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Journal articles on the topic 'Silica polymerization'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 11 February 2022

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1

Cheah, Pohlee, Caitlin N. Bhikha, John H. O’Haver, and Adam E. Smith. "Effect of Oxygen and Initiator Solubility on Admicellar Polymerization of Styrene on Silica Surfaces." International Journal of Polymer Science 2017 (2017): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/6308603.

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Although admicellar polymerization has been termed the surface analog of emulsion polymerization, previous reports utilizing free radical-initiated admicellar polymerization relied on high levels of the free radical initiator when compared to emulsion polymerization, likely due to the presence of oxygen in the reported admicellar polymerization systems. Admicellar polymerizations of styrene on the surface of precipitated silica initiated by either a water-soluble or a water-insoluble initiator were studied to determine the effect of dissolved oxygen and free radical initiator solubility on the kinetics, yield, and molecular weight of the polymer formed. Results show that the presence of oxygen reduces the polymer yield and limits molecular weight. The solubility of the initiator also affected the polymer formed in the admicellar polymerization of styrene. While monomer conversions and polymer yield were similar, the molecular weights of polymerizations initiated by a water-soluble initiator were higher than comparable polymerizations initiated by a water-insoluble initiator.

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2

Zhang, Zhenghe, Pengcheng Zhang, Yong Wang, and Weian Zhang. "Recent advances in organic–inorganic well-defined hybrid polymers using controlled living radical polymerization techniques." Polymer Chemistry 7, no. 24 (2016): 3950–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6py00675b.

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Controlled living radical polymerizations, such as ATRP and RAFT polymerization, could be utilized for the preparation of well-defined organic–inorganic hybrid polymers based on POSS, PDMS, silica nanoparticles, graphene, CNTs and fullerene.

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3

Bailly, Bérangère, Anne-Carole Donnenwirth, Christèle Bartholome, Emmanuel Beyou, and Elodie Bourgeat-Lami. "Silica-Polystyrene Nanocomposite Particles Synthesized by Nitroxide-Mediated Polymerization and Their Encapsulation through Miniemulsion Polymerization." Journal of Nanomaterials 2006 (2006): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/jnm/2006/76371.

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Polystyrene (PS) chains with molecular weights comprised between 8000 and 64000g⋅mol-1and narrow polydispersities were grown from the surface of silica nanoparticles (Aerosil A200 fumed silica and Stöber silica, resp.) through nitroxide-mediated polymerization (NMP). Alkoxyamine initiators based on N-tert-butyl-1-diethylphosphono-2,2-dimethylpropyl nitroxide (DEPN) and carrying a terminal functional group have been synthesized in situ and grafted to the silica surface. The resulting grafted alkoxyamines have been employed to initiate the growth of polystyrene chains from the inorganic surface. The maximum grafting density of the surface-tethered PS chains was estimated and seemed to be limited by initiator confinement at the interface. Then, the PS-grafted Stöber silica nanoparticles were entrapped inside latex particles via miniemulsion polymerization. Transmission electron microscopy indicated the successful formation of silica-polystyrene core-shell particles.

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4

YOSHITAKE, Hideaki. "Polymerization of Monodisperse Silica Particles." Hosokawa Powder Technology Foundation ANNUAL REPORT 22 (2014): 88–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.14356/hptf.12114.

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5

Li, Hua-Rong, Liming Che, and Zheng-Hong Luo. "Modeling intraparticle transports during propylene polymerizations using supported metallocene and dual function metallocene as catalysts: Single particle model." Chemical Industry and Chemical Engineering Quarterly 20, no. 2 (2014): 249–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/ciceq120722006l.

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Two improved multigrain models (MGMs) for preparing homopolypropylene and long chain branched polypropylene via propylene polymerization using silica-supported metallocene or dual function metallocene as catalysts are presented in this paper. The presented models are used to predict the intraparticle flow fields involved in the polymerizations. The simulation results show that the flow field distributions involve dare basically identical. The results also show that both the two polymerization processes have an initiation stage and the controlling step for them is reaction-diffusion-reaction with the polymerization proceeding. Furthermore, the simulation results show that the intra particle mass transfer resistance has significant effect on the polymerization but the heat transfer resistance can be ignored.

