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Isniyati, Heni, and Mustafa Daru Affandi. "Air Stripping as an Effective Carbon Monoxide (CO) Adsorption Model on Cigarette Smoke." Unnes Journal of Public Health 7, no. 2 (July 1, 2018): 78–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/ujph.v7i2.17856.
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ABSTRACT
Carbon Monoxide (CO) produced from smoke by cigarettes has a certain level that accumulates indoors and affects indoor air quality. The purpose of this study was to see how effective the method of air stripping in reducing CO gas concentration by using activated carbon, silica sand, and zeolite media in the experimental room which has a volume of 1000 litters. This research was performed in the laboratory by using pre-experiment random group design. The independent variables of this study include activated carbon, zeolite, and silica sand as adsorbent, while the dependent variable of this study was carbon monoxide concentration. The test was carried out by measuring the accumulation of CO gas from burning cigarette, and subsequent testing with air stripping test treatment by using the varies adsorbent on 30 minutes. From the test results obtained the highest percentage reduction of CO concentration, which was 50.89% by using the activated carbon adsorbent medium, and the lowest percentage of CO reduction was 5.85% by using silica sand adsorbent medium. The difference of CO gas concentration was significant after passing air stripping process by using zeolite media, activated carbon and silica sand with significance level p value = 0.0001. There were significant differences in the ability of zeolite, activated carbon and silica sand to reduce CO concentration, with p value = 0.0001.
Keywords: Carbon Monoxide Concentration, Air Stripping, Adsorption, Activated Carbon, Zeolite, Silica Sand
ABSTRAK
Karbon Monoksida (CO) yang dihasilkan dari asap oleh rokok memiliki kadar tertentu yang terakumulasi di dalam ruangan dan mempengaruhi kualitas udara dalam ruangan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk melihat seberapa besar efektivitas metode air stripping dalam menurunkan konsentrasi gas CO dengan menggunakan media karbon aktif, pasir silika dan pasir zeolit di dalam ruangan percobaan yang memiliki volume 1000 liter. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian yang dilakukan di dalam laboratorium dengan menggunakan pre-eksperimen desain kelompok acak. Variabel bebas dari penelitian ini meliputi karbon aktif, pasir zeolite dan pasir silika sebagai adsorben, sedangkan variabel terikat dari penelitian ini konsentrasi karbon monoksida.. Pengujian dilakukan dengan mengukur akumulasi gas CO dari pembakaran rokok, dan pengujian berikutnya dengan perlakuan uji air stripping menggunakan adsorben yang berbeda-beda dengan waktu pengujian selama 30 menit. Dari hasil uji didapatkan persentase penurunan konsentrasi CO tertinggi, yaitu 50,89 % dengan menggunakan media adsorben karbon aktif, dan persentase penurunan CO terendah yaitu 5,85% dengan menggunakan media adsorben pasir silika. Perbedaan konsentrasi gas CO yang signifikan setelah melalui proses air stripping dengan menggunakan media zeolit, karbon aktif dan pasir silika dengan taraf signifikasi nilai p = 0,0001. Ada perbedaan nilai yang signifikan terhadap kemampuan media zeolit, karbon aktif dan pasir silika dalam menurunkan konsentrasi CO, dengan nilai p = 0,0001.
Kata kunci : Konsentrasi Karbon Monoksida, Air Stripping, Adsorbsi, Karbon aktif, Zeolit, pasir silika
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Andriani, Yuli, ,. Zahidah, Yayat Dhahiyat, Ujang Subhan, Irfan Zidni, Rusky Intan Pratama, and Nadia Purnamasari Gumay. "The effectiveness of the use of filter on the number of Nitrosomonas sp. and water quality in aquaponics systems." Jurnal Akuakultur Indonesia 17, no. 1 (January 29, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.19027/jai.17.1.1-8.
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<p><strong>ABSTRACT</strong></p><p>This study aims to determine the most effective type of living filter media for the bacteria Nitrosomonas sp. in order to improve water quality in aquaponics systems. The method used in this study was completely randomized design, consisting of five treatments and each was repeated three times. The treatments were: A (without addition of filter media), B (addition of palm fibers, silica sand, and activated carbon), C (addition of palm fibers, silica sand, gravel, and activated carbon), D (addition of palm fibers, silica sand, rocks, and activated carbon), and E (addition of palm fibers, silica sand, bioball, and activated carbon). Parameters measured were: 1) the number of Nitrosomonas bacteria, 2) water quality (ammonia, nitrate, and phosphate); and, 3) productivity of fish and Chinese spinach. Data were analyzed using a descriptive method. The findings show that the highest number of bacteria was found in treatment E, 9.29×105 CFU/mL on the bioball filter media and 4.43×105 CFU/mL in rearing tanks. The best water quality was in treatment B, with a concentration of ammonia of 0.17 mg/L, nitrate of 0.33 mg/L, and phosphate of 0.54 mg/L. Plant productivity was the best in treatment B in which the average length and weight reach 48.1 cm and 11.1 grams of plant/week, respectively. The best fish growth was seen in treatment C with an absolute growth rate of 4.4 grams and a specific growth rate of 1.9%/day. The recommended filter was made of Arenga pinnata fibers, silica sand, gravels, and active carbon of about 2 cm thick each.The results showed that the type of filter on the aquaponic system had an effect on the amount of Nitrosomonas sp. in water, water quality, and the productivity of Chinese spinach.</p><p>Keywords: aquaponics, filter, water quality, Nitrosomonas sp.</p><p><strong>ABSTRAK</strong></p><p>Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan jenis filter yang paling efektif sebagai media hidup bakteri Nitrosomonas sp. sehingga menghasilkan kualitas air yang baik dalam sistem akuaponik. Rancangan percobaan yang digunakan adalah rancangan acak lengkap, yaitu lima perlakuan dengan tiga kali pengulangan. Perlakuan dalam penelitian ini meliputi: A (tanpa penambahan media filter), B (penambahan media filter ijuk, pasir silika, dan karbon aktif), C (penambahan media filter ijuk, pasir silika, kerikil, dan karbon aktif), D (penambahan media filter ijuk, pasir silika, batu, dan karbon aktif), dan E (penambahan media filter ijuk, pasir silika, bioball, dan karbon aktif). Parameter yang diamati adalah: 1) jumlah bakteri, 2) kualitas air (meliputi amonia, nitrat, dan fosfat), serta 3) produktivitas ikan dan kangkung air. Data hasil penelitian dianalisis secara deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa jumlah kelimpahan bakteri Nitrosomonas sp. tertinggi terdapat pada perlakuan E, yaitu 9,29×105 CFU/mL pada media filter bioball dan 4,43×105 CFU/mL pada media air pemeliharan. Adapun kualitas air terbaik yaitu pada perlakuan B dengan konsentrasi amonia 0,17 mg/L, nitrat 0,33 mg/L, dan fosfat 0,54 mg/L. Produktivitas kangkung terbaik yaitu pada perlakuan B dengan panjang rata-rata mencapai 48,1 cm dan bobot tanaman 11,1 gram/minggu. Pertumbuhan ikan terbaik terdapat pada perlakuan C, dengan nilai pertumbuhan ikan mutlak sebesar 4,4 gram dan pertumbuhan spesifik 1,9%/hari. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa jenis filter pada sistem akuaponik berpengaruh terhadap jumlah Nitrosomonas sp. dalam air, kualitas air, dan produktivitas tanaman kangkung. Filter yang disarankan dari hasil penelitian ini adalah yang tersusun atas ijuk, pasir silika, batukerikil, dan karbon aktif masing-masing setinggi ±2 cm.</p><p>Kata kunci: akuaponik, filter, kualitas air, Nitrosomonas sp., produktivitas tanaman</p>
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Prknová, H. "The use of silica sand in micropropagation of woods." Journal of Forest Science 53, No. 2 (January 7, 2008): 88–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/2138-jfs.
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Cultures <i>in vitro</i> made in agar are rather precarious, because gel strength varies both with the medium formula used and the source and grade of agar. Any solidifying agent (like for example agar) should be strong enough to support cultivated plantlets, yet liquid enough to allow the nutrients and drossy products from plants through the medium. It should also be a chemically inert material. Agar, especially in acid solutions, is an undefined constituent of culture media, namely in the mentioned properties. Silica sand, used in cultures of herbs up to the present time, is applicable also in cultures of <i>Sorbus sudetica</i>. The required acid medium is exactly defined if sand is substituted for agar. Similar cultures of wood species, including conifers, will be realized in future research.
