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Journal articles on the topic 'Silica-natural rubber nanocomposite'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 9 March 2023

Last updated: 10 March 2023

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1

Chen, Ying, Zheng Peng, Ling Xue Kong, Mao Fang Huang, and Pu Wang Li. "Natural rubber nanocomposite reinforced with nano silica." Polymer Engineering & Science 48, no. 9 (September 2008): 1674–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.20997.

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2

Bandyopadhyay, Abhijit, Mousumi De Sarkar, and Anil K. Bhowmick. "Solution Rheology of Poly(vinyl alcohol)/Silica Hybrid Nanocomposites." Polymers and Polymer Composites 13, no. 5 (July 2005): 429–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096739110501300501.

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The solution behavior of polymer/silica hybrid nanocomposites was investigated using a Brookfield viscometer. The nanocomposites were prepared using the sol-gel technique with tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) as the precursor for silica. The sol-gel reaction was carried out in the pH range of 1.0-2.0, which was maintained by the addition of concentrated HCl. Poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA)/silica nanocomposites demonstrated a bigger rise in solution viscosity after continuous measurement for five days than either- acrylic rubber (ACM)/silica or epoxidised natural rubber (ENR)/silica nanocomposites. Detailed investigation of the PVA/silica system indicated that it exhibited Newtonian behaviour when the solutions contained (5 or 7.5 wt% of PVA,) even when increasing the TEOS concentration to 50 wt%, although at one particular TEOS concentration (10 wt%), the nanocomposite was pseudoplastic when the concentration of PVA was increased to 10 wt%. The reinforcement factor [Formula: see text] for those PVA/silica hybrid nanocomposites containing 5 wt% of PVA deviated strongly from the Guth-Smallwood prediction. Instead they obeyed a relationship of the type ηmax = η0(1 + aϕb), where a = 4.45 and b = 0.38, calculated for this system. The viscosity decreased with increasing temperature for both PVA and the representative nanocomposite with 30 wt% TEOS (PVA30), although the activation energy for flow of the nanocomposite did not vary to a great extent.

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3

Poompradub, Sirilux, Shinzo Kohjiya, and Yuko Ikeda. "Natural Rubber/In Situ Silica Nanocomposite of a High Silica Content." Chemistry Letters 34, no. 5 (May 2005): 672–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1246/cl.2005.672.

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4

Ghosh, Sarat, Ranjan A. Sengupta, and Michael Kaliske. "PREDICTION OF ROLLING RESISTANCE FOR TRUCK BUS RADIAL TIRES WITH NANOCOMPOSITE BASED TREAD COMPOUNDS USING FINITE ELEMENT SIMULATION." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 87, no. 2 (June 1, 2014): 276–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/rct.13.87901.

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ABSTRACT Tire rolling resistance (RR) is a key performance index in the tire industry that addresses environmental concerns. Reduction of tire rolling resistance is a critical part of lowering fuel consumption, which could be achieved by changing both design and compound formulation. The major challenge is availability of a suitable software code to evaluate RR of tires using nonlinear viscoelastic properties of rubber. We developed a rolling resistance code and used it to predict rolling resistance of truck bus radial tires with nanocomposite based tread compounds. The energy dissipation in the tire is evaluated using the product of elastic strain energy and loss tangent of materials through post-processing using the rolling resistance code developed in this work. The elastic strain energy is obtained through steady state rolling simulation of tires using commercial software. The loss tangent versus strains at two reference temperatures is measured in the laboratory using a dynamic mechanical thermal analyzer. A temperature equation is developed to incorporate the effect of temperature on loss energy. Good correlation of rolling resistance is observed between simulation and experimental results. Nanocomposites used in this study are prepared based on natural rubber and polybutadiene rubber blends with either organoclay and carbon black or organoclay and silica dual filler system. Carboxylated nitrile rubber, a polar rubber, is used as a compatibilizer to facilitate the clay dispersion in the rubber matrix. Compared with general carbon black or silica tread compounds, substantial improvement of rolling resistance is predicted by finite element simulation with nanocomposite based tread compounds containing dual fillers.

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5

Chaowamalee, Supphathee, Ning Yan, and Chawalit Ngamcharussrivichai. "Propylsulfonic Acid-Functionalized Mesostructured Natural Rubber/Silica Nanocomposites as Promising Hydrophobic Solid Catalysts for Alkyl Levulinate Synthesis." Nanomaterials 12, no. 4 (February 11, 2022): 604. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12040604.

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Organosulfonic acid-functionalized mesoporous silica is a class of heterogeneous acid catalysts used in esterification processes due to its high surface area, shape-selective properties, and strongly acidic sites. Since water is generated as a by-product of esterification, the surface of mesostructured silica is modified to enhance hydrophobicity and catalytic performance. In this study, a series of propylsulfonic acid-functionalized nanocomposites based on natural rubber and hexagonal mesoporous silica (NRHMS-SO3H) with different acidities were prepared via an in situ sol-gel process using tetraethyl orthosilicate as the silica source, dodecylamine as the nonionic templating agent, and (3-mercaptopropyl)trimethoxysilane as the acid-functional group precursor. Compared with conventional propylsulfonic acid-functionalized hexagonal mesoporous silica (HMS-SO3H), NRHMS-SO3H provided higher hydrophobicity, while retaining mesoporosity and high surface area. The catalytic activity of synthesized solid acids was then evaluated via batch esterification of levulinic acid (LA) with alcohols (ethanol, n-propanol, and n-butanol) to produce alkyl levulinate esters. NRHMS-SO3H exhibited higher catalytic activity than HMS-SO3H and ultra-stable Y (HUSY) zeolite owing to the synergistic effect between the strongly acidic-functional group and surface hydrophobicity. The activation energy of the reaction over the NRHMS-SO3H surface was lower than that of HUSY and HMS-SO3H, suggesting that tuning the hydrophobicity and acidity on a nanocomposite surface is a compelling strategy for energy reduction to promote catalysis.