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6

Belelli, Patricia G., Marı́a L. Ferreira, and Daniel E. Damiani. "Silica-supported metallocene for ethylene polymerization." Applied Catalysis A: General 228, no. 1-2 (March 2002): 189–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0926-860x(01)00976-0.

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7

Chaimberg, Mark, Richard Parnas, and Yoram Cohen. "Graft polymerization of polyvinylpyrrolidone onto silica." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 37, no. 10 (May 20, 1989): 2921–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1989.070371011.

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8

Feuston, B. P., and S. H. Garofalini. "Onset of polymerization in silica sols." Chemical Physics Letters 170, no. 2-3 (July 1990): 264–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2614(90)87126-c.

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9

Moraes, John, Kohji Ohno, Guillaume Gody, Thomas Maschmeyer, and Sébastien Perrier. "The synthesis of well-defined poly(vinylbenzyl chloride)-grafted nanoparticles via RAFT polymerization." Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 9 (June 25, 2013): 1226–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.9.139.

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We describe the use of one of the most advanced radical polymerization techniques, the reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) process, to produce highly functional core–shell particles based on a silica core and a shell made of functional polymeric chains with very well controlled structure. The versatility of RAFT polymerization is illustrated by the control of the polymerization of vinylbenzyl chloride (VBC), a highly functional monomer, with the aim of designing silica core–poly(VBC) shell nanoparticles. Optimal conditions for the control of VBC polymerization by RAFT are first established, followed by the use of the “grafting from” method to yield polymeric brushes that form a well-defined shell surrounding the silica core. We obtain particles that are monodisperse in size, and we demonstrate that the exceptional control over their dimensions is achieved by careful tailoring the conditions of the radical polymerization.

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10

Stoiljkovic, Dragoslav, Branka Pilic, Misa Bulajic, Nebojsa Djurasovic, and Nikolaj Ostrovskii. "The charge percolation mechanism and simulation of Ziegler-Natta polymerizations, Part VII: Effects of the distribution of chromium active centers on silica on the polymerization of ethylene." Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 73, no. 1 (2008): 97–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc0801097s.

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The charge percolation mechanism (CPM) of olefin polymerization in the presence of transition metal compounds has been applied to explain the polymerization of ethylene by silica supported chromium oxide. In the previous work of this series, the fundamental issues and mechanism of this polymeri?zation were presented. In this work the compatibility of the CPM with the em?pirical findings is confirmed. The CPM has been applied to explain: the appea?rance of an induction period; the deactivation of active centers and the forma?tion of oligomers; the effects of chromium concentration on the silica surface, the silica surface discontinuity and the pore size of silica on polymerization and the formation of the structure of polyethylene. A mathematical model has been derived to explain the effects of the CrOx/SiO2 ratio on the productivity of Phil?lips catalysts in the polymerization of ethylene. The empirical findings have also been confirmed by computer simulations.

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11

Zhou, Sen, Xu Jian Li, Yong Juan Shi, and Chun Jie Yan. "Preparation of Monodisperse Functional Polystyrene/Silica Microsphere Composite via Suspension Polymerization Method." Applied Mechanics and Materials 470 (December 2013): 66–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.470.66.

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The monodisperse functional Polystyrene/Silica (PS/silica) microsphere has been successfully prepared via suspension polymerization followed by the modified silica composite phenylethylene method. The FTIR, SEM, EDS and BEI were used to characterize the structure and composition of monodisperse functional PS/Silica microspheres. The results indicated that the dosage of silica modifier affect the compatibility of the modified silica and phenyl ethylene. The several modified silica would synergistically impact on the morphology and performance of products corresponding to distinguish formation mechanisms. The thermal stability and compressive strength performance had been improved compared with polystyrene (PS).The weight loss of PS/Silica microspheres were less than polystyrene (PS) which weightlessness ratio is 96.92 wt %. The compressive strength of PS/Silica microspheres was almost two times as many as pure PS microspheres. The formation mechanism of monodisperse functional PS/Silica microsphere was developed ahead according to the results of FTIR, SEM, EDS and BEI under various polymerization conditions.