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Nugraha, Media Fitri Isma, Rossa Yunita, Endang Gati Lestari, and Idil Ardi. "Pembentukan mother plant Bacopa australis secara In-vitro dan aklimatisasi dalam aquascape air tawar." Media Akuakultur 12, no. 2 (December 21, 2017): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.15578/ma.12.2.2017.85-94.
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Tanaman air adalah bagian penting dari ekosistem air tawar. Salah satu spesies yang terkenal adalah Bacopa australis. Hobiis aquascape saat ini memiliki ketertarikan tinggi terhadap tanaman air dengan kualitas yang bagus dari setiap spesiesnya. Metode perbanyakan tanaman air tanpa tanah, lahan pertanian dan air perlu dilakukan untuk memenuhi keinginan tersebut. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mendapatkan formula media kultur jaringan dan zat pengatur tumbuh yang tepat untuk multiplikasi dalam perakitan mother plant (tanaman induk) Bacopa australis, serta mendapatkan media terbaik untuk aklimatisasi. Media yang digunakan adalah media Murashige dan Skoog (MS) A padat dengan perbedaan konsentrasi zat pengatur tumbuh. Perlakuan uji dalam kombinasi zat pengatur tumbuh (a) 0,50 mg/L BAP + 0,50 mg/L kinetin; (b) 0,50 mg/L BAP; dan (c) 0,50 mg/L 2,4-D. Aklimatisasi tanaman induk dilakukan pada berbagai media antara lain 1) pasir silika + pupuk aqua soil amazonia, 2). pasir malang + pupuk aqua soil amazonia, 3) pasir silika + pupuk cair; 4) pasir malang + pupuk. Hasil yang diperoleh, yaitu formula media kultur terbaik untuk multiplikasi tunas tanaman B. australis secara in-vitro adalah media MS (A) yang diperkaya dengan 0,5 mg/L BAP + 0,5 mg/L kinetin, sedangkan aklimatisasi terbaik pada media pasir malang + pupuk aqua soil amazonia.Water plant is an important part of freshwater ecosystems. One of the famous species is Bacopa australis. Today, many aquascape hobbyists have a high interest in aquatic plant species that have good aesthetic appearances. To answer this challenge, a new method in-vitro propagation of aquatic plants, planted without soil, agricultural land and water was conducted. The aim of this research was to find the best growth regulator hormon formula and aclimatisation medium, in creating the mother plant Bacopa australis. The medium used was MS (Murashige and Skoog, 1974) with different growth regulator hormon, i.e: (a) 0.50 mg L-1 BAP + 0.50 mg L-1 kinetin, (b) 0.50 mg L-1 BAP, (c) 0.50 mg L-1 2.4-D. The aclimatisation of the mother plant candidates used four treatments, i.e: (1) silica sand + aqua soil amazonia fertilizer, (2) malang sand + aqua soil amazonia fertilizer, (3) silica sand + liquid fertilizer, (4) malang sand + liquid fertilizer. The results showed that the best formula for in-vitro multiplication mother plant of Bacopa australis was MS medium with 0.5 mg/L BAP + 0.5 mg/L kinetin (treatment A). The best medium aclimatisation was malang sand + aqua soil amazonia fertilizer medium.
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Selfia, Meri, Nur Aida, and Arief Rahman. "PENGOLAHAN LIMBAH CAIR PENCUCIAN KENDARAAN DENGAN SISTEM FILTRASI MENGGUNAKAN FILTER MULTIMEDIA." Lingkar : Journal of Environmental Engineering 3, no. 1 (July 29, 2022): 17–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.22373/ljee.v3i1.1925.
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The increase in vehicle washing services has a major impact on the environment, human health and ecosystems in water bodies. One method of treating vehicle washing liquid waste using a filtration system has been proven to be effective and capable of breaking down pollutants contained in wastewater. However, filtration using activated carbon, silica sand, zeolite and gravel media with different variations and doses of media thickness to reduce levels in the parameters pH, TSS, COD and Phosphate has not been studied. This study was conducted to determine the effect of variations and doses of filter media and their effectiveness in reducing the levels of TSS, COD, pH and Phosphate in vehicle washing waste, with variations in the thickness of activated carbon media 10, 20, 25 cm and silica sand, zeolite, gravel 15 , 20 cm. The results showed that activated carbon, silica sand, zeolite and gravel media were able to reduce TSS, COD, pH and phosphate levels. The decrease in levels is highest in the 6th variation. The percentage of TSS is 97.13%, COD is 93.93%, Phosphate is 74% and a decrease in pH 7. From the data presented, it can be seen that all variations are able to reduce levels of pollutant parameters. in vehicle washing waste.
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Ridgway, H. J., J. Kandula, and A. Stewart. "Optimising the medium for producing arbuscular mycorrhizal spores and the effect of inoculation on grapevine growth." New Zealand Plant Protection 59 (August 1, 2006): 338–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2006.59.4591.
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Arbuscular mycorrhizae form obligate symbioses with the majority of vascular plants Propagation of these fungi relies on maintenance of pure pot cultures typically sterile sand supplemented with a nutrient solution is used However river sand is inappropriate for New Zealand species as it is denser than soils and prone to water logging Three different media (silica sand pumice and potting mix) at two particle sizes (5001000 micro;m and 10001400 micro;m) were mixed in nine combinations for the propagation of arbuscular mycorrhizae spores The results showed that the silica sand/pumice medium (5001000 micro;m bulk density of 1) produced the greatest (Plt;001) number of spores (170/ml of substrate) The density of the media had the greatest effect on spore formation Inoculations of grapevines with spores derived from these cultures significantly improved both root and shoot growth
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Abel, Chol D. T., Saroj K. Sharma, Ervin Buçpapaj, and Maria D. Kennedy. "Impact of hydraulic loading rate and media type on removal of bulk organic matter and nitrogen from primary effluent in a laboratory-scale soil aquifer treatment system." Water Science and Technology 68, no. 1 (July 1, 2013): 217–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2013.242.
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The effect of hydraulic loading rate (HLR) and media type on the removal of bulk organic matter and nitrogen from primary effluent during soil aquifer treatment was investigated by conducting laboratory-scale soil column studies. Two soil columns packed with silica sand were operated at HLRs of 0.625 and 1.25 m/d, while a third column was packed with dune filtering material and operated at HLR of 1.25 m/d. Bulk organic matter was effectively removed by 47.5 ± 1.2% and 45.1 ± 1.2% in silica sand columns operated at 0.625 and 1.25 m/d, respectively and 57.3 ± 7.6% in dune filtering material column operated at 1.25 m/d. Ammonium-nitrogen reduction of 74.5 ± 18.0% was achieved at 0.625 m/d compared to 39.1 ± 4.3% at 1.25 m/d in silica sand columns, whereas 49.2 ± 5.2% ammonium-nitrogen reduction was attained at 1.25 m/d in the dune filtering material column. Ammonium-nitrogen reduction in the first 3 m was assumed to be dominated by nitrification process evidenced by corresponding increase in nitrate. Part of the ammonium-nitrogen was adsorbed onto the media, which was observed at higher rates between 3 and 5 m in silica sand column operated at HLR of 0.625 m/d and dune filtering material column operated at 1.25 m/d compared to 1.25 m/d silica.
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Winters, Katherine, Woodman Berry, Greg Seimens, and Oliver-Denzil Taylor. "Failure mode transitions of unconfined granular media from dry to unsaturated to “quasi-fully” saturated states." E3S Web of Conferences 195 (2020): 03023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202019503023.
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Recent research has shown discrepancies between the prevailing mathematical representations of near-surface shear strength and the observed shear strengths. This investigation focuses on three granular materials, i.e., 1) poorly-graded, medium-fine silica-quartz sand, 2) an engineered silica-quartz mix of 3.38-mm and 0.638-mm sub-angular particles, and 3) an angular fused quartz sand. Specimens were tested under load-controlled conditions at variable saturations in order to identify and quantify the influence of suction on the granular structures and failure modes. All three materials exhibited localized radial particle force chain buckling failures in unconfined drained dry (UDκ) conditions and classical shear failures in the unconfined drained unsaturated shear (UDP) conditions. In unconfined drained suction failures (UDS) conditions, the poorly-graded, medium-fine silica-quartz sand exhibited a bulging and sloughing failure without weeping, while the other two materials wept and then held loads before failure. Thus, it is suggested that the pore fluid had a predominate lubrication (strength weakening) effect, and the assumption of structure stiffening (strength increase) from matric suction may not be valid at near-surface conditions for sub-angular silica-quartz materials but is valid for the angular fused quartz.
