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Journal articles on the topic 'Silica monolith'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 23 June 2022

Last updated: 14 March 2023

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1

Alzahrani, Eman. "Green Silver Nanoparticles Confined in Monolithic Silica Disk-packed Spin Column for Human Serum Albumin Preconcentration." Current Analytical Chemistry 15, no. 6 (October 3, 2019): 616–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2210676609666181204151244.

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Background: In recent times many new uses have been found for nanomaterials that have undergone homogenous immobilization within porous supports. For this paper, immobilization of SNPs on a thiol-functionalized silica monolith using a fast, easy, environmentally friendly and costeffective process was performed. This was achieved by modifying the surface of a silica-based monolith using thiol groups, and then we fabricated green SNPs in situ, reducing an inorganic precursor silver nitrate solution (AgNO3) by employing tangerine peel extract as a reducing reagent, with Ag-thiol bonds forming along the monument. Doing this allows monoliths to be prepared in such a way that, as TEM analysis demonstrated, SNPs are evenly distributed along the rod's length. Once the materials had been fabricated, they were employed as a sorbent by being placed in a centrifuge. The SNP-thiol functionalized silica monolith was then tested using a standard protein (HSA). Methods: The process involves creating monolithic materials by employing a two-part sol-gel technique before modifying the surface of the silica-based monolith using thiol groups for hosting purposes. Homogenous surface coverage was achieved through the use of a non-toxic "green" reducing reagent (tangerine peel extract) to reduce a silver nitrate solution in place to create SNPs joined to the pore surface of a thiol-functionalized silica monolith, employing bonds of Ag-thiol. Once these materials were synthesized, they were classified by utilizing a number of methods based on SEM coupled with EDAX, TEM, AFM and BET analysis. The silica-based monolith, embedded with constructed SNPs, was employed as a sorbent in the preconcentration of human serum albumin (HSA). Results: The performance of the fabricated materials was measured against a silica-based monolith with no SNPs. Also, a silica monolith with constructed SNPs embedded was employed to capture HSA within a sample of human urine mixed with a double detergent concentrate (SDS). Such a monolith containing functionalized SNPs can be a highly effective sorbent for preconcentration of proteins in complex samples. Conclusion: It was shown to have superior performance compared to a bare silica-based monolith. Additionally, it was shown that a monolithic column modified by SNPs could preconcentrate spiked HSA in urine samples.

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2

Prabhakaran, D., C. Subashini, and M. Akhila Maheswari. "Synthesis of Mesoporous Silica Monoliths — A Novel Approach Towards Fabrication of Solid-State Optical Sensors for Environmental Applications." International Journal of Nanoscience 15, no. 05n06 (October 2016): 1660014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219581x16600140.

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Mesoporous silica monoliths are an attractive area of research owing to their high specific surface area, uniform channels and mesoporous size (2–30[Formula: see text]nm). This paper deals with the direct templating synthesis of a mesoporous worm-like silica monolithic material using F127 — a triblock copolymer, by micro-emulsion technique using trimethyl benzene (TMB), as the solvent. The synthesized silica monolith is characterized using SEM-EDAX, XRD, BET, NMR and FT-IR. The monolith shows an ordered worm-like mesoporous structure with tuneable through pores, an excellent host for the anchoring of chromo-ionophores for the naked-eye metal ion-sensing. The mesoporous monoliths were loaded with 4-dodecyl-6-(2-pyridylazo)-phenol (DPAP) ligand through direct immobilization, thereby acting as solid-state naked-eye colorimetric ion-sensors for the sensing toxic Pb[Formula: see text] ions at parts-per-billion (ppb) level in various industrial and environmental systems. The influence of various experimental parameters such as solution pH, limiting ligand loading concentration, amount of monolith material, matrix tolerance level, limit of detection and quantification has been studied and optimized.

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3

He, Ping, Stephen J. Haswell, Paul D. I. Fletcher, Stephen M. Kelly, and Andrew Mansfield. "Scaling up of continuous-flow, microwave-assisted, organic reactions by varying the size of Pd-functionalized catalytic monoliths." Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 7 (August 23, 2011): 1150–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.7.133.

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A product-scalable, catalytically mediated flow system has been developed to perform Suzuki–Miyaura reactions under a microwave heating regime, in which the volumetric throughput of a Pd-supported silica monolith can be used to increase the quantity of the product without changing the optimal operating conditions. Two silica monoliths (both 3 cm long), with comparable pore diameters and surface areas, were fabricated with diameters of 3.2 and 6.4 mm to give volumetric capacities of 0.205 and 0.790 mL, respectively. The two monoliths were functionalized with a loading of 4.5 wt % Pd and then sealed in heat-shrinkable Teflon® tubing to form a monolithic flow reactor. The Pd-supported silica monolith flow reactor was then placed into the microwave cavity and connected to an HPLC pump and a backpressure regulator to minimize the formation of gas bubbles. The flow rate and microwave power were varied to optimize the reactant contact time and temperature, respectively. Under optimal reaction conditions the quantity of product could be increased from 31 mg per hour to 340 mg per hour simply by changing the volumetric capacity of the monolith.

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4

Chen, Ai Bing, Wen Wei Zang, Chao Liu, Yan Yan Wang, Man Ling Jia, Bo Li, and Yi Feng Yu. "Preparation of Monolithic Transparent Mesoporous Silica and Mesoporous Onion-Like Carbon." Advanced Materials Research 557-559 (July 2012): 1518–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.557-559.1518.

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Large-sized, crack-free silica monoliths have been fabricated by a fast and convenient way via EISA method using P123 as soft template and 1-hexadecyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide (［C16mim］Br) as additive. The hydrogen bonds formed between ILs and the silano groups of silica gel play crucial roles in the form of the bulk, transparent silica monolith. The mesoporous structure onion-like carbon monoliths were prepared with the transparent silica monolith as template via the nanocasting technique. The mesoporous silica and carbon monoliths have been characterized by the XRD, HRTEM, N2sorption and elemental analysis. The results reveal that pore diameter of the mesoporous carbon about 3.47nm, and the specific surface area of carbon with a nitrogen content of 4.2%, can be tuned from 408.2-629.0m2/g. HRTEM shows that this carbon material with nanoonions structure.