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12

Cao, Song, Wei Zeng, Shuo Wang, Tai Shun Zhang, Zu Guang Liu, and Xiong Min Xie. "Silica-Supported Phosphotungstic Acid as Green Heterogeneous Catalyst for α-Pinene Polymerization." Advanced Materials Research 781-784 (September 2013): 448–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.781-784.448.

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Phosphotungstic acid supported over silica catalysts were prepared, characterized and tested. The results show that silica-supported phosphotungstic acid with 50 wt% of loading amount indicates excellent catalytic performance for the polymerization ofα-pinene. It is also found that the products are easily separated from reaction mixture and the silica-supported phosphotungstic acid catalysts are low-corrosive. Hence, a clean and environmentally friendly heterogeneous catalyst forα-pinene polymerization is reported.

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13

Schumann, Herbert, Ralf Widmaier, Katharina C. H. Lange, and Birgit C. Wassermann. "Fragmentable Heterogeneous Cocatalysts for the Metallocene-Catalyzed Polymerization of Olefins, II [1]. Preparation, Characterization and Testing of the Cocatalysts and Microscopic Evaluation of the Polyethylene." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 60, no. 6 (June 1, 2005): 614–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znb-2005-0604.

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Surface modified silica were reacted with different aluminiumalkyls AlR2R’ (R = Me, Et, i-Bu, R’ = H, Me, Et, i-Bu), oligomeric methylaluminoxane (MAO) and combinations of both, to yield heterogeneous cocatalysts. These cocatalyts were employed to polymerize ethylene using zirconocene dichloride as the catalyst. The polymerization activity profiles have been recorded and compared with the information gained from the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of the polymers. The fragmentation of the heterogeneous cocatalyts upon polymerization has been demonstrated. The degree of fragmentation and the polymerization activity depend on the preparation of the silica supports and on the preparation of the heterogeneous cocatalysts using these supports. The most reactive, fragmentable heterogeneous cocatalysts show polymerization activities slightly higher than MAO in homogeneous solution and almost 1.5 times higher than commercially available MAO on silica (=MAO on Sylopol).

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14

Tang, Duihai, Wenting Zhang, Zhenan Qiao, Yunling Liu, and Qisheng Huo. "Functionalized mesoporous silica nanoparticles as a catalyst to synthesize a luminescent polymer/silica nanocomposite." RSC Advances 6, no. 20 (2016): 16461–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra25135d.

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A luminescent polymer/silica nanocomposite was synthesized through in situ polymerization. These silica nanoparticles can act as both the catalyst support and the inorganic core of a luminescent nanocomposite.

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15

Karimi, Maryam, Soroush Davoudizadeh, Saeed Bahadorikhalili, and Khezrollah Khezri. "Investigating the Effect of Silica Aerogel Nanoparticles on the Kinetics of AGET ATRP of Methyl Methacrylate." Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie 233, no. 3 (March 26, 2019): 393–411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zpch-2018-1202.

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Abstract Hexamethyldisilazane-modified silica aerogel nanoparticles were used for in situ polymerization of methyl methacrylate by activators generated by electron transfer for atom transfer radical polymerization (AGET ATRP) to synthesize tailor-made PMMA nanocomposites. Appropriate dispersion of silica aerogel nanoparticles in the monomer solution and improvement in interfacial interaction between the PMMA matrix and nanoparticles are two main reasons for application of HMDS-modified silica aerogel nanoparticles. Nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherm was employed to examine surface area and structural characteristics of the HMDS-modified silica aerogel nanoparticles. Evaluation of size distribution and morphological studies were also performed by SEM and TEM. Conversion and molecular weight determinations were carried out using GC and SEC, respectively. Addition of 3 wt% HMDS-modified silica aerogel nanoparticles leads to decrement of conversion from 85 to 64%. Molecular weight of PMMA chains also decreases from 13,912 to 10,810 g⋅mol−1 by addition of only 3 wt% HMDS-modified silica aerogel nanoparticles; however, polydispersity index values increases from 1.18 to 1.51. Linear increase of ln(M0/M) with time for all the samples shows that polymerization proceeds in a living manner. In addition, suitable agreement between theoretical and experimental molecular weight in combination with low PDI values can appropriately demonstrate the living nature of the polymerization. TGA results indicate that by increasing HMDS-modified silica aerogel nanoparticles content, slight improvements in thermal stability of the nanocomposites were obtained. DSC results show a decrease in Tg from 86.9 to 80.1°C by addition of 3 wt% HMDS-modified silica aerogel nanoparticles.