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6

Wang, Qinghuang, Yongyue Luo, Chunfang Feng, Zhifeng Yi, Quanfang Qiu, L. X. Kong, and Zheng Peng. "Reinforcement of Natural Rubber with Core-Shell Structure Silica-Poly(Methyl Methacrylate) Nanoparticles." Journal of Nanomaterials 2012 (2012): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/782986.

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A highly performing natural rubber/silica (NR/SiO2) nanocomposite with a SiO2loading of 2 wt% was prepared by combining similar dissolve mutually theory with latex compounding techniques. Before polymerization, double bonds were introduced onto the surface of the SiO2particles with the silane-coupling agent. The core-shell structure silica-poly(methyl methacrylate), SiO2-PMMA, nanoparticles were formed by grafting polymerization of MMA on the surface of the modified SiO2particles via in situ emulsion, and then NR/SiO2nanocomposite was prepared by blending SiO2-PMMA and PMMA-modified NR (NR-PMMA). The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy results show that PMMA has been successfully introduced onto the surface of SiO2, which can be well dispersed in NR matrix and present good interfacial adhesion with NR phase. Compared with those of pure NR, the thermal resistance and tensile properties of NR/SiO2nanocomposite are significantly improved.

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7

Arrigo, Rossella, Leno Mascia, Jane Clarke, and Giulio Malucelli. "Effect of SiO2 Particles on the Relaxation Dynamics of Epoxidized Natural Rubber (ENR) in the Melt State by Time-Resolved Mechanical Spectroscopy." Polymers 13, no. 2 (January 15, 2021): 276. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13020276.

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The rheological behavior of an epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) nanocomposite containing 10 wt.% of silica particles was examined by time-resolved mechanical spectroscopy (TRMS), exploiting the unique capability of this technique for monitoring the time-dependent characteristics of unstable polymer melts. The resulting storage modulus curve has revealed a progressive evolution of the elastic component of the composite, associated with slower relaxations of the ENR macromolecular chains. Two major events were identified and quantified: one is associated with the absorption of the epoxidized rubber macromolecules onto the silica surface, which imposes further restrictions on the motions of the chains within the polymer phase; the second is related to gelation and the subsequent changes in rheological behavior resulting from the simultaneous occurrence cross-linking and chain scission reactions within the ENR matrix. These were quantified using two parameters related to changes in the storage and loss modulus components.

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8

Yousatit, Satit, Witsarut Rungruangwattanachot, Natthakit Yuwawanitchakorn, Sakdinun Nuntang, Patiparn Punyapalakul, and Chawalit Ngamcharussrivichai. "Amine-Functionalized Natural Rubber/Mesostructured Silica Nanocomposites for Adsorptive Removal of Clofibric Acid in Aqueous Phase." Molecules 28, no. 5 (March 2, 2023): 2330. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28052330.

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This study is the first report on the synthesis, characterization and application of amine-functionalized mesoporous nanocomposites based on natural rubber (NR) and wormhole-like mesostructured silica (WMS). In comparison with amine-functionalized WMS (WMS-NH2), a series of NR/WMS-NH2 composites were synthesized via an in situ sol-gel method in which the organo-amine group was grafted onto the nanocomposite surface via co-condensation with 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (APS) as the amine-functional group precursor. The NR/WMS-NH2 materials had a high specific surface area (115–492 m2 g−1) and total pore volume (0.14–1.34 cm3 g−1) with uniform wormhole-like mesoporous frameworks. The amine concentration of NR/WMS-NH2 (0.43–1.84 mmol g−1) was increased with an increase in the APS concentration, corresponding to high levels of functionalization with the amine groups of 53–84%. The H2O adsorption–desorption measurement revealed that NR/WMS-NH2 possessed higher hydrophobicity than WMS-NH2. The removal of clofibric acid (CFA), a xenobiotic metabolite of the lipid-lowering drug clofibrate, from the aqueous solution using WMS-NH2 and NR/WMS-NH2 materials was investigated using a batch adsorption experiment. The adsorption was a chemical process in which the pseudo-second order kinetic model expressed the sorption kinetic data better than the pseudo first-order and Ritchie-second kinetic order model. In addition, the CFA adsorption sorption equilibrium data of the NR/WMS-NH2 materials were fitted to the Langmuir isotherm model. The NR/WMS-NH2 with 5% amine loading had the highest CFA adsorption capacity (6.29 mg g−1).

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9

Khumho, Rujeeluk, Satit Yousatit, and Chawalit Ngamcharussrivichai. "Glucose Conversion into 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural over Niobium Oxides Supported on Natural Rubber-Derived Carbon/Silica Nanocomposite." Catalysts 11, no. 8 (July 22, 2021): 887. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal11080887.