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5

Thejaswini, Thurlapathi VL, and Deivasigamani Prabhakaran. "Synthesis of Mesoporous Titania–Silica Monolith Composites — A Comprehensive Study on their Photocatalytic Degradation of Acid Blue 113 Dye Under UV Light." International Journal of Nanoscience 15, no. 05n06 (October 2016): 1660012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219581x16600127.

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The present work deals with the synthesis of bi-continuous macro and mesoporous crack-free titania–silica monoliths, with well-defined structural dimensions and high surface area. The work also highlights their potential photocatalytic environmental applications. The highly ordered titania–silica monoliths are synthesized through direct surface template method using organic precursors of silica and titania in the presence of surface directing agents such as pluronic P123 and PEG, under acetic acid medium. The monoliths are synthesized with different Ti/Si ratios to obtain monolithic designs that exhibit better photocatalytic activity for dye degradation. The titania–silica monoliths are characterized using XRD, SEM, EDAX, FT-IR, TG–DTA and BET analysis. The photocatalytic activity of the synthesized monoliths is tested on the photodegradation of a textile dye (acid blue 113). It is observed that the monolith with 7:3 ratio of Ti/Si showed significant photocatalysis behavior in the presence of UV light. The influence of various physico-chemical properties such as, solution pH, photocatalyst dosage, light intensity, dye concentration, effect of oxidants, etc. are analyzed and optimized using a customized photoreactor set-up. Under optimized conditions, the monoliths exhibited superior degradation kinetics, with the dye dissipation complete within 10[Formula: see text]min of photolysis. The mesoporous catalysts are recoverable and reusable up to four cycles of repeated usage.

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6

Buntem, Radchada, and Kewarin Pramual. "Amine-Functionalized Silica Monolith as a Copper Ion Adsorbent." Advanced Materials Research 1131 (December 2015): 198–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1131.198.

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Amine-functionalized silica monoliths were prepared by co-condensation between tetraethyl orthosilicate and N-[3-(trimethoxysilyl) propyl] ethylenediamine.The mixture between ethanol, H2O, tetraethyl orthosilicate, N-[3-(trimethoxysilyl) propyl] ethylenediamine and 1M HCl was stirred for 1 hour at room temperature to obtain a clear silica sol. 1.2 g of the sol was poured into plastic vial with the paraffin cover and left for 2 days for the polymerization process to obtain the gel. The disc-shape gel was dried in the oven at 50 °C for 10 hours. The silica monolith obtained was weighed and analyzed by IR spectroscopy and BET method. The disc-shape silica monoliths were further used for copper ion adsorption studies. The factors affecting the copper ion adsorption like pH, copper ion concentration and metal ion interference were studied. The pHs of CuCl2 aqueous solutions were varied from pH 2 to pH 6. While the Cu2+ concentrations under this study were 10-1, 10-2, 10-3, 10-4, 10-5 and 10-6 M. The cationic interferences used were Cd2+ and Ni2+. For the copper ion concentration, the higher the concentration results in the higher adsorption capacity. At the lower concentrations like 10-4, 10-5 and 10-6 M, a complete adsorption was obtained. The color of the Cu2+ - loaded monolith was changed to blue due to the complex between amino groups on the silica and the Cu2+ as evidenced by IR analysis. The monolith after adsorption was also analyzed by SEM/EDS. The inferences like Cd2+ and Ni2+ affect the Cu2+ adsorption at different degree. The desorption could be successfully performed by using 0.1 M HCl solution.

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7

Im, Hee-Jung, Byunghwan Lee, Suree S. Brown, and Sheng Dai. "Neutron Scintillators of Transparent Silica Xerogel Monolith via a Sealed Container System and π–π Interactions." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 7, no. 11 (November 1, 2007): 3784–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2007.016.

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Transparent crack-free lithiated sol–gel scintillating monoliths were developed by taking advantage of a sealed container system for a syneresis and the π–π interactions between sol–gel components and organic fluors to yield a better homogeneity and scintillating efficiency. The transparency of the resulting materials indicates that the new scintillating material composites are mesoscopically dispersed. The silica monolith can be prepared without cladding the monolith with an engineering plastic such as a poly(ether ether ketone) (PEEK) or a liquid mounting medium. A successful detection of neutron particles by using these lithiated scintillating monoliths was demonstrated.

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8

Im, Hee-Jung, Byunghwan Lee, Suree S. Brown, and Sheng Dai. "Neutron Scintillators of Transparent Silica Xerogel Monolith via a Sealed Container System and π–π Interactions." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 7, no. 11 (November 1, 2007): 3784–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2007.18072.

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Transparent crack-free lithiated sol–gel scintillating monoliths were developed by taking advantage of a sealed container system for a syneresis and the π–π interactions between sol–gel components and organic fluors to yield a better homogeneity and scintillating efficiency. The transparency of the resulting materials indicates that the new scintillating material composites are mesoscopically dispersed. The silica monolith can be prepared without cladding the monolith with an engineering plastic such as a poly(ether ether ketone) (PEEK) or a liquid mounting medium. A successful detection of neutron particles by using these lithiated scintillating monoliths was demonstrated.

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9

Spilstead, Kara B., Stephen J. Haswell, Neil W. Barnett, Xavier A. Conlan, Paul G. Stevenson, and Paul S. Francis. "Development of a resin based silica monolithic column encapsulation." Analytical Methods 7, no. 12 (2015): 4908–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ay00722d.

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A robust technique for the encapsulation of silica-monolithic columns into microfluidic devices. This new approach overcomes the deleterious wall-effects of previous approaches and enables direct fluidic connection to the monolith using standard fittings.