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Ungvári, Csaba, Andrea Izbéki-Szabolcsik, and Ildikó Bodnár. "Analysis of Greywater Samples Treated by Filtration." Műszaki Tudományos Közlemények 9, no. 1 (October 1, 2018): 247–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.33894/mtk-2018.09.57.
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Abstract In our research we pre-treated synthetically produced greywaters with filtration on various filters. We characterised the quality of greywater samples using several parameters. We investigated these parameters on the untreated and pre-treated samples as well. We evaluated the efficiency of the treatments by measuring the characteristic parameters. It was shown that the most effective pre-treatment for the greywater’s preparation for reuse is filtration on silica sand or activated charcoal and silica sand combined filter media.
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Li, Hui, Yong-sheng Zhao, Zhan-tao Han, and Mei Hong. "Transport of sucrose-modified nanoscale zero-valent iron in saturated porous media: role of media size, injection rate and input concentration." Water Science and Technology 72, no. 9 (July 13, 2015): 1463–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2015.308.
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The growing use of nanoscale zero-valent iron (NZVI) in the remediation of contaminated groundwater raises concerns regarding its transport in aquifers. Laboratory-scale sand-packed column experiments were conducted with bare and sucrose-modified NZVI (SM-NZVI) to improve our understanding of the transport of the nanoparticles in saturated porous media, as well as the role of media size, suspension injection rate and concentration on the nanoparticle behavior. As the main indicative parameters, the normalized effluent concentration was measured and the deposition rate coefficient (k) was calculated for different simulated conditions. Overall, compared to the high retention of bare NZVI in the saturated silica column, SM-NZVI suspension could travel through the coarse sand column easily. However, the transport of SM-NZVI particles was not very satisfactory in a smaller size granular matrix especially in fine silica sand. Furthermore, the value of k regularly decreased with the increasing injection rate of suspension but increased with suspension concentration, which could reflect the role of these factors in the SM-NZVI travel process. The calculation of k-value at the tests condition adequately described the experimental results from the point of deposition dynamics, which meant the assumption of first-order deposition kinetics for the transport of NZVI particles was reasonable and feasible.
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Carbone, Marco, Giuseppina Garofalo, Serena Malomo, and Patrizia Piro. "Stormwater Suspended Solids Reduction in Sand-Zelbrite Filter Media." Advanced Materials Research 1065-1069 (December 2014): 2952–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1065-1069.2952.
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The use of the filtration process based on zeolite for stormwater treating has been recently increased. This study reports the results obtained from a laboratory experimental testing on a treatment unit consisting of a gravel drainage layer, a filtering media composed of zelbrite (a synthetic zeolite) and silica sand. The filter media is fed with typical stormwater particulate matter (PM) loadings. The treatment performance is evaluated in terms of total suspended solids (TSS) reduction. In addition, the transformation of PM particle size distribution (PSD) through the filtering media is also determined. The findings show that TSS reduction varies from 76% to 91% for different influent PM loads.
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Aksoğan, S., A. Baştürk, E. Yüksel, and Ö. Akgiray. "On the use of crushed shells of apricot stones as the upper layer in dual media filters." Water Science and Technology 48, no. 11-12 (December 1, 2004): 497–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0899.
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The use of crushed shells of apricot stones instead of anthracite coal in dual-media filters is investigated. Turbidity removal efficiencies were measured for several filtration rates in dual media filters composed of shells of apricot stones above silica sand and anthracite coal above silica sand. Backwash (fluidization) experiments were carried out using sieved fractions of crushed shells of apricot stones to establish curves of expansion versus backwash velocity at 25°C. Such curves can be used in the design of filters employing this material. It is believed that the use of such a locally available and cheaper alternative filter medium would be of interest in many small water and wastewater treatment systems around the world.
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Aurum, Putri, Sri Wilarso Budi, and Prijanto Pamoengkas. "Mycorrhizal Dependency of Three Forest Trees Species Grown in Post Sand Silica Mining Media." Jurnal Ilmu Pertanian Indonesia 25, no. 2 (April 22, 2020): 309–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.18343/jipi.25.2.309.
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Rutledge, S. O., and G. A. Gagnon. "Comparing crushed recycled glass to silica sand for dual media filtration." Journal of Environmental Engineering and Science 1, no. 5 (September 2002): 349–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/s02-023.
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Zhou, Nian Qing, Shan Zhao, Wei Song, and Jun Otani. "Contaminant migration in unsaturated porous media using X-ray computerized tomography (CT)." Water Science and Technology 69, no. 5 (December 21, 2013): 953–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2013.801.
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Landfills are usually located in unsaturated zones. Contaminant leaking can easily infiltrate groundwater through these porous media and contribute to groundwater pollution. The main objective of this work is to study the leachate migration in unsaturated porous media using X-ray computerized tomography (CT) and image-processing software. Silica sand and Yamazuna sand (collected from Japan) with different particle sizes are considered. Potassium iodide (KI) solution is used as a contaminant and injected into sand specimens at appropriate rates. The specimens are scanned at each cross section before and after contaminant injection by X-ray CT. Subsequently, all CT images are transformed into mean CT values by Image J software. VGStudio software is then used to reconstruct the subtracted images into three-dimensional images. The results indicate that vertical migration is dominant in uniform sand and horizontal migration is the main behavior in well-graded sand. Meanwhile, it is also confirmed that CT scanning is an effective technology to study contaminant migration in unsaturated porous media with different grain sizes.
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Jeż-Walkowiak, Joanna, Malgorzata Komorowska-Kaufman, Zbysław Dymaczewski, Marek M. Sozański, and Przemysław Zakrzewski. "Properties of catalyst for iron and manganese oxidation in filter materials." E3S Web of Conferences 59 (2018): 00014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20185900014.
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The aim of this work is to determine the properties of contact layers of grain of different type of filter media in term of their suitability for catalytical manganese oxidation and auto-activation for manganese removal from groundwater. The following oxidative filtration materials were investigated: auto-activated silica sand taken from full-scale filters (oxide coated filter media), Pyrolox – manganese ore – natural material and Hydrolit – artificially activated material. As a reference two natural not chemically active materials were tested: clean silica sand and clean chalcedonite. The investigation resulted in chemical composition and microstructure parameters of catalyst contact layers of grains. The modern analytical methods were used: EDAX, Raman spectroscopy, mercury and helium porozymetry. The data indicated that catalyst from autoacivated filtration material has better chemical composition and porosity parameters in comparison to tested catalytic filtration materials, making it more suitable for adsorption and catalytic manganese oxidation.
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Jettanasen, Junya, Tanchanok Prakit, Nattapon Thongyoo, and Panapong Songsukthawan. "Loading of Silver Nanoparticles onto Silica Sand Surface and Simulating of Heat Dissipation for Therapeutic Heat Applications." Materials Science Forum 1051 (January 25, 2022): 3–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1051.3.
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To develop the heat storage media for therapeutic heat applications, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were loaded onto silica sand surface using chemical reduction method. The thermal properties of these two materials were combined and the loading efficiency was verified by using UV-Visible spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and X-Ray Diffraction Spectroscopy (XRD). Observation by SEM revealed that the silver nanoparticles were homogeneously immobilized onto the silica sand surface and XRD results confirmed the formation of nanocrystalline silver. The crystallite size calculated by Scherrer formula was about 20 nm. It was also found that the particles increased in size and partially agglomerated when the concentration of AgNO3 solutions increased. Furthermore, to estimate the appropriate quantity of the nanoparticles for heating pad application, the finite element simulation by ANSYS was applied. The simulation results showed that the thermal dissipation of the silica sand was improved after loading of the silver nanoparticles. It was also found that the thermal dissipation increased with the silver proportion but 1.50% of silver concentration are sufficient to provide a significant thermal effect.
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Yang, Zhangmei, Xinhong Qiu, Zhanqiang Fang, and Tsang Pokeung. "Transport of nano zero-valent iron supported by mesoporous silica microspheres in porous media." Water Science and Technology 71, no. 12 (April 3, 2015): 1800–1805. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2015.158.