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16

Zhong, Hong, Xue Gang Zhou, Qing Cai, and Xiao Ping Yang. "Poly(methyl methacrylate) Grafted Silica Nanoparitcles via ATRP for Bis-GMA/TEGDMA Dental Restorative Composite Resins." Advanced Materials Research 647 (January 2013): 46–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.647.46.

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To improve the dispersibility of silica nanoparticles in dimethacrylate-based dental restorative composite resins, an efficient way was proposed to surface modify silica nanoparticles with polymer grafts. Firstly, silica nanoparticles reacted with 3-aminopropyl-triethoxysilane and 2-bromoisobutyryl bromide to obtain silica with the derived atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) initiators, which subsequently initiated the polymerization of methyl methacrylate to fabricate poly(methyl methacrylate) grafted silica nanohybrids. These nanohybrids could be well dispersed into bisphenol A glycidyl methacrylate (Bis-GMA)/triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) resin and had good interfacial bonding to the resin matrix. With the addition of modified silica nanopaticles, the flexural strength of the photo-cured composite resin was significantly increased in comparison with that of the unmodified group.

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17

Rotzoll, Robert, and Philipp Vana. "A Bipedal Silica-Immobilized Azo-Initiator for Surface-Confined Radical Polymerizations." Australian Journal of Chemistry 62, no. 11 (2009): 1473. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch09189.

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The present study introduces the silica-anchored azo-initiator 4,4′-azobis(4-cyano-N-(3″-triethoxysilylpropyl)-valeric amide) (ACTA) for the surface-initiated polymerization of methyl acrylate (MA) with and without additional grafted reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) agents 1,4-bis(3′-trimethoxysilylpropyltrithiocarbonylmethyl)benzene and 1,6-bis(o,p-2′-trimethoxysilylethylbenzyltrithiocarbonyl)hexane. While the sole use of silica-linked ACTA produced grafted poly(methyl acrylate) (pMA) of high molecular weight, due to a 2D Trommsdorff effect, the polymerization in combination with the fixed RAFT agents exhibited living behaviour with increasing molecular weights during polymerization. Silica-pMA hybrids were further analyzed via thermogravimetric analysis and scanning electron microscopy, which revealed significant differences between the three approaches.

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18

Yang, Ming Shan, Lin Kai Li, and Jian Guo Zhang. "Plasma Surface Modification of Silica and its Application in Epoxy Molding Compounds for Large-Scale Integrated Circuits Packaging." Advanced Materials Research 158 (November 2010): 184–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.158.184.

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The surface modification of silica for epoxy molding compounds (EMC) was conducted by plasma polymerization using RF plasma (13.56MPa), and the modification factors such as plasma power, gas pressure and treatment time were investigated systematically in this paper. The monomers utilized for the plasma polymer coatings were pyrrole, 1,3-diaminopropane, acrylic acid and urea. The plasma polymerization coating of silica was characterized by FTIR, contact angle. Using the silica treated by plasma as filler, ortho-cresol novolac epoxy as main resin, novolac phenolic-formaldehyde resin as cross-linking agent and 2-methylmizole as curing accelerating agent, the EMCs used for the packaging of large-scale integrated circuits were prepared by high-speed pre-mixture and twin roller mixing technology. The results have shown that the surface of silica can be coated by plasma polymerization of pyrrole, 1,3-diaminopropane, acrylic acid and urea, and the comprehensive properties of EMC were improved.

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19

Mathew, T., R. N. Datta, W. K. Dierkes, J. W. M. Noordermeer, and W. J. van Ooij. "A Comparative Investigation of Surface Modification of Carbon Black and Silica by Plasma Polymerization." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 81, no. 2 (May 1, 2008): 209–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3548206.