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10

Lu, Lu, Yu Lei Wei, Jie Lin, and Lei Qian. "Fabrication of Silica Monoliths with Hierarchically Porous Structure from Freeze-Drying." Materials Science Forum 814 (March 2015): 76–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.814.76.

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This paper provides a novel route to prepare silica monoliths with hierarchical porous structure via freeze drying. In this method, macroporous silica monoliths were first produced by freeze-drying and calcination. By adjusting the concentration of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide in ethylsilicate, a layer of mesoporous thin film was attached on the macroporous silica monolith. The structural characterization of the hierarchical porous monoliths were studied by field emission scanning electron microscopy, mercury porosimeter and nitrogen adsorption-desorption techniques (BET). It turned out that the pore distribution of the obtained monoliths was ranged from 3.72 nm to 23.21nm and the maximum specific surface area calculated from BET was about 288 m2/g, which indicated the existence of hierarchical structure in the obtained material.

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11

Eangpayung, Supattra, Supan Yodyingyong, and Darapond Triampo. "Preparation of Silica Aerogels Monoliths from Hydrophobic Silica Gels and Pluronic10R5 via Sol–Gel Process." Science of Advanced Materials 12, no. 2 (February 1, 2020): 206–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/sam.2020.3627.

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Silica aerogel, the most common type of aerogels, comprised of 95% air in its structure which made the aerogel has a high surface area, high porosity, low density, and low thermal conductivity. Because of its structure and high porosity, one of its major weakness compared to other materials is being very brittle. This study aims at strengthening the connection points between silica nanoparticles using Pluronic10R5 (poly(propylene oxide)8–poly(ethylene oxide)22–poly(propylene oxide)8) where the Pluronic10R5 was used to reduce phase separation during the silica condensation reaction in the sol–gel process. Silica aerogel monoliths were prepared via a sol–gel process from hydrophobic silica gels and Pluronic10R5 with an ambient pressure drying (APD) process. Results from the compression test showed that the Pluronic10R5/silica aerogels have improved mechanical property by ten times that of unmodified silica aerogels. A thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) showed a mass loss at 300–400 °C that is attributed to the surface methyl group, while a mass loss at 200 °C refers to the loss of Pluronic10R5 which confirms the incorporation of Pluronic10R5 into the monolith. Moreover, infrared (IR) images revealed that the top surface temperature of Pluronic10R5/silica aerogels monolith is about 80 °C differs from the bottom heat source temperature of 160 °C.

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12

Lyu, Yanting, Taka-Aki Asoh, and Hiroshi Uyama. "Hierarchical silica monolith prepared using cellulose monolith as template." Polymer Degradation and Stability 177 (July 2020): 109164. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2020.109164.

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13

Son, Se Gu, Seong Yeob Hong, and Young Do Kim. "Preparation and Characterization of High Compressive Strength Geopolymeric Monoliths Using Silica Waste." Materials Science Forum 569 (January 2008): 305–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.569.305.

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The goal of the present work was investigated development of ET(Environmental Technology) industrial geopolymer materials from mixture Silica Mine Waste(SW) and ground granulated blast furnace slag(GGBFS) and alkali activator solution(sodium silicate) by the Geopolymer Technique at ambient temperature. As for the synthesis of geopolymeric monoliths, four different GGBFS content(10wt%, 20wt%, 30wt%, 40wt%) and three types of GGBFS(GGBFS-1(blaine 4,000cm2/g), GGBFS-2(6,000cm2/g), GGBFS-3(8,000cm2/g)) are investigated to obtain the optimum synthesis condition based on the high compressive strength. The weight ratio between the alkali activator solution and dry mix(SW and GGBFS) were 0.25 and 0.3, respectively. The results showed that geopolymeric monolith containing 30wt% GGBFS exhibits higher compressive strength and increased along with increase of GGBFS blaine. The compressive strengths of GGBFS-1, GGBFS-2 and GGBFS-3 are 66.7MPa, 83.1MPa, 94.1MPa, respectively. Additionally, scanning electron microscope (SEM) techniques are used to characterize the microstructure of the geopolymeric monoliths. SEM observation shows that it is possible to have amorphous aluminosilicate gel and calcite forming simultaneously within monoliths. XRD patterns indicate that geopolymeric monolith is composed of amorphous aluminosilicate phase and calcite and quartz.

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14

Aydoğan, Cemil, İbrahim Y. Erdoğan, and Ziad El-Rassi. "Hydrophobic AEROSIL®R972 Fumed Silica Nanoparticles Incorporated Monolithic Nano-Columns for Small Molecule and Protein Separation by Nano-Liquid Chromatography." Molecules 27, no. 7 (April 1, 2022): 2306. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27072306.

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A new feature of hydrophobic fumed silica nanoparticles (HFSNPs) when they apply to the preparation of monolithic nano-columns using narrow monolithic fused silica capillary columns (e.g., 50-µm inner diameter) was presented. The monolithic nano-columns were synthesized by an in-situ polymerization using butyl methacrylate (BMA) and ethylene dimethacrylate (EDMA) at various concentrations of AEROSIL®R972, called HFSNPs. Dimethyl formamide (DMF) and water were used as the porogenic solvents. These columns (referred to as HFSNP monoliths) were successfully characterized by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and reversed-phase nano-LC using alkylbenzenes and polyaromatic hydrocarbons as solute probes. The reproducibility values based on run-to-run, column-to-column and batch-to-batch were found as 2.3%, 2.48% and 2.99% (n = 3), respectively. The optimized column also indicated promising hydrophobic interactions under reversed-phase conditions, while the feasibility of the column allowed high efficiency and high throughput nano-LC separations. The potential of the final HFSNP monolith in relation to intact protein separation was successfully demonstrated using six intact proteins, including ribonuclease A, cytochrome C, carbonic anhydrase isozyme II, lysozyme, myoglobin, and α-chymotrypsinogen A in nano-LC. The results showed that HFSNP-based monolithic nanocolumns are promising materials and are powerful tools for sensitive separations.

