bioavailable concentrations were always high and the less rapidly labile pool is always the most concentrated pool. Concerning F<1 001Jm, the less rapidly kinetic constant of the less rapidly labile pool is weaker for mining soils than forest soils. F<1001Jm fractions from mining soils representa more durable reserve in trace metal than the same fraction from forest soils. Bioindication using lichens with compositional data analysis of their metal concentration allow defining an indicator of emission dispersion. This methodology could support air quality monitoring networks in New Caledonia