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Effective in situ remediation of groundwater requires the successful delivery of reactive iron particles through sand. However, the agglomeration of nano zero-valent iron (NZVI) particles limits the migration distance, which inhibits their usefulness. In the study described herein, NZVI supported by mesoporous silica microspheres covered with FeOOH (SiO2@FeOOH@Fe) was synthesized, and its mobility was demonstrated on the basis of transport in porous media. Degradation of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE209) was more efficient by SiO2@FeOOH@Fe than by ‘bare’ NZVI. Breakthrough curves and mass recovery showed the mobility of SiO2@FeOOH@Fe in granular media was better than that of bare NZVI. It increased greatly in the presence of natural organic matter (NOM) and decreased when high Ca2+ and Mg2+ concentrations were encountered. Analysis of the transport data on the basis of filtration theory showed diffusion to be the main mechanism for particle removal in silicon sand. Increasing the NOM may decrease agglomeration of the grains of sand, which has a positive effect on the mobility of SiO2@FeOOH@Fe. Presumably, increasing the concentrations of Ca2+ and Mg2+ compresses the diffuse double layer of SiO2@FeOOH@Fe, resulting in a reduction of mobility.
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Hunce, Selda Yiğit, Elif Soyer, and Ömer Akgiray. "Use of filterability index in granular filtration: effect of filter medium type, size and shape." Water Supply 19, no. 2 (April 27, 2018): 382–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2018.083.
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Abstract Ives' Filterability Index (FI) was employed to evaluate silica sand versus crushed recycled glass as a rapid filter media. The presence of past studies comparing these two media allows an evaluation of the applicability and utility of the FI concept as a simple and quick preliminary test for the assessment of different media to be used in water filtration. The present tests also allow an evaluation of the effect of shape on filter performance.
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Gabelich, Christopher J., Fredrick W. Gerringer, Connie C. Lee, and William R. Knocke. "Sequential Manganese Desorption and Sequestration in Anthracite Coal and Silica Sand Filter Media." Journal - American Water Works Association 98, no. 5 (May 2006): 116–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1551-8833.2006.tb07665.x.
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Graciano-Uribe, Jonathan, Toni Pujol, Jaume Puig-Bargués, Miquel Duran-Ros, Gerard Arbat, and Francisco Ramírez de Cartagena. "Assessment of Different Pressure Drop-Flow Rate Equations in a Pressurized Porous Media Filter for Irrigation Systems." Water 13, no. 16 (August 9, 2021): 2179. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13162179.
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The small open area available at the slots of underdrains in pressurized granular bed filters for drip irrigation implies: (1) the existence of a region with non-uniform flow, and (2) local values of modified particle Reynolds number >500. These flow conditions may disagree with those accepted as valid for common pressure drop-flow rate correlations proposed for packed beds. Here, we carried out detailed computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations of a laboratory filter to analyze the results obtained with five different equations of head losses in porous media: (1) Ergun, (2) Darcy-Forchheimer, (3) Darcy, (4) Kozeny-Carman and (5) power function. Simulations were compared with experimental data at different superficial velocities obtained from previous studies. Results for two silica sand media indicated that all equations predicted total filter pressure drop values within the experimental uncertainty range when superficial velocities <38.3 m h−1. At higher flow rates, Ergun equation approximated the best to the observed results for silica sand media, being the expression recommended. A simple analytical model of the pressure drop along flow streamlines that matched CFD simulation results was developed.
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Kim, Mi-Sug, and Dong-Heui Kwak. "Treatment characteristics and effects of nanoparticle zero-valent iron (nZVI) powder on nitrogen removal efficiency for sewage treatment." Water Quality Research Journal 49, no. 3 (April 23, 2014): 273–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrjc.2014.102.
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This study aims at estimating nanoparticle typed zero-valent iron (nZVI) process as an advanced nitrogen removal technique. To focus on investigating characteristics and effects of nZVI on nitrogen removal for sewage treatment, batch reactor experiments were conducted to reduce excessive nitrate nitrogen (NO3-N). To improve NO3-N removal efficiency and to find a supporter or alternative of nZVI, silica sand, synthetic zeolite, and a mixture of silica sand, synthetic zeolite, and nZVI were used in the experiments. As a result of this study, the chemical denitrification by nZVI attracted on the magnet surface may be useful for total nitrogen removal in conventional sewage and wastewater treatment plants under the optimal conditions, and application of silica sand also is an excellent adsorbent or media for N-component removal and a supporter as well. This study concludes the end product in this study may be nitrogen gas (N2) through Fe0 reaction with O2 and NO3− in aerobic nZVI (Fe0)–H2O system. Future study is required to examine the competition of nZVI between nitrate and many other compounds depending upon various experimental conditions for improving the nitrate removal efficiency and impeding the ammonium generation.
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Buamah, R., B. Petrusevski, D. de Ridder, T. S. C. M. van de Wetering, and J. C. Shippers. "Manganese removal in groundwater treatment: practice, problems and probable solutions." Water Supply 9, no. 1 (March 1, 2009): 89–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2009.009.
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Most drinking water production plants use rapid sand filters for the removal of manganese from groundwater. The start-up of manganese removal on newly installed sand media is slow, taking several weeks till months. Reducing this period in order to prevent the loss of water during this phase has become an issue of concern. In this study pilot and bench scale experiments were conducted to investigate the mechanism, influence of operational conditions (e.g. filtration rate, manganese loading) and measures that enhance manganese removal capacity of the sand media. Other filter media were investigated with the objective of finding suitable substitutes for the sand. The development of the adsorptive/catalytic coating the sand media in a pilot plant was very slow, notwithstanding the relatively high pH of 8. Low manganese concentration and more frequent backwashing resulted in a longer start up period of the manganese removal. It can not be excluded, that nitrite has a negative effect as well. Measurements in the lab and bench scale tests show that the rate of adsorption/oxidation of manganese in the top layer of the filter bed is too low to explain the complete manganese removal in the filters. It is likely that the adsorptive catalyst in the top layer has partly been covered with ferric hydroxide. From the Freundlich's isotherms determined for 6 different filter media, a crushed medium consisting of mainly manganese dioxide and some silica, iron and aluminium (Aquamandix) followed by iron oxide coated sand, containing some manganese, demonstrated highest adsorption capacities at pHs 6 and 8. These materials can therefore be potential substitutes for sand in situations of slow start-up of manganese removal.
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Feng, Hai Gang, He Li Wang, and Liu Xin Jing. "Mixture of Walnut Shell and Sand Used to Nitrate Removal in Groundwater." Advanced Materials Research 356-360 (October 2011): 459–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.356-360.459.
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The excess nitrate in groundwater could be removed by heterotrophic denitrifying bacteria, though often limited by scarce carbon source present. Denitrification in two columns filled with walnut shell and its mixture with silica sand was studied. Both media showed high nitrate removal (>90%) with trace amounts of nitrite left over. The nitrate removal rates of two columns, 0.039±0.003, 0.029±0.003 g N L-1d-1, respectively, were zero order (r2=0.9181, 0.9998 for each column) in kinetics, which demonstrated a low C/N ratio herein. Despite of the implication that denitrification was carbon-limited, the organic matter residue in both columns, especially in pure walnut shell, were still problematic. The mixture media was suggested as potential PRB media for its satisfactory nitrate removal and relatively low COD residue; though we believed these hardly degradable organic residues require more study.
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Wang, Hong, Yuanfang Huang, Chongyang Shen, Junxue Wu, An Yan, and Hongyan Zhang. "Co-transport of Pesticide Acetamiprid and Silica Nanoparticles in Biochar-Amended Sand Porous Media." Journal of Environmental Quality 45, no. 5 (September 2016): 1749–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq2016.02.0073.
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Paul, Matthew J., Steven R. Biegalski, Derek A. Haas, and Justin D. Lowrey. "Adsorptive transport of noble gas tracers in porous media." International Journal of Modern Physics: Conference Series 48 (January 2018): 1860124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010194518601242.