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15

El Assal, Zouhair, Satu Ojala, Asmaa Drif, Mohamed Zbair, Mohammed Bensitel, Laurence Pirault-Roy, Tuomas Nevanperä, Satu Pitkäaho, Riitta L. Keiski, and Rachid Brahmi. "Total Oxidation of Dichloromethane over Silica Modified Alumina Catalysts Washcoated on Ceramic Monoliths." Catalysts 8, no. 8 (August 20, 2018): 339. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal8080339.

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Silica modified alumina was used in this study for coating of a cordierite monolith substrate with two different channel densities. The performance of the prepared monolith catalysts was evaluated in catalytic total oxidation of dichloromethane before and after Pt impregnation. The characteristics similar to the powder form catalysts were kept rather successfully after washcoating the monolith as evidenced by electron microscopy (FESEM) and N2 physisorption. A dichloromethane (DCM) conversion of higher than 80% at 500 °C was reached over all the catalysts with 200 cpsi. The maximum conversion was obtained with the catalyst containing 10 mol % of silica. The total amount of major byproducts (CO, CH3Cl and CH2O) were slightly decreased by increasing the silica loading, and remarkably after Pt impregnation. After impregnation of Pt, the HCl yields were increased for two samples with the higher loading of silica (10 and 15 mol %) and reached the maximum when silica loading was 10%. Even though Pt impregnation did not significantly affect the DCM conversion, it improved the selectivity. Comparison between the two substrates (200 and 600 cpsi) evidenced that the key parameters of the monolith influencing the DCM oxidation are low value of open fraction area, hydraulic diameter, thermal integrity factor and high value of mechanical integrity factor and geometric surface area.

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16

Moravcová, Dana, and Josef Planeta. "Silica Monolithic Capillary Columns for Hilic Separations." Hungarian Journal of Industry and Chemistry 46, no. 1 (July 1, 2018): 39–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hjic-2018-0009.

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Abstract The monolithic capillary columns (0.1 mm x 150 mm) prepared by the acidic hydrolysis of tetramethoxysilane (TMOS) in the presence of polyethylene glycol (PEG) and urea were modified by zwitterionic stationary phases and evaluated under HILIC separation conditions by employing a mixture containing nucleosides and nucleotides. The polymeric layer of zwitterions did not affect the high separation efficiency of the original silica monolith. The prepared zwitterionic columns exhibited high separation efficiencies in a range 61,000-289,000 theoretical plates/m for a 2- methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine-based stationary phase and in a range 59,000-135,000 theoretical plates/m for a [2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl]dimethyl-(3-sulfopropyl)ammonium hydroxide-based stationary phase under optimal separation conditions. The grafted layer of zwitterions on the silica monolithic surface also significantly improved the separation selectivity to compounds of interest

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17

Moravcová, Dana, and Josef Planeta. "Monolithic Silica Capillary Columns with Improved Retention and Selectivity for Amino Acids." Separations 5, no. 4 (October 2, 2018): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/separations5040048.

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A strategy for the preparation of silica-based monolithic capillary columns (150 × 0.1 mm) with high selectivity to amino acids is presented. The zwitterionic columns were prepared by coating the silica monolith with [2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl]-dimethyl-(3-sulfopropyl)-ammonium hydroxide via 3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate. The columns were evaluated under isocratic conditions in hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography. The best separation of amino acids was obtained on the monolithic column prepared by a stepwise modification procedure where the modification step was repeated four times. The mixture of fifteen amino acids was separated within 13 min using the mobile phase consisting of 75% acetonitrile and 25% 5 mmol/L ammonium acetate at pH 4.5.

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18

Ahmed, Adham, Peter Myers, and Haifei Zhang. "Silica Microspheres-in-Pores Composite Monoliths with Fluorescence and Potential for Water Remediation." Nanomaterials 11, no. 10 (October 12, 2021): 2681. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11102681.

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Water pollution is a severe worldwide issue. Constructing advanced porous composite materials has been an efficient route to water remediation via adsorption. In this study, a unique microspheres-in-pores monolithic structure was fabricated. An emulsion-templated polymer monolith was first prepared and silica microspheres were subsequently formed in the porous polymer. A silica precursor was modified with a fluorescent dye and co-condensed with other precursors to fabricate porous composites with fluorescent properties, which were enhanced by the presence of Ag nanoparticles in the polymer matrix. This unique material showed good promise in water remediation by removing organic dyes and heavy metal ions from wastewater via a flowing filter or monolithic column separation.

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19

Aprilita, Nurul Hidayat, Rania Bakry, Christian W. Huck, and Guenther K. Bonn. "POLY(GLYCIDYL METHACRYLATE-DIVINYLBENZENE) MONOLITHIC CAPILLARY AS A STATIONARY PHASE FOR THE REVERSED-PHASE CHROMATOGRAPHIC SEPARATION OF PROTEINS." Indonesian Journal of Chemistry 5, no. 1 (June 14, 2010): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijc.21830.

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Capillary column with monolithic stationary phase was prepared from silanized fused-silica capillary of 200 µm I.D. by in situ free radical polymerization of divinylbenzene with glycidy methacrylate in the presence of decanol and tetrahydrofuran as porogens. The hydrodynamic and chromatographic properties of this monolith, such as backpressure at different flow-rate, pore size distribution, van Deemter plot and the effect of varying gradient-rate were investigated. Poly(glycidyl methacrylate-divinylbenzene) monolithic capillary has been used successfully for the reversed-phase chromatographic separation of proteins. Keywords: monolithic stationary phase, poly(glycidyl methacrylate-divinylbenzene), proteins

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Zhou, Yuhong, Qian Liang, Zhilun Zhang, Zhaodi Wang, and Mingxian Huang. "Chiral separations with crosslinked cellulose derivatives attached onto hybrid silica monolith particles via the thiol–ene click reaction." Analytical Methods 12, no. 21 (2020): 2727–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ay00772b.