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5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) is one of the most important lignocellulosic biomass-derived platform molecules for production of renewable fuel additives, liquid hydrocarbon fuels, and value-added chemicals. The present work developed niobium oxides (Nb2O5) supported on mesoporous carbon/silica nanocomposite (MCS), as novel solid base catalyst for synthesis of HMF via one-pot glucose conversion in a biphasic solvent. The MCS material was prepared via carbonization using natural rubber dispersed in hexagonal mesoporous silica (HMS) as a precursor. The Nb2O5 supported on MCS (Nb/MCS) catalyst with an niobium (Nb) loading amount of 10 wt.% (10-Nb/MCS) was characterized by high dispersion, and so tiny crystallites of Nb2O5, on the MCS surface, good textural properties, and the presence of Bronsted and Lewis acid sites with weak-to-medium strength. By varying the Nb loading amount, the crystallite size of Nb2O5 and molar ratio of Bronsted/Lewis acidity could be tuned. When compared to the pure silica HMS-supported Nb catalyst, the Nb/MCS material showed a superior glucose conversion and HMF yield. The highest HMF yield of 57.5% was achieved at 93.2% glucose conversion when using 10-Nb/MCS as catalyst (5 wt.% loading with respect to the mass of glucose) at 190 °C for 1 h. Furthermore, 10-Nb/MCS had excellent catalytic stability, being reused in the reaction for five consecutive cycles during which both the glucose conversion and HMF yield were insignificantly changed. Its superior performance was ascribed to the suitable ratio of Brønsted/Lewis acid sites, and the hydrophobic properties generated from the carbon moieties dispersed in the MCS nanocomposite.

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10

Liu, Jin, Xiao Hui Tian, Jin Yu Sun, Shu Yi Wang, and Jun Chao Duan. "Mechanical Properties and Thermal Resistance of Natural Rubber Nanocomposite Reinforced with Quaternized Polyvinyl Alcohol/Silica Nanoclusters." Journal of Nano Research 43 (September 2016): 46–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jnanor.43.46.

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Quaternized polyvinyl alcohol (QPVA) was synthesized and used as an intermedium to improve dispersion of silica (SiO2) in natural rubber (NR). QPVA/SiO2 nanoclusters reinforced NR nanocomposite was prepared by latex compounding via electrostatic interaction. TEM micrographs demonstrated QPVA/SiO2 nanoclusters were distributed around NR particles, forming shell-core structure. The mechanical properties and thermal ageing resistance of NR-QPVA/SiO2 were significantly improved compared with that of neat NR. The tensile strength of NR-QPVA/SiO2 film was improved by 60%, when the SiO2 content is 3%. SEM pictures indicated SiO2 was homogenous dispersed throughout NR matrix in the presence of QPVA. It also demonstrated that SiO2 could enhance thermal stability of NR, as NR-QPVA/SiO2 had best surface morphology after 72 hours thermal ageing at 100 °C. The thermal decomposition temperature and glass transition temperature of NR-QPVA/SiO2 film increased to a higher temperature due to strong polymer–filler interaction, which also indicated that all the ingredients were compatible and homogenous.

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11

Karim, J., A. Ahmad, I. Abdullah, and H. M. Dahlan. "Effects of pH on mechanical and morphological studies of silica filled polyvinyl chloride-50% epoxidized natural rubber (PVC-ENR50) nanocomposite." Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology 62, no. 1 (January 14, 2012): 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10971-011-2670-x.

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12

Ikeda, Yuko, Sirilux Poompradub, Yuichi Morita, and Shinzo Kohjiya. "Preparation of high performance nanocomposite elastomer: effect of reaction conditions on in situ silica generation of high content in natural rubber." Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology 45, no. 3 (February 6, 2008): 299–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10971-008-1682-7.

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13

Jiang, Xin, Yihu Song, Wanjie Wang, and Qiang Zheng. "Influence of silica on electrical conduction and mechanical behaviors of stretchable nanocomposite conductor based on poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) filled natural rubber." Composites Communications 29 (January 2022): 101030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coco.2021.101030.

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14

Wu, Weili, and Songyan Cong. "Modified diatomite forms in the rubber nanocomposites." Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials 33, no. 5 (November 11, 2018): 659–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0892705718811408.

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Diatomite is a kind of biomass sedimentary rock, which is widely used in chemical engineering, petroleum, building materials, biomedical medicine, health care and environmental protection, and other fields due to its characteristics of lightweight, large specific surface area, super adsorption, noise and abrasion resistance, thermal properties, and corrosion resistance. The diatomite is similar to silica in the composition structure and can be used as a substitute for silica to reinforce the rubber materials. In this work, the diatomite was modified with different modifiers to fill the rubbers such as natural rubber, styrene–butadiene rubber, butadiene rubber, nitrile butadiene rubber, ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM), chloroprene rubber, methyl vinyl silicone rubber, fluorine rubber (FKM), and acrylic rubber (ACM). The results showed that the obtained formula is the most suitable diatomite modifier for various rubber is Si69, and its amount is 2.5 parts per hundred rubber (phr), and the diatomite content is 20 phr. The diatomite is more suitable for FKM, ACM, and EPDM. The diatomite has better reinforced effect on FKM, EPDM, and ACM than silica, and FKM is the most prominent. The modified diatomite can be uniformly dispersed in the matrix of FKM, EPDM, and ACM; the compatibility is good; and the mechanical properties are excellent. It was demonstrated that the modified diatomite with green environmental protection and low cost can replace silica to reinforce and fill the three kinds of rubbers.

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15

Seangyen, Wichudaporn, Paweena Prapainainar, Pongdhorn Sae-Oui, Surapich Loykulnant, and Peerapan Dittanet. "Natural Rubber Reinforced with Silica Nanoparticles Extracted from Jasmine and Riceberry Rice Husk Ashes." Materials Science Forum 936 (October 2018): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.936.31.