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Abstract Carbon black and silica are widely used active fillers in the rubber industry to improve the physical and dynamic properties of rubbers. The surface energy difference between rubbers and these active fillers is large, which has a negative influence on the stability of their dispersion in the rubber matrix and on the distribution in blends of different rubbers. Reduction of the surface energy of carbon black and silica is aimed for by modifying their surfaces. Plasma polymerization is utilized to modify the surface of carbon black and silica by depositing a thin film over its surface. The modified fillers are characterized using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and time of flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy (ToF-SIMS). The studies show that carbon black and silica behave differently towards surface modification by plasma polymerization. The difference in behavior of carbon black and silica is related to the availability of active sites on their surface during exposure to the plasma atmosphere. In this paper the mechanistic aspects of surface modification by plasma polymerization are also discussed.

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20

Wang, Chun-yu, Yu-huan Bu, Hua-jie Liu, and Sheng-lai Guo. "Preparation and characterization of core-shell oil absorption materials stabilized by modified fumed silica." Journal of Polymer Engineering 37, no. 4 (May 1, 2017): 391–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/polyeng-2016-0075.

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Abstract The core-shell oil absorption material (OAM) with fumed silica shell was achieved from Pickering polymerization. The modified fumed silica wall could well stabilize both Pickering emulsion and Pickering polymerization. The particle size of encapsulated OAMs decreased with the increasing concentration of fumed silica and remained unchanged when the concentration was more than 1 wt.%. This fumed silica shell had little effect on the oil absorption rate of OAM. The importance was that the shell reversed the surface property and improved the alkali resistance of OAM. We believe that our core-shell OAMs could reach the self-healing ability of the oil well cement.

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21

Navrotsky, Alexandra, Richard Hervig, James Lyons, Dong-Kyun Seo, Everett Shock, and Albert Voskanyan. "Cooperative formation of porous silica and peptides on the prebiotic Earth." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 2 (December 29, 2020): e2021117118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2021117118.

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Modern technology has perfected the synthesis of catalysts such as zeolites and mesoporous silicas using organic structure directing agents (SDA) and their industrial use to catalyze a large variety of organic reactions within their pores. We suggest that early in prebiotic evolution, synergistic interplay arose between organic species in aqueous solution and silica formed from rocks by dynamic dissolution–recrystallization. The natural organics, for example, amino acids, small peptides, and fatty acids, acted as SDA for assembly of functional porous silica structures that induced further polymerization of amino acids and peptides, as well as other organic reactions. Positive feedback between synthesis and catalysis in the silica–organic system may have accelerated the early stages of abiotic evolution by increasing the formation of polymerized species.

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22

Wöckel, L., T. Windberg, R. John, A. Seifert, and S. Spange. "Hierarchically structured carbon and silica by chemical foaming." Polymer Chemistry 9, no. 12 (2018): 1385–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7py01888f.

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23

Bing, Nai Ci, Xiang Rong Zhu, Zhen Tian, Hong Yong Xie, and Li Jun Wang. "Controllable Imprinted Polymer Layer Coated Silica-Gel for S-1-(1-Naphthyl) Ethylamine Recognition by ATRP." Advanced Materials Research 508 (April 2012): 237–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.508.237.

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Controlled grafting ofS-1-(1-naphthyl) Ethylamine-imprinting polymer layer on the silica-gel was carried out by the surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). Polymerization time was used as the independent variable to manipulate the amount of grafted imprinting polymer on the silica-gel. For comparison, molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) without silica-gel also prepared at the same condition. SEM, FT-IR and UV spectrum were used to study the structural morphology and selectivity of polymers and probe the incorporation of imprinted polymer layer on the surface of substrates. Results indicate that the integration of ATRP and molecularly imprinted polymerization realize preparation of molecular selective polymers and it is possible to tune selectivity and morphology in rational way by changing polymerization times. Meanwhile, we achieve a reference strategy for the development of molecularly imprinting polymer for drugs and to handle forms in certain applications such as chromatographic stationary phases for chiral separations.

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24

Huang, Xueying, and Mary J. Wirth. "Surface-Initiated Radical Polymerization on Porous Silica." Analytical Chemistry 69, no. 22 (November 1997): 4577–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac9704523.

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25

Okamoto, J., H. Oguri, K. Nakashima, and S. Kawasaki. "Polymerization of titania by silica-polymerizing enzymes." New Biotechnology 44 (October 2018): S74—S75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nbt.2018.05.889.