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21

Miglio, Vanessa, Chiara Zaccone, Chiara Vittoni, Ilaria Braschi, Enrico Buscaroli, Giovanni Golemme, Leonardo Marchese, and Chiara Bisio. "Silica Monolith for the Removal of Pollutants from Gas and Aqueous Phases." Molecules 26, no. 5 (March 1, 2021): 1316. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26051316.

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This study focused on the application of mesoporous silica monoliths for the removal of organic pollutants. The physico-chemical textural and surface properties of the monoliths were investigated. The homogeneity of the textural properties along the entire length of the monoliths was assessed, as well as the reproducibility of the synthesis method. The adsorption properties of the monoliths for gaseous toluene, as a model of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs), were evaluated and compared to those of a reference meso-structured silica powder (MCM-41) of commercial origin. Silica monoliths adsorbed comparable amounts of toluene with respect to MCM-41, with better performances at low pressure. Finally, considering their potential application in water phase, the adsorption properties of monoliths toward Rhodamine B, selected as a model molecule of water soluble pollutants, were studied together with their stability in water. After 24 h of contact, the silica monoliths were able to adsorb up to the 70% of 1.5 × 10−2 mM Rhodamine B in water solution.

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22

Marelli, Marcello, Federica Zaccheria, Nicoletta Ravasio, Emanuela Pitzalis, Youcef Didi, Anne Galarneau, Nicola Scotti, and Claudio Evangelisti. "Copper Oxide Nanoparticles over Hierarchical Silica Monoliths for Continuous-Flow Selective Alcoholysis of Styrene Oxide." Catalysts 13, no. 2 (February 3, 2023): 341. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal13020341.

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A simple and reproducible approach for the synthesis of Cu-based heterogeneous catalysts, named flow chemisorption hydrolysis (flow-CH), is reported. The approach, derived from the CH method, allows size-controlled CuO nanoparticles (mean diameter 2.9 nm) to be obtained, that are highly and homogeneously dispersed into hierarchically meso-/macroporous silica monoliths. The Cu-based monolithic catalysts (CuO@SiO2-MN, 8.4 wt.% Cu) were studied in the styrene oxide ring opening reaction at 60 °C in the presence of isopropanol, under continuous flow-through conditions. A remarkable activity with a steady-state conversion of 97% for 13 h and 100% selectivity towards the corresponding β-alkoxyalcohol was observed. The performances of CuO@SiO2-MN were higher than those obtained in batch conditions with the previously reported CuO/SiO2 catalysts and with the ground CuO@SiO2-MN monolith in terms of productivity and selectivity. Moreover, a negligible Cu leaching (<0.6 wt.%) in reaction medium was observed. After 13 h CuO@SiO2-MN catalysts could be regenerated by a mild calcination (220 °C) permitting reuse.

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23

Loche, D., L. Malfatti, D. Carboni, V. Alzari, A. Mariani, and M. F. Casula. "Incorporation of graphene into silica-based aerogels and application for water remediation." RSC Advances 6, no. 71 (2016): 66516–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra09618b.

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Graphene/silica nanocomposites in the form of highly porous aerogels are obtained for the first time by integrating a novel approach for the production of low defectivity graphene with a two-step route for the synthesis of a silica-based monolith.

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24

Rossetti, Ilenia, Elnaz Bahadori, Antonio Tripodi, and Gianguido Ramis. "Structured Monolithic Catalysts vs. Fixed Bed for the Oxidative Dehydrogenation of Propane." Materials 12, no. 6 (March 16, 2019): 884. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12060884.

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The deposition of V-based catalysts for the oxidative dehydrogenation of propane to propene on cordierite honeycomb monoliths was optimised as a strategy to decrease the contact time in a structured reactor with respect to a conventional fixed bed one. 10 wt% VOx supported over SiO2 or Al2O3 were used as catalysts, deposed over the monolith using silica or alumina as primer, respectively. Both the alumina supported catalyst and the bohemite primer precursor were effectively deposed by dip-coating from stable powder suspensions, whereas insufficient adhesion was obtained when loading pre-synthesised SiO2 over the cordierite. A new method based on sol-gel production of SiO2 from tetraethylortosilicate (TEOS) over the monolith surface was set up. A correlation was derived for the prevision of the amount of silica deposed depending on the amount of TEOS. Both primer and catalyst loading were optimised as for uniformity and stability of the coating and resulted 0.5–1 wt % primer and 0.15 wt % of catalyst. Activity testing confirmed the strong improvement of propene productivity by increasing the time factor (i.e. Ncm3 of flowing reactant/min gcat), which ended in a one order of magnitude increase of productivity for the honeycomb-supported samples with respect to the fixed bed configuration.

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Ikeda, Hiroshi, and Shigeru Fujino. "Fabrication and Characterization of Porous Silica Monolith by Sintering Silica Nanoparticles." Journal of Minerals and Materials Characterization and Engineering 05, no. 03 (2017): 107–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jmmce.2017.53009.

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Bae, Joonwon, Gyo Eun Gu, Yeon Ju Kwon, Jea Uk Lee, and Jin-Yong Hong. "Functionalization of Tailored Porous Carbon Monolith for Decontamination of Radioactive Substances." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 9 (May 4, 2022): 5116. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23095116.