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Silica nanoparticles were synthesized by rice husk ash (RHA) produced from jasmine rice husk and riceberry rice husk via sol-gel method for the use as reinforcing fillers in natural rubber (NR). The obtained silica nanoparticles are spherical in shape and the particle sizes were observed to be in the 10-20 nm range with uniformly size distribution. The surface of silica nanoparticles was treated with a silane coupling agent confirmed by FTIR. The treated silica nanoparticles were then incorporated into NR and vulcanized with electron beam irradiation. The rubber nanocomposites with silica nanoparticles, produced from jasmine rice husk and riceberry rice husk, resulted in higher mechanical properties (tensile strength and modulus) than neat rubber vulcanizate. The modified rubber vulcanizates revealed rougher surface with tear lines as compared to the neat rubber vulcanizates, indicating the improved strength. Interestingly, the rubber nanocomposites with silica nanoparticles from jasmine rice husk showed higher tensile strength and modulus than silica nanoparticles produced from riceberry rice husk. The micrographs indicated better dispersion of NR composites with jasmine rice husk which leads to a strong interaction between silica nanoparticles and rubber matrix, thereby improving the strength.

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Bandyopadhyay, Abhijit, Mousumi De Sarkar, and Anil K. Bhowmick. "Epoxidized Natural Rubber / Silica Nanoscale Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Composites Prepared by Sol-Gel Technique." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 77, no. 5 (November 1, 2004): 830–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3547854.

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Abstract Epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) / silica organic-inorganic hybrid nanocomposites were prepared by using a sol-gel technique. Tetraethoxysilane was used as the precursor for the in-situ generation of silica. The choice of ENR as a matrix was made because of its polar nature which can interact with the in-situ generated silica. The sol-gel reaction was carried out at room temperature by dissolving the rubber in tetrahydrofuran solvent using hydrochloric acid as the catalyst. The resultant composite films appeared transparent up to 50 wt% of tetraethoxysilane loading. Dispersion of the discrete silica particles having dimensions of 15 – 100 nm was observed through transmission electron microscope. Scanning electron microscopic studies did not produce any evidence for formation of silica network within the bulk of the composite. Infrared spectroscopic studies indicated the occurrence of chemical interaction within the rubber /silica organic-inorganic interfaces which was further supported by the insolubility of the respective samples in tetrahydrofuran under the ambient conditions. Mechanical reinforcement within the hybrid nanocomposites, both at high and low temperature regions, was demonstrated through dynamic mechanical analysis. The composites exhibited superior tensile strength and tensile moduli compared to the gum rubber samples. Further reinforcement was noticed when the rubber phase in the nanocomposites was cured with either benzoyl peroxide or dicumyl peroxide. The dicumyl peroxide cured hybrid composites displayed 112% improvement in tensile strength over the control crosslinked rubber sample, probably due to synergisms of nanosilica reinforcement and crosslinking of the rubber phase in the hybrids.

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17

Bandyopadhyay, Abhijit, Mousumi De Sarkar, and Anil K. Bhowmick. "Rheological Behavior of Hybrid Rubber Nanocomposites." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 78, no. 5 (November 1, 2005): 806–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3547915.

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Abstract Melt rheological behavior of acrylic rubber (ACM)/ silica and epoxidized natural rubber (ENR)/ silica hybrid nanocomposites prepared by using sol-gel technique at room temperature was studied for the first time in a Monsanto Processability Tester (capillary rheometer) at nine different shear rates and three different temperatures (100 °C, 110 °C and 120 °C). Tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) was used as the precursor for silica, and water to TEOS mole ratio was maintained at 2:1 throughout the experiments. The loading of TEOS was 10, 30 and 50 wt% with respect to the rubber and the pH of the medium was maintained in the range of 1.0–2.0 by the addition of appropriate amount of concentrated HCl. The shear viscosity showed marginal increment even at higher nanosilica loading for the rubber/ silica nanocomposites. All the compositions displayed pseudoplastic behavior and obeyed Power Law model within the experimental conditions. The reinforcement factor (RF) calculated from the ratio of the viscosities of the filled and the unfilled systems was found to increase with nanosilica content at a particular shear rate. ENR/ silica nanocomposites displayed higher increment of RF compared to ACM/ silica system, which may be due to better polymer-filler interaction in the former. The RF remained almost constant for both the systems with the variation of temperature. The die swell of the nanocomposites was always lower than that of the gum rubber sample, though the nature of variation of die swell with shear rates was different for ACM and ENR nanocomposites. In both the cases, the die swell was found to decease with increase in temperature. The variation in activation energy with the experimental shear rates was also calculated, where the hybrids displayed a decreasing trend in activation energy with the increase in shear rate.

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18

MOOLSIN, Supat, and Duangkamon SAWANGKAN. "Epoxidized natural rubber/silane modified silica nanocomposites prepared in latex stage." Journal of Metals, Materials and Minerals 32, no. 1 (March 29, 2022): 118–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.55713/jmmm.v32i1.1242.

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Epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) was synthesized from natural rubber (NR) latex via in situ epoxidation using HCOOH and H2O2. The prepared ENR with 22 mol% epoxidation (ENR-22) was reinforced with silane modified silica (SMS) nanoparticles with different SMS loading in latex stage. The tensile properties, thermal stability, oil resistance and morphology of the ENR-22/SMS nanocomposites were investigated. The tensile strength was improved significantly and gained the maximum point at 7.5 phr SMS content. The thermogravimetric analysis showed an increased initial degradation temperature with the addition of SMS, suggesting higher thermal stability of the nanocomposites. The oil resistance of ENR-22/SMS nanocomposites in IRM 901 oil and IRM 903 oil were increased with the increasing amount of SMS content, indicating having improved oil resistance. The morphology revealed that the dispersions of SMS have been significantly improved since most of the spherical clusters of nanoparticles were individually scattered among the ENR matrix.