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The transport of noble gas radionuclides in porous media is relevant to the detection of underground nuclear detonations as well as the sequestration of reprocessing off-gases. However, in field tests releasing radioxenon underground, the quantity of radioxenon observed at the surface has fallen well below expectations.[Formula: see text] This study examined the diffusivity of noble gases (Kr and Xe) and the inert molecular gas sulfur hexafluoride (SF[Formula: see text] in porous media to observe any unexpected behavior. To replicate the transport of radiogenic noble gases in underground media, a two-bulb gaseous diffusion apparatus was constructed. The two bulbs were connected with a column of 10–30 Ottawa sand and ordinary atmosphere filled both the bulbs and pore spaces. The tracer gases were diluted in an isolated bulb to approximately 1000 ppm. Once released, the gases were allowed to diffuse through the column. Aliquots were withdrawn at regular time intervals from both bulbs and concentrations were quantified using a Shimadzu QP2010 SE gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer. The effective diffusivity was then calculated using a maximum likelihood estimate on the quasi-steady state model. The effective diffusivity of Xe in the silica sand was observed to be 135.2% that of SF[Formula: see text] whereas the effective diffusivity of Kr was observed to be 161.4% that of sulfur hexafluoride. These findings are consistent with the binary diffusivities in N[Formula: see text]: 132.6% and 161.7%, respectively. However, the apparent volume of the system was inconsistent amongst the species, with Xe converging at slightly lower gas-phase concentrations than Kr or SF[Formula: see text]. This apparent reduction in gas-phase concentration occurred within the first few measurements and is consistent with transient accumulation of an adsorbed phase. As the effective diffusivities in the silica sand were shown to be consistent with the binary diffusivities in N[Formula: see text], a porosity-tortuosity model appears to be sufficient when considering similar geological materials. However, with the observation of significant gas adsorption, consideration of adsorbed-phase accumulation is necessary when scaling to larger geological systems.
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Soyer, Elif, Ömer Akgiray, Nursen Öz Eldem, and Ahmet Mete Saatçı. "On the Use of Crushed Recycled Glass Instead of Silica Sand in Dual-Media Filters." CLEAN - Soil, Air, Water 41, no. 4 (January 11, 2013): 325–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/clen.201100470.
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Wilarso, Sri, Putri Maharani, Andi Sukendro, and Cahyo Wibowo. "The Role of MycoSilvi, Lime and Compost on The Growth of Balsa (Ochroma bicolor Rowlee.) Seedling in Post Silica Sand Mine Media." Journal of Sylva Indonesiana 3, no. 01 (February 21, 2020): 28–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/jsi.v3i01.2040.
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Problems arising from silica sand mining are decreasing soil fertility, as well as the presence of high heavy metals such as Fe and Al, which inhibits the growth of revegetation plants. The purpose of this study was to analyze the response of the growth of balsa seedlings (Ochroma bicolor Rowlee.) on silica sand post-mining media treated with MycoSilvi, compost, and lime and determine the most optimal combination of MycoSilvi, compost, and lime treatment. This study uses a completely randomized design (CRD) with a split-plot design with 3 treatment factors, namely the addition of MycoSilvi, compost, and lime. Each treatment consisted of five replications. The results showed that the planting media that were not treated (control) was not able to support the growth of balsa seedlings. The interaction of MycoSilvi, compost, and lime significantly affected the height, diameter, biomass, and percentage of mycorrhizal colonization parameters, and significantly affected the plant chlorophyll content. The combination of MycoSilvi type 1 treatment, namely Glomus mosseae and lime (C0K1M1) type, resulted in the highest total growth rate, diameter, biomass, and colonization percentage compared to other treatments. The addition of lime and compost to the growth medium can reduce the degree of mycorrhizal dependency of balsa seedling.
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Gambelli, Alberto Maria, Umberta Tinivella, Rita Giovannetti, Beatrice Castellani, Michela Giustiniani, Andrea Rossi, Marco Zannotti, and Federico Rossi. "Observation of the Main Natural Parameters Influencing the Formation of Gas Hydrates." Energies 14, no. 7 (March 24, 2021): 1803. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14071803.
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Chemical composition in seawater of marine sediments, as well as the physical properties and chemical composition of soils, influence the phase behavior of natural gas hydrate by disturbing the hydrogen bond network in the water-rich phase before hydrate formation. In this article, some marine sediments samples, collected in National Antarctic Museum in Trieste, were analyzed and properties such as pH, conductivity, salinity, and concentration of main elements of water present in the sediments are reported. The results, obtained by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and ion chromatography (IC) analysis, show that the more abundant cation is sodium and, present in smaller quantities, but not negligible, are calcium, potassium, and magnesium, while the more abundant anion is chloride and sulfate is also appreciable. These results were successively used to determine the thermodynamic parameters and the effect on salinity of water on hydrates’ formation. Then, hydrate formation was experimentally tested using a small-scale apparatus, in the presence of two different porous media: a pure silica sand and a silica-based natural sand, coming from the Mediterranean seafloor. The results proved how the presence of further compounds, rather than silicon, as well as the heterogeneous grainsize and porosity, made this sand a weak thermodynamic and a strong kinetic inhibitor for the hydrate formation process.
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Zhang, Yong, Charalambos Papelis, Michael H. Young, and Markus Berli. "Challenges in the Application of Fractional Derivative Models in Capturing Solute Transport in Porous Media: Darcy-Scale Fractional Dispersion and the Influence of Medium Properties." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2013 (2013): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/878097.
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Heterogeneous media consisting of segregated flow regions are fractional-order systems, where the regional-scale anomalous diffusion can be described by the fractional derivative model (FDM). The standard FDM, however, first, cannot characterize the Darcy-scale dispersion through repacked sand columns, and second, the link between medium properties and model parameters remains unknown. To fill these two knowledge gaps, this study applies a tempered fractional derivative model (TFDM) to capture bromide transport through laboratory repacked sand. Column transport experiments are conducted first, where glass beads and silica sand with different diameters are repacked individually. Late-time tails are observed in the breakthrough curves (BTC) of bromide even in relatively homogeneous glass beads. The TFDM can capture the observed subdiffusion, especially the late-time BTC with a transient declining rate. Results also show that both the size distribution of repacked sand and the magnitude of fluid velocity can affect subdiffusion. In particular, a wider sand size distribution or a smaller flow rate can enhance the subdiffusion, leading to a smaller time index and a higher truncation parameter in the TFDM. Therefore, the Darcy-scale dispersion follows the tempered stable law, and the model parameters might be related to the soil size and flow conditions.
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Wasistoadi Budiarto, Adrian, Fairuz Tsania, Irma Gusniani, and Djoko M. Hartono. "The design of slow sand filter with a media of silica sand and granular activated carbon to eliminate iron, manganese, and fecal coliform contents for the Faculty of Nursing in Universitas Indonesia’s CWPS." E3S Web of Conferences 211 (2020): 02017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202021102017.
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The Faculty of Nursing of Universitas Indonesia in Depok uses groundwater as the source of clean water in a large amount: 2.115.240 liters in 2018 and 22.010.960 liters in 2019. One of the alternatives for reducing groundwater use is to utilize surface water in the surrounding area of the campus, such as Lake Agathis. For the lake water to be used as the source of clean water, it needs to be processed first using a clean water provision system (CWPS). The CWPS is designed to contain two slow sand filter units, with the media consisting of 60 cm-thick silica sand and 40 cm-thick granular activated carbon in each unit. The CWPS is also equipped with one unit of shore intake, two units of suction well, one transmission duct, one unit of disinfectant and reservoir, and two filter media cleaning units. Based on a literature review from several journals and the results from this experiment, the designed slow sand filter with the previously determined thickness can reduce iron contents by 95,07%, manganese contents by 97,09%, and fecal coliform contents by 99%. The designed CWPS can serve the needs of clean water of the faculty described before with a debit of 3,8 L/s until the year 2042.
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Assiddieq, Moch, Satya Darmayani, and Wirapati Kudonowarso. "The use of silica sand, zeolite and active charcoal to reduce BOD, COD, and TSS of laundry waste water as a biology learning resources." Jurnal Pendidikan Biologi Indonesia 3, no. 3 (November 26, 2017): 202. http://dx.doi.org/10.22219/jpbi.v3i3.4864.
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The aquatic environment contaminated with detergent waste in high concentrations can endanger the lives human and biota in the water. This study aimed to determine the decrease of BOD, COD and TSS content of laundry liquid waste by using filter media of silica sand, zeolite, and activated charcoal. Filter medium 1a can reduce BOD level from 98.6 mg/L to 58.80 mg/L (40.36%), while medium 1b can decrease BOD level to 21.20 mg/L (78.48%). It showed that media 1a had not fulfilled the quality standard of BOD of waste water that is 50 mg/L, while media 1b had fulfilled the standard of quality. Filter media 1a can decrease COD level from 210 mg/L to 78.80 mg/L (62.47%), whereas medium 1b can decrease COD to 25.60 mg/L (87.80%). This showed that media 1a and media 1b had met the quality standard of COD of waste water that is 100 mg/L. Filter media 1a can decrease TSS level from 465 mg/L to 122.5 mg/L (73.65%), whereas medium 1b can decrease TSS level to 52.3 mg/L (88.75%). This showed that media 1a and media 1b had met the quality standard of TSS of waste water that is 150 mg/L.