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As the control over radioactive species becomes critical for the contemporary human life, the development of functional materials for decontamination of radioactive substances has also become important. In this work, a three-dimensional (3D) porous carbon monolith functionalized with Prussian blue particles was prepared through removal of colloidal silica particles from exfoliated graphene/silica composite precursors. The colloidal silica particles with a narrow size distribution were used to act a role of hard template and provide a sufficient surface area that could accommodate potentially hazardous radioactive substances by adsorption. The unique surface and pore structure of the functionalized porous carbon monolith was examined using electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDS). The effective incorporation of PB nanoparticles was confirmed using diverse instrumentations such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). A nitrogen adsorption/desorption study showed that surface area and pore volume increased significantly compared with the starting precursor. Adsorption tests were performed with 133Cs ions to examine adsorption isotherms using both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. In addition, adsorption kinetics were also investigated and parameters were calculated. The functionalized porous carbon monolith showed a relatively higher adsorption capacity than that of pristine porous carbon monolith and the bulk PB to most radioactive ions such as 133Cs, 85Rb, 138Ba, 88Sr, 140Ce, and 205Tl. This material can be used for decontamination in expanded application fields.

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Aboulaich, Abdelhay, Nathalie Caperaa, Hicham El Hamzaoui, Bruno Capoen, Audrey Potdevin, Mohamed Bouazaoui, Geneviève Chadeyron, and Rachid Mahiou. "In situ synthesis of a highly crystalline Tb-doped YAG nanophosphor using the mesopores of silica monoliths as a template." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 3, no. 19 (2015): 5041–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5tc00587f.

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28

Mairizki, Fitri, Rahmiana Zein, and Edison Munaf. "KARAKTERISASI KOLOM MONOLIT METHACRYLATE-BASED POLYMER YANG DIMODIFIKASI DENGAN TRIMETILAMIN." Jurnal Katalisator 2, no. 2 (October 6, 2017): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.22216/jk.v2i2.2457.

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<p><em>Methacrylate-based polymer monolithic column provide higher polarity and better stability over a wide pH range so itswidely used as stationary phase in ion chromatography. Therefore, the aim of this research was to determine the characteristic of methacrylate-based polymer monolithic column modified with trimethylamine including surface morphology, functional group, permeability, and ion exchange capacity.Methacrylate-based polymer monolithic column was prepared in fused-silica capillary (80 mm, 0,32 mm i.d. x 0,45 mm o.d.), by in situ polymerization reaction using glycidyl methacrylate as monomer; ethylene dimethacrylate as crosslinker; 1-propanol, 1,4-butanediol, and water as porogene; trimethylamine as modifier. The morphology of the monolithic column was characterized by using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and functional group wascharacterized by using </em><em>Fourier Transform Infra Red Spectroscopy (FT-IR). Monolith columnhas good mechanical stability with permeability was 9.88x10<sup>-7</sup> mL//m and ion exchange capacity was 82,10 mmol /mL.</em></p><p><em><br /></em></p><p><em>Kolom monolit methacrylate-based polymer memberikan polaritas yang lebih tinggi dan stabilitas yang lebih baik pada rentang pH yang luas sehingga menjadi fasa diam yang banyak digunakan pada kromatografi ion.Oleh karena itu, tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menentukan karakteristik kolom monolit methacrylate-based polymer yang dimodifikasi dengan trimetilamin meliputi bentuk morfologi permukaan, gugus fungsi, permeabilitas, dan kapasitas penukar ion.Kolom monolit dibuatpada fused-silica capillary (80 mm, 0,32 mm i.d. x 0,45 mm o.d.) dengan reaksi polimerisasi in situ menggunakan glisidil metakrilat sebagai monomer; etilen dimetakrilat sebagai crosslinker; 1-propanol, 1,4-butanadiol, dan air sebagai porogen; trimetilamin sebagai modifier. Bentuk morfologi permukaan kolom monolit dikarakterisasi dengan Scanning Electron Microscope<strong> (</strong>SEM) dan gugus fungsi dikarakterisasi dengan </em><em>Fourier Transform Infra Red Spectroscopy</em><em> (FT-IR).Kolom monolitmemiliki kestabilan mekanik yang baik dengan permeabilitas sebesar 9,88x10<sup>-7</sup> mL/m dan kapasitas penukar ion sebesar 82,10 mmol/mL. </em></p>

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29

Hu, Yimu, Simon Giret, Rafael Meinusch, Jongho Han, Frédéric-Georges Fontaine, Freddy Kleitz, and Dominic Larivière. "Selective separation and preconcentration of Th(iv) using organo-functionalized, hierarchically porous silica monoliths." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 7, no. 1 (2019): 289–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ta07952h.

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30

Tang, Yixia, Xiaoqin Cui, Yuefen Zhang, and Yibing Ji. "Preparation and evaluation of a polydopamine-modified capillary silica monolith for capillary electrochromatography." New Journal of Chemistry 43, no. 2 (2019): 1009–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8nj04912b.

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31

Ali, Ashraf, Sarah Alharthi, Bashir Ahmad, Alia Naz, Idrees Khan, and Fazal Mabood. "Efficient Removal of Pb(II) from Aqueous Medium Using Chemically Modified Silica Monolith." Molecules 26, no. 22 (November 15, 2021): 6885. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26226885.

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The adsorptive removal of lead (II) from aqueous medium was carried out by chemically modified silica monolith particles. Porous silica monolith particles were prepared by the sol-gel method and their surface modification was carried out using trimethoxy silyl propyl urea (TSPU) to prepare inorganic–organic hybrid adsorbent. The resultant adsorbent was evaluated for the removal of lead (Pb) from aqueous medium. The effect of pH, adsorbent dose, metal ion concentration and adsorption time was determined. It was found that the optimum conditions for adsorption of lead (Pb) were pH 5, adsorbent dose of 0.4 g/L, Pb(II) ions concentration of 500 mg/L and adsorption time of 1 h. The adsorbent chemically modified SM was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), BET/BJH and thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA). The percent adsorption of Pb(II) onto chemically modified silica monolith particles was 98%. An isotherm study showed that the adsorption data of Pb(II) onto chemically modified SM was fully fitted with the Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm models. It was found from kinetic study that the adsorption of Pb(II) followed a pseudo second-order model. Moreover, thermodynamic study suggests that the adsorption of Pb(II) is spontaneous and exothermic. The adsorption capacity of chemically modified SM for Pb(II) ions was 792 mg/g which is quite high as compared to the traditional adsorbents. The adsorbent chemically modified SM was regenerated, used again three times for the adsorption of Pb(II) ions and it was found that the adsorption capacity of the regenerated adsorbent was only dropped by 7%. Due to high adsorption capacity chemically modified silica monolith particles could be used as an effective adsorbent for the removal of heavy metals from wastewater.