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19

Sattar, Md Abdul, A. Sreekumaran Nair, P. J. Xavier, and Archita Patnaik. "Natural rubber–SiO2 nanohybrids: interface structures and dynamics." Soft Matter 15, no. 13 (2019): 2826–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9sm00254e.

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Homogeneous dispersion of silica nanoparticles (SiO₂ NPs) in natural rubber (NR) is a key challenge for engineering high-performance nanocomposites and elucidation of their structure on a molecular basis.

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Magaraphan, Rathanawan, Woothichai Thaijaroen, and Ratree Lim-ochakun. "Structure and Properties of Natural Rubber and Modified Montmorillonite Nanocomposites." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 76, no. 2 (May 1, 2003): 406–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3547751.

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Abstract Montmorillonite clay was organically modified by primary and quaternary ammonium salts (having C12-C18). The modified clay was added to a solution of natural rubber in toluene at various contents. Characterization of the structure of the nanocomposites was performed by using x-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscope. The results showed that the silicate layers of the clay were expanded so that the exfoliated nanocomposites were obtained at clay content below 10 phr; above that the nanocomposites became partially exfoliated. Moreover, long primary amine showed more improved mechanical properties than the quaternary one (at the same carbon numbers). The longer organic modifying agents resulted in better expansion of silicate layer distance indicating more intercalation of natural rubber molecules in between clay galleries. The curing properties were also improved. It was found that a small loading of 7 phr is enough to bring good mechanical properties in comparison to those of high structure silica filled and carbon black filled natural rubber vulcanizates.

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Low, Darren Yi Sern, Janarthanan Supramaniam, Apinan Soottitantawat, Tawatchai Charinpanitkul, Wiwut Tanthapanichakoon, Khang Wei Tan, and Siah Ying Tang. "Recent Developments in Nanocellulose-Reinforced Rubber Matrix Composites: A Review." Polymers 13, no. 4 (February 12, 2021): 550. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13040550.

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Research and development of nanocellulose and nanocellulose-reinforced composite materials have garnered substantial interest in recent years. This is greatly attributed to its unique functionalities and properties, such as being renewable, sustainable, possessing high mechanical strengths, having low weight and cost. This review aims to highlight recent developments in incorporating nanocellulose into rubber matrices as a reinforcing filler material. It encompasses an introduction to natural and synthetic rubbers as a commodity at large and conventional fillers used today in rubber processing, such as carbon black and silica. Subsequently, different types of nanocellulose would be addressed, including its common sources, dimensions, and mechanical properties, followed by recent isolation techniques of nanocellulose from its resource and application in rubber reinforcement. The review also gathers recent studies and qualitative findings on the incorporation of a myriad of nanocellulose variants into various types of rubber matrices with the main goal of enhancing its mechanical integrity and potentially phasing out conventional rubber fillers. The mechanism of reinforcement and mechanical behaviors of these nanocomposites are highlighted. This article concludes with potential industrial applications of nanocellulose-reinforced rubber composites and the way forward with this technology.

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22

Lowe, David J., Andrew V. Chapman, Stuart Cook, and James J. C. Busfield. "STUDYING NR/ORGANO-MONTMORILLONITE NANOCOMPOSITES WITH SILANE COUPLING AGENTS VIA NETWORK VISUALIZATION TEM." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 86, no. 4 (December 1, 2013): 538–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/rct.13.87974.

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ABSTRACT Organo-montmorillonite (OMMT) increases the elastic modulus of elastomers such as natural rubber (NR) by a very large amount at low strains, but this decreases as the rubber is extended. Silane coupling agents, widely used with silica-filled rubbers, were added to NR/OMMT nanocomposites to increase the effects of OMMT on modulus at high strains. Both bis(triethoxysilylpropyl)tetrasulfide (TESPT) and 3-mercaptopropyl di(tridecan-1-oxy-13-penta(ethylene oxide))ethoxysilane (MPDES) increase tensile modulus significantly at strains greater than 30%. The coupling agents strengthen the rubber–filler interface, reducing cavitation around OMMT particles and preventing NR molecules from sliding at the interface. Evidence for a stronger rubber–filler interaction is provided by measurements of bound rubber content and use of network visualization transmission electron microscopy (NVTEM). OMMT also affects the dynamic properties of NR differently from other fillers. One aspect of this is the appearance of a peak in tan δ between 20 °C and 60 °C, attributed to the glass transition of intercalated and adsorbed NR molecules. The intensity of this peak is diminished by the addition of TESPT or MPDES, implying that they are restricting the intercalation of the rubber between the clay sheets. The coupling agents also have a small effect on vulcanization behavior compared with that of OMMT.

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23

Meera, A. P., Sylvere Said, Yves Grohens, and Sabu Thomas. "Nonlinear Viscoelastic Behavior of Silica-Filled Natural Rubber Nanocomposites." Journal of Physical Chemistry C 113, no. 42 (September 24, 2009): 17997–8002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp9020118.

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24

Li, Si-Dong, Zheng Peng, Ling Xue Kong, and Jie-Ping Zhong. "Thermal Degradation Kinetics and Morphology of Natural Rubber/Silica Nanocomposites." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 6, no. 2 (February 1, 2006): 541–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2006.114.

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25

Fragiadakis, Daniel, Liliane Bokobza, and Polycarpos Pissis. "Dynamics near the filler surface in natural rubber-silica nanocomposites." Polymer 52, no. 14 (June 2011): 3175–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2011.04.045.