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Sarwenda, Yoga, Oktarianita Oktarianita, M. Amin, and Nopia Wati. "Analysis of Drinking Water Treatment Process in The Regional Drinking Water Company of Cahaya Negeri Village." JURNAL KESEHATAN LINGKUNGAN: Jurnal dan Aplikasi Teknik Kesehatan Lingkungan 19, no. 1 (January 31, 2022): 7–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.31964/jkl.v19i1.394.
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Clean water treatment for the needs of the people of Bengkulu is carried out by several agencies, one of which is managed by The City-Owned Water Company PDAM of Cahaya Negeri Village which is a business entity owned by the local government. This type of study was a qualitative research using interview guidelines and conducting observations. There were 3 informants in this study, namely, the head of the processing unit, the head of the laboratory and the processing operator. The research was conducted in Janaury 2021. The results of the study indicate that PDAM Cahaya Negeri was running well, the processing units were also complete, from maintenance of intake, type of intake pump, coagulation equipment and coagulant material, flocculation building is still very good, sedimentation process is also good, filtration material with silica sand is also appropriate, because the absorption of silica sand is good, and the last is disinfection, using chlorinated material is good for killing bacteria in treated water. The processed water has also met the standard of the Minister of Health Regulation No. 32 of 2017, concerning clean water standards. However, rainfall greatly affects the condition of raw water quality for processing and moreover the local power plant which often shuts down is an obstacle for PDAM CahayaNegeri to carry out processing. It is expected that the PDAM of CahayaNegeri can maintain its achievements and find solutions to its obstacles, in order to meet the need for clean water.
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Fajar, Mutiara, Emenda Sembiring, and Marisa Handajani. "The Effect of Filter Media Size and Loading Rate to Filter Performance of Removing Microplastics using Rapid Sand Filter." Journal of Engineering and Technological Sciences 54, no. 5 (September 15, 2022): 220512. http://dx.doi.org/10.5614/j.eng.technol.sci.2022.54.5.12.
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Microplastics (MP) can pose a serious threat to the environment and human health because of their tiny size and ability to spread easily in water. One of the alternative treatments to remove MP from water is the rapid sand filter (RSF). The objective of this study was to analyze the effects of filter media size and loading rate on RSF performance in removing MP. The applied filter media was silica sand with effective sizes (ES) of 0.39 and 0.68 mm. The loading rates of filtration were 4; 6; 8 and 10 m3/m2-h. The MP samples were made from plastic bags and torn tires (artificial samples: 10 to 800 µm). This study showed that the MP removal percentage was up to 96.6% (MP size larger than 200 µm). The head loss increment for loading rates 4; 6; 8; 10 m3/m2-h was 0.16; 0.35; 0.34; 0.25 m (ES 0.39 m) and 0.10; 0.18; 0.18; 0.19 m (ES 0.68 m)), respectively. Meanwhile, the filtration cycle for loading rates 4; 6; 8; and 10 m3/m2-h was 5, 2, 2, and 1 days (ES 0.39 mm) and 9, 4, 3, and 3 days (ES 0.68 mm), respectively. The result of this study showed that the smaller the filter media size, the higher the head loss of the filter media bed. Furthermore, there is an increased head loss of the filter media bed when the loading rate is greater.
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Purkayastha, Surajit, and Dheerendra Kumar Dwivedi. "Slurry erosion performance of CeO2-modified Ni–WC coatings." Industrial Lubrication and Tribology 66, no. 4 (June 3, 2014): 533–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ilt-03-2012-0034.
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Purpose – This paper aims to deal with the study of effect of cerium oxide (CeO2) modification on the sand slurry erosion resistance of Ni – tungsten carbide (WC) coatings. Design/methodology/approach – Flame-sprayed conventional and CeO2-modified Ni–WC coatings were developed on a mild steel substrate. Slurry erosion tests were carried out in an in-house-designed and fabricated pot-type slurry erosion test rig to evaluate wear behavior of conventional and modified coatings. The erosive wear test was conducted using 5 per cent silica sand slurry at 850 rpm. Findings – Modified coatings exhibited increased hardness as compared to the conventional coating. Slurry erosion resistance of most modified coatings was superior to that of the unmodified coating. Hardness of coating doped with 0.9 per cent CeO2 was highest among all coatings, and concomitantly this composition also showed the least wear. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that microcutting was much less in the modified coating. Originality/value – Slurry erosion wear of Ni–WC flame-sprayed coatings in sand slurry media is substantiated by extensive SEM study.
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Salim, Noor, Nanang Saiful Rizal, and Ricky Vihantara. "Komposisi Efektif Batok Kelapa sebagai Karbon Aktif untuk Meningkatkan Kualitas Airtanah di Kawasan Perkotaan." MEDIA KOMUNIKASI TEKNIK SIPIL 24, no. 1 (August 24, 2018): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/mkts.v24i1.18865.
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Shallow groundwater in urban areas today is no longer fully utilized directly for domestic human needs. Some of the factors that cause, among others, due to pollution of springs by household waste, too much groundwater production resulting in the reduced amount of ground water. Finally the water function as a solvent and the neutralizer of the pollutant decreases as the water becomes less clear. By utilizing coconut shells as activated carbon mixed with silica sand, zeolite, and manganesee in this research can reduce turbidity, TDS and ground water PH so that the water produced can meet clean water standards according to PERMENKES/RI No.416/IX/1990. The objective of this study was to find an effective mixture composition to purify water using 5 different mixing compositions and it can be concluded in this study that coconut shells used as activated carbon amount to 35% of total media composition. So the most optimal composition to produce water with good quality of 35% active carbon, 25% silica sand, manganese 20%, 20% zeolite. In this composition also, Mangan (Mn) and Iron (Fe) have decreased and meet the quality standard of raw water quality as required by PERMENKES quality standard of Class B water quality.
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Tshayingwe, Ayakha, Muhali Olaide Jimoh, Avela Sogoni, Carolyn Margaret Wilmot, and Charles Petrus Laubscher. "Light Intensity and Growth Media Influence Growth, Nutrition, and Phytochemical Content in Trachyandra divaricata Kunth." Agronomy 13, no. 1 (January 13, 2023): 247. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13010247.
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Trachyandra divaricata (Sandkool) is one of the most abundant wild edible inflorescence vegetables in South Africa. The dearth of literature on its edibility, nutrient composition, and conservation has contributed to its underutilisation. This study investigated mineral and proximate content, phytochemical compositions, and growth response of T. divaricata to light intensity and soilless media. Treatments comprised four media (LECA clay, silica sand, peat, and vermiculite) which were subjected to different shade levels (no shade, 20, 40, 60, and 80%) created from a factory-made 20% density net by doubling (40%), tripling (60%), and quadrupling (80%). All treatments were irrigated with a standard nutrient solution. The results showed that the treatments impacted the yield of T. divaricata significantly in terms of biomass and flower buds, especially in plants cultivated in peat under normal greenhouse lighting (no shade). Conversely, plants developed significantly more specific leaf size and total chlorophyll content under shade levels (20, 40, 60, and 80%) in different growth media, even though the values were comparable among treatments. The highest Ca, Mg, Cu, Fe, and Mn levels were consistently recorded in flowers of T. divaricata grown in LECA clay under 80% shade level, while other minerals varied in tested treatments. The peat medium under 20% shade optimised the neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and acid detergent fibre (ADF) content of the flowers, whereas both fat and protein contents were greatly enhanced by peat and vermiculite, respectively, under the 80% shade. Consistently, the lowest phytochemical contents were recorded in LECA clay subjected to 80% shade, whereas the highest polyphenols and DPPH antioxidants were produced by silica sand medium treated with 20% shade. Both TEAC and FRAP antioxidants were improved significantly in LECA clay under no shade and the 60% shade level. However, both 20% and 60% shade levels enhanced the flavonol content significantly. On the basis of these findings, T. divaricata is a promising inflorescent vegetable that may be considered for domestication and further research due to its potential pharmacological and nutraceutical values.