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32

Gackowski, Mariusz, Elzbieta Bielanska, Krzysztof Szczepanowicz, Piotr Warszynski, and Miroslaw Derewinski. "Deposition of zeolite nanoparticles onto porous silica monolith." Surface Innovations 4, no. 2 (June 2016): 88–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/jsuin.15.00023.

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33

Yang, Heqin, Zhicheng Liu, Huanxin Gao, and Zaiku Xie. "Synthesis and characterization of hierarchical titania-silica monolith." Catalysis Today 216 (November 2013): 90–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2013.05.025.

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34

Jaafar, Jafariah, Yuta Watanabe, Tohru Ikegami, Kosuke Miyamoto, and Nobuo Tanaka. "Anion exchange silica monolith for capillary liquid chromatography." Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 391, no. 7 (May 6, 2008): 2551–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00216-008-2063-3.

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35

Guli, Mina, Jianxi Yao, Lei Chen, Li Xiao, Wangping Rao, and Jingyong Zhao. "Synthesis and characterization of mesoporous composite silica monolith." Advanced Powder Technology 25, no. 4 (July 2014): 1262–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apt.2014.03.004.

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36

Mariscal, R., J. M. Palacios, M. Galan-Fereres, and J. L. G. Fierro. "Incorporation of titania into preshaped silica monolith structures." Applied Catalysis A: General 116, no. 1-2 (September 1994): 205–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0926-860x(94)80290-4.

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37

Gupta, A., K. Biswas, A. Basu Mallick, S. Mukherjee, and G. C. Das. "Preparation of silica monolith via sol-gel route." Bulletin of Materials Science 18, no. 5 (September 1995): 497–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02744835.

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38

Gutiérrez, Ireri Segura, Verónica Hernández Morales, Eric Mauricio Rivera Muñoz, Rufino Nava Mendoza, Ludwig Lagarde Soto, Carmen Leticia Peza Ledesma, Doris Solís Casados, and Barbara Pawelec. "Efficient Removal of Hg(II) from Water under Mildly Acidic Conditions with Hierarchical SiO2 Monoliths Functionalized with –SH Groups." Materials 15, no. 4 (February 20, 2022): 1580. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15041580.

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In this work, novel adsorbents based on 3D hierarchical silica monoliths functionalized with thiol groups were used for the removal of Hg(II) ions from an acidic aqueous solution (pH 3.5). Silica monoliths were synthesized by using two different pluronic triblock polymers (P123 and F127) to study the effect of porous structure on their sorption capacity. Before and after functionalization by grafting with 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane (MPTMS), the monoliths were characterized by several techniques, and their Hg(II) removal potential was evaluated in batch experiments at 28 °C and pH 3.5, using different initial concentrations of Hg(II) ions in water (200–500 mg L−1). The thiol groups of the monoliths calcined at 550 °C showed thermal stability up to 300 °C (from TG/DTG). The functionalized monolith synthesized with P123 polymer and polyethylene glycol showed favorable hierarchical macro-mesopores for Hg(II) adsorption. M(P123)–SH exhibited 97% removal of Hg(II) at concentration 200 mg L−1. Its maximum adsorption capacity (12.2 mmol g−1) was two times higher than that of M(F127)–SH, demonstrating that the 3D hierarchical macro-mesoporosity allowing accessibility of Hg(II) to thiol groups favors the physical and chemical adsorption of Hg(II) under slightly acidic conditions.

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39

Fadzli, S. A. Syed Nuzul, S. Roslinda, and Z. Firuz. "Sol-Gel Synthesis and Preliminary Characterizations of Novel Silica Hybrid Xerogels." Key Engineering Materials 594-595 (December 2013): 1009–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.594-595.1009.

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Hybrid silica xerogel mesoporous composite was synthesized by a mild temperature acid catalysed sol-gel route where a natural copolymer; sodium alginate (Na-COOH) together with calcium oxide (CaO) powder were incorporated into silica sol precursor prior to gel formation. For this study, bulk xerogels samples were prepared with the amount of silica precursor and the natural copolymer was fixed meanwhile the loading of calcium oxide was varied at 10 and 20 wt%. The monolith silica was also synthesized as control parameter. The preliminary properties were investigated using XRD, FTIR and SEM together with EDS for elemental analysis. The calcium oxide powder used in this study was prepared from calcium hydroxide, CaOH compound, which was previously calcined at 1000°C for 3 hours in normal air. The component of calcium oxide and sodium alginate were found to be uniformly dispersed in matrixes without affecting the cross-linked silica formation. As the presence of the components in the silica matrixes, the synthesized hybrid xerogels were found to be crack-free, structurally amorphous and physically opaque. Furthermore, the hybrid xerogels samples were found to have denser bodies, smoother surface, and decreased in particle sizes and thus might produced less brittleness in nature compared to the monolith xerogels.

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40

He, Ping, Benjamin P. Burke, Gonçalo S. Clemente, Nathan Brown, Nicole Pamme, and Stephen J. Archibald. "Monolith-based 68Ga processing: a new strategy for purification to facilitate direct radiolabelling methods." Reaction Chemistry & Engineering 1, no. 4 (2016): 361–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6re00081a.

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41

Kohns, Richard, Jorge Torres-Rodríguez, Daniel Euchler, Malina Seyffertitz, Oskar Paris, Gudrun Reichenauer, Dirk Enke, and Nicola Huesing. "Drying of Hierarchically Organized Porous Silica Monoliths–Comparison of Evaporative and Supercritical Drying." Gels 9, no. 1 (January 16, 2023): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/gels9010071.