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Peng, Zheng, Ling Xue Kong, Si-Dong Li, Yin Chen, and Mao Fang Huang. "Self-assembled natural rubber/silica nanocomposites: Its preparation and characterization." Composites Science and Technology 67, no. 15-16 (December 2007): 3130–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2007.04.016.

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Jarnthong, Methakarn, Charoen Nakason, Zheng Peng, and Natinee Lopattananon. "Nano-Sized Silica Reinforcement of Epoxidized Natural Rubber Prepared in Latex State." Advanced Materials Research 415-417 (December 2011): 112–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.415-417.112.

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Modified nanosilicas have been prepared by grafting an organosiliane precursor, 3-methacryloxypropyl trimethoxysilane (MPS), onto silica surface. The grafted silane content was determined by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Subsequently, the modified nanosilica was used to reinforce epoxidized natural rubber (ENR). The effects of surface modification and filler content on morphological and mechanical properties of ENR nanocomposites were investigated.

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Mongkolvai, Auttapol, Saowaroj Chuayjuljit, Phasawat Chaiwutthinan, Amnouy Larpkasemsuk, and Anyaporn Boonmahitthisud. "Preparation and Properties of Poly(Lactic Acid)/Epoxidized Natural Rubber/Nano-Silica Composites." Key Engineering Materials 773 (July 2018): 20–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.773.20.

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This study aimed to improve the toughness property of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) by incorporating epoxidized natural rubber (ENR), an elastomeric material and silica nanoparticle (nSiO2), a spherical inorganic nanofiller. ENR with 30mol% epoxidation (ENR 30) was first prepared via in situ epoxidation of natural rubber by performic acid generated from the reaction between formic acid and hydrogen peroxide in the latex stage. The PLA was melt blended with three weight percentages (10, 20 and 30wt%) of ENR in an internal mixer, followed by a compression molding. The effects of ENR loadings on the mechanical properties and thermal stability of the blends were first investigated. It was found that the addition of ENR 30 increased the toughness property of the blends. The blend at 20wt% ENR 30 exhibited the highest impact strength and elongation at break, and so was selected for preparing nanocomposites with three loadings (1, 2 and 3 parts per hundred of resins) of nano-silica (nSiO2). The results showed that all PLA/ENR 30/nSiO2 nanocomposites exhibited higher impact strength and thermal stability than the neat 80/20 PLA/ENR 30 blend.

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Bokobza, Liliane. "Natural Rubber Nanocomposites: A Review." Nanomaterials 9, no. 1 (December 22, 2018): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano9010012.

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This paper reviews studies carried out on natural rubber filled with nanofillers such as spherical silica particles (generated by the sol gel reaction), clays and carbon nanostructures. It is shown that the mechanical response of NR is influenced by several parameters including the processing conditions, the state of filler dispersion, the polymer-filler interactions and the filler morphological aspects. Even if the sol gel process conducted in vulcanized rubber yields almost ideal dispersions, rod-shaped particles such as clay, carbon fibers or carbon nanotubes are by far more efficient in terms of mechanical reinforcement on account of their anisotropic character and their ability to orientate in the direction of stretch. The efficiency of layered fillers such as clays or graphitic structures clearly depends on the way they are dispersed (exfoliated) in the rubber. Complete exfoliation still remains difficult to achieve which limits the tremendous nanoreinforcement expected from a single layer of clay or graphite. In all cases, the onset of crystallization is observed at a lower strain value than that of the unfilled matrix due to strain amplification effects.

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Hakimi, Nik Muhammad Faris, Seng Hua Lee, Wei Chen Lum, Siti Fatahiyah Mohamad, Syeed SaifulAzry Osman Al Edrus, Byung-Dae Park, and Anis Azmi. "Surface Modified Nanocellulose and Its Reinforcement in Natural Rubber Matrix Nanocomposites: A Review." Polymers 13, no. 19 (September 24, 2021): 3241. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13193241.

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Natural rubber is of significant economic importance owing to its excellent resilience, elasticity, abrasion and impact resistance. Despite that, natural rubber has been identified with some drawbacks such as low modulus and strength and therefore opens up the opportunity for adding a reinforcing agent. Apart from the conventional fillers such as silica, carbon black and lignocellulosic fibers, nanocellulose is also one of the ideal candidates. Nanocellulose is a promising filler with many excellent properties such as renewability, biocompatibility, non-toxicity, reactive surface, low density, high specific surface area, high tensile and elastic modulus. However, it has some limitations in hydrophobicity, solubility and compatibility and therefore it is very difficult to achieve good dispersion and interfacial properties with the natural rubber matrix. Surface modification is often carried out to enhance the interfacial compatibilities between nanocellulose and natural rubber and to alleviate difficulties in dispersing them in polar solvents or polymers. This paper aims to highlight the different surface modification methods employed by several researchers in modifying nanocellulose and its reinforcement effects in the natural rubber matrix. The mechanism of the different surface medication methods has been discussed. The review also lists out the conventional filler that had been used as reinforcing agent for natural rubber. The challenges and future prospective has also been concluded in the last part of this review.

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Bayat, Hossein, Mohammad Fasihi, Yasser Zare, and Kyong Yop Rhee. "An experimental study on one-step and two-step foaming of natural rubber/silica nanocomposites." Nanotechnology Reviews 9, no. 1 (May 15, 2020): 427–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ntrev-2020-0032.