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26

Lee, Dong-Hee, Sang-Young Shin, and Dong-Ho Lee. "Ethylene polymerization with metallocene and trimethylaluminumtreated silica." Macromolecular Symposia 97, no. 1 (July 1995): 195–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/masy.19950970120.

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27

Nguyen, Van, Wayne Yoshida, and Yoram Cohen. "Graft polymerization of vinyl acetate onto silica." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 87, no. 2 (November 14, 2002): 300–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.11376.

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28

Costoyas, Álvaro, Jose Ramos, and Jacqueline Forcada. "Encapsulation of silica nanoparticles by miniemulsion polymerization." Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 47, no. 3 (December 18, 2008): 935–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.23212.

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29

Dubois, Charles, Mahmoud Rajabian, and Denis Rodrigue. "Polymerization compounding of polyurethane-fumed silica composites." Polymer Engineering & Science 46, no. 3 (2006): 360–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.20461.

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30

Burban, J. H., Mengtao He, and E. L. Cussler. "Silica gels made by bicontinuous microemulsion polymerization." AIChE Journal 41, no. 1 (January 1995): 159–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690410115.

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31

Stejskal, Jaroslav, Miroslava Trchová, Svetlana Fedorova, Irina Sapurina, and Josef Zemek. "Surface Polymerization of Aniline on Silica Gel." Langmuir 19, no. 7 (April 2003): 3013–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/la026672f.

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32

Browne, Thomas, Mark Chaimberg, and Yoram Cohen. "Graft polymerization of vinyl acetate onto silica." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 44, no. 4 (February 5, 1992): 671–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1992.070440414.

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33

Pavlinec, J. "Styrene polymerization in silica gel porous grains." European Polymer Journal 28, no. 7 (July 1992): 799–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0014-3057(92)90086-h.

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34

Donescu, Dan, Sever Serban, Cristian Petcu, Cristina Lavinia Nistor, Marius Ghiurea, and Mihai Cosmin Corobea. "Polymer–silica hybrids obtained by microemulsion polymerization." Colloid and Polymer Science 285, no. 13 (June 29, 2007): 1455–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00396-007-1705-x.

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35

Sano, Tsuneji, and Yasunori Oumi. "Mesoporous silica as nanoreactor for olefin polymerization." Catalysis Surveys from Asia 8, no. 4 (December 2004): 295–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10563-004-9120-5.

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36

MYERS, D. "Silica-supported chromium catalysts for ethylene polymerization." Journal of Catalysis 92, no. 2 (April 1985): 260–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-9517(85)90260-x.

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37

Lotierzo, Andrea, and Stefan A. F. Bon. "A mechanistic investigation of Pickering emulsion polymerization." Polymer Chemistry 8, no. 34 (2017): 5100–5111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7py00308k.

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38

Chen, Chao, Huifang Xu, Bingkai Zhang, Qingbin Jiang, Yaping Zhang, Lei Li, and Zhan Lin. "Rational design of a mesoporous silica-based cathode for efficient trapping of polysulfides in Li–S batteries." Chemical Communications 56, no. 5 (2020): 786–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9cc08242e.

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We develop a mesoporous silica-based cathode for efficient trapping of lithium polysulfides. This cathode consists of a mesoporous silica (HMS), highly dispersed NiO nanoparticles embedded in the silica structure and a conductive polymer prepared by in situ polymerization.

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39

Li, Weikun, Chunhui Bao, Roger A. E. Wright, and Bin Zhao. "Synthesis of mixed poly(ε-caprolactone)/polystyrene brushes from Y-initiator-functionalized silica particles by surface-initiated ring-opening polymerization and nitroxide-mediated radical polymerization." RSC Adv. 4, no. 36 (2014): 18772–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ra02429j.

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This article reports the synthesis of mixed brushes by ring-opening polymerization of ε-caprolactone and nitroxide-mediated radical polymerization of styrene from Y-initiator-functionalized silica particles.

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40

Li, Hong Wei, Na Lv, Pan Yan Lu, Gang Qiang Geng, and Wei Wang. "Fabrication and Characterization of Silica Aerogel @Polystyrene Composite Beads by Suspension Polymerization." Materials Science Forum 804 (October 2014): 199–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.804.199.

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In this study, the powder of hydrophobic silica aerogel remaining nanopore by ambient pressure drying was successfully introduced into polystyrene beads during suspension polymerization. nanosilica powder without nanopore was also used. Pure polystyrene, silica aerogel/polystyrene (PS) and nanosilica/polystyrene beads were fabricated, respectively. The structure and properties of silica aerogel @PS composite beads were characterized by SEM, EDS, TG-DSC and FT-IR. The results of TG-DSC, FT-IR and EDS show silica aerogel is located in the PS beads, but it is difficult to be observed by SEM because of its low content. The introduction of silica and silica aerogel both decrease the transparency of PS beads. Silica aerogel loosen the microstructure of PS beads.

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41

Liu, Peng, Wei-Min Liu, and Qun-Ji Xue. "Graft polymerization of styrene from silica nanoparticles using a dispersion polymerization method." Designed Monomers and Polymers 7, no. 3 (January 2004): 253–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156855504774076262.

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Li, Joshua Qing Song, Yan Qiu Wang, and Hai Wang. "Preparation and Characterization of Silica/Polymer Hybrid Submicron Particles via a Semi-Continuous Soap-Free Emulsion Polymerization." Advanced Materials Research 1120-1121 (July 2015): 225–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1120-1121.225.

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Submicron hybrid particles were prepared by direct polymerization of three monomers of styrene, methyl methacrylate (MMA), and vinyl acetate (VAC) onto the hydrophilic surface of 230 nm silica submicron particles without any coupling agent in a semi-continuous emulsifier-free emulsion polymerization at a monomer starved condition. The polymerization was initiated by potassium persulfate with constant monomer feed at 0.01, 0.02, or 0.04 mL/min, after adding 230 nm silica seed particles. The particle growth was investigated with a laser particle size analyzer and SEM, and the particle surfaces by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). It was founded that the growth of the hybrid particles depended on the hydrophobic characteristics of the polymers. When monomer was the most hydrophobic styrene, polystyrene (PS) shells split off from the hydrophilic surface of the unmodified silica particle whenever the shells reached a limit of ~20 nm. However, both polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) and polyvinyl acetate (PVAC) shells grew constantly on the hydrophilic surface of silica particles. In the process of the whole reaction, the SiO2/PMMA and SiO2/PVAC hybrid particles kept almost monodisperse.

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Ionov, V. N., V. V. Kashin, V. N. Perminova, S. Ya Rusanov, and V. K. Sysoev. "Thermophysical analysis of thermal polymerization of silica-organic cladding for silica fibers." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 33, no. 6 (May 5, 1987): 1949–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1987.070330608.

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Kim, Lily Nari, Mira Kim, Keumsim Jung, Hyung Jong Bae, Jisung Jang, Yushin Jung, Jiyun Kim, and Sunghoon Kwon. "Shape-encoded silica microparticles for multiplexed bioassays." Chemical Communications 51, no. 60 (2015): 12130–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5cc02048d.

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Li, Yu, Yi He Zhang, Bo Shen, and Feng Zhu Lv. "Preparation and Dielectric Properties of Polyimide Nanocomposite Films Based on Hollow Silica." Advanced Materials Research 217-218 (March 2011): 647–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.217-218.647.

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The hollow silica was fabricated by using monodispersed polystyrene microspheres as core template and tetraethyl orthosilicate as silica source, and polyimide nanocomposite films with different hollow silica concentration were successfully prepared via in situ polymerization. The hollow silica and nanocomposite films were characterized. The results indicated that the diameter of the hollow silica is around 30nm and the dielectric constant of the nanocomposite films enhance with the increase of the concentration of the hollow silica.

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Zhang, Ke Hong, Hui Xiao, and Jun Juan Du. "The Effects of the Reaction Conditions on the Grafting Degree of SiO₂-g-PMAA Particle." Advanced Materials Research 581-582 (October 2012): 301–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.581-582.301.

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Modified MPS-SiO2 particle was obtained by the bonding of 3-methacryloxypropyl trimethoxysilane (KH-570) on the surface of silica gel particle. The methacrylic acid (MMA) monomers were grafted on the surface of MPS-SiO2 particle to prepare the grafting particles SiO2-g-PMAA. The effects of reaction conditions on the graft degree were explored. The results indicate that the MMA monomers can be easily grafted on the surface of silica gel particle by using the method of graft polymerization. During the graft polymerization, the grafted polymer layer is a hindrance to the subsequent graft polymerization. Then the grafting degree of the polymer under a certain condition has a limiting value. The reaction conditions, such as monomer concentration, the amount of initiator, reaction temperature, have remarkably influence on the graft polymerization of SiO2-g-PMAA.

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NGUYEN, J., and C. JONES. "Recyclable polymerization catalysts: methyl methacrylate polymerization with silica-supported CuBr–bipyridine atom transfer radical polymerization catalysts." Journal of Catalysis 232, no. 2 (June 10, 2005): 276–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcat.2005.02.019.

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López-Aranguren, Pedro, Santiago Builes, Julio Fraile, Ana López-Periago, Lourdes F. Vega, and Concepción Domingo. "Hybrid aminopolymer–silica materials for efficient CO2adsorption." RSC Advances 5, no. 127 (2015): 104943–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra20583b.

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Nummeechai, Suwicha, Phiriyathorn Suwanmala, Kasinee Hemvichian, and Thirawudh Pongprayoon. "Ultrathin Film Formation by Gamma-Ray Induced Polymerization in Surfactant Template on Solid Surface." Advances in Science and Technology 54 (September 2008): 270–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.54.270.

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Ultrathin film of polyisoprene was formed on silica surface in the two dimensional adsorbed surfactant by gamma-ray induced polymerization. The effect of gamma irradiation total doses on polymeric film formation was investigated. The modified silica and formed film were characterized. The results showed the potential of the surface modification by polymer film-surfactant-silica hybrid.

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Kuzema, P. O., D. L. Starokadomsky, O. O. Tkachenko, and V. A. Tertykh. "Reinforcement of epoxy polymers with hydride-silylated fumed silica." Himia, Fizika ta Tehnologia Poverhni 11, no. 4 (December 30, 2020): 484–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/hftp11.04.484.

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Fumed silica (FS) is widely used in numerous fields of application, the plastics industry being one of the most significance, where FS has proved to be successful as an efficient thickening, thixotropic, and anti-settling agent, as well as reinforcing filler. Chemical modification of silica surface enlarges its functional capabilities. In particular, silica with grafted silicon hydride groups was found to be active in the processes of hydrosilylation of alkene and alkyne bonds in monomers during their polymerization, resulting in the formation of reinforced polymeric composites. Recently, specific epoxy resins have gained significance, and FS was found to be useful, particularly as rheological additive. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of hydride-silylated FS (HFS) as a potentially active reinforcing component for epoxy-based polymers. The activation energy for hydrosilylation of olefins is higher than that for ring-opening polymerization of epoxides, therefore, one may expect the latter process with participation of ≡SiH groups to proceed more readily. HFS was obtained via FS treatment with triethoxysilane. The presence of grafted silicon hydride groups was confirmed by means of IR spectroscopy, and their concentration measured by titrimetric and spectrophotometric analysis was found to be about 0.4 mmol/g. FS-epoxy and HFS-epoxy composites were prepared by the corresponding filler introduction (2 wt. % loading) into the mixture of epoxy monomer and amine hardener. The resulted materials after curing were subject to compression, bending, and adhesion tests. Compression tests revealed that filling with FS and HFS reduced the compressive strength by 10%, however, HFS-epoxy composite was found to possess an increased by 20 % Young’s modulus for compression as compared to that for the unfilled epoxy polymer. Upon this, 2 wt. % loading with silicas keeps the ductility of the polymer. Also, silica-containing epoxy polymers showed an improved bending strength and bending modulus, the former being two times higher for HFS-epoxy composite than that for the unfilled polymer. The adhesion to steel was found to increase by more than 2 times upon filling with silicas, HFS-epoxy composite being also superior as compared to the FS-epoxy one. Thus, preliminary results indicate that fumed silica with grafted silicon hydride groups shows promise as active reinforcing filler for epoxy polymers.

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