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Miswanda, Dikki, Moondra Zubir, Rini Selly, Siti Rahmah, and Nuryono Nuryono. "Kinetics Study of Gold (III) on Chitosan-Silica Coated Magnetic Material." Indonesian Journal of Chemical Science and Technology (IJCST) 5, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.24114/ijcst.v5i1.33158.
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A study of the adsorption kinetics of Au(III) ions has been carried out by an adsorbent of silica-chitosan coated magnetic material (BMSK). The BMSK adsorbent was synthesized through a sol-gel process using magnetic materials from iron sand, sodium silicate, and chitosan with 3-chloropropyltrimethoxysilane linker. The adsorption kinetics was studied through batch adsorption system by varying the adsorption time. The number of adsorbed Au(III) ions was calculated based on the difference in metal concentrations before and after adsorption which was analyzed by atomic absorption spectroscopy. The equilibrium of the adsorption of Au(III) ions by the BMSK adsorbent began to occur after the adsorption lasted for 60 minutes. The data shows the interaction of BMSK adsorbent with Au(III) ion following a pseudo order-2 reaction kinetics model with a value of reaction rate constant (k) = 1.199 x 103 g.mg-1.min-1.
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Deshpande, P. A., and D. R. Shonnard. "An Improved Spectrophotometric Method To Study the Transport, Attachment, and Breakthrough of Bacteria through Porous Media." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 66, no. 2 (February 1, 2000): 763–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.66.2.763-768.2000.
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ABSTRACT This study reports an improved spectrophotometric method for studying bacterial (Pseudomonas fluorescens UPER-1) transport and attachment in saturated porous media (silica sand). While studying the effect of ionic strength by the traditional packed-column spectrophotometric method, we encountered an artifact. The absorbance of a well-stirred bacterial suspension was found to decrease with time in the presence of high concentrations of sodium and potassium phosphate salts (≥10−2 M) as the cells continued to age in a resting stage. Our results show that collision efficiency and a bed ripening index will be in error by as much as 20% if breakthrough is measured by the traditional spectrophotometric technique. We present an improved experimental technique that will minimize the artifact and should substantially advance the understanding of bacteria transport in porous media.
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Pang, Liping, Kata Farkas, Grant Bennett, Arvind Varsani, Richard Easingwood, Richard Tilley, Urszula Nowostawska, and Susan Lin. "Mimicking filtration and transport of rotavirus and adenovirus in sand media using DNA-labeled, protein-coated silica nanoparticles." Water Research 62 (October 2014): 167–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2014.05.055.
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Nambiar, Abhishek, Ponnivalavan Babu, and Praveen Linga. "CO2 capture using the clathrate hydrate process employing cellulose foam as a porous media." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 93, no. 8 (August 2015): 808–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjc-2014-0547.
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A new biodegradable porous medium has been employed in this work for the hydrate-based gas separation (HBGS) process to capture carbon dioxide in a fixed bed column from a precombustion stream. Propane (2.5 mol%) was added as a promoter to reduce the operating pressure of the HBGS process. Experiments were conducted at 6 MPa and 274.2 K at different water saturation levels (50% and 100%) in a cellulose foam bed. It was found that a normalized rate of hydrate formation was more than double for 50% as compared to 100% water-saturated level. In addition, kinetic modelling of hydrate formation in porous media has been carried out using Avrami model by utilizing the experimental gas uptake data from current and published works. The Avrami model was found to fit the hydrate growth kinetics very well, up to 40 min of hydrate growth for different porous media like silica sand, polyurethane foam, and cellulose foam, and for different guest gas and gas mixtures.
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Jiang, Zhe, Paolo Perona, Robert Francis, Peter Molnar, and Paolo Burlando. "An experimental comparison of silica gel and quartz sand grains as sediment media for growing vegetation at the laboratory scale." Aquatic Sciences 71, no. 3 (August 25, 2009): 350–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00027-009-9207-1.
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Prakasa, I. Made Panji Tirta, I. Nyoman Suprapta Winaya, I. Ketut Gede Wirawan, and I. Wayan Arya Darma. "Analisa Pengaruh Variasi Diameter Bed Material Pasir Silika pada Fluidized Bed Combustion Limbah Medis Terhadap Pergerakan Fluidisasi." Jurnal METTEK 8, no. 2 (November 30, 2022): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/mettek.2022.v08.i02.p04.
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Pandemi Covid-19 menyebabkan meningkatnya penggunaan layanan kesehatan yang sangat signifikan sehingga jumlah limbah medis yang dihasilkan akibat kegiatan ini cukup tinggi. Limbah medis termasuk ke dalam kategori limbah B3 yang harus ditangani dan dikelola dengan baik. Salah satu teknologi yang mampu mereduksi limbah tersebut yaitu insenerator jenis Fluidized Bed Combustion (FBC). Teknologi FBC ini menggunakan media pengaduk berupa pasir yang akan bercampur dengan bahan bakar dan dalam proses pembakarannya menggunakan temperature yang tinggi, namun dalam pembakaran tipe FBC ini memungkinkan terjadinya suatu aglomerasi di dalam reaktor. Salah satu yang menyebabkan terjadinya aglomerasi tersebut adalah pergerakan bed material dalam proses fluidisasi ini kurang maksimal. Oleh sebab itu, pada penelitian ini melakukan pengujian secara permodelan untuk mengetahui proses fluidisasi terhadap lonjakan bed material menggunakan software Circulating Particle Fluids Dynamic (CPFD) Barracuda Virtual Reactor. Dalam penelitian ini adapun variasi bed material yang digunakan adalah pasir silika dengan variasi diameter DA (0,2 mm), DB (0,5 mm), DC (0,8 mm), DD (1,1 mm). Kecepatan aliran udara fluidisasi ditetapkan sebesar 4 m/s dan tekanannya diberikan sebesar 1 atm. Menurut hasil simulasi, proses fluidisasi yang terbaik ditunjukkan oleh variasi pasir silika DA dengan tinggi lonjakan 80 cm dari permukaan reaktor. Sedangkan variasi diameter lainnya seperti DB, DC, DD berturut-turut tercatat hanya mencapai ketinggian 65 cm; 40 cm; 25 cm dari dasar rekator.
The Covid-19 pandemic has caused the utilization of health services to be very significant so that the amount of medical waste generated from this activity is quite high. Medical waste is included in the category of B3 waste that must be handled and managed properly. One technology that can reduce this waste is the Fluidized Bed Combustion (FBC) type incinerator. This technology uses a mixture of sand mixed with fuel and in a high temperature combustion process, but in this type of FBC combustion it is possible for agglomeration to occur in the reactor. One of the causes of agglomeration is the movement of bed material in the fluidization process that is not optimal. Therefore, in this research, a modeling test was conducted to determine the basic material fluidization process using the Barracuda Virtual Reactor's Circulating Particle Fluids Dynamic (CPFD) software. Variations of bed material used are silica sand with a diameter of DA (0,2 mm), DB (0,5 mm), DC (0,8 mm), DD (1,1 mm). The fluidization air flow velocity is set at 4 m/s and the applied pressure is 1 atm. Based on the simulation results, the best fluidization process is indicated by the variation of silica sand with a diameter of DA and a height of 80 cm from the reactor surface. While other diameter variations such as DB, DC, DD each recorded reaching a height of only 65 cm; 40 cm; 25 cm from the bottom of the reactor.
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Yuliansyah, Ahmad Tawfiequrahman, Bardi Murachman, and Suryo Purwono. "Mathematical Model for Water Flooding and HPAM Polymer Flooding in Enhanced Oil Recovery." ASEAN Journal of Chemical Engineering 21, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ajche.65531.
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The need for energy, especially the petroleum-based one, is steadily increasing along with population growth and technological advancement. Meanwhile, oil exploitation from oil reservoirs using primary and secondary techniques can only obtain about 30%-50 % out of the original oil in place. Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) is a method for increasing oil recovery from a reservoir by injecting materials that are not found in the reservoir, such as surfactant, polymer, etc. This research aims to develop a mathematical model representing two-phase flow through porous media in the EOR process. This model was extended from mass balance and fluid flow in porous media equations. The reliability of the model was then validated by water flooding and polymer flooding experiment. A porous media, constituted by a silica sand pack, was saturated with 2 % brine and sequentially flooded with HPAM polymer solution at various concentrations (5,000-15,000 ppm). The volume of the oil coming out from the media at any time intervals was measured. Validation of the model was carried out by optimizing the model parameters to obtain the best curve-fitting on the plot of the percentage of cumulative recovered oil against time. The results showed that the proposed mathematical model was reliable enough to express both water and polymer-flooding processes.