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AbstractThe curing and cellular structure of natural rubber (NR)/silica composite foams were investigated. The presence of an activator in the rubber formulation significantly lowered the decomposition temperature of the azodicarbonamide foaming agent, which allowed foaming before NR curing. Therefore, two foam methods were designed: foaming initially at 90°C and then curing at 140°C, and foaming and curing simultaneously at 140°C. Two-step foaming generated a lower cell density and higher cell size. Incorporation of nano silica into NR increased the foam density, but decreased the cell size. The higher foaming temperature restricted the bubble growth because of a higher curing rate and inhibited cell coalescence.

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32

Jovanović, Slaviša, Suzana Samaržija-Jovanović, Gordana Marković, Vojislav Jovanović, Tijana Adamović, and Milena Marinović-Cincović. "Ternary NR/BR/SBR rubber blend nanocomposites." Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials 31, no. 2 (March 16, 2017): 265–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0892705717697778.

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The goal of this work was to synthesize and characterize ternary rubber blends based on polyisoprene (natural rubber (NR)), polybutadiene rubber (BR), and styrene–butadiene rubber (SBR) (NR/BR/SBR = 25/25/50) reinforced with different loading silica (SiO2) nanoparticles (0–100 part per hundred parts of rubber (phr)). The specimens were subjected to thermooxidative aging at 100°C, for two times: at 72 and 168 h, respectively, and then mechanically stretched to fracture by tension with a Zwick 1425 (Zwick GmbH, Ulm, Germany) universal tensile testing machine. Rheological and mechanical properties were used as characterization of the ternary rubber blends. The reinforcing performance of the filler was investigated using rheometric, mechanical, and swelling measurements, thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy with attenuated total reflectance. Hardness, tensile strength, elongation at break, and swelling degree were assessed before and after thermal aging. There was a remarkable decrease in the optimum cure time ( tc90) and the scorch time ( ts2), which was associated with a decrease in the cure rate index of (NR/BR/SBR = 25/25/50) ternary rubber blend with 60 phr of filler loading. Interaction between rubber blend and SiO2 nano-filler is confirmed by moving absorption band from 1450 cm−1 to 1480 cm−1.

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Jarnthong, Methakarn, Zheng Peng, Charoen Nakason, and Natinee Lopattananon. "Surface Modification of Silica Nanoparticles for Reinforcement of Epoxidized Natural Rubber." Advanced Materials Research 93-94 (January 2010): 370–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.93-94.370.

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Epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) based nanocomposites were prepared by mixing ENR latex (epoxide content of 35 mole%) with silica nanoparticles (SiO2). SiO2 were previously treated with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APS) and 3-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (MPS). Morphological and mechanical properties of ENR/SiO2 composites were investigated. The dispersion of SiO2 in ENR matrix, which was characterized by SEM, indicated that the treated SiO2 exhibited better dispersion than that of the untreated SiO2. Moreover, it has been found that the modified SiO2 with either APS or MPS gave much significant reinforcing effect than the untreated one. However, the treatment of SiO2 nanoparticles with MPS resulted in better interfacial interaction when the APS treatment was compared.

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34

Xu, Huilong, Xinpeng Fan, Yihu Song, and Qiang Zheng. "Reinforcement and Payne effect of hydrophobic silica filled natural rubber nanocomposites." Composites Science and Technology 187 (February 2020): 107943. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2019.107943.

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35

Nuntang, Sakdinun, Satit Yousatit, Toshiyuki Yokoi, and Chawalit Ngamcharussrivichai. "Tunable mesoporosity and hydrophobicity of natural rubber/hexagonal mesoporous silica nanocomposites." Microporous and Mesoporous Materials 275 (February 2019): 235–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.micromeso.2018.09.004.

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36

Zhai, Xiaobo, Xin Chen, Fangyuan Zheng, Dongli Han, Junchi Zheng, Xin Ye, Xiaolin Li, and Liqun Zhang. "Designing a Coupling Agent with Aliphatic Polyether Chain and Exploring Its Effect on Silica/Natural Rubber Nanocomposites under the Action of Non-Rubber Contents." Polymers 15, no. 3 (January 28, 2023): 674. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15030674.

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In order to prepare engineering tires with lower rolling resistance and better wet slip resistance in a more environmentally friendly way. In this study, a series of low volatile organic compound (VOC) Mx–Si69 coupling agents (x = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, which means the number of ethoxy group in bis-(γ-triethoxysilylpropyl)-tetrasulfide (Si69) substituted by the aliphatic polyether chain) were applied to silica/NR nanocomposites to prepare tire tread with excellent performance. Firstly, M1–Si69 was substantiated as the best choice of Mx–Si69 and Si69 to achieve comprehensive optima in the mechanical properties of silica/NR nanocomposites characterized by dynamic and static mechanical properties. Afterwards, the modification of silica with M1–Si69 induced by NRCs in silica/NR nanocomposites was revealed by comparing the filler network, micromorphology, and mechanical properties of isoprene rubber (IR) and NR nanocomposites. Furthermore, compared with Si69, the M1–Si69 coupling agent was found to conspicuously reduce the energy loss and improve the safety performance of engineering tires according to evaluations of the rolling resistance and dynamic thermomechanical properties of the silica/NR nanocomposites. Finally, the critical function of M1–Si69 in reducing ethanol (a kind of volatile organic compound (VOC)) emissions from the reaction of coupling agent and silica was disclosed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry.

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37

De, Debapriya, Prabir Kr Panda, Satyaban Bhunia, and Madhusudan Roy. "Effect of Sol-Gel-Derived Nano-silica on the Properties of Natural Rubber-Poly Butadiene Rubber-Reclaim Rubber Ternary Blends/Silica Nanocomposites." Polymer-Plastics Technology and Engineering 53, no. 11 (July 2014): 1131–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03602559.2014.886117.