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In this study, we present a detailed comparison between a conventional supercritical drying process and an evaporative drying technique for hierarchically organized porous silica gel monoliths. These gels are based on a model system synthesized by the aqueous sol–gel processing of an ethylene-glycol-modified silane, resulting in a cellular, macroporous, strut-based network comprising anisotropic, periodically arranged mesopores formed by microporous amorphous silica. The effect of the two drying procedures on the pore properties (specific surface area, pore volume, and pore widths) and on the shrinkage of the monolith is evaluated through a comprehensive characterization by using nitrogen physisorption, electron microscopy, and small-angle X-ray scattering. It can clearly be demonstrated that for the hierarchically organized porous solids, the evaporative drying procedure can compete without the need for surface modification with the commonly applied supercritical drying in terms of the material and textural properties, such as specific surface area and pore volume. The thus obtained materials deliver a high specific surface area and exhibit overall comparable or even improved pore characteristics to monoliths prepared by supercritical drying. Additionally, the pore properties can be tailored to some extent by adjusting the drying conditions, such as temperature.

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42

Hwang, Hae Jin, Chul Eui Kim, and Young Chul Cha. "Strengthening of Water Glass Based Aerogel by TEOS." Materials Science Forum 544-545 (May 2007): 1053–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.544-545.1053.

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In order to prevent the irreversible collapse of the silica aerogel backbone upon the drying of the liquid phase of silica wet gel derived from water glass based silicic acid, we tried to strengthen the aerogel back bone by aging silica wet gels in water and TEOS/ethanol solutions. Although aging of silica wet gels in water has been shown to grow the neck between silica particles of the aerogel backbone, it is hard to obtain a crack-free aerogel monolith. On the other hand, the mechanical stability of silica aerogels was improved significantly by aging the wet gel in TEOS/ethanol solutions with different TEOS content.

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43

Fadzli, S. A. Syed Nuzul, S. Roslinda, Radiman Shahidan, and Z. Firuz. "Sol-Gel Synthesis of Novel Silica Hybrid Xerogels: Porous Studies." Key Engineering Materials 594-595 (December 2013): 1003–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.594-595.1003.

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Hybrid silica xerogel mesoporous composite was synthesized by a low temperature acid catalysed sol-gel route where a natural copolymer; sodium alginate (Na-COOH) together with calcium oxide (CaO) powder were incorporated into silica sol precursor prior to gel formation. For this study, bulk xerogels samples were prepared with the amount of silica precursor and the natural copolymer was fixed meanwhile the loading of calcium oxide was varied at 10 and 20 wt%. The porous properties were studied and the comparison between the hybrid silica and monolith was made. The calcium oxide powder used in this study was prepared from calcium hydroxide, CaOH compound, which been calcined at 1000°C for 3 hours in normal air. Mesoporous structure with small particle size and glassy phase of matrixes are the main features of the prepared xerogels. The presence of sodium alginate and calcium oxide in silica matrixes produces a significant decrease especially in total surface area and porosity volume of the xerogel samples. Monolith silica xerogels exhibits a very large surface area approximately at 600 m2/g compared to the hybrid xerogels which showed 120m2/g and 25m2/g for the respective 10 and 20 wt.% of calcium oxide loading. Nevertheless, only a slight increased in pore size has been observed due to the increased amount of calcium oxide loading.

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44

Zhang, Peng, Jiannan Wang, Haiguan Yang, Linjing Su, Yuhao Xiong, and Fanggui Ye. "Facile one-pot preparation of chiral monoliths with a well-defined framework based on the thiol–ene click reaction for capillary liquid chromatography." RSC Advances 6, no. 30 (2016): 24835–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra01370h.

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A novel chiral cyclodextrin (CD) monolith was easily prepared via a one-pot process based on the thiol–ene click reaction of allyl-β-CD with pentaerythritol tetra-(3-mercaptopropionate) in a fused-silica capillary.

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45

Ito, Risako, Kei Morisato, Kazuyoshi Kanamori, and Kazuki Nakanishi. "Preparation of surface-coated macroporous silica (core-shell silica monolith) for HPLC separations." Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology 90, no. 1 (November 26, 2018): 105–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10971-018-4889-2.

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46

Shen, Shufen, Fanggui Ye, Cong Zhang, Yuhao Xiong, Linjing Su, and Shulin Zhao. "Preparation of polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane based hybrid monoliths by thiol-ene click chemistry for capillary liquid chromatography." Analyst 140, no. 1 (2015): 265–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4an01668h.

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A facile organic–silica hybrid monolith was prepared by a thiol-ene click reaction of polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane methacryl substituted (POSS-MA) with 1,4-bis(mercaptoacetoxy) butane (BMAB) using toluene and dodecanol as a porogenic system.

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47

Thirumalai, M., and M. Akhila Maheswari. "Mesoporous silica monolith based colorimetric probes for Co2+ ions." Materials Letters 300 (October 2021): 130142. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2021.130142.

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48

Nakanishi, Kazuki, Yuki Kobayashi, Tomohiko Amatani, Kazuyuki Hirao, and Tetsuya Kodaira. "Spontaneous Formation of Hierarchical Macro−Mesoporous Ethane−Silica Monolith." Chemistry of Materials 16, no. 19 (September 2004): 3652–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cm049320y.

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49

Nakanishi, K., H. Minakuchi, N. Soga, and N. Tanaka. "Double pore silica gel monolith applied to liquid chromatography." Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology 8, no. 1-3 (February 1997): 547–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02436897.

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50

Glenn, Karen M., Charles A. Lucy, and Paul R. Haddad. "Ion chromatography on a latex-coated silica monolith column." Journal of Chromatography A 1155, no. 1 (June 2007): 8–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2007.01.098.

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