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Araya-Obando, José A., Luuk C. Rietveld, Andrea Quesada-González, Andrey Caballero-Chavarría, Virginia Pacini, and Luis G. Romero-Esquivel. "Start-up of bench-scale biofilters for manganese removal under tropical conditions: a comparative study using virgin pumice, silica sand, and anthracite filter media." Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology 7, no. 8 (2021): 1504–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1ew00093d.
Full textAbstract:
The suitability of biofiltration for Mn removal was confirmed under tropical conditions. The similarity in the performance of pumice with the other media confirmed its suitability for biological Mn removal.
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Mulya Ivana, Shelvya, and Mulyadi Abdul Wahid. "PEMANFAATAN FILTRASI MULTIMEDIA DALAM MENGOLAH AIR PAYAU DI DESA GOSONG TELAGA BARAT KABUPATEN ACEH SINGKIL." Lingkar : Journal of Environmental Engineering 2, no. 1 (July 1, 2022): 16–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.22373/ljee.v2i1.1865.
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Water is a basic human need. The use of water is very complex, among others, for drinking, cooking, bathing, washing, agriculture, fisheries, and so on. Coastal areas are often faced with the problem of limited water resources. In terms of quantity, coastal areas generally have abundant water, but it is often difficult to obtain water for various uses, due to inadequate quality. Limited water resources in coastal areas are related to the scarcity of fresh water that can be used as clean water. This study aims to desalinate brackish water into fresh water that can be used as clean water for sanitation hygiene needs. The process of desalinating brackish water into clean water uses the multimedia filtration method. Filtration is a process of separating solids from fluids (liquids or gases) that carry them using a porous medium or other porous material to remove as much of the suspended and colloidal fine solids as possible. The filtration media used in this study were activated carbon, silica sand, zeolite and gravel. These media are effective in reducing salinity and turbidity in brackish water.
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Adi Darmawan, Didit, Agus Wahyudi, Hasudungan Eric Mamby, and Ijang Suherman. "Characterization of perlite and expanded perlite from West Sumatera, Indonesia." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 882, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/882/1/012010.
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Abstract As a volcanic country, Indonesia is rich in natural mineral resources. One of them is perlite that is spread across several provinces in Indonesia. One of the companies with a mining business permit (IUP) for perlite is CV Abdi Bersaudara, located at Padang Pariaman Regency, West Sumatra Province. Perlite rock can be processed through comminution and heating method. Crushed perlite can be used as sandblasting, slag coagulant, source of silica, foundry and steel industry, special casting sand and metal finishing. Meanwhile, the expanded perlite is a product of heated perlite with a temperature of 700⁰C-900⁰C. This research aimed to investigate the characters of perlite and expanded perlite from West Sumatra. Qualitative and quantitative analysis was conducted by laboratory experiments and testing, such as atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS), X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and optical microscope (OM). Based on the results of this study, West Sumatera perlite can be used as adsorbents, filter media, filler materials and planting media applications.
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Revil, André, Michael F. Sleevi, and Deqiang Mao. "Induced polarization response of porous media with metallic particles — Part 5: Influence of the background polarization." GEOPHYSICS 82, no. 2 (March 1, 2017): E77—E96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2016-0388.1.
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Very often, ore bodies are found in altered porous materials that are rich in clay minerals. These altered rocks are in turn characterized by a relatively high normalized chargeability (product of the chargeability by the high frequency conductivity) or electrical quadrature conductivity with respect to clay-free materials. We have performed 36 experiments in which dispersed pyrite grains were mixed with a background host material composed of some pore water (NaCl, [Formula: see text] at 25°C or tap water), Na-exchanged bentonite, and silica grains. The induced polarization spectra were obtained in the frequency range of 1 mHz to 45 kHz at room temperature ([Formula: see text]). The spectra of the background porous materials alone (i.e., without pyrite) were also measured. The normalized chargeability and the quadrature conductivity of the sand-clay mixtures are consistent with available theoretical relationships. These new data complete previous data sets showing a clear relationship among the normalized chargeability, quadrature conductivity, surface conductivity, and cation exchange capacity. Bentonite is characterized by very high quadrature and surface conductivities. The normalized chargeability and the quadrature conductivity of the sand-clay mixtures (no pyrite) increase with the clay content. In the presence of pyrite, the chargeability and the phase lag depend primarily on the volume content of pyrite in a predictable way. The Cole-Cole exponent, characterizing the particle size distribution of the pyrite grains, is independent of the clay content. Still, in the presence of pyrite, the magnitude of the phase peak and the phase peak frequency depend on the clay content in a way that is not explained by the current model. We have observed that the Cole-Cole relaxation time, in the presence of pyrite, is inversely proportional to the conductivity of the background material.
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Dahal, Subash, Wubengeda Yilma, Yongkun Sui, Madhur Atreya, Samantha Bryan, Valerie Davis, Gregory Lewis Whiting, and Raj Khosla. "Degradability of Biodegradable Soil Moisture Sensor Components and Their Effect on Maize (Zea mays L.) Growth." Sensors 20, no. 21 (October 29, 2020): 6154. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20216154.
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Inexpensive and no-maintenance biodegradable soil moisture sensors could improve existing knowledge on spatial and temporal variability of available soil water at field-scale. Such sensors can unlock the full potential of variable-rate irrigation (VRI) systems to optimize water applications in irrigated cropping systems. The objectives of this study were to assess (i) the degradation of soil moisture sensor component materials and (ii) the effects of material degradation on maize (Zea Mays L.) growth and development. This study was conducted in a greenhouse at Colorado State University, Colorado, USA, by planting maize seeds in pots filled with three growing media (field soil, silica sand, and Promix commercial potting media). The degradation rate of five candidate sensor materials (three blends of beeswax and soy wax, balsa wood, and PHBV (poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate))) was assessed by harvesting sensor materials at four maize growth stages (30, 60, 90, and 120 days after transplanting). All materials under consideration showed stability in terms of mass and dimension except PHBV. PHBV was degraded entirely within 30 days in soil and Promix, and within 60 days in sand. Balsa wood did now show any significant reduction in mass and dimensions in all growth media. Similarly, there was no significant mass loss across wax blends (p = 0.05) at any growth stage, with a few exceptions. Among the wax blends, 3:1 (beeswax:soy wax) was the most stable blend in terms of mass and dimension with no surface cracks, making it a suitable encapsulant for soil sensor. All materials under consideration did not have any significant effect on maize growth (dry biomass, green biomass, and height) as compared to control plants. These results indicated that 3:1 beeswax:soy wax blend, PHBV, and balsa wood could be suitable candidates for various components of biodegradable soil moisture sensors.
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Ahmad, Nur Suraya, Shahidan Radiman, and Wan Zuhairi Wan Yaacob. "Stability and Transportation of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles in Subsurface Water and Soil." ASM Science Journal 14 (April 20, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.32802/asmscj.2020.488.
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Iron oxide nanoparticles are utilised in a broad range of applications (magnetic data storage, biosensing, drug delivery, treatment and remediation of contaminated soil and groundwater); causing noticeable quantities of iron oxide nanoparticles to be released into the environment. In this study, aggregation and stability of iron oxide nanoparticles in water were investigated within the range of pH 3 – pH 9 at a constant concentration of iron oxide nanoparticles and humic acid. The pH of the solution was selected to be continuously monitored at pH 7 to investigate the transportation and deposition behaviour of iron oxide nanoparticles in porous media at different velocities. It was found that iron oxide nanoparticles were aggregated and settle down as settled particles at low pH (pH 3 – pH 5). Iron oxide nanoparticles were stable, mobile and transported at a high pH, which is the pH range of natural water (pH 6.5 – pH 8.5). Iron oxide nanoparticles were strongly attached to the silica sand at natural water velocity in porous media, which is 2.93 ml min-1. Overall, the presence of humic acid in aquifers and porous media, the pH range of natural water (pH 6.5 – pH 8.5) and the slow speed (2.93 ml min-1) of water are expected to be a key factor that enhances the stability and mobility of iron oxide nanoparticles in natural water and porous media.