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38

Boonsomwong, Kanyarat, Anne-Caroline Genix, Edouard Chauveau, Jean-Marc Fromental, Philippe Dieudonné-George, Chakrit Sirisinha, and Julian Oberdisse. "Rejuvenating the structure and rheological properties of silica nanocomposites based on natural rubber." Polymer 189 (February 2020): 122168. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2020.122168.

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39

Luo, Yongyue, Chunfang Feng, Qinghuang Wang, Zhifeng Yi, Quanfang Qiu, Kong Lx, and Zheng Peng. "Preparation and characterization of natural rubber/silica nanocomposites using rule of similarity in latex." Journal of Wuhan University of Technology-Mater. Sci. Ed. 28, no. 5 (October 2013): 997–1002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11595-013-0807-1.

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40

Hakim, R. N., and H. Ismail. "The Comparison of Organoclay with Respect to Silica on Properties of Natural Rubber Nanocomposites." Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites 28, no. 12 (August 14, 2008): 1417–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0731684408089504.

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41

Nuntang, Sakdinun, Satit Yousatit, Supphathee Chaowamalee, Toshiyuki Yokoi, Takashi Tatsumi, and Chawalit Ngamcharussrivichai. "Mesostructured natural rubber/in situ formed silica nanocomposites: A simple way to prepare mesoporous silica with hydrophobic properties." Microporous and Mesoporous Materials 259 (March 2018): 79–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.micromeso.2017.09.031.

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42

Eyssa, Hanan M., Wael S. Mohamed, and Mai M. El-Zayat. "Irradiated rubber composite with nano and micro fillers for mining rock application." Radiochimica Acta 107, no. 8 (July 26, 2019): 737–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ract-2018-2989.

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Abstract In this work, nanosilica and micro carbon black (CB) as a fillers were used to improve the properties of styrene butadiene rubber/natural rubber blends (SBR/NR) crosslinked by γ radiation. Nanosilica was prepared from silica sand and used as eco-friendly material. These composites were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and the measurements of the physic-mechanical and thermal properties were measured. Field emission scanning electron microscopy showed that the composites reinforced by nanosilica and the measurements of the CB are uniformly dispersed in the blends matrix. The results showed that the physico-mechanical and thermal properties were improved indicating a good interaction between the fillers and rubber matrix. The volume fraction measurements confirmed the formation of crosslinking network structure. Meanwhile, the reinforcement of SBR/NR blend loaded with nanosilica showed improved mechanical than blend loaded with both the nanosilica/carbon black and the CB alone. The highest enhancement was obtained for the three fillers by using a concentration of 35 phr at a dose of 150 kGy of γ-irradiation. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) indicated that the thermal stability of SBR/NR blend reinforced by nanosilica is higher than those blends reinforced with combined filler the silica. It was also found that the irradiated SBR/NR nanocomposites were more stable than the un-irradiated ones.

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43

Ismail, H., A. F. Ramly, and N. Othman. "Effects of silica/multiwall carbon nanotube hybrid fillers on the properties of natural rubber nanocomposites." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 128, no. 4 (August 13, 2012): 2433–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.38298.

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44

Yousatit, Satit, Ryota Osuga, Junko N. Kondo, Toshiyuki Yokoi, and Chawalit Ngamcharussrivichai. "Selective synthesis of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural over natural rubber–derived carbon/silica nanocomposites with acid–base bifunctionality." Fuel 311 (March 2022): 122577. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2021.122577.

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45

Luo, Yongyue, Jiangzuo Qian, Dongning He, Jinlong Tao, Pengfei Zhao, Wei Gong, Zuhua Zhang, et al. "Preparation of natural rubber/silica nanocomposites using one- and two-dimensional dispersants by latex blending process." Polymer Composites 39, no. 5 (May 31, 2016): 1413–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pc.24081.

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46

Xu, S. H., J. Gu, Y. F. Luo, and D. M. Jia. "Effects of partial replacement of silica with surface modified nanocrystalline cellulose on properties of natural rubber nanocomposites." Express Polymer Letters 6, no. 1 (2012): 14–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3144/expresspolymlett.2012.3.

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47

Nuntang, Sakdinun, Toshiyuki Yokoi, Takashi Tatsumi, and Chawalit Ngamcharussrivichai. "Enhanced esterification of carboxylic acids with ethanol using propylsulfonic acid-functionalized natural rubber/hexagonal mesoporous silica nanocomposites." Catalysis Communications 80 (May 2016): 5–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.catcom.2016.02.019.

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48

Bandyopadhyay, A., M. De Sarkar, and A. K. Bhowmick. "Epoxidised natural rubber/silica hybrid nanocomposites by sol-gel technique: Effect of reactants on the structure and the properties." Journal of Materials Science 40, no. 1 (January 2005): 53–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10853-005-5687-0.

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49

Tohsan, Atitaya, Ryota Kishi, and Yuko Ikeda. "A model filler network in nanocomposites prepared by in situ silica filling and peroxide cross-linking in natural rubber latex." Colloid and Polymer Science 293, no. 7 (April 28, 2015): 2083–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00396-015-3586-8.

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Carli, Larissa N., Cássio R. Roncato, Aline Zanchet, Raquel S. Mauler, Marcelo Giovanela, Rosmary N. Brandalise, and Janaina S. Crespo. "Characterization of natural rubber nanocomposites filled with organoclay as a substitute for silica obtained by the conventional two-roll mill method." Applied Clay Science 52, no. 1-2 (April 2011): 56–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2011.01.